perubahan iklim dan peranan data geospatial - ned bil.9.2012
TRANSCRIPT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_p-Ex5KR4g
Lalitesh Katragadda: Making maps to fight disaster, build
economies.
CLIMATE CHANGE (PERUBAHAN IKLIM)
MALAYSIA IS AT RISK?
HAITI CASE
PERANAN GEOSPATIAL
MALAYSIAN INITIATIVES
PENUTUP
SKOP TAKLIMAT
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years (Source: Wikipedia)
The world mostly agrees that something needs to be done about global warming and climate change. The first stumbling block, however, has been trying to get an agreement on a framework. In 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to assess the scientific knowledge on global warming. The IPCC concluded in 1990 that there was broad international consensus that climate change was human-induced. That report led way to an international convention for climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), signed by over 150 countries at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), there are 7 indicators that would be expected to increase in a warming world and 3 indicators would be expected to decrease.
INCREASE
DECREASE
Green bars shows 95% confidence intervals.
2005 was the hottest year on record; 2009 2nd ; 2007 tied with 1998 for 3rd; 15 hottest all occurred since 1990
Source: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/
Gempa Bumi Jerebu
Banjir Kilat Tanah Runtuh
Tsunami
MALAYSIA
Gempa Bumi Jerebu
Banjir Kilat Tanah Runtuh
Tsunami
MALAYSIA
Gempa Bumi Jerebu
Banjir Kilat Tanah Runtuh
Tsunami
MALAYSIA
LUAR NEGARA
Siklon Tropika Kemarau
Ribut Salji Puting Beliung
Kebakaran Belukar Siklon
Tsunami
Hurricane Sandy hits and devastated portions of the Caribbean and the Mid-
Atlantic and Northeastern United States (late October 2012)
26 December 2004, one of the largest Earthquakes recorded in history (9 on the Richter Scale), struck just off Sumatra, Indonesia, in a fault line running under the sea.
Bermula dengan satu gegaran gempa bumi telah dikesan di utara Sumatera, Indonesia berukuran 9.0 mengikut skala richter
Gelombang pertama melanda pantai Kuala Muda dengan ketinggian mencecah 2.5 meter .
Gelombang kedua dengan ketinggian melebihi 8 meter telah menghempas pantai sejauh 300 meter ke daratan mengakibatkan kemusnahan yang besar.
Magnitude Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli
Intensity
Under 2.0 I
2.0 – 2.9 I – II
3.0 – 3.9 II – IV
4.0 – 4.9 IV – VI
5.0 – 5.9 V – VIII
6.0 – 6.9 VII – X
7.0 – 9.9 VIII or higher; up to XII
10.0 or higher X or higher; up to XII
Source : MOSTI
CASE STUDY
WHAT IS CRISIS
MAPPER?
On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti. The international community responded immediately to launch extensive search and rescue missions to provide emergency assistance.
Ushahidi, an open-source crisis-mapping software provided a way to capture, organize, and share critical information coming directly from Haitians. Information was gathered through social media and text messages (crowd source)
It was integrated with the use of GIS, Geospatial Information & Satellite Image as well as Open Source Map (Wiki Map) together with crowdsourcing.
Reports about trapped persons, medical emergencies, and specific needs (food, water, shelter) were received and plotted on maps that were updated in real time by an international group of volunteers.
These reports, and associated geographic information, were available to anyone with an Internet connection. Responders use them in determining how, when, and where to direct resources.
The Ushahidi−Haiti Project with the help of GEO-Information (GIS, Geospatial) demonstrated the potential of crowd sourced maps for targeted disaster response, providing a useful foundational model for the international community to leverage and improve upon in advance of future emergencies.
The Ushahidi Haiti Map in the first 24
hours after the earthquake. Source: Ushahidi Haiti Project (UHP).
Close up of the Haiti Map. Each number represents the individual number of reports within the area. Users could zoom in further to see the individual reports. Source: Ushahidi Haiti Project (UHP).
