pet food kibble preservation - kemin.com 5 - br_jim mann... · pet food quality nutrient profile...

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Pet Food Kibble Preservation2018 | Jim Mann

KEMIN IS ASSURANCE

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018 all rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.


Kemin’s Involvement in Pet Food Supply Chain

The pet food manufacturing process creates multiple

opportunities to influence taste

Crops

FieldSlaughter

Houses

Fresh/Frozen

Meat

Collectors

Renderers

KIBBLE STABILITY

PALATABILITY



Pet Food Quality

Nutrient Profile

Moisture Control

Palatability Targets

Process Control

and Consistency

Food Safety

Programs

Packaging

Distribution

Ingredient Legend

DesignMoisture Migration

Ingredient Quality

Oxidation Control

Target Shelf Life

Formulation

and DesignProcess

External

Factors



Pet Food Quality

• Ingredients with a high oxidation potential must

be treated when processed to prevent oxidation

• Changes in formulations can greatly impact shelf-

life stability

• Diets must be treated with both proper antioxidant

and correct level to reach shelf life

• Microbial risk may be controlled with process

control, antimicrobial agents, and moisture control



Negative Effects of Oxidation

• Quality loss

• Negative color and texture changes

• Warmed-over flavor, negative palatability

• Economic loss

• Consumer acceptance, loss of shelf-life

• Brand loyalty

• Nutritional losses

• Destruction of essential fatty acids

• Vitamin loss


www.kemin.com/assurance

Synthetic Antioxidants

C(CH3)3

OH

OH

C(CH3)3C

OH

C(CH3)3

CH3

O

C - O - CH2CH

2CH

3

OH OH

OH

C(CH3)3

OH OH

C(CH3)3

O - CH3

O - CH3

CH3

CH3

H

N

CH3

CH3CH

2O

EthoxyquinMol. Wt. 217

Butylated

hydroxyanisole

(BHA)Mol. Wt. 180

Butylated

hydroxytoluene

(BHT)Mol. Wt. 220

Tertiary

butylhydroquinone

(TBHQ)Mol. Wt. 166

Propyl gallateMol. Wt. 212



Inc

reas

ing

Vita

min

E A

ctiv

ity

Incre

as

ing

An

tio

xid

an

t A

cti

vit

y

O

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

(CH2CH2CH2CH)3CH3

CH3

TocopherolMol. Wt. = 430

O

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

(CH2CH2CH2CH)3CH3

CH3


O

OH

CH3

CH3

(CH2CH2CH2CH)3CH3

CH3


O

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

(CH2CH2CH2CH)3CH3

CH3


Delta

homologues

have the

greatest

antioxidant

activity

Alpha

homologues

have the

greatest

Vitamin E

activity

Natural Tocopherol Homologues

Kemin PRE 14-00017



Petfood Trends

• Diets higher in unsaturated fats

• Natural, organic, holistic

• Vegetable oil substitution for animal fats

• Algal meals and flax as Omega 3 sources

• Corn alternatives (oat groats, flax, soybean,

brown rice, other small grains, etc.)

• Fresh meats and novel protein sources



Types of Fats



Reaction rate per double bond

Fatty acids Relative rates

18:1 n9 1

18:2 n6 50 1

18:3 n3 100 2

18:4 n3,20:4 n6 3

20:5 n3 (EPA) 4

22:6 n3 (DHA) 5

PUFA

Activation Energy

decreases

Reference: Lipid Oxidation, Second Edition, E. N. Frankel The Oily Press, Bridgewater, England, 2005



Lipid Oxidation Curves

PV

Decadienal

Time

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

me

q/k

g) 70

35

0

Hexanal

Hexanal (heat

stressed)

Decadienal (heat

stressed)

Propanal

Light aldehydes are volatile and are easily outgassed



Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets

• Dog palatability is sensitive to the presence of oxidation by-

products, such as aldehydes

• Data show a significant reduction in palatability when 20 ppm

of synthetic Total Aldehydes (Hexanal + 2,4-Decadienal)

were added to petfood.

CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N002237

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.


Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets

20 ppm

40 ppm

80 ppm

CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N002237

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.


Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

week 0

Pero

xid

e V

alu

es (

meq

/kg

sam

ple

)

Initial Peroxide Values

Chicken Fat Untreated Canola Oil Untreated

HL Sunflower Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated

HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated

SD-16-00014



Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

week 0 week 6 week 12 week 18 week 24 week 30

Per

oxid

e V

alue

(m

eq/k

g sa

mpl

e)

Weeks at Ambient

Chicken Fat Untreated Canola Oil Untreated

HL Sunflower Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated

HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated

SD-16-00014



Carbohydrate Sources

• Corn, barley, oats now replaced with ancient

grains, pulses, or rice

• Bulk density of kibble altered by changes

• Metals present in whole grain

• Extrusion parameters changed




• Enzymatic oxidation may also be a concern,

though should not be present in kibble

• “Stabilized” rice products are cooked to reduce

FFA, not PV

• Very source dependent



Flax Meal Stability

CLS project 06-698


Product

Type

FOX II PV

(meq/kg

sample)

% FatAOCS PV

(meq/kg fat)

Hexanal

(ppm)

2,4-Decadienal

(ppm)

Untoasted 0.08 35 0.23 7 <1

Toasted 2.96 35 8.46 10 18



• Closer to native source = more stable?

