perth’s sustainable dwelling typology · perth’s sustainable dwelling typology this thesis is...

IN SEARCH OF

PERTH’S SUSTAINABLE DWELLING TYPOLOGY

This thesis is presented for the degree of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

of

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ARTS

APRIL 2014

CHANTELLE LYNN BECKETT

19521151

Supervised by

PROFESSOR SIMON ANDERSON

PROFESSOR GEOFFREY LONDON

3

ABSTRACT

Despite the prevalence of modern ‘green’ rhetoric and increasing ‘green’ stringency in legislated

Australian building codes, the common contemporary West Australian Perth home does not appear to

respond well to its climatic setting and is becoming increasingly reliant on mechanical systems in the

provision of human comfort. This study sought to investigate the origin and evolution of Perth’s

contemporary domestic response, in order to determine if, at any point in Perth’s history, its domestic

typology was on a path to a more sustainable solution.

A building’s capacity for sustainability is, however, a broad and subjective definition and can encompass

a range of parameters. This makes qualitative and equitable comparisons difficult, particularly when

comparing non contemporary approaches. Although the commercial market offers a range of proven

indexation tools for the comparison of sustainable benchmarks, the evaluations they offer are geared

towards optimising commercial return on modern typologies. Without a suitable holistic indexation

methodology available for an historical domestic comparison, a specialised indexation model was

developed, having been inspired and amalgamated from several commercially used tools, including

Ecotect and Green Star. Through the use of this unique indexation methodology, the technical and

performance data of fifteen historically representative, single detached Perth dwellings was studied,

enabling their comparative ranking and performance evaluation.

The results from the indexation suggest that Perth’s historical housing typology had a one point shifted

toward a more sustainable path than what is represented in more recent house stock. This historical

trend also appears to mirror contemporaneous architectural and intellectual debate as well as economic

and global influence.

Despite this research suggesting that the contemporary Perth home is not, as should be expected, a

more sustainable response than some of its historical counterparts, this research also aimed to suggest

where improvements may be made to both present and future housing stock. Perth is fortunate to have

a climate that can be readily modulated by the application of simple climate responsive techniques.

Although future types can make a more concerted response with the application of some of these

techniques, as evidenced by a recent domestic case study, many of the historical types presented can

also be readily adapted and manipulated to provide a more sustainable solution.

Most importantly, however, this research suggests that the Perth housing type does need to change. In

a city of rapid growth and increasing comfort expectations, a more suitable housing type will be needed

to ensure environmental and comfort sustainability. In order to achieve this change, this research also

highlights the role the architect and the building industry now needs to have in order to secure a more

appropriate and sustainable domestic housing solution.

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CONTENTS

3

11

13-24

14

14

15

16

17

18

21

21

22

25-46

25

26

27

30

31

36

41

44

47-68

47

47

50

57

58

59

59

60

62

66

69-98

70

72

73

75

77

79

80

81

83

84

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

Sustainability

Greenwashing

Changing the dwelling type

Vernacular

The impact of a global economy and technology on vernacular

Perth and vernacular

Is a Perth vernacular necessary?

Enacting change in the Perth housing type

In Search of Perth’s Sustainable Dwelling Typology

CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY

Simulated versus green

Green assessment tools

International green rating tools

AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS

Legislative requirements

Holistic assessments

Specific efficiencies

IMPLICATIONS FOR AN INDEXATION METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 2: INDEXING THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

METHODLOGY

Housing selection and parameters

Sustainable parameters

Manipulated parameters

Indexation methodology

ECOTECT PARAMETERS AND GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENTS

Modelling

Material selections

Baseline parameters

Chart ranking

CHAPTER 3: PERTH DOMESTIC CASE STUDIES

1860 Cockman House

1920 West Leederville

1925 Burswood

1931 ‘Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage’, Herdsman

1932 Bassendean

1950 Wembley

1957 Bayswater

1960 Innaloo

1962 East Cannington

1986 Bibra Lake

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88

89

91

93

94

99-120

99

99

100

101

102

102

103

104

104

105

106

107

108

108

109

110

111

111

113

114

115

116

116

117

117

119

120

121-140

121

125

128

132

135

136

1987 Munster

1995 Bibra Lake

1996 Orelia

2002 Orelia

2009 Rivervale

PLATES 3.1 – 3.30

CHAPTER 4: EVALUATING AND RANKING THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

BUILDING PERFORMANCES

1860 Cockman House performance

1920 West Leederville performance

1925 Burswood performance

1931 ‘Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage’ performance

1932 Bassendean performance

1950 Wembley performance

1957 Bayswater performance

1960 Innaloo performance

1962 East Cannington performance

1987 Munster performance

1986 Bibra Lake performance


1996 Orelia performance


2009 Rivervale performance

SUMMARY OF RANKINGS

Overall Ranking

Consumption Ranking

Wellbeing Ranking

Seasonal and Passive Performance Ranking

DESIGN MODIFICATIONS FOR CLIMATE

Orientation

Double glazing

Roof insulation

Ceiling insulation

APPLIED HEATING AND COOLING

Table 4.1: Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary Sheet

Table 4.2: Indexation Chart - Calculation Sheet

Table 4.3: Indexation Chart - Summer Hourly Temperatures

Table 4.4: Indexation Chart - Winter Hourly Temperatures

Table 4.5: Indexation Chart - Check and Verification Sheet

CHAPTER 5: SUSTAINABLE HOUSING MARKERS FOR PERTH

The evolution of the historical type’s performance

Impact of technology

How improvements can be made

An architectural response

PLATE 5.1 - 2007 KALAMUNDA

Where to from here?

What can generate effective change?

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141-180

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146

149

154

158

159

161

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169

174

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181-230

181

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189

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199

208

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231-234

235-246

247-248

248-252

REFERENCE APPENDIX

REFERENCE A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

THE PERTH EXPERIENCE

The evolution of the Perth domestic typology as distinct from the rest of Australia

1829 Utopia and Georgian styling

Early response

1850 Convict labour, Gothic revival and the growth of a colony

1890 Gold Rush, immigration and prosperity

1914-1918 and World War I

1920-1929 The Garden City

1929-1939 The Great Depression

1939-1955 and World War II

1960s Prosperity and intellectualism

1970s-1980s Project homes and historicism

1990-2000 The contemporary market

SUMMARY

REFERENCE B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY

What does sustainability mean?

Why is sustainability in design important?

Why action is needed

What is that action for domestic design?

Schools of sustainable domestic design

Perceptive comfort and baseline controls

DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH

Consumption

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN

Site and microclimate

Solar heat capture and exclusion

Ventilation

Heat storage, loss and transfer

Appropriate typological design

SUMMARISING SUSTAINABILITY

GLOSSARIES

PART A: GLOSSARY OF ORGANISATIONS AND TOOLS

PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

IMAGES, PLATES AND DIAGRAMS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, acknowledgment must be made of the traditional land owners of the greater Perth area. Although this

discussion is about how white Australia has colonised and developed housing typologies on Indigenous lands, the

pre-existence of the Indigenous people and their contribution to this story needs acknowledgement. There remains

a parallel Indigenous story that is beyond my experience or claim as a first generation Australian, born to white

immigrants.

This project would not have been possible without the assistance and generosity of;

The project supervisors; Professors Simon Anderson and Geoffrey London, and all the post graduate support staff

and student team at the Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts;

Sid Thoo for his generosity, patience, expertise and technical assistance with Ecotect as well as his review and

verification of data generated by the software;

Both my father Phil Beckett and my colleague Dani Martin for their tireless edits and valued feedback;

Jamie Graham, my IT ‘go to’ at UWA who never seemed to tire of my questions and was always available;

The home owners who have allowed me to record their private sanctuaries and compare them frankly, as well as

for the time and assistance they have all offered willingly and freely, and the tolerance they have shown to my

prodding and endless questions. I thank them in no particular order; Fran and Flynn, Amy and Simon, Pia and

Darren, Gerard, Juan and Annika, Mel, Remo and Peppa, Julian and Sally, Dani and Chris, Elizabeth, Anna and Phil,

Kristian, Dave, Daniel and Nicole, Paul and Lynda;

The valued organisations that have preserved and recorded Cockman House and Herdsman Settler’s Cottage. As

well as to the City of Wanneroo’s Philippa Rogers for her generous assistance with sourcing and obtaining original

documentation;

Landgate’s Andrew Sturman for his assistance and provision of historical Title search data;

Paradigm Architects for their support, patience, assistance and permission to use copyrighted technical drawings in

the construction of the Kalamunda residence;

JCY Architects for their support, generous use of facilities and patience;

My dear and patient family, friends and colleagues;

And most importantly, my partner Kristian, for his unending and unquestioned support and resilience.