Crucial Role Of Geo-Information in Disaster Response
THE HAITI
EARTHQUAKE
12/01/2010
Joel Scheraga (Senior Advisor for climate adaptation at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
GEOGRAFI
ILMU ALAM
LAND INFORMATION
SYSTEM
GIS
Koordinat NRE: Latitut: 2.914615⁰
Longitud: 101.685255⁰
an accurate, current and reliable land record
cadastre, its associated attribute and spatial data
that represent the legal boundaries of land tenure
and provides a vital base layer capable of integration
into other geographic.
ilmu berkaitan dengan sifat atau ciri-ciri bumi dan kepelbagaian corak rupa bentuk bumi dalam ruang (spatial location) dan masa.
seek to understand how the world and universe around us works.
GIS boleh digambarkan sebagai satu sistem berkomputer yang
memudahkan kemasukan data, penyimpanan, analisis dan
persembahan terutama bagi data spatial.
Maklumat di dalam GIS mesti di kaitkan dengan rujukan
geographic (spatial) (latitude/longitude atau lain-lain koordinat
spatial)
“The purpose of GIS is always to support some form of Decision, regardless of the application area”. APPLICATION AREAS:
- Low Risk or High Risk - Non-Political to Political
Data atau maklumat yang mengenalpasti lokasi geografi dan
persempadanan di Bumi, seperti ciri-ciri semulajadi atau buatan manusia
dan pelbagai bentuk data lagi.
Sumber-sumber data geospatial adalah peta digital, foto udara, imej
satelit dan dokumen lain yang berhubungan.
PERANAN GEOSPATIAL
DATA
Spatial Data
Spatial Information
Decision Making
PERKAITAN KONSEP
menilai bencana risiko
mengambil langkah-langkah untuk mengurangkan risiko bencana
meramalkan dan amaran awal
menilai kerosakan dan keperluan
melaksanakan operasi bantuan dan menyelamat
memulihkan dan membina semula kawasan yang terjejas
DATA GEOSPATIAL DALAM PENGURUSAN BENCANA
RISK MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Berikut merupakan
keperluan data
spatial dalam
menghasilkan risiko
pemetaan (risk mapping) dan
pengurusan bencana
mengikut kategori
Baseline data layers
Utility and Infrastructure data
layers
Disaster specific data layers
Thematic data on terrain and natural
resources
Near-real time satellite data and
thematic maps
LAPISAN BAGI RISK MAPPING
Baseline data for disaster management
Utility & infrastructure data for risk mapping
Thematic data on terrain and natural resources for risk mapping
Utility of near real time satellite data for disaster
management
1MapMalaysia
Geospatial Data Centre (GDC)
Emergency Command Centre (ECC), Majlis Keselamatan Negara
MoU antara NRE dengan UTM
Pembangunan Portal Maklumat Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami oleh Jabatan Meterologi Malaysia (MET)
Geospatial Data Centre (GDC)
Nota:
1. SGDC melibatkan semua negeri kecuali Pulau Pinang,
W.P Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya & Sarawak
2. LGDC melibatkan W.P Labuan sahaja
PROJEK KOS TAHUN IMPLEMENTASI
Projek National Geospatial Data Centre (NGDC
RM 6.8 juta 2008-2009
Projek State Geospatial Data Centre (SGDC)
RM 8.4 juta
2009-2010
Projek Local Geospatial Data Centre (LGDC)
RM 372,000
2010
Framework Data
MS1759
UPI
Geonames
Metadata
Aeronautical
Built Environment
Demarcation
Geology
Hydrography
Hypsography
Soil
Transportation
Utility
Vegetation
Special Use
General
All Rights Reserved Copyright©2008 MaCGDI
Malaysia Map
a geo-information viewer for
everyone
Pengenalan • Dibangunkan secara dalaman oleh tahun 2011.
• Menarik minat kepada pengguna awam dan
memberi lebih kefahaman kepada mereka apa yang
boleh dilakukan dengan GIS.
• Pengguna boleh memetakan tempat-tempat
tumpuan (POI) disekitar mereka dan tempat yang
mereka ketahui.
