pestle analysis on germany

8/2/2019 Pestle Analysis on Germany

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A study on PESTLE analysis with reference to Germany

2

GROUP DETAILS:-

SR NO NAME ROLL NO

1 TEJASHRI PRABHULKAR 9100222

2 SMITA PATIL 9100255

3 SHRADDHA UPADHYAY 9100264

4 SAJID SHAIKH 9100269


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work entered in this project is done by group of TYBMS, Div C.

I, Prof. Arun poojari, hereby declare that the work done by the Syndicate is true and original as

per my knowledge.

Signature Sig

nature

(Principal) (Project Guide)

Signature

(BMS Co-coordinator)


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DECLARATION

We, Syndicate 6 the students of Lala Lajpatrai College, TYBMS, Div-C, hereby declare that we

have completed this assignment of A study on PESTLE analysis with reference to

Germany in the academic year 2011-2012. The information submitted is true and original to

the best of my knowledge.

Signature

Thank You


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Acknowledgement

We Syndicate 6 are thankful to Prof. Arun Poojari for propelling us into doing this Assignment

and guiding us throughout the project which has proved to be a great learning experience for us.

We thank him for giving us his precious time.

Our hearty gratitude to all those without whom this project would have been an impossible task

to complete which includes our friends, teachers and the people who filled the questionnaires and

gave us their truthful opinions.

Nevertheless we would like to thank the college librarian for providing us with the books and the

journals with the information we needed to complete the research work


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Index

Chapter particular Pg.no.1 Introduction & Research methodology 7

2Introduction to International business of Germany

113 Introduction to economy of Germany 15

4 Political Factors of Germany 18

5 Economical factors of Germany 23

6 Sociological factors of Germany 26

7 Technological factors of Germany 29

8 Legal factors of Germany 32

9 Environmental factors of Germany 34

10 conclusion 38


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Chapter: 1 Introduction And Research Methodology

INTRODUCTION

PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental.

PESTLE analysis is a process, often reflected in a format type document you create, to helpunderstand the overall market environment (market risks, market growth or decline, etc.). In this

project report we have studied PESTLE analysis for a country, Germany. It is often a key part of

strategic, marketing, and/or business planning.

Insightful analysis on critical current and future issues is presented through detailed SCPT

(strengths, challenges, prospects and threats /risks) analysis for each of the PESTLE segments. In

addition, the PESTLE segments are supplemented with relevant quantitative data to support

trend analysis.

PESTLE analysis of Germany identifies issues that affect the countrys performance through the

prism of current strengths (strengths), current challenges (weaknesses), future prospects

(opportunities) and future risks (threats).

The political landscape discusses the evolution of the political scenario in Germany in different

periods. The economic, social, foreign and defence policies are considered in the political

landscape section. It also discusses the performance of the country as per World Bank

Governance Indicators.

The economic landscape describes the evolution of the economy of Germany in different

periods. It also examines the countrys performance in terms of GDP growth, composition by

sector (agriculture, industry and services), fiscal situation, international investment position,

monetary situation, credit disbursement, banking sector and employment. The economic


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landscape also explains the financial system in the country, especially with regard to financial

authorities/regulators.


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Research Methodology

This project report on A study on PESTLE analysis with reference to Germany. The

comprehensive information has been well arranged in order to give a correct guidance to the

reader.

Understanding gained from the country analysis report on Germany can be used to planbusiness Investments or market entry apart from a holistic view of the country.

Political section on Germany provides inputs about the political system, key figures in thecountry, and governance indicators.

Economic section on Germany outlines the economic story of the country to provide abalanced assessment on core macro-economic issues.

Social section on Germany enables understanding of customer demographics through theincome distribution, rural-urban segmentation and centers of affluence, healthcare and

educational scenario in the country.

Technological section on Germany provides strategic inputs on informationcommunications and technology, technological laws and policies, technological gaps,

patents data and relevant laws.

Legal section on Germany provides information about the legal structure, corporate laws,business set-up procedures and the tax regime.

Environmental section provides information on environmental policies in Germany andthe performance in terms of important environmental indicators

Collection and Sources of Data

Secondary Data: Secondary data is being collected for other useful information towards

completion of the project and other finding for useful information from the internet. The

analyzed data will be used for the final observation and findings


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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

What is the purpose of this study? and what are the objectives of the research? if these

questions are not properly answered at the outset the study is likely to be misdirected and to

pursue vague or obscure goals. The probable result will be that the collective data will not be

valid and reliable as desired.

Objectives of the study:

1 To analyze the political, economic, social, technological, legal & environmental(PESTLE) structure of Germany.

2 To provide a wide array of analytical inputs to analyze the countrys performance to helpto make business decisions & prepare for the future.

3 To provide a holistic view of Germany from historical, current & future perspective.


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Chapter 2 Introduction Of International Business Of Germany

Business environment

The German geography, climate, constitution and government Germany is located in the centre

of Europe. It is one of the largest countries in Europe. Neighbor countries are Poland, the Czech

Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark.