Thank you.

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INTRODUCTION

Despite Perth’s love of the outdoors, the common contemporary Perth home does not appear to

respond well to its climatic setting. Over Perth’s short history, its home has shifted from an insular

colonial type towards a greater exploration of the concept of indoor/outdoor living. However, there

remains disunity between climatic patterns and the modern type’s capacity to manipulate climate for

human comfort. Beyond the BBQ, the evening drinks and the convenience of monitoring children’s play

from the kitchen, there seems limited acknowledgement of, or interaction with Perth’s microclimate.

The contemporary Perth home has emerged as part of a global trend which, with the assistance of

technology, aims1 to provide optimum human comfort regardless of location or affluence. Global

technological development has enabled the affordable optimisation of a home’s microclimate year

round, regardless of location. With the application of technology, there is now no longer the need to

work with localised climate conditions and patterns, let alone to acknowledge their value to human

existence. Occupants can now be protected and isolated from climate and native ecologies with the

touch of a power-station-driven button. The Perth housing type has evolved to optimise the use and

standardisation of this technology.

With the greater capacity to provide comfort, comes greater occupant expectation. The more comfort

that is provided, the more it is expected and the narrower becomes the accepted range. This means

normal climatic conditions become less tolerable and essential to be overcome.

Yet, this typological response is in conflict with a world where the impacts of human consumption and

climate change are a growing concern. Scientists have shown that the earth is warming and weather

patterns are changing. This is already known to have catastrophic impact on established ecological

systems, as well as human life and property. Although hotly debated, many strongly believe that human

consumption and waste are contributing to this trend. Even those who disagree with human causes for

climate change have little argument when it comes to the immediate damage to native ecologies caused

by human waste and excessive consumption.

The average person can affect little immediate change, yet, by collectively enacting small positive

changes in those areas within our personal control, the accumulative impact can be significant. The

biggest change can, in fact, be in consumer attitude. Trends can be altered and culture can be

corrected, if there is sufficient instigation. Humans are, after all, habitual. By identifying possibilities and

enacting change, in order to reduce the ecological impact of the housing set in my own home town,

Perth, Western Australia, this too may go a way toward encouraging a broader collective response and

trend.

1 …some would argue commendably...

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This therefore is the reason for this study; to offer some positive instigation for change in a housing

typology that seems ignorant of its capacity for climatic adaption and therefore offer a more sustainable

solution. However, what does a more ‘sustainable solution’ really mean?

Sustainability

A sustainable development is one that ‘...meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their needs.’2 The desire to preserve and maintain native ecologies

for future generations is aligned with the concept of sustainability.

Sustainability (often described as being ‘green’) is primarily about limiting negative human impact on

natural systems. In reference to the built form, the application of sustainable principles may consider a

range of parameters including; the preservation of native ecologies, minimising the contribution to

climate change, preserving water and energy sources, as well as maintaining human well-being and

comfort. Although achieving sustainability in the domestic form can take variant approaches, the act of

limiting the consumption of materials, energy and water, as well as the impact of generated waste on

natural systems, underlies most sustainable goals.

By applying tools such as climatic responsive design, selecting appropriate technologies and materials

and understanding the lifecycle and requirements of a form in its cultural context, a sustainability

domestic solution particular to Perth could be achieved. If a more sustainable approach can be affected

in the baseline domestic typology of Perth, this may encourage broader cultural change.

According to Chan, ‘Sustainability has (already in fact) become a form of populism, and despite

skepticism about the effectiveness of grassroots efforts, proponents believe that small changes made at

the individual, domestic level will eventually reach critical mass.’3 Like all trends, however, populism

does not necessarily equate to positive change if the intent is distorted.

(Refer also Reference Appendix B: Achieving Domestic Sustainability for discussions on defining and

achieving domestic sustainable design in Perth.)

Greenwashing

In this popular race to a ‘sustainable’ solution, it is important to fully comprehend how a solution is

applied as well as the actual achieved impact. Solutions are not universal, and their application and

potential for impact will vary from instance to instance. The selection of products simply marketed as

‘green’ may not in fact achieve a ‘green’ solution. The manipulation of marketing and intended usage

can substantially alter the sustainable credentials of a product. In a global and economically driven

world, the true impact can often be difficult to determine. Artificial turf is a case in point, having been

2 Lawrence, R. J. (2006). 'Basic principles for sustaining human habitats'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century : Theory Education and

Practice L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group: 110-127. p 112

3 Chan, Y. (2007). Sustainable Environments: Contemporary Design in Detail Glouchester, Massachusetts Rockport Publishers Inc p 11

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marketed in the recent past as a ‘green’ and water saving product, yet without adequate consumer

disclosure of its environmental cost in manufacture.4 This ‘greenwashing’ can unwittingly change what is

marketed or intended as a sustainable solution to one that is of potentially substantial ecological cost.

Even technology designed specifically to enhance the sustainable credentials of a built form can have an

element of greenwash. Technology is often applied in contemporary standard pattern housing to reduce

ecological impact. Power saving devices, for example, are often used with the best of intentions, when

perhaps the object of power consumption should not be used in the first place. Although such

technologies are undeniably important contributors to more sustainable developments, often; ‘The

prevalent attitude is that all our problems, including resource shortages and environmental dilemmas

can be solved simply by developing new technologies.’5 This approach offers an immediate remedy

whilst making every person feel they are contributing to the sustainable cause, yet, is it the best

approach?

Changing the dwelling type

Despite the possible pit falls, changing the way a standard dwelling type addresses sustainability is

within the capacity of every individual and accumulatively can have significant positive impact.

According to Kibert; ‘Because it uses enormous quantities of resources and replaces natural systems

with human artifacts, the built environment sector of the economy has disproportionate environmental

impacts on the planet.’6 This is supported by the Green Building Council of Australia who state that;

‘Buildings have a significant impact on the environment, consuming 32% of the world's resources,

including 12% of its water and up to 40% of its energy. Buildings also produce 40% of waste going to

landfill and 40% of air emissions.’7

The domestic housing typology is, however, one that has evolved through use and in reflection of

cultural practices, trends and social habits. It is produced to meet the comfort needs of human beings,

and being the most intimate and most occupied of human built spaces, it is the one built form that is the

most influential. The dwelling type impacts on lives and habits from birth through death. Its use and

form is engrained through constant use. It is therefore the one building type that is also the most

difficult to alter. This is made even more difficult in a globalised society where the domestic type now

has international currency.

4 Artificial turf was extensively marketed in Western Australia in 2012 as a green solution, by claiming that it saved water and therefore was ‘better’

for the environment than grass. None of the advertisements I personally saw mentioned the water used or the waste generated in production. The

additional in-use environmental heat loads and the product’s propensity for chemical gassing were also not fully or openly disclosed as part of the

marketing campaigns. These advertisements were altered within a month or more, so that references to environmental ‘benefits’ were removed,

and only ongoing maintenance benefits were promoted.

5 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. p 407

6 Ibid. p 64

7 green building council australia Green Star, Background, <http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/what-is-green-star/background/2140.htm >,

Retrieved 18th February 2010. Referencing ‘Environmentally Sustainable Buildings: Challenges and Polic ies’ - a Report by the OECD, in

2003 Australia State of the Environment Report, Commonwealth Department of Environment & Heritage, 2001.

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In order to suggest successful and sensitive change in a dwelling type, there must first be an

understanding of a type’s evolution, as well as of the value placed in its cultural adaptation. In so doing,

an appreciation can be gained for the trends that have created the standardised contemporary built

response. Building types reflect human use patterns. If they successfully provide for the needs of the

time, the adaptation is retained and used in later built forms. As claimed in the ‘Foreword’ of Climate

Design; ‘Drawing up energy and room climate concepts should not be based on technical and physical

rules alone; it must also be seen in a historical, cultural and sociological context.’8

In their provision of human comfort, a dwelling type evolves its response to native ecology and cultural

needs. The term vernacular is often used to describe this evolutionary adaption.