• 10 lapisan (layer) data yang boleh dipetakan oleh
pengguna;
• Place of Worship,
• Petrol Station,
• Accomodation,
• Bank,
• Educational Institution,
• Recreation,
• Tourism & Travel Destination,
• Emergency,
• Retails & Services Outlet
• Institution.
Pengenalan (samb…)
• 1Malaysia Map secara tidak langsung memperkenalkan
konsep services.
• Pengguna boleh menggunakan fungsi yang ditawarkan
melalui services yang dibekalkan tanpa pengguna perlu
membangunkan fungsi tersebut.
• Services yang digunakan dalam 1Malaysia Map
• Bing Map & Openstreet Map – basemap
• Google Routing Service
• Wunderground Weather Service
• Social Media Services
Fungsi Locator
• Carian nama-nama tempat yang telah digazettkan
1. Masukkan nama
tempat
2. Senarai hasil carian akan
dipaparkan
3. Klik pada nama tempat pada
hasil carian dan paparan tempat
ditunjukkan dalam peta
Edit Layer
• Membolehkan pengguna untuk tambah, edit atau buang
feature menggunakan feature template yang
disediakan.
• Feature template menyediakan semua maklumat yang
diperlukan untuk pembinaan feature
• 10 feature layer boleh diedit di dalam aplikasi
menggunakan Edit Widget
• Edit Widget secara automatik akan mengenalpasti jenis
feature yang boleh ditambah/edit berdasarkan layer
yang telah dikenalpasti pada feature template.
Edit Layer (samb..)
1. Pilih feature layer yang hendak
ditambah
Edit Layer (samb..)
1. Masukkan attribute bagi feature
yang dipilih
2. Klik OK apabila selesai
CABARAN
Perkongsian Sumber
Data (data sharing)
yang lemah
Crowdsourcing adalah sangat
penting bagi pengumpulan
data primer dan sekunder
tetapi memerlukan kepakaran
yang tinggi dalam analisis
Proses analisis yang
rumit
Pengemaskinian Data
Geospatial Agensi
Kurang pendedahan
mengenai aplikasi
open source map &
software
Kekurangan tenaga
mahir dalam bidang
Maklumat Geospatial
INPUT
BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
LAND:
Land use Deforestation Degradation
Desertification Waste disposal
WATER
Inland water pollution Utilization of inland
water Marine water pollution
ATMOSPHERE &
CLIMATE Air pollution
Climate change
BIODIVERSITY:
Destruction of biodiversity
Loss of aquatic fish Wildlife trade
Protected Area Habitat loss
SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION: Characteristics of population
Population growth Rural urban migration
Health education
HEALTH:
Characteristics of health Mortality incidences
Noise pollution
AGRICULTURE:
Agricultural production Livestock population & production
Use of agrochemicals
POVERTY
TRANSPORTATION
TOURISM
ENERGY
Renewable energy Non-renewable energy
EDUCATION
ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT
INDUSTRY
NATURAL DISASTERS FLOOD HAZARD DROUGHT HAZARD CYCLONE EARTHQUAKE FOREST FIRES
VOLCANO’S LANDSLIDES
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS STATUS OF EIA
STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PARTICIPATION IN MAJOR GLOBAL CONVENTIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
DATABASE
OUTPUTS TABLES
GRAPHS
MAPS
Selain digunakan meluas dalam projek pembangunan, Geoinformasi
digunakan di kebanyakan negara maju sebagai alat meningkatkan
kecekapan perkhidmatan dalam perkhidmatan Kerajaan melalui
konsep ‘spatially enabled’(lokasi / tempat digunakan sebagai cara
utama menjalankan perniagaan). Ianya boleh diaplikasikan sekiranya
masyarakat mempunyai konsep ‘spatially enabled’.
Untuk mencapai konsep ini capaian geoinformasi perlu mudah dan
dianggap biasa (common) kepada rakyat.
Oleh itu, adalah penting bagi pihak kerajaan di semua peringkat
memulakan pemetaan ruang geografi secara komprehensif dan
menghasilkan polisi yang bersesuaian.