The capital of Germany is Berlin. However, the main business areas are Hamburg, North-Rhine

Westphalia (Cologne, Dsseldorf), Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Munich. International airports are

located in all of these cities. Furthermore, Germany has access to the North Sea and the Baltic

Sea. The Port of Hamburg is one of the largest container transshipment centers in Europe.

Germany belongs to the temperate climate zone of Central Europe. Therefore, the climate is

mild. In general, summers are not too hot and in winter the temperatures are around freezing with

rare snowfalls. The average annual rainfall is 700 mm; the average annual temperature is 10C.

Germany is a parliamentary democracy with a very pronounced federal structure. The legislative

and executive powers are divided between the federation and the 16 federal states, namely

Baden-Wrttemberg, Bavaria,

Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hessen, Thuringia, Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, North-Rhine

Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Berlin, Brandenburg,

Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The federal parliament

has responsibility for national matters such as international affairs, defense and economic policy

and taxation. The legislatures of the 16 federal states are responsible for issues such as education

and property. On the federal level, the most important legislative institutions are the Bundestag(federal parliament) and the Bundesrat (the upper house representing the federal states). Whilst

the power of the German president is limited to representation, the position of the chancellor is

fairly pronounced. The country's constitution is based on the Basic Law that was passed in 1949.

Upon reunification in 1990 its applicability was extended to the states of the ex-GDR.


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German legislation is modeled on the old Roman system and has no resemblance to the Anglo-

Saxon legal system.

International Business Environment

The dynamic changes happening in the society today have brought significant adjustments on the

part of business organizations and companies. These significant and dynamic changes include

the advancements in technology, science, business and marketing trends, consumer value, and

culture and communication. Alongside these changes is the process of globalization, which

serves as a catalyst for its dynamism. Globalization, then, has a significant effect on theinternational business environment, on market entry strategies, and on several international

institutions and organizations. With the dynamism and importance of international business

environment, this paper discusses concepts and theories related to it, including an emphasis on

specific cases.

International Business

It has been reported that international business generally is business operations of any

sort by one firm, which take place within or between two or more independent countries, and

includes the operation of a domestic firm in overseas branches, import and export trade,

comparative management and economics systems, functional business analysis, and market entry

strategies (Farmer, Richman, and Irwin 1966). Every country or nation has its international

business in its own environment, which involves negotiations, transactions and treaties

that exist between other nations that binds their agreement. However, to be able to do this,

nations must be able to come up with effective market entry strategies and penetrate the market

of another nation. In building a market entry strategy, time is a crucial factor, for building of anintelligence system and creating an image through promotion takes time, effort, and money. In

addition, large investments in promotion campaigns are needed, search and bargaining costs,

physical distance, language barriers, logistics costs and risks, and enforcement of contracts are

additional aspects that are needed ('Market Entry Strategies' 2007). Moreover, normal ways of

expanding the markets are by expansion of product line, geographical development, or both, and


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it is important to remember that the more the product line and/or the geographical area is

expanded, the greater will be the managerial complexity, for new market opportunities may be

made available by expansion, but the risks many outweigh the advantages. This strategy is

exhibited by the horticultural industry of Kenya and Zimbabwe. In countries like Tanzania and

Zambia, which have embarked on structural adjustment programs, organizations are being

encouraged to export, motivated by foreign exchange earnings potential, saturated domestic

markets, growth and expansion objectives, and the need to repay debts acquired by the

borrowings to finance programs, while in Albania, countertrade is being done by offering items

like spring water, tomato juice and chrome ore in exchange for a contract to build a US $60

million fertilizer and methanol complex. ('Market Entry Strategies' 2007). However, at present,

due to the developments and innovations in communications and technology, the Internet now is

being used by business organizations for the expansion of their international business

environments and markets. With the use of the Internet and other means of technology, members

of different business organizations are able to relate to other nations easily and effectively.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Multilateral Institutions

The International Monetary Fund or IMF is one of the major multilateral institutions in

the world, and its strengths include focusing on identifying ways of preventing unexpected

shocks in national and global finances, promoting reforms to the architecture of the internationalfinancial system, devoting an important part of its regular surveillance activities to studies of its

members' financial systems ('The Financial System: Strengths and Weaknesses' 2000), and

promoting a stable economy ('Global Economy: The IMF's Role' 2004). These strengths enable

the whole institution to function effectively and cope with the global changes, and the changes

that happen to the currencies of different nations. However, despite these strengths are the

weaknesses of the institution, such as its lending money to countries, which are in deep

economic trouble including Mexico, South East Asia, Russia, and Argentina, and its

implementation of policies that benefit large multinational corporations, and not the countries

whose markets are liberalized under its economic reforms ('Global Economy: The IMF's Role'

2004). In relation to this are the strengths of another multinational institution, the World Trade

Organization, or WTO. It has been reported that its strengths include its dispute resolution

mechanism that allows developing economies the opportunity to obtain fair hearing without


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being subjected to threats or reprisal, it encompasses intellectual property rights under its

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and its focus on trade to

the exclusion of non-trade matters, while its weaknesses include the Director's insensitivity to the

fears of the its members, its lack of mechanism for weighting the influence of a memberproportionally to the size of the member's economy, the relative unenforceability of GATT's

conflict resolution decisions, its policy on regional arrangements, its insistence on food self-

sufficiency in developing members, and its insufficient liberalization of foreign direct

investment (Minyard 1996). In relation to these is the concept of regionalism, which refers to the

expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and

implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within

a geographical region ('Regionalism' 2006). This definition and the discussion above are related

because these institutions were made to unite and promote good interrelations among nations,

and the strengths of these institutions show their compliance with their objectives. These

multinational institutions strive to coordinate with different nations, to be able to promote a

stable economy and interrelations.