Vernacular

The term ‘vernacular’ was coined in the 1960s9 in response to an increasingly globalised society that was

encapsulated by the Modernist movement.10 However, it was not until several ‘seminal’ works were

published in the late 1960s which espoused the value of built vernacular as contextually significant and

not simply a set of nostalgic icons, that it was more readily explored as a valid source of inspiration for a

more appropriate and sustainable modern response.11

According to Kibert; ‘Vernacular architecture embeds cultural wisdom and an intimate knowledge of

place into the built environment. It comprises technology, or applied science, that has evolved by trial

and error over many generations all over the planet as people designed and built the best possible

habitat with the resources available to them.’12 Essentially, vernacular housing is tried and proven

dwelling adaptation.

Although some would argue that vernacular housing is ‘…the highest form of sustainable building…’

because of its ability to respond to climate, as well as its use of local and accessible materials and

technologies,13 these dwelling types may not necessarily provide a more sustainable response. As

vernacular is also the product of culture, superstition and tradition, these aspects may contradict the

functional capacity of the style and result in a form that is derived from references that may no longer

be appropriate or relevant to a culture, or indeed to the broader global village. Referencing AlSayaad,

8 ‘Foreword’ in Hausladen, G., M. de Saldanha, et al. (2005). Climate Design: Solutions for Buildings that Can Do More with less technology (original

title: 'ClimaDesign'). Munich Birkhauser. p 7

9 Ozkan, S. (2006). 'Traditionalism and vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century :

Theory Education and Practice L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group: 97-109. p 99

10 Ozkan states that; ‘Minimalist internationalism in time became the most challenged and criticised aspect of Modernism, as it not only ignored the

cultural and climatic aspects of life, but also ventured to reform them.’ Ibid. p 102

11 Asquith, L. and M. Vellinga, (Eds). (2006). Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group. p 4


13 Ozkan’s opinion is strongly imbued with the importance and value of vernacular styling. In the same discussion they also express the view that

breaking with tradition, as well as from passed down technologies and culture, can generate inappropriate architecture. Referenced in; Ozkan, S.

(2006). 'Traditionalism and vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century : Theory

Education and Practice L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group: 97-109. p 108

17

some would even suggest that ‘…some vernacular forms are neither sustainable nor efficient…’14

Despite this, the adaptive nature of the historically evolved type inherently possesses elements and

features which contribute to a level of adaptive comfort, features which are often valuable as tried and

proven responses.

Vernacular housing can generally be identifiable to a place, region and a time in the history of a culture

and its technological development. Although in a vernacular type progression, there may occasionally be

strong and spontaneous evidence of cross-pollination between cultures, as cities and regions are

influenced through trade or invasion, typically the development of building types is a gradual and

accrued process. This development is typically the result of trial and error and based on cultural

knowledge, with the ultimate goal, particularly in housing, of providing for human comfort. These

dwelling types were preserved and handed-down because they worked.

Despite this, in a world of increasing global economy, traditional vernacular types are in decline.

The impact of a global economy and technology on vernacular

The loss of traditional vernacular forms can be attributed to an increasingly globalised and generally

more prosperous world. Ozkan posits that; ‘While bringing conveniences in living and communication,

this globalization has a homogenizing effect and threatens to reduce the meaning of the architecture

and the built environments we live in. Meaning naturally comes with cultural awareness and historical

continuity.’15 Putting aside the debate for the preservation of historical culture and icons, the loss or

ignorance of the value of traditional and proven methods and the knowledge embedded in highly

specialised climatic responses seems reprehensible.

The modern world has reached a point where knowledge, and to a lesser degree culture, is global and

technology is a highly marketable and readily procured commodity. With marketability follows mass

production, which increases affordability as well as the capacity to remedy problems (real or generated)

globally, universally and instantly.16 Products such as electric lighting and air conditioning have been

marketed to instantly resolve issues that may have historically taken generations to provide an

appropriate built solution. With global marketing, technologies are replacing traditional methodologies,

14 AlSayyad, N. (2006). 'Foreword'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor

and Francis Group. p xviii

15 Ozkan, S. (2006). 'Traditionalism and vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century :

Theory Education and Practice L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group: 97-109. p 108

16 A good example of this is Western Australia’s recent push for increased domestic photovoltaic (PV) cell installations. Up until only a few years ago,

PV cells were typically not a financially feasible solution for suburban Western Australia, given the price of electricity. Recent years saw the

introduction of government rebates and tariff guarantees ensuring affordability and equality of return. Since these schemes, sales of domestic PV’s

has dramatically improved in WA, to the point where it is now common place for a domestic residence to have this technology proudly displayed on

its roof. As a result, the supply and production of PV technology in Western Australia has increased and market prices have fallen accordingly.

Although the original rebate scheme has since closed, improved market conditions and established competition have ensured the PV is now a

common installation on many Perth homes.

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globally homogenising solutions, and supplying a universally adaptable and standardised response to

what would have previously been specific microclimatic comfort problems.

As argued by Asquith and Vellinga (referencing Oliver); ‘More often than not, vernacular houses are

regarded as obstacles on the road to progress, which should be replaced by house types and living

patterns that fit western notions of basic housing needs but which are adverse to the norms, wishes and

values of the cultures concerned.’17 Asquith and Vellinga are however also concerned by whether

vernacular housing can keep up with the housing volumes, needs and expectations of a modern world,

asking if there is ‘…still a place for vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century?’18

It could be argued that this globalisation is essentially the twenty-first century’s vernacular response and

that the loss of traditional methodologies is symptomatic of a rapid adaptive process. By virtue,

vernacular is adaptive and; ‘Adaption is a set of interrelated processes that sustain human ecosystems in

the context of continual change.’19 However, with global responses come global problems. Putting aside

issues relating to the homogenisation of cultures, a poorly factored global response can arguably lead to

increases in consumption above sustainable levels. Vernacular responses also need to be sustainable. As

described by AlSayyad; ‘In the twenty-first century, as culture and tradition are becoming less place-

rooted and more information-based, these particular attributes of vernacular have to be recalibrated to

reflect these changes.’20

Perth’s more contemporary typologies may in fact be a case in point.

Perth and vernacular

Although Perth, Western Australia, is referred to as the most remote city in the world, this has by no

means reduced the impact of the global economy on Perth’s cultural development. In discussing Perth’s

historical development, Pitt Morison and White suggest that ‘…architecture and the formation of towns

is an activity of people and is conditioned by the circumstances of any people at any time – in this

instance, at its inception, the activity of a displaced people, immigrants who brought with them matured

ideas that had to be re-shaped to conform with a new life style’.21 The Perth type’s unique historical

development provides a good insight into the impact of globalisation on a developing vernacular. If

Perth’s domestic type can indeed be coined a vernacular, the development of the Perth domestic type

certainly reflects this global, technology-based vernacular shift.

17 Asquith, L. and M. Vellinga, (Eds.) (2006). Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group. p 1

18 Ibid. p 2



20 AlSayyad, N. (2006). 'Foreword'. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century L. Asquith and M. Vellinga, (Eds.). London, New York, Taylor

and Francis Group. p xvii

21 Pitt Morison, M. and J. White (1979). 'Introduction'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison, J. White and et.al. Nedlands, Western Australia

University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations p xvii

19

Perth was first colonised by Captain Stirling in 1829 and its occidental establishment was a rushed affair.

Permanent early housing styles were reflective of what was familiar to Perth’s English colonisers. Unlike

other British Imperial colonies (such as India) where Indigenous housing vernaculars and ideas were

often used and adapted to suit comforts, the nomadic culture of Perth’s Indigenous people provided

limited visible and identifiable opportunity to suit English tastes and comforts. The colonisers’ homes

were not initially built to respond to local climate, but were instead a translation of their British homes,

to the best use of immediately available and workable material, and with what little they brought with

them. To add to the complexity, the earliest colonisers were entrepreneurs, seeking a new life and

largely unskilled in construction or indeed experienced in labour. With little assistance offered from

Britain or even from other previously established Australian British colonies, English domestic memories

were simply transposed to their best ability and as quickly as possible. With little understanding of the

environment to which they had arrived, and little available resources, the earliest homes achieved

limited climatic adaptive success.

As the Swan Colony grew and developed, so too did its fortune. As it welcomed the first Australian born

inhabitants, both from within the town and from the Eastern states, it developed a greater sense of

identity and appreciation of setting.