• Magic happens in kibble

• Interaction with oil, grain, protein produces

side reactions



Finished Diet - Stability- Rice Types

Kemin Internal Document SD-15-00003




• Follow up trial with corn base diet

• Brown rice, white rice, rice bran

• Pea protein sources

• Lentil beans



Diet Substitutions


Diet Formulation


Substitution ForRate

(%)

None, diet control NA NA

Corn gluten 60% Brewer’s 12

Corn gluten 60% Bran 6

Corn gluten 60% Brown 12

50% Pea Protein 72% Pea Protein 7

Milo Rice 30

Lentils Rice 30

Ingredient%

Inclusion

Chicken Meal 15.00

Brown Rice 12.00

Brewers Rice 12.00

Rice Bran 6.00

Oat Groats 3.00

Flax Seed 5.20

Lamb Meal 6.25

Fish Meal, Menhaden 6.50

Pea Protein 72% 7.00

Beet Pulp 4.57

Trace Minerals/Vitamins 0.88

High Linoleic Sunflower oil 1.75

In Extruder 95.50

Chicken meat mix 15.00

Coating 100.00%



0

10

20

30

40

50

Diet Substitution

Pe

roxi

de

Val

ue

s (m

eq

/kg

fat)

12%6%

Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37°C

Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate

12% 7% 30%30%

Ba

se

Die

t

Co

rn fo

r B

rew

er’

s

Co

rn fo

r R

ice

Bra

n

72%

Pea for

50%

Pea

Milo

fo

r R

ice

Len

til fo

r R

ice

Co

rn fo

r B

row

n R

ice




Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Diet Substitution

% A

nti

oxi

dan

t Lo

ss

Base D

iet

Co

rn fo

r R

ice

Bra

n

Co

rn fo

r B

rew

er’

s

Co

rn fo

r B

row

n R

ice

72%

Pea

fo

r 50

% P

ea

Milo

fo

r R

ice

Len

til fo

r R

ice




Protein Sources

• Rendered Meal

• Meat Slurry

• Non Meat protein sources- beans, insects



Protein Sources

• Rendered meals

• Chicken by-product vs chicken meal

• Lamb - mostly New Zealand or Australia

• Duck - imported

• Pork, beef



05

101520253035404550

Diet Substitution

Pe

roxi

de

Val

ue

s (m

eq

/kg

fat)

Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat



Finished Diet Stability & Protein


Substitution ForRate

(%)

None, diet

controlNA NA

Lamb meal Chicken 21

Untreated

Meat

Antioxidant

Treated Meat15


75

80

85

90

95

100

Diet Substitution

% A

nti

oxi

dan

t Lo

ss

Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat

Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37°CKemin Internal Document SD-16-00016

Finished Diet Stability & Protein



Protein Sources

• Meat Slurry

• Chicken, turkey, rabbit, kangaroo

• Ingredient Quality varies

• Micro and Oxidation detract from diet quality

• Can be source of off odors



Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble


Ingredients % Inclusion

DRY MEAL BATCH 89.50%

Chicken Meal 29.33

Brewers Rice US #4 14.66

Corn Ground 14.66

Wheat US #2 9.17

Wheat Middlings 5.06

Organic Dried Peas 4.45

Eggs, Dried 4.05

Beet Pulp Pellets 3.03

Pea Fiber 2.02

Flaxseed, Whole 2.02

Salt 0.30

Potassium Chloride 50% K 0.30

Trace Mineral Premix 95 0.20

Bern Dog & Cat Vitamin Premix 0.13

Choline Chloride 0.10

COATING 100.00%

Dry Kibble From Extruder 89.50

Dry Dog Palatant (Palasurance) 2.00

Fat / Oil 8.50


Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble



The Challenge of Shelf Life

• The value of controlling oxidation and microbial

growth is well recognized

• Shelf life risk and risk mitigation is measureable

and shelf life targets, in most cases, are

achievable

• A shelf life program which includes proper

antioxidant application and appropriate microbial

control is essential for assuring product safety,

quality and customer loyalty



Kemin Has Expertise Along Entire Supply Chain

Food Safety Antioxidants Palatants

SLAUGHTERHOUSES FRESH/FROZEN MEAT

COLLECTION

RENDERING PET FOOD INDUSTRY DOGS & CATS

Health & Nutrition

Antioxidants



THANK YOU


pet food kibble preservation - kemin.com 5 - br_jim mann... · pet food quality nutrient profile...

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