International Trade Theories

The Ricardian model, which focuses on comparative advantage and predicts that

countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of goods; the Heckscher-Ohlin

model argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor

endowments and predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of

locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally

scarce; the Specific Factors model suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the

owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real terms; and the Gravity

model predicts that trade is based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the

countries' economic sizes ('International Trade' 2007). In one way or another, these theories are

still applicable in the 21st

century, for most of the decisions and strategies of organizations arebased on these models. One concrete example is the case of LUKoil in Russia, which is patterned

to the Specific Factors model.


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Chapter 3 Introduction To Economy Of Germany

Germany is the worlds fifth largest economy and the largest in Europe, accounting for about one

fifth of the European Unions (EU) GDP. Germany is also the largest European trade and

investment partner of the United States. Mutually profitable and growing U.S.-German

commercial ties historically have been facilitated by a strong German economy. The health and

functioning of the German economy, as well as its approaches to international economic policy

issues, thus, are of considerable importance to the United States as well as to the rest of Europe.

By most standards, post-war West Germany registered impressive economic performance in thefirst decades of its existence. But beginning in the mid-1990s, the German economy has been on

a much lower growth path, averaging about 1.5% of GDP per year. Unemployment has also risen

steadily. These trends, which have been exacerbated by a steep 5% decline in German GDP

growth in 2009, raise questions about the long-term vitality and strength of the German

economy. A number of factors help explain Germanys declining growth rate. One factor has

been the high cost associated with integrating the formerly communist East German economy

into the Federal Republic since reunification in 1990. A second has been the growing cost of

Germanys generous social security and welfare programs and associated regulations which

some believe may undercut incentives for work and entrepreneurship. A third is an economy that

is more geared towards exporting than domestic investment and consumption.

With few exceptions, German governments have generally been reluctant to advance what many

economists consider necessary but unpopular economic policy reforms, including cut-backs in

welfare programs and labor market protections. Some believe that Chancellor Angela Merkels

September 2009 reelection in coalition with the pro-business Free Democratic Party (FDP) could

increase the likelihood of market-friendly reforms being enacted, but any radical restructuring of

Germanys social market economy is considered unlikely. With declining economic growth and

rising expenditures on social protections, Germany faces significant budgetary and resource

constraints. This resource crunch could limit Germanys flexibility in pursuing domestic and

international policy goals, arguably making Germany less capable of compromise on matters of


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potential economic advantage. In this regard, Germanys domestic economic challenges could

limit its policymaking flexibility. This has affected not only the economic and trade leadership

role Germany has traditionally played in Europe, but also its position on issues that directly

affect U.S. interests such as the global economic downturn and economic sanctions. A

prosperous German state remains critical to both the U.S. and European economies. Difficulties

Germany may have in regaining a stronger economic position are important concerns, affecting

the U.S.-German partnerships ability to mutually address and manage a range of bilateral,

regional, and global challenges. This report elaborates on these themes in three parts: the first

section examines Germanys economic performance in historical perspective and assesses some

of the domestic factors that may be contributing to Germanys less than optimal performance; the

second discusses the reform challenges facing Germanys political leaders; and the third section

evaluates a few salient U.S.-German economic policy differences and strains that seem to be

influenced by Germanys weakened economic situation.


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COUNTRY OVERVIEW

President: Johannes Rau (since May 1999)

Chancellor: Angela Merkel (since 22 November 2005)

Independence: January 18, 1871 (reunification of West and East Germany took place on

October 3, 1990)

Population: 81.8 million in January 2010

Location/Size: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the

Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark/137,821 square miles (slightly smaller than

Montana)

Major Cities: Berlin (national capital since 10/3/90), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt,

Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart

Language: German

Ethnic Groups: German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Serbo-Croatian,

Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Religions: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 1.7%, unaffiliated or other 26.3%

Defense (8/98): Army, 230,600; Navy, 26,700; Air Force, 76,200 (including conscripts)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel


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Chapter4: Political Factor Of Germany

The government is parliamentary, and a democratic constitution emphasizes the protection of

individual liberty and division of powers in a federal structure. The chancellor (prime minister)

heads the executive branch of the federal government. The duties of the president (chief of state)

are largely ceremonial; the chancellor exercises executive power. The Bundestag (lower,

principal chamber of the parliament) elects the chancellor. The president normally is elected

every 5 years on May 23 by the Federal Assembly, a body convoked only for this purpose,

comprising the entire Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. President Christian

Wulff (Christian Democratic Union - CDU) was elected on June 30, 2010.