The housing styles responded and began to markedly alter, as the adapted to the climate, and materials

and technologies became more readily available within the colony. Brick production and timber mills

were established and local materials became more plentiful, more appropriate and more affordable.

Skilled tradespersons and labourers were also more abundant, and construction rushed to house the

expanding population. Out of necessity and experience,22 houses started to adapt and become more

climatically suitable; verandahs appeared, timber floors were raised, ceilings and roof voids were

vented, thick walls of local stone were used and the durability of native timbers were also utilised.

Methods for controlling local pests were also more readily understood and incorporated (particularly in

determining more suitable sites) and rainwater was harvested and coveted.

At around the time of Perth’s colonisation, there was growing British interest in the vernacular

traditions of their Imperial nations, as well as nostalgia for their own traditional styling. This served as

inspiration for contemporary British designs, however many of the contemporary studies into

vernacular ‘…were ‘tinged by nostalgia’ for traditions that, although often in decline, were regarded as

examples of functionalist aesthetics...’ This was a process aimed at cataloguing cultures that were

believed to be disappearing, as opposed to understanding the climatic response and tools used to that

end.23 Despite the nostalgic British response, Perth’s initial adoption of English vernacular was rapidly

evolved out of necessity and through trial and error. A Perth-British style began to form, albeit a rushed

version.

22 ...both local adaptive experience as well as that learnt from the vernacular responses of other colonies.

23 Asquith, L. and M. Vellinga, (Eds.) (2006). Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group. pp 3-4

20

Several decades later, during the 30s, 40s and 50s, Perth’s domestic housing types were influenced by

the technological proliferation generated by the World Wars as well as the globalisation embodied in

the Modern movement. Although Perth’s early styling had already been moulded by international

experience, the broadened globalisation affected by the Wars, as well as the Modern movement’s belief

in a globally universal style, shifted the Perth domestic form markedly.

In response to the homogenising style of some streams of Modernism, there was a late push in the 60s

to a more climate responsive design approach. The architectural community also actively encouraged

public discussion on the meaning and role of the domestic form and its capacity to modulate climate.

Although this interest is clearly evident in Perth’s housing typologies from this period, the interest and

response was short lived.

At around this time, the project home market began to impact the typology significantly, so that by the

80s the Perth domestic form became standardised. Although the economy of the form still allowed for

good thermal performance, a clear economy had been established. House plans also began to show

evidence of increased density and the proliferation of ‘features’ driven by marketing and consumer

desire for value.

Despite improving affluence, the Perth domestic form has changed very little since that decade, other

than becoming larger, denser and more ‘feature’ filled. The only significant change has in fact been in

the role the form now has in providing comfort. With improving technology driven by global economies,

the air conditioner now appears to be the driver of the Perth domestic form, even though the

contemporary decade is more openly concerned about the impact of global warming and eager to push

a more sustainable response. The air conditioner now allows the domestic type to be universally

adaptable, and provide a greater range of comfort, with little formal manipulation or effort.

Weller and Hedgcock note that; ‘History has shown that cities are very adaptable. Some cities have a

record of settlement for over 2000 years as generations of settlers have moved in, rebuilt and expanded

the urban fabric to meet the emerging demands of such factors as defence, production and cultural

expression.’24 Although Perth also took this path, it did so comparatively instantly, using borrowed

culture and knowledge and manipulating and distorting it to serve a relative end. Whereas the

architecture of other societies had the opportunity to develop a relationship with the native

environment over time, Perth’s relatively rapid growth and global experience manipulated its adaptive

development. Perth is effectively the fast food of cities – rapidly produced, comforting and but not

necessarily good for us.

24 Weller, R. and D. Hedgcock (2009). 'Introduction'. Boomtown 2050. Scenarios for a Rapidly Growing City R. Weller, (Ed.). Crawley, Western

Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. p 17

21

(Refer also Reference Appendix A: The Evolution of the Perth Domestic Type for discussions on Perth’s

domestic history and its impact on the evolution of the Perth domestic type, including its sustainable

response.)

Is a Perth vernacular necessary?

Although Perth’s historical development has undoubtedly influenced its housing typologies, whether the

common Perth home can be deemed vernacular could be debated. In that the type is an adaptation to

both Perth’s shifting culture and its climate (and the shift in what that means, i.e. a global climate),

perhaps it can. Regardless, the question that should perhaps be asked is; Has Perth’s housing type now

reached a crisis? Is the form being developed in such a manner that reinforces the need to implant

technology to counteract the continued reinforcement of a global vernacular of standardised climate,

thereby removing the need or desire for a localised climatic response?

Asquith and Vellinga claim that; ‘From a purely academic point of view, an understanding of the way in

which vernacular traditions respond and react to ecological, technological and cultural changes will offer

better insights in the nature of traditions and the processes of change that at different times and in

various parts of the world have led to the disappearance, adaptation, revival or endurance of such

traditions. From a more practical and professional perspective, such insights may help us identify how

vernacular architecture may best play a part in current and future attempts to create an appropriate

and sustainable built environment for all.’25

A return to a traditional, historical vernacular approach would certainly not result in housing that was

relevant to modern needs. It can, however, inform contemporary form. Vernacular form can identify

design tools that are simple and regionally sustainable and appropriate. Designers cannot and should

not ignore the global economy. However, there does need to be a return to an understanding of site and

a climatically sustainable response. Previous knowledge is therefore invaluable. ‘Successful buildings of

the future rely on a critical examination of those of the past.’26

Enacting change in the Perth housing type

To encourage Perth’s domestic housing typology, or indeed vernacular, toward a more appropriately

sustainable type, requires an understanding of how that type has evolved including if, and when, it

addressed such issues previously. The analysis of those types may uncover elements which have

resulted in the contemporary Perth home, as well as identify what has been lost and what the type

might have been, should a more sustainable and perhaps traditionally vernacular path had been taken.

25 Asquith, L. and M. Vellinga, (Eds.) (2006). Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century London, New York, Taylor and Francis Group. p 3

26 Hausladen, G., M. de Saldanha, et al. (2005). Climate Design: Solutions for Buildings that Can Do More with less technology (original title:

'ClimaDesign'). Munich Birkhauser. p 8

22

Although studies of this nature have been conducted before,27 an analysis of the range of Perth

historical domestic types, across a range of sustainable criteria, appears lacking. Kirby’s 1992 thesis dealt

‘…principally with the effect of orientation, form, and building fabric on the thermal performance of

buildings in Perth, Western Australia. The goal (was) to simplify and develop housing design criteria

which will provide a framework for

A. a thermally comfortable dwelling

B. savings in energy used to maintain that comfort’28

In the analysis, Kirby used thermal analysis software to test the thermal responsive parameters and

limitations of each type. The method Kirby employed combined three variant software packages,

(Heatcool, Zstep3, and Cheetah),29 across four comparative models, adjusting the study to include the

release of improved software over the period of study.30

Kirby’s research into suitable solar passive techniques for the Perth home, provides good and detailed

understanding of those parameters and techniques suitable for Perth’s climatic condition. Its scope was

however limited to thermal performance, and did not address the raft of key sustainable criteria.

Karol’s more recent 2007 research looked at a housing development in Perth’s suburbs and evaluated

the ‘…energy consumption performance in new project homes…’ It looked at both actual consumption

and design features, in order to determine whether the energy provisions required by the 2006

Australian Building Code had achieved overall efficiency. Although the study was small and restricted to

a single housing development, the results identified the mismatch between actual contemporary

consumption and the Building Code intent.31

Both the studies by Karol and Kirby were however also limited to the study of contemporary types. They

were not retrospective and did not suggest how we may have arrived at this seemingly unsustainable

housing impasse.

In Search of Perth’s Sustainable Dwelling Typology

Although it is clear that the current Perth housing typology is not responding well to its climate, the

factors that generated the form and lead to this response, were not. After some historical research into

the development of the Perth housing type (included at Appendix A), it was clear that there was some

27 Kirby, B. R. (1992). 'Energy Efficient Housing in Perth'. Nedlands, WA, School of Architecture, UWA. Master of Building Science: Xii, 257 leaves

as well as;

Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP Environment Design Guide

28 Kirby, B. R. (1992). 'Energy Efficient Housing in Perth'. Nedlands, WA, School of Architecture, UWA. Master of Building Science: Xii, 257 leaves p 2

29 Ibid. p 11; According to Kirby’s research, the original two programs seemed limited in their capacity, however Cheetah did enable some

manipulation of building use such as curtain operation.

