pest and disease susceptibility in the face of climate change

Pest and Disease Susceptibility in the Face of Climate Change -- a Pest Update

T D Paine Department of Entomology UC RiversideT.D. Paine, Department of Entomology, UC Riverside

Climate Change: TemperatureClimate Change: Temperature

• Increases in averageIncreases in average temperatures: 3.2 to 7.2°F (1.8-4.0°C)

• Increased variability in temperatures

• Winters warming more than summers

Climate Change: PrecipitationClimate Change: Precipitation

• Some areas predictedSome areas predicted to be wetter

• Some areas predicted pto be drier

• Intensity of storm yevents predicted to increase

• Snow packs may melt and runoff faster

Global Change: ConsequencesGlobal Change: Consequences

• Change in chilling hoursChange in chilling hours• Change in temperature

accumulations (day-( ydegrees)

• Change in plants that g pcan be used

• Change in plant stress –suitability and susceptibility to pests

Host Tree ResistanceHost Tree Resistance

Moisture Availability and Tree S i lSurvival

Oak ForestsOak Forests

Oak DiseaseOak Disease• Sudden Oak Death –

Phytopthora ramorumPhytopthora ramorum• Introduced from Europe

Wid h t• Wide host range

Eruptive InsectsEruptive Insects

• Fruit tree leafrollerFruit tree leafroller• Invests newly

expanding buds in the p gearly spring

• Interaction with effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on trees

Eruptive InsectsEruptive Insects

• California Oak MothCalifornia Oak Moth• Extensive defoliation

of oaks• Periodic outbreaks

Pine ForestsPine Forests

Chronic ProblemsChronic Problems

• Problems that areProblems that are typically present at low levels

• Predisposition: local conditions or initial infections that spread slowly – pollution, temperature extremestemperature extremes

InsectsInsects

• SawfliesSawflies• Turpentine beetles-

Dendroctonus valens• Engraver beetles- Ips

E. Bradford Walker

Eruptive ProblemsEruptive Problems• Problems that emerge g

quickly, reach very damaging levels, and then subsidethen subside. Recurrent

• Predisposition: localPredisposition: local or regional conditions that favor rapid

d f ispread of organisms – drought, site and stand conditionssta d co d t o s

InsectsInsects

• Bark beetles –Bark beetles Dendroctonus

• Overstocked stands with competition for light and moisture

• Elimination of fire• Drought conditions• Massive tree mortality

Impact of ChangeImpact of Change• Conditions of flux that alter

l i f i d direlations of insects and diseases with forest trees – may be rapid or gradual

• Site and Stand density and• Site and Stand – density and species

• Environmental Change – pollution and land use

• Temperature – high or low thresholds

• Fire – frequency and intensityq y y• Drought – periodic or prolonged

Global Change: ConsequencesGlobal Change: Consequences

• Change in pestChange in pest complexes –invasions and establishment

• Changes in life histories – number of generations, first emergence activeemergence, active periods

Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine

• Hylurgus lignoperda:Hylurgus lignoperda: Red-haired Pine Bark Beetle

• Found in much of southern California

• At least two generations each year

Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine• Orthotomicus erosus:

Mediterranean Pine Engraver BeetleC tl i t l• Currently in ornamental pines in urban landscapes

• Risk of movement into native forests, particularly Pinus radiataPinus radiata

• Pine Pitch Canker-Fusarium circinatum

Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine

• Tomicus ligniperda:Tomicus ligniperda: Pine Shoot Beetle –in North American Great Lakes region, but not in California,

tyet.

Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine• Sirex noctilio:

Woodwasp - in North America, but not in CaliforniaCalifornia

• Introduces a pathogenic funguspathogenic fungus into trees

• Tree dies and becomes suitable for larval development

New Pests and Old ProblemsNew Pests and Old Problems

• New vector –New vector aggravate the problem

• Glassy-winged Sharpshooter

New Pests and Old ProblemsNew Pests and Old Problems

New vector – createNew vector create new problem

Oleander Leaf ScorchOlive Leaf ScorchLiquidamberq

New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry

AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer



cisr.ucr.edu



Gevork Arakelia



cisr.ucr.edu

New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon

• Erythrina gall waspErythrina gall wasp• Redbay ambrosia

beetle• Eucalyptus gall wasps

hawaii.gov/hdoa/pi/ppc/

New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon

• Erythrina gallErythrina gall wasp

• Redbay yambrosia beetle

• Eucalyptus gall wasps

cisr.ucr.edu

New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon• Erythrina gall wasp• Redbay ambrosia• Redbay ambrosia

beetle• Eucalyptus gall wasps• Eucalyptus gall wasps

Impact on Pest ManagementImpact on Pest Management

• Why are invasiveWhy are invasive species often such damaging pests?

• Escape from natural controls –environmental and biological

Impact on Pest ManagementImpact on Pest Management

• Damage to species orDamage to species or systems that were previously pest free

• Confound an existing IPM program

• Resolve conflicts between short term

i d lprotection and long term management

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:

Exotic Pests and Diseases Research ProgramgJocelyn MillarLarry HanksChris HanlonSarah AllenFrank ByrneFrank ByrneDarcy Reed

Kathleen CampbellKathleen CampbellMichele Eatough Jones

Kent DaaneDonald Dahlsten

pest and disease susceptibility in the face of climate change

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