Its Political parties are:-

1) Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU).

After the postwar German politics the moderate, ecumenical Christian party--theChristian Democratic Union (CDU)--made alliance with a related Bavarian party, the

Christian Social Union (CSU).

The two Parties form a common Motive in the Bundestag and do not run opposingcampaigns.

The CDU/CSU has adherents among Catholics, Protestants, rural interests, andmembers of all economic classes.

This Party is generally conservative on economic and social policy and moreidentified with the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.

Note:-

Angela Merkel, Germanys current Chancellor, is the leader of the CDU and Horst Seehofer

leads the Christian Social Union. The CDU/CSU currently holds 239 seats in the Bundestag.


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2) Social Democratic Party (SPD)

The SPD is infect one of the oldest organized political parties in the world. This Party originally advocated Marxist principles, but in the 1959 Godesberg

Program abandoned the concept of a "class party" while continuing to stress social

welfare programs.

This Party implement the centrist Agenda 2010 reforms, designed to modernize thecountry's social system and labor market in 2003

The SPD has a powerful base in the bigger cities and industrialized states. Currently,146 seats in the Bundestag are held by the SPD

3) Free Democratic Party (FDP) The FDP has traditionally been composed mainly of middle and upper class

Protestants who consider themselves heirs to the European liberal tradition.

It supports free trade and reducing the role of the state in economic policy. It is libertarian on social issues. in the September 2009 elections, the FDP joined with the CDU/CSU to form the

current government coalition. Guido Westerwelle,

4) The Left. The PDS (composed largely of former East German communists) and the WASG

(composed of western leftists) merged in June 2007 to form a party simply known as

"The Left Party."

The party's foreign policy is largely shaped by its rigid opposition to foreign militarydeployments.

On domestic policy, the party opposes economic and social reforms, such and has aimto increase free markets and reduce unemployment benefits.


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5) Alliance 90/Greens In the late 1970s, environmentalists organized politically as the Greens. This Party Motive was quiet Opposition of nuclear power, military power, and certain

aspects of highly industrialized society were principal campaign issues.

In the December 1990 the Greens merged with the Eastern German Alliance 90, aloose grouping of civil rights activists with diverse political views.

6) Other parties.Because of the instability caused by the need for multi-party coalitions in the Weimar Republic,

Germany's Basic Law today requires parties reach 5% of the vote to win seats in the Bundestag.In addition to those parties that won representation in the Bundestag in 2009, a variety of minor

parties won a cumulative 6% of the vote, up from 2.7% in 2005. Several other parties were on the

ballot in one or more states but did not qualify for representation in the federal Bundestag.

The political culture of Germany as of the early 21st century is known for the popular

expectation for governments to ensure a degree ofsocial welfare, business and labor corporatism

and a multiparty system dominated by conservative and social democratic forces, with a strong

influence of smaller Green, liberal and socialist parties. Coalition governments are predominant

on both the federal and the state level exemplifying the German desire for consensus politics

instead of one party majority rule as in democracies that follow the Westminster model.

Although this consensus culture is beneficial insofar as it enables minority groups to take part in

political discussions and decision making it often leads to situations in which different interest

groups blockade each other resulting in political gridlocks. Political decision making is further

complicated by the powers held by the German states and the presence of a judicial branch with

the power to review and dismiss legislation. Therefore political power in Germany is not

concentrated in the hands of one or a small number of individuals but spread thinly. Even the

Chancellor can only set general guidelines for federal policies (Richtlinienkompetenz) and has to

negotiate with many other politicians and interest groups when there is a need to take concrete

measures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richtlinienkompetenz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richtlinienkompetenz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare


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Political System of Germany:-

The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal parliamentary republic, basedon representative democracy. The Chancellor is the head of government, while

the President of Germany is the head of state, which is a ceremonial role with

substantial reserve powers.

Executive power is vested in the Federal Cabinet, and federal legislative power is vestedin the Bundestag (the parliament ofGermany) and the Bundesrat (the representative body

of the Lander, Germany's regional states).

Under the German Constitution, known as the Basic Law, the Federal Republic of Germany is aparliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature, an independent judiciary and executive

power exercised by a Prime Minister whose title is Chancellor. The Lower House of Parliament

is called the Bundestag. National elections on September 22, 2002 returned the incumbent Social

Democratic-Greens coalition to power under Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The Federal

President, whose duties as Chief of State are largely ceremonial. Executive power is exercised by

the Chancellor who is elected by and responsible to the Bundestag.

The Upper House, the Bundesrat is composed of delegations from the 16 state governments.Each state has between three and six votes, depending on its population. The role of the

Bundesrat is limited, but it can veto or engage in revision of legislation passed in the Bundestag

when the proposed legislation would impose or affect the responsibilities of the states. Among

these are matters relating to tax reform, law enforcement and the courts, culture and education,

the environment, and social assistance.