30 Ibid.

31 Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP Environment Design Guide p 1

23

evidence of a correlation between the development of distinct Perth typologies and the community’s

response and adaption to climate.

This research therefore set out to discover how the current Perth domestic typology came to be. It set

out to investigate the factors that may have driven its typological development and paved the way for

the creation of a domestic typology so heavily reliant on mechanical cooling, despite the strong

prevalence of green rhetoric. In doing so it was hoped this study could offer some solutions for a more

sustainable Perth housing typology, both by ways of adapting existing dwelling types, and encouraging

the development of more sustainable and appropriate typological change.

Yet, a type’s capacity to respond to climate is not the sole factor in determining a type’s capacity for

sustainability. Prior research also showed (included at Appendix B), that a more sustainable Perth

typology needed also to provide an environment that cared and promoted the health and well being of

not only the occupant’s, but also of its host landscape, for perpetuity. Climate response was in fact but

one small part of the total package a more sustainable response would offer.

With the development and use of a custom indexation methodology derived from an amalgamation of

common industry tools, as well as research into what it meant to be truly sustainable, this study

intended to expand on the work already conducted by the likes of Kirby and Karol.

By comparing a broader range of sustainable parameters, across a historically representative collection

of Perth housing types, the results of this research suggests how the Perth housing type has adapted to

the changing needs of Perth, and manipulated its adaption and impact on the native ecology. In doing

so, this research also sought to identify the degree to which each type was informed by value placed in

or interaction with the local environment, and perhaps uncover if there was a point where Perth’s

domestic architecture was indeed more sustainable.

This thesis tracks the exploration over five chapters:

Chapter 1

Indexing Sustainability: investigates the range of indexation tools available and offers an

evaluation of their suitability for the nature of this study. The chapter explores those factors

and parameters required and determines that no single tool is suitable.

Chapter 2

Indexing the Perth Domestic Type: documents the methodology and indexation method derived

and used in the analysis. The chapter discusses the parameters, criteria and limitations of the

analyses. It defines the indexation method and intended analysis goals. Its sets the

methodology and defines the criteria for data collection, assessment and evaluation as well as

the parameters for the selection and examination of Perth’s historical housing types.

24

Chapter 3

Perth Domestic Case Studies: offers an analysis and presents the houses collected and

documented for the study. Statistical data is documented in historical context, as well as in

drawn record, with a series of plates offering plans, elevations and sectional studies.

Chapter 4

Evaluating and Ranking the Perth Domestic Type: presents and offers detailed analysis of the

indexed performance of each house. Data collated is tabulated, allowing for clear comparisons

and the identification of trends across the development of the Perth housing type. The chapter

reviews analysis data including what impact changing criteria may have on base housing types.

In doing so it suggests where improvements to the types may be made, and even suggests

those periods when the Perth type may have indeed been more sustainable.

Most importantly, it is the concluding chapter which, in summary of these findings, suggests that the

Perth housing type has in fact been on the path to greater sustainability. Yet, in its eagerness to develop

and find its identity over a very short and rapidly globalising history, the Perth housing type never quite

had the chance to fully embrace a typology sustainably suited to its environment, people or historical

setting. Despite some sustainable glimmers through the 60s and 70s, it appears a global economy and

the strive for modernity and prosperity, ultimately became the key drivers of the Perth domestic type,

drivers which are arguably, inherently unsustainable.

In a city where rapid growth and increasing comfort expectations are increasingly countered by

depleting resources, dwindling environmental health and affordability, a more suitable housing type will

soon be needed to ensure environmental and comfort sustainability. This research therefore aims to

highlight the role the architect and the building industry now needs to have in order to secure a more

appropriate and sustainable domestic housing solution.

25

CHAPTER 1

INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY

This study set out to interpret the evolution of the typical Perth domestic form and determine if and

how each type was informed by value placed in, or interaction with, local climate and ecology. A

comparable evaluation of the range of sustainable traits held by each of Perth’s domestic types required

the use or development of an appropriate indexation methodology. The indexation tool needed to offer

an overall impression of each type’s application of variant sustainability principles, as relevant to the

Perth context. Its format needed to present in a manner that would enable meaningful comparison, by

presenting and comparing not only thermal performance, but also as a range of more general

sustainability principles. These included material use, consumptive efficiencies and perceptive

experience.

With greater public awareness of human ecological impact and global warming, there has been a

renewed interest in sustainable principles, as well as global tightening of related statutory restrictions

within the building and construction industries. This, in turn, has encouraged a proliferation of

indexation methods to enable the assessment of a building’s sustainable credentials. The tool or

combination of tools that best served the parameters of this study needed to provide the degree of

generalisation and adaptability to suit the variables of the study set, as well enable effective and

modulated comparisons.

Despite the range of tools now available, a preliminary yet detailed review of those tools and their

designed uses, made it immediately clear that not one single tool would offer a satisfactorily

comprehensive method of analysis for this study, particularly one which was suitable for a historical

comparison. Analysis methods were typically either restricted to a specific building feature, such as

thermal performance, or were too specifically designed in service of building type or modern

construction methods. Not one tool seemed to offer a comprehensive and holistic methodology that

would enable a comparison of a range sustainable features, whilst accounting for the historical

evolution and adaption of a typology. The review therefore shifted to a detailed study of the

methodologies and capacities of the range of available assessment tools, in order to guide the

development of a more appropriate and ultimately unique methodology required for this study, through

the abstraction and amalgamation of preexisting techniques.

The review and analysis of the range, methodologies and capacity of those tools is what follows.

Simulated versus green

Broadly speaking, there are currently two types of tools used in the assessment and analysis of

sustainable building credentials;

26

1. Simulated/Calculated Modelling: which calculates or replicates the actual or anticipated

performance of a building, component or specific criteria and rates that performance/value

against often scientifically determined benchmarks. These may include the analysis of thermal

response or ventilation capacity. These methods are often used to supplement green

assessment evaluations.

2. Green Assessment Tools: which offer a holistic or generalised assessment of a green or

sustainable approach. These methods are often ‘indexed’, so as to offer a comparative ranking

of performance against predetermined bench mark goals.

Green assessment tools

Green assessment tools can be used to quantifiably value a building’s overall ‘greenness’, enabling both

professionals and lay-persons to meaningfully compare sustainability commitment, as compared to

similar types. At best, these tools reward successful innovation and encourage further development in

the field of sustainable and efficient construction. By giving a building a justifiable and comprehensible

‘green value’, it enables the industry to highlight a comparative achievement and therefore make the

pursuit of green values both legitimate and comprehensible to the broader community.

Green assessment tools typically offer evaluation in one of two formats:

- A rating as against a benchmark

- A multi figure chart

The first format appears more commonly, being more readily understood and comparable. Owen in fact

suggests that ‘...the trend within environmental rating tools is to provide a similarly complex assessment

of environmental impacts within one framework, resulting in a single-point indicator.’1 Typically these

types of tools create a single value calculated from user inputted data. The value or rating is typically

numerical or codified (such as gold and platinum, 4 or 5 star values) and is used to identify the ranked

range in which the scheme fits. Although there may be a degree of arbitrariness in this single value, it

does enable ready comparisons.

The more popular green assessment tools typically evaluate building types against a set of

predetermined base goals as appropriate to the building typology, be it commercial, multi-residential or

retail. Evaluation is made by awarding points for the degree to which the predetermined base criteria

are met or exceeded. Each point can also be weighted depending on the relative importance of each

action, the actual benefit to the local ecology, the localised difficulty in implementation or innovation.2

1 Owen, C. (2007/2008). 'Reaching for the Stars'. Architects Handbook Melbourne Victoria, Selector.com Pty Ltd. 2007/2008: 72-76. p 72


27

This approach thereby enables an encompassing grading of the level of green achievement, particular to

a building type.

There are a range of variables commonly considered by green assessment methods. These include:

- Site selection

- Maintenance and/or reintroduction of local ecology

- Life cycle cost (LCC) values for materials used

- Use of recycled, reused or renewable materials

- Energy use, reuse and capture

- Water use, reuse and capture

- Building health

- Quality of air including biological and chemical air constituents

- Occupant amenity and building use

- Use of natural light and ventilation

- Creation and disposal of waste products from construction and building occupancy, including

ecological impact

- Effect of the building on existing ecologies and the built environment, include contribution to

heat island and over shadowing

Several main green assessment or rating tools are currently in use internationally, and their

development was to inform those tools currently in use in the Australian market.

International green rating tools

The early 1990s saw an international proliferation of interest and activity in green programs and

schemes. This encouraged the launch of a number of green building organisations as well as research

into green development. This research and interest in turn drove the push for a more sustainable

building approach, and the development of what was to be the first generation of green assessment

tools,3 including BREEAM and LEED.

BREEAM

It was in fact as early as 1988 that the UK Building Research Establishment began work on what was to

become the BREEAM tool.4 The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method or

BREEAM was launched in the United Kingdom in 1992 and has been credited with being the first

3 Ibid. p xi

4 Ibid. p 83

28

successful rating system developed,5 as well as the first to be used internationally.6 BREEAM is currently

being used in the UK, and has also been adapted for use in Hong Kong and Canada.7

LEED

The United States was also particularly active in green development around this time. In 1993 the U.S.

Green Building Council (USGBC)8 was founded, with their inaugural conference held in March 1994. In

November of the same year, in Tampa, Florida, the 1st International Conference on Sustainable

Construction was held. At around the same time, the American Institute of Architects’ Committee on the

Environment (COTE) was also founded. Concurrent with the establishment of these organisations, there

was an increasing international program of writings, lectures and conferences conversing on a mix of

sustainable topics.9

It was in this atmosphere that the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) began focusing on the

development of their own green standards, designed to ‘...address green building design and

construction...’ This ground work was to form the basis of what was to become USGBC’s internationally

significant indexation tool; the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design or LEED.10

LEED was formally developed between 1993 and 1998 with a focus to ‘...evaluate a building’s resource

efficiency and environmental impacts.’11 According to Kibert, LEED ‘...was the watershed event that

precipitated an exponential shift from conventional to sustainable building delivery systems from 1998

onward.’12 Although similar in principle and set up to BREEAM, it was the LEED tool which was to form

the basis of similar systems established for the Australian market.

LEED is a voluntary assessment tool which is typically (but not exclusively) used during the design phase,

to evaluate a development’s capacity for sustainability as rated against a benchmark. This provides the

development with an accredited rating which indicates to the public the degree of overall greenness the

development has achieved.

LEED provides ratings particular to development type, including new commercial builds, schools,

commercial interiors and existing buildings.13 Each type is allocated considered category goals and

weighted points as appropriate to the type. However, not all types have a readily suitable framework.

Because the tool is developed to service industry needs, assessable frameworks for types are added to

the LEED set as and when measurable and commercially viable green interest in a particularly typology

5 Ibid. p 26

6 Ibid. p 69

7 Ibid. p 26

8 The USGBC is a joint United States government and industry body. For more information refer to http://new.usgbc.org/

9 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. p xi

10 Ibid. p xi

11 Ibid. p 3

12 Ibid. p 3

13 U.S.Green Building Council LEED Rating systems, <http://new.usgbc.org/leed/rating-systems>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

29

grows. New assessable frameworks are developed after consultation with industry specialists, after

which they undergo pilot testing to ensure both point allocation and criteria are realistic and meet

industry expectations for that type. Importantly, each developed and released framework is continual

reviewed and revised to keep it relevant and responsive to industry changes.

In a LEED assessment, points are accrued against multiple criteria, listed within broader credit categories

and as relevant to the type assessment. Each criteria is allocated achievable points according to the

overall sustainable importance or impact that compliance with the criteria will have. For those criteria

considered essential, adoption is compulsory. The aim of this point system is to encourage the design

team to alter and adjust the design to achieve the maximum point allocation for the project type, within

cost and construction parameters.14 To exemplify, according to the LEED website; ‘For commercial

buildings and neighborhoods, to earn LEED certification, a project must satisfy all LEED prerequisites and

earn a minimum 40 points on a 110-point LEED rating system scale. Homes must earn a minimum of 45

points on a 136-point scale.’15

Although there are further supplementary categories, depending on the rating system or building type

applied, the main credit categories and their intent include:

‘Sustainable sites credits

encourage strategies that minimize the impact on ecosystems and water resources.

Water efficiency credits

promote smarter use of water, inside and out, to reduce potable water consumption.

Energy & atmosphere credits

promote better building energy performance through innovative strategies.

Materials & resources credits

encourage using sustainable building materials and reducing waste.

Indoor environmental quality credits

promote better indoor air quality and access to daylight and views.’

Once a project is formally assessed and accredited,16 LEED offers various avenues to publically promote

the project’s sustainability certification, including formal plaques and online promotion.17


15 U.S.Green Building Council LEED, <http://new.usgbc.org/leed>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

16 The USGBC website lists the following steps in order to achieve LEED certification:

‘1. Determine which rating system you will use and prepare your certification application. Applications differ depending on your building type and

the LEED credits you decide to pursue.

2. Register your project. The registration fee for a project is $900 for USGBC silver, gold and platinum members and $1200 for USGBC

organizational members and non-members.

3. Submit your certification application and pay a certification review fee. Fees differ with building type and square footage.

4. Await the application review. Review processes differ slightly for each building type.

5. Receive the certification decision, which you can either accept or appeal. An affirmative decision signifies that your building is now LEED

certified.’

30

The manner in which tools such as LEED generate ratings through the allocation of points to criteria has,

however, generated some criticism. This methodology is often criticised for being overly subjective and

inadequately scientific, as well as for being subject to a committee’s own prejudices.18 Despite the

criticism, the fact that pilots are developed over a length of time and with considered industry feedback,

does make tools suggest as LEED relevant.19 The ability to collate and derive a comparable value from a

set of divergent criteria is a complex and difficult undertaking. The breadth of criteria that tools such as

LEED are attempting to evaluate, including non-measurable criteria such as perception, necessarily

includes a degree of subjectivity. As Kibert describes ‘…in spite of its relative simplicity, it does an

excellent job overall of taking complex information and converting to a single number.’20 As a

comparative tool, LEED remains effective.

The success and acceptance of the program over any other available tool is evident in its acceptance and

use, as well in the evidence of its encouragement of green development. In 2004 there were 121 LEED

certified U.S. buildings, with a further 1,400 part way through the program, or awaiting formal

certification.21 This led Kibert to claim in 2005 that; ‘If this trend holds, within 10 years, high-

performance green buildings will constitute the majority of new construction in the United States.’22

Both LEED and BREEAM were to form the basis of a range of other tools, including the Green Building

Tool,23 as well as a range of locale specific tools developed for markets in China, Spain, and Canada,24 in

Japan with CASBEE,25 and Australia with Green Star.

AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS

Australia has its own set of assessment tools, particular to local climate, ecology, trade and construction,

some of which are compulsory or are used to supplement other compulsory or voluntary systems. These

tools can be placed in two categories; those which assess the building more holistically, similar to the

LEED and BREEAM systems; and those that assess a particular consumption or efficiency, which may in

turn inform a holistic program.

U.S.Green Building Council LEED Certification, <http://new.usgbc.org/leed/certification/project-promotion>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

17 Ibid.

18 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp xii-xiii

19 Ibid. pp 73-74

20 Ibid. p 74

21 Ibid. p 3

22 Ibid. p 3

23 The Green Building Tool or GBT, is an excel spreadsheet that has been benchmarked and weighted in a similar manner to both BREEAM and LEED.

It is used to assess entrants in the biannual Green Building Challenge. This international competition aims to; ‘...demonstrate the art and science of

green buildings...’ The Green Building Challenge’s categories are broader than what would be found in the more regionally specific evaluation

schemes, enabling international comparison. Ibid. p 88

24 Ibid. p 5

25 The CASBEE system uses similar methodology as that developed for BREEAM, but with types and criteria modified to suit the Japanese market.

Refer Ibid. p 26

31

Although not a definitive list, these Australian specific tools include:

Holistic/Generalised Assessment – Green Building

Building Sustainability Index (BASIX)

Green Star

National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS)

Efficiencies – Performance Simulators

AccuRate

First Rate 5

Ecotect

BERS Professional

Windows Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)26

Many of these tools also complement and inform legislated requirements:

Performance Legislators27

The ‘Energy Provisions’ of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) which in turn reference;

Australian and International Standards

In addition there are several organisations which test, rate and identify green or sustainable products

and are often referenced by other performance based tools:

Product, supply markers28

Good Environmental Choice Australia (GECA)

Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC)

Eco-Specifier

Legislative requirements

The Building Code of Australia (BCA)

All construction in Australia is required to comply with a minimum standard of design and construction

as specified in the Building Code of Australia. Produced by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) in

consultation with industry and state government, this Code covers criteria relating to building amenity,

safety, quality and sustainability. Minimum ‘Performance Criteria’ are applied according to building use

26 Refer GLOSSARIES.

27 These legislated requirements include provisions for energy and water efficiencies as part of the full spectrum of general construction, health and

amenity provisions legislating the Australian construction industry.