There is a multi-party system that, since 1949, has been dominated by the ChristianDemocratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

The judiciary of Germany is independent of the executive and the legislature. Thepolitical system is laid out in the 1949 constitution, theGrundgesetz(Basic Law), which

remained in effect with minor amendments after 1990's German reunification.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation


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The constitution emphasizes the protection ofindividual liberty in an extensive catalogueof human rights and divides powers both between the federal and state levels and

between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Most inhabitants of Germany are ethnic German. There are, however, more than 7million foreign residents, many of whom are the families and descendents of so-called

"guest workers" (foreign workers, mostly from Turkey, invited to Germany in the 1950s

and 1960s to fill labor shortages) who remained in Germany. Germany has a sizable

ethnic Turkish population (2.4% at the beginning of 2010). Germany is also a prime

destination for political and economic refugees from many developing countries. An

ethnic Danish minority lives in the north, and a small Slavic minority known as the Sorbs

lives in eastern Germany. Due to restrictive German citizenship laws, most "foreigners"

do not hold German citizenship even when born and raised in Germany. However, since

the German Government undertook citizenship and immigration law reforms in 2002,

more foreign residents have had the ability to naturalize.

Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to asLander. Due to differencesin size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between states and states

with larger territories For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-

Wrttemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of

22 Government Districts . As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts on municipal level,these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany#Further_subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany#Further_subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_liberty


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Chapter 5: Economic Factor Of Germany

The German economy--the fifth-largest in the world in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms and

Europe's largest--is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household

equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors,

Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility

rates and declining net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare

system and have compelled the government to undertake structural reforms. The modernization

and integration of the eastern German economy--where unemployment can exceed 20% in some

municipalities--continues to be a costly and long-term process, with total transfers from west to

east amounting to roughly $3 trillion so far.

In 2010, gross domestic product grew by 3.6%, and the German economy experienced its

strongest rate of growth since reunification. The countrys export-dependent economy is growing

more quickly than the Eurozone average. It is expected to grow by 2.6% in 2011, with exports to

emerging markets playing an increasingly important role. Domestic demand is becoming a more

prominent driver of growth. The German labor market also showed a strong performance in

2010, with the unemployment rate dropping to 6.7%. Economists attribute the decrease in

unemployment to the extensive use of government-sponsored "short-time" (Kurzarbeit) work

programs, as well as to structural reforms implemented under the government of former

Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder.

The European Union (EU) gave Germany until 2013 to get its consolidated budget deficit below

3% of GDP, and the governments 4-year fiscal consolidation program worth approximately 80

billion (U.S. $109.6 billion) is intended to meet deficit targets. Germanys deficit decreased from

3.7% of GDP in 2010, declining to 2.7% of GDP during the first part of 2011. Thanks to a faster

than anticipated recovery following 2009's economic contraction, the deficit is expected to be as

low as 2.5% of GDP by the end of 2011


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In May 2011, Chancellor Merkel announced Germanys plan to phase out nuclear energy power

by 2022. It is expected that this policy will further accelerate the growth of the renewable

energies sector.

The Primary Sector of Germany is Agriculture, Forestry, and Mining. Germany has the ability tocover 90% of its nutritional needs with domestic production. In fact, Germany is the third largest

agricultural producer in the European Union after France and Italy. Germanys principal

agricultural products are potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, and cabbages.

GDP 2011 estimated: $3.08 trillion.

Per capital $44.555

Annual growth rate: 3.5%

Inflation rate (Sep 2010): 1.3%.

Unemployment rate (Oct10) 7.5%

Industry:

Germany has a Great Achievement in the production of automobiles, machinery, electrical

equipment and chemicals all over the world. With the manufacture of 5.2 million vehicles in

2009, Germany was the worlds fourth largest producer and largest exporter of automobiles. It is

estimated, that about 1500 German companies occupy a top three position in their respective

market segment worldwide. In about two thirds of all industry sectors German companies belong

to the top three competitors.

Tertiary sector (Service Sector)

In 2008 services constituted 69% of gross domestic product (GDP), and the sector employed

67.5% of the workforce. The subcomponents of services are financial, renting, and business


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activities (30.5%); trade, hotels and restaurants, and transport (18%); and other service activities

(21.7%)

Agriculture (0.9% of GDP in 2010):

Products--corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar, beets, barley, hops, viticulture, forestry, fisheries.


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Chapter 6: Sociological Factors Of Germany

Population: 81.8 million inhabitants

Area: 357,112 square kilometres; measuring 885 kilometres from North to South and 595kilometres from East to West.

Population density: 229 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Currency: Euro (EUR)

Language: Official language is German.

Language

The official language of Germany is German, with over 95% of the population speaking German

as their first language. Minority languages include Sorbian, spoken by 0.09% in the east of

Germany; North and West Frisian, spoken around the Rhine estuary by around 10,000 people, or

0.01%, who also speak German. It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and

one of the three working languages of the European Commission. Recognized native minority

languages in Germany are Danish. Danish is spoken by 0.06%, mainly in the area along the

Danish border. Romani, an indigenous language is spoken by around 0.08%.

Immigrant languages include Turkish, which is spoken by around 1.8%, and Kurdish, by 0.3%

, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian; they are officially protected by the ECRML. The

most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan, and Russian; 67% of

German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in atleast two languages other than their own.

Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside

English, Low, Dutch, and the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to

the East (extinct) and North. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of
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the Indo-European language family.[144]Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin

and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch).

German is written using the Latin alphabet. German dialects, traditional local varieties traced

back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties ofstandard German by

their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.[

.

Food, Custom & Ceremonial Occasion

Special meals usually include meat, fish, or fowl, along with one of a number of starchy foods,

which vary by region. Examples of the latter include kle(potato dumplings), kndel(abeadlike dumpling), and sptzle(a kind of pasta). Alternatively, Germans often celebrate in

restaurants, which often feature cuisines of other nations. Greek restaurants tend to be more

moderately priced, French restaurants are often more expensive, and the especially popular

Italian restaurants span the range of price categories. The most important holiday meal is

Christmas dinner. Regional and family traditions vary, but this often consists of goose, duck, or

turkey, supplemented by red cabbage and potatoes or potato dumplings.

Organic food has gained a market share of ca. 2%, and is expected to increase further. Although

wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany; the national alcoholic drink is beer.

German beer consumption per person is declining, but at 116 liters annually it is still among the

highest in the world The Michelin has awarded nine restaurants in Germany three stars, the

highest designation, while 15 more received two stars. German restaurants have become the

world's second-most decorated after France.
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Religion

Christianity is the largest religion in Germany, with around 51.5 million adherents (62.8%) in

2008, of which 30.0% are Catholics and 29.9% are Protestants, belonging to the Evangelical

Church in Germany (EKD); the remainder consists of small denominations (each less than 0.5%of the German population). Protestantism is concentrated in the north and east and Roman

Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west; 1.6% of the country's overall population

declare themselves Orthodox Christians.

The second largest religion is Islam with an estimated 3.8 to 4.3 million adherents (4.6% to

5.2%),[139]followed by Buddhism with 250,000 and Judaism with around 200,000 adherents

(0.3%); Hinduism has some 90,000 adherents (0.1%). All other religious communities in

Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents. Of the roughly 4 million Muslims, most

are Sunnis and Alleviates from Turkey, but there are a small number ofShiites and other

denominations. German Muslims, a large portion of whom are ofTurkish origin, lack full

official state recognition of their religious community. Germany has Europe's third

largest Jewish population (after France and the United Kingdom). Approximately 50% of the

Buddhists in Germany are Asian immigrants.

Religious practitioners in Germany include especially the Protestant or Catholic

Pfarrer(minister or priest). In local communities, the minister or priest belongs to the publicly

acknowledged group of local notables, which also includes local governmental officials, school

officials, and business leaders. Roman Catholic priests are, of course, local representatives of the

international church hierarchy, which is centered in Rome. Protestant ministers represent

Lutheran, Reformed, or United churches, which are organized at the level of the regional states.

These state-level organizations belong, in turn, to the Evangelical Church of Germany.
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Chapter 7: Technological Factor Of Germany

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as JohannesGutenberg, credited with the invention ofmovable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the

creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital

computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Count Ferdinand von

Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler,Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped

shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von

Braun developed the first space rocket and later on was a prominent member ofNASA and

developed the Saturn V Moon rocket, which paved the way for the success of the US Apollo

program. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain ofelectromagnetic radiation was pivotal to

the development of modern telecommunication.

Germany is also one of the leading countries in developing and using green technologies.

Companies specializing in green technology have an estimated turnover of 200 billion.

Especially the expertise in engineering, science and research of Germany is eminently

respectable. The lead markets of Germany's green technology industry are power generation,

sustainable mobility, material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste management and recycling,

sustainable water management.

General assessment:

Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as

a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the

eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated

with that of the western part

Domestic:

Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by

modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lilienthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lilienthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer


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satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes

roaming service to many foreign countries

International:

Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and

undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and

Intersputnik satellite systems (2001)

Energy and Natural Resources

Like most modern states, Germany relies principally on fossil fuels as sources of energy. About

40 percent of German energy consumption comes from petroleum, largely for trucks and

automobiles. About 30 percent comes from domestic coal deposits, half from lignite, or brown

coal, in the east and the other half from anthracite located in the west. Natural gas provides about

17 percent of energy consumed, and nuclear energy about 10 percent. Other sources of energy,

such as hydroelectric, solar, or wind-powered electric power plants, are relatively insignificant.

Most production is in private hands.

Electrical power comes almost equally from three sources: the largest (31 %)is generated bylignite, the next largest is from nuclear reactors (28 %), and the third largest is from anthracite

(26 %). Natural gas provides about 7 Percent. The public's aversion to nuclear power that

developed in Germany in the 1980s will likewise cause this source of power to become less

important. Natural gas will become more significant.