32

(or Class), special state and territory provisions, as well as climatic zone. Several of these criteria are

specific to sustainable concerns.29

The current 2013 Code is presented in two volumes, covering 10 major classes30:

Volume 1

Class 2 A building which contains two or more sole occupancy rooms or dwellings, such as a

room in an aged care facility.

Class 3 A dwelling providing residency for multiple, unrelated persons, such as a hotels or

boarding house.

Class 4 A single dwelling in either a Class 6, 7, 8 or 9 building.

Class 5 A commercial or professional office, excluding as applicable under Classes 6, 7, 8 or 9.

Class 6 A shop or retail building with direct public service provision.

Class 7 A building to be used for carparking, storage or wholesale display and sale.

Class 8 A building used as a laboratory or for the manufacturer of retail goods.

Class 9 A public building such as a health or aged care facility or for the use of public

assembly.

This Volume also includes provisions for universal accessibility, as applicable to Class 1b, 10a

and 10b buildings.

Volume 2

Class 1 Dwellings, hostels and guesthouses including the sub-Class 1a, which is applicable to

single detached dwellings of the type including in this study.

Class 10 Non-habitable structures including private sheds or garages and free standing

structures such as antennae, fencing and swimming pools. This Class also covers the

requirements for private bush fire shelters.

Compliance with the Code nominated ‘Performance Criteria’ or ‘Requirements’ can be achieved either

by the application of ‘Deemed to Satisfy Provisions’ or ‘Acceptable Construction Practice’ (abbreviated

to DtS in this document and referring to the acceptable minimum solutions, as described by the Code) or

by the designed application of an ‘Alternative Solution’, which provides equal or greater compliance

with the performance intent. This method of compliance must be evidenced by either expert

determination, or an approved method of justification or certification such as by the use of an approved

performance simulator.

The current form of the national BCA was first released in 1988 and was progressively adopted by each

State and Territory through the 1990s.31 It was however, not until 2000 that the Australian Government

29 Australian Institute of Building, <http://www.aib.org.au/buildingcodes/bca.htm>, Retrieved 2nd May 2010.

30 Note: this is a summary only and should not be relied upon.

31 Refer Australian Building Codes Board History of the National Construction Code, <http://www.abcb.gov.au/en/about-the-national-construction-

code/history-of-the-ncc>, Retrieved 15th June 2013.

33

announced the intent to introduce energy performance requirements into the Code.32 This move was in

response to the Western Australian government’s 2003 ‘State Sustainability Strategy’.33

According to the 2013 revision of the BCA, the Objective of this particular aspect of the Code ‘…is to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions.’34 In order to satisfy the Performance Requirements of this Objective,

the Code nominates that;

‘A building must have, to the degree necessary, a level of thermal performance to

facilitate the efficient use of energy for artificial heating and cooling appropriate to—

(a) the function and use of the building; and

(b) the internal environment; and

(c) the geographic location of the building; and

(d) the effects of nearby permanent features such as topography, structures and

buildings; and

(e) solar radiation being—

(i) utilised for heating; and

(ii) controlled to minimise energy for cooling; and

(f) the sealing of the building envelope against air leakage; and

(g) the utilisation of air movement to assist cooling.’35

‘A building’s domestic services, including any associated distribution system and

components must to the degree necessary—

(a) have features that facilitate the efficient use of energy appropriate to—

(i) the domestic service and its usage; and

(ii) the geographic location of the building; and

(iii) the location of the domestic service; and

(iv) the energy source; and

(b) obtain heating energy from—

(i) a source that has a greenhouse gas intensity that does not exceed 100 g CO2-e/MJ

of thermal energy load; or

(ii) an on-site renewable energy source; or

(iii) another process as reclaimed energy.’36

32 Australian Building Codes Board, <http://www.abcb.gov.au/index.cfm?objectid=8206D5C7-B563-11DF-9FF0001143D4D594>, Retrieved 28th

March 2011.


34 Australian Building Codes Board (2013). National Construction Code. Building Code of Australia, Volume 2. Australia., Part 2.6 Energy Efficiency,

Objective O2.6.

35 Ibid., Part 2.6 Energy Efficiency, Performance Requirement P2.6.1 Building.

36 Ibid., Part 2.6 Energy Efficiency, Performance Requirement P2.6.2 Services.

34

The current legislated energy provisions were introduced into the Building Code in stages, as explained

by the writers of the Code: ‘The first was in 2003 for Class 1 and 10 buildings (BCA Volume Two Housing

Provisions). This was followed in 2005 by provisions in Volume One for Class 2 buildings (apartments)

and 3 buildings (hotels, motels dormitories etc) and Class 4 parts of buildings (residences over other

buildings). The range of buildings became complete in 2006 when provisions for Classes 5 to 9 buildings

(all other applications) were added to Volume One. At the same time, the provisions for Classes 1 and 10

in Volume Two were made more stringent. In 2010 the stringency of the provisions in both Volumes was

again increased.’37

Energy efficiency requirements are now applicable across the majority of classes, both commercial and

residential. Subject to Class, they can require compliance with minimum standards in respect to the

thermal performance of the building fabric, the provision of natural light and ventilation as well as

requirements relevant to the use of artificial heating, cooling and general energy use.

In respect to a Class 1, detached, single residential building such as the dwellings considered in this

study,38 in order to comply with the current 2013 BCA requirements for Western Australia, a building

must comply with the Performance Criteria nominated in Part 3.12 Energy Efficiency, and requires a

minimum 6 star energy rating.39 The Acceptable Construction Practice (DtS) specified is regardless of

whether the internal environment is air conditioned or not, and covers the following:

3.12.1 Building Fabric:

This clause includes the requirement for wall insulation (as required by the

thermal performance measurements), minimum insulation values for

roof/ceiling insulation (in conjunction with roof colour), provision for thermal

break, and specifies the use of roof ventilators and floor insulation in certain

circumstances.

3.12.2 External Glazing:

This clause specifies the minimum performance requirement for glazing type

and frame in respect to conductance and solar heat gain (referencing the AFRC,

refer Glossaries), for summer and winter performance as applicable to Climate

Zone, ventilation level and shading. Window coverings are not included in the

calculations, other than for privacy.

3.12.3 Building Sealing:

This clause nominates the required minimum provision of building seals to all

penetrations and floor/wall junctions and the like, except in specific instances

of evaporative air conditioning use.

37 (State and Territory adoption dates may vary). Australian Building Codes Board (2010). BCA Section J - Assessment and Verification of an

Alternative Solution: Handbook, non-mandatory document Canberra, Australian Government and States and Territories of Australia. p 1

38 ...if designed today...

39 It should be noted that this is not the same star rating system as used by the Green Star.

35

3.12.4 Air movement:

This clause nominates minimum ventilation requirements to be provided by

openings, ceiling fans and/or evaporative conditioning to habitable spaces. This

is calculated as a percentage of habitable floor area, as opposed to specific

opening action, other than nominated breeze path requirements.

3.12.5 Services:

This clause covers the insulation requirements of services such as water

heaters, pipes and ductwork, as well as lighting and water heater efficiencies

(including for swimming pools).40

Beyond the base DtS provisions identified by the code, the BCA also relies on performance rating

software accredited under the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (or NatHERS), in order to

validate certain performance criteria. There are three programs currently certified for use:

AccuRate – by CSIRO (with full accreditation in 2006)

BERS Professional – by Solar Logic (with full accreditation in 2011)

First Rate 5 v 5.1.7 – by Sustainability Victoria (provisional accreditation 2011)41

Progressively increasing stringency, including the currently required minimum of 6 star thermal

performance has, however, created some difficulty in achieving compliance with more traditional

construction methods. Performance based compliance has also identified shortcomings in the ability of

available calculators to validate actual performance, particularly in respect to glazing and solar passive

design principles. The Board itself has previously advised ‘...that it may be challenging to design a

complying glazing solution using the elemental DtS Provisions and associated glazing calculator’ and

that; ‘Where compliance with the elemental DtS Provisions for glazing seems too demanding, the whole-

of –house energy rating approach may prove to be more flexible. It allows for the trading of

performance between building elements and could make simpler glazing arrangements viable.’42

Although the BCA provisions are founded in extensive industry knowledge and science, the DtS

provisions in particular rely on generalisations and the assumed use of common techniques. Traditional

and proven methods such as the application of closed top curtains43 or other human reliant controls, do

40 Australian Building Codes Board (2013). National Construction Code. Building Code of Australia, Volume 2. Australia. (Note: this is a summary only

and should not be relied upon).