Germany has over twenty nuclear reactors, most of them small and having production levels

below 2,000 megawatts per reactor. It has virtually no domestic uranium deposits and must

import enriched uranium for its reactors. Most of the reactors in operation in the early 1990s

were built during the 1970s and early 1980s. Reliance on nuclear power has become

controversial, however. Because of the controversy, no new nuclear reactor has entered service

since 1988. A number of older reactors dating to the 1960s have ceased operations. A major

international energy crisis would be needed to renew impetus in Germany's nuclear energy


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program because the country is densely populated, and most of its inhabitants do not want a

reactor near their houses or offices.

In 2009, the German Federal Research Ministrys "Green Talents" award was directed at 15

outstanding scientific minds in the field of environmental technology. During the first week of

September the winners were invited by Professor Annette Schavan, Federal Research Minister

and the patron of the competition, to visit some of Germanys best-known environmental

technology venues. The "Green Talents" were shown around German universities, research

institutions and companies involved in projects spanning various areas of technology.


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Chapter 8: Legal Factor Of Germany

The modern German legal system is a system oflaw which is founded on the principles laid out

by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws

as for example most regulations of the civil code were developed prior to the 1949 constitution.

It is composed ofpublic law which regulates the relations between a citizen/person and the state

or two bodies of the state (including criminal law) and the private law which regulates the

relations between two people or companies and the criminal law.

Germany is a civil law country with a legal system very similar to other Western European

countries. Within a federal system, one must differentiate between federal, state and local laws.

The Federal Parliament is responsible for almost all fields of law, which are of importance for an

investor or businessman. The states and the local governments play in this respect a very limited

role, mainly in the area of workplace safety regulations, local and environmental laws and

similar.

The German Civil Code and the Commercial Code originated in the 19th century. Both have

been amended since then, but the Civil Code can be described as basically still the same, except

that family laws have been materially changed since World War II. The Civil Code governs the

general issues of contract law, purchase, lease, surety ship, civil law partnership, negotiable

instruments, transfer of title and real property. For business among and with merchants, the

Commercial Code sets supplemental rules. It sets the framework for commercial agents. The

Commercial Code also governs the Commercial Partnership, the Limited Partnership and the

silent partnership. Since its implementation into the Commercial Code in 1990, the basic

accounting rules for merchants and commercial business are described as well. The Stock

Corporation Law governs the German Stock Corporation as well as the Limited Liable

Partnership on Shares, which is a corporation on stock with fully liable general partners. In

addition, the Stock Corporation Law regulates affiliated enterprises and determines the level of

liability among parent companies and subsidiaries. The Transformation Law deals with issues of

changing the legal form of legal entities applying operation of law rules to the transfer of assets

and liabilities whereby the Transformation Tax Law sets the framework of related tax issues,

e.g., under what circumstances the change of legal form happens at book value of the assets. The
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Limited Liability Company Law sets the rules for the Gesellschaft mit beschrnkter Haftung

(GmbH), which is a corporation similar to limited liability companies in other jurisdictions.

Germany does not have any exchange control laws. Foreign investment does not need any kind

of approval, but the Foreign Investment Act places some limits on a potential investor or an

exporter of sensitive goods to countries determined by the Government for sensible national

industries. This applies mainly to the sale of military equipment and manufacturers, which

always needs the consent of the Government, and also to specific products, such as high-tech

equipment for the atomic industry, etc., to countries which are not deemed to be safe places for

such goods.

The Basic Law is the law adopted as the constitution of a united Germany.

The Basic Law determines that Germany is a constitutional state: All state authorities are subject

to judicial control. Section 1 of the Basic Law is of particular relevance. It stipulates that respect

for human dignity is the most important aspect of the constitution: Human dignity shall be

inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority. Among other things,

the other basic rights guarantee the freedom to act within the law, equality before the law,

freedom of the press and media, freedom of association and protection of the family.

In determining that it is the people who exercise power through special bodies, the Basic

Law lays down representative democracy as the form of rulership. Furthermore, it determines

that Germany is a constitutional state: All state authorities are subject to judicial control. Another

principle of the constitution is that Germany is a federal state, in other words the ruling

authorities are divided up into a number of member states and the central state. In conclusion,

the Basic Law defines Germany as a welfare state. The welfare state requires the political system

to take precautions such that people are guaranteed a decent standard of material well-being in

case of unemployment, disability, illness and in old age. One particular feature of the Basic

Law is the so-called eternal character of these governing constitutional principles. Subsequent

alterations to the Basic Law or a completely new constitution cannot encroach on the basic

rights, the democratization of sovereignty, the federal state and the welfare state.
http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=100&cHash=281f2f8b1b0b9f5000a1c8fcf62a110chttp://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=101&cHash=7e7e9804890fd076cd8afc29d43c9632http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/political-system/content/glossary04.html?type=1&tx_a21glossary%5Buid%5D=182&tx_a21glossary%5Bback%5D=100&cHash=281f2f8b1b0b9f5000a1c8fcf62a110c


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Chapter 9: Environmental factors of Germany

The capital of Germany is Berlin. However, the main business areas are Hamburg, North-RhineWestphalia (Cologne, Dsseldorf), Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Munich. International airports are

located in all of these cities. Furthermore, Germany has access to the North Sea and the Baltic

Sea. The Port of Hamburg is one of the largest container transshipment centers in Europe.

Geography Germany is in Western and Central Europe, bordering Denmarkin the north, Poland and

the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the

south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west, and Belgium and the Netherlands in the

north-west. It lies mostly between latitudes 47 and 55 N(the tip ofSylt is just north of

55), and longitudes 5 and 16 E. The territory covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi),

consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of water.

It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 62nd largest in the world.

Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962meters / 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the North (Nordsee) in the north-west

and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east. The forested uplands of central Germany

and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 meters / 11.6

feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.

Glaciers are found in the Alpine region, but are experiencing deglaciation. Significant

natural resources are iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas,

salt, nickel, arable land and water.

Climate Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate in which humid westerly winds

predominate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, the northern

extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North

Sea; consequently in the north-west and the north the climate is oceanic. Rainfall occurs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_meridian_easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstermarschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstermarschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_meridian_easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark


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year-round, especially in the summer. Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool,

though temperatures can exceed 30 C (86 F).

The east has a more continental climate; winters can be very cold and summers verywarm and long dry periods are frequent. Central and southern Germany is transitionregions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime

and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in

the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands

have a mountain climate, characterized by lower temperatures and greater precipitation.

Natural resourcesIron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable

land, water

EcologyFor those planning to open a business or start business relations in Germany, one key

factor could be the environment. German ecology could affect a number of different

businesses from clothing retail, determining what people will buy and when, to real estate

and land development. Therefore, when approaching a business venture in Germany, it is

advisable to have at least a basic understanding of the climate, wildlife, and environment

in the area, as well as the government policies associated with the protection of the

environment. Knowledge of matters relating to German ecology could spell the

difference between success and failure for an individual or small business seeking to

expand its operations in Germany.

Much like North America, Germany is located in a temperate climate zone. However,

Germany experiences moderate seasons that are dominated by humid westerly winds.

The climate is further tempered by warm water, carried into the North Sea by the North

Atlantic Drift, which is the northernmost part of the Gulf Stream. Germany experiences

rainfall during all seasons, but the most rain tends to fall during the summers. Further
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius


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from the ocean, the climate tends to become less moderate; winters are colder, summers

are warmer, and there is usually less rainfall. Mostly, in both cases, the temperature does

not climb any higher than thirty degrees Celsius, or eighty-six degrees Fahrenheit. This

relatively this weather system is a reliable part of German ecology.

Much of Germanys expansive geography is covered in arable land, amounting to a third

of the nations acreage. Of the remaining two thirds, nearly the same amount again is

covered by forests or woodlands, and pastures, and cities make up the rest. German

ecology also features a number of flora and fauna that are indigenous to central Europe,

such as beech oak, pine, and fir trees that are all present in large numbers. Animals

commonly found in the region include fish, boars, foxes, badgers, and a few beavers.

Also, birds migrate across Germany during their flight seasons, in the spring and autumn

.

Another thing that business owners should take note of is the fact that many Germans are

environmentally conscious, and support current efforts to go green. A recent poll

showed that many Germans believe that human beings are responsible for global

warming. Germans follow the Kyoto Protocol, a United Nations treaty that is designed to

regulate environmental policy among its signatory nations. The actions endorsed by the

Kyoto Protocol include promoting biodiversity, setting strict emissions standards,

recycling, and finding new sources of renewable energy. Although German emissions are

still among the highest in the European Union, the German government is taking steps to

correct this. The German government has recently started initiatives to reduce pollution,

regulate emissions, and use nuclear power instead of coal. These steps show how

important German ecology is to the German people, as well as their level of commitment

in preserving their environment for future generations.

Current issuesEmissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain,

resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea

from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous

waste disposal; government (under Chancellor Schroder, SPD) announced intent to end
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest


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the use of nuclear power for producing electricity; government working to meet EU

commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and

Habitat directive. Germany's last glacier is disappearing.

International agreementsParty to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-

Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides


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Conclusion

PESTLE allows the country to go in depth into their current status and weaknesses. Ithelps leaders better manage and define dangerous areas for the country and greener

marketing pastures.

10 reasons for an investment in Germany:Large market, Central location, Open market, International location, Qualified personnel,

High level of innovation, Highly developed infrastructure, Legal security, Strong

Mittelstand, World-famous trademark

, Since the economy of Germany is Feasible to carry on business.


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References:-

http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/germany/GermanyCountryA

nalysisBrief.shtml

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm

http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/detoc.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7336490.stm

http://www.technologyreview.com/business/14297/

http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Germany.html
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/germany/GermanyCountryAnalysisBrief.shtmlhttp://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/germany/GermanyCountryAnalysisBrief.shtmlhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htmhttp://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/detoc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germanyhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7336490.stmhttp://www.technologyreview.com/business/14297/http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Germany.htmlhttp://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Germany.htmlhttp://www.technologyreview.com/business/14297/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7336490.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germanyhttp://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/detoc.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htmhttp://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/germany/GermanyCountryAnalysisBrief.shtmlhttp://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/germany/GermanyCountryAnalysisBrief.shtml

pestle analysis on germany

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