41 Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme Software accreditation, <http://nathers.gov.au/software/accreditation.php> Retrieved 16th June 2013.

42 Australian Building Codes Board (2011). Energy Efficiency Glazing Provisions for BCA Volume 2. Canberra, Australian Government and States and

Territories Australia. p 1

43 Under the ‘Acceptable Construction Practice ‘ section 3.12.2 - External Glazing, the 2013 Code advises: ‘The provisions of 3.12.2 assume

that internal window coverings will be installed for privacy reasons. This assumption is already incorporated in the allowances for glazing.’

This is not the same as curtains used for thermal performance, with there being no allowance for such in this provision.

36

not satisfy base DtS compliance. The Code also does not make specific provision for non-air conditioned

Class 1 dwellings and assumes some form of air conditioning is included as its base measure.

As the baseline DtS solutions can, at times, be considered restrictive, particularly in respect to

perceptive comfort, the ‘Alternative Solution’ method can go some way in providing a more acceptable,

yet compliant design solution. However, even though the Code allows for compliance under an

‘Alternative Solution’ (which theoretically may include curtaining for example), the limitations of

available software and the level of investigative proof that is required to satisfy regulation, is typically

cost prohibitive or other-wise unfeasible, particularly for smaller domestic projects.

Despite the requirement that all new residences comply with base energy provisions in order to reduce

consumption, significant and consistent reductions have not yet been recorded.44 Studies performed by

Karol further highlight this trend.45 The findings would suggest that the increased legislation, designed to

reduce energy consumption in domestic construction, has not in fact resulted in a more sustainable

building type. Whether this is due to the shortcomings of available tools, or shortcomings in the Code’s

capacity to allow and indeed encourage innovation, or even if consumption has become a far bigger

trend than anticipated, and the Code has in fact mitigated what would have been far greater

consumption, requires future investigation. More recent and stringent amendments to the BCA may

certainly also assist in mitigating consumption further, however, that also remains to be seen.

Despite the relevance of the BCA’s methodology for the assessment of contemporary houses, its

reliance on other tools for non DtS assessments, suggested that it may not be a suitable method for the

type of indexation this study required. Furthermore, because the Code’s methodology only provides for

base-line compliance, as opposed to a comparable rating, the level of comparative investigation

required by this research also limited the Code’s usefulness to this study. Despite this, the Code is

illustrative of the minimum acceptable standard for any new build in Australia. Therefore its industry

based certification and reference of certain alternative performance tools can be suggestive of base

acceptable accuracy in those tools.

Holistic assessments

Green Star

Building on the experience of BREEAM and LEED, the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA)

developed the Green Star program. Using VicUrban’s Melbourne Docklands’ ESD Guide as the base and

supplementing its development with industry survey,46 the resulting program was specifically developed

for the Australian market and conditions.

44 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY -DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH; CONSUMPTION, Energy.

45 Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP Environment Design Guide

46 Including OECD Sustainable Buildings Report, Australian Greenhouse Office, Environment Australia, CSIRO, the Cooperative Research Centre for

Construction, the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage and GBC national industry surveys. Refer green building council australia

Green Star, Background, <http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/what-is-green-star/background/2140.htm >, Retrieved 18th February 2010.

37

The Green Star program markets itself as ‘...a comprehensive, national, voluntary environmental rating

system that evaluates the environmental design and construction of buildings...’47 The GBCA identifies

the program’s goals as to:

‘Establish a common language;

Set a standard of measurement for green buildings;

Promote integrated, whole-building design;

Recognise environmental leadership;

Identify building life-cycle impacts; and

Raise awareness of green building benefits’48

The Green Star program has been designed for the Australian property market, providing it with an

independent assessment program that can be used to market the green credentials of a project. Using

similar methodology employed for LEED, credits are used to describe initiatives which are numerically

weighted within one of nine categories, namely; Management, Indoor Environment Quality, Energy,

Transport, Water, Materials, Land Use & Ecology, Emissions and Innovation. The criteria within each

category are adjusted to suit the project type.

Compliance points accrued within each of the nominated criteria are then aggregated to create a

percentage score for each category. This is weighted according to local environmental factors and

potential for impact. Any innovation points (out of five) are then added to the accumulated figure (out

of 100), providing the total score.49 This figure can subsequently be translated into one of the following

Green Star ratings:50

One Star 10 - 19 pts

Two Star 20 - 29 pts

Three Star 30 - 44 pts

Four Star 45 - 59 pts Best Practice

Five Star 60 - 74 pts Australian Excellence

Six Star 75-105 pts World Leader51

Official certification is however restricted to those projects which receive four Stars or more.

47 Ibid.

48 green building council australia What is Green Star?, <http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/green-star-overview/what-is-green-star/2139.htm>,

Retrieved 18th February 2010.

49 Ibid.

50 The Green Star rating is a different system to that employed by the BCA, and the two should not be confused.

51 green building council australia Green Star rating calculation, <http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/green-star-overview/green-star-rating-

calculation/1542.htm >, Retrieved 4th March 2010.

38

Similar to the LEED system, the Green Star program is packaged to cater for building type. The set of

type ‘tools’ is constantly being supplemented and modified in order to accommodate industry

requirements and feedback. As at May 2013, the GBCA offered the following Green Star Rating tools:

Green Star - Education v1

Green Star - Healthcare v1

Green Star - Industrial v1

Green Star - Multi Unit Residential v1

Green Star - Office v3

Green Star - Office As Built v2

Green Star - Office Design v2

Green Star - Office Interiors v1.1

Green Star - Retail Centre v1

Green Star - Communities PILOT

Green Star - Convention Centre PILOT

Green Star - Interiors PILOT

Green Star - Public Building PILOT

Green Star - Performance (IN DEVELOPMENT)52

Green Star Custom Tool Development

The Green Star method offers a comprehensive and holistic methodology for indexation in Australia. It

has the potential to allow for industry tested and debated comparisons across varying stylistic

responses. However, as the packages are market driven, there are presently no packages suited to single

detached residences, as was required for this project. This is because undertaking Green Star

assessments are time consuming and expensive, and the cost of this needs to be absorbed by the

project cost. Unless there is a marketable outcome by which a developer can recoup the value, there is

little market interest in its use and therefore little opportunity for the Green Star program creators to

recoup their own development costs. Single residential developments are typically not of adequate

budget or scale to allow for this sort of investment. Despite this, the evaluation concept offered by the

Green Star program is in itself valid and transferable to a smaller typological comparison, as was needed

by this present comparative research.

Etool

Etool was founded in Perth, in 2010, by Alex Bruce and Richard Haynes to enable the analysis of life

cycle and embodied energy costs associated with contemporary buildings and thereby provide a tool to

facilitate CO2 emission reductions.53

Embodied energy is the measure of the total energy used in the extraction, production, transportation,

use, maintenance and disposal of an object or material. It is also typically the measure used when

52 green building council australia Green Star, <http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

53 eTool About, <http://etool.net.au/about/>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

39

evaluating carbon emissions, linked to global warming.54 To calculate the total embodied energy of a

building, each and every object or material that goes into the creation of that building, is attributed an

embodied energy value. The sum of all values, including that associated with the running use of the

building, equates to the total building cost.

Until recently, this cost was difficult to accurately calculate.55 The Etool software claims to fill that gap.

By referencing a database of known products and pre-calculated impacts, in conjunction with data

specifying material use and volumes provided by the user, Etool is able calculate the likely total carbon

emissions of a project. The tool’s power lies however in its ability to enable comparison of material

substitutions, making it effective in reducing carbon impact at the design stage.

Although the analysis of embodied energy is a necessary consideration in holistic green assessment, at

the time of writing, the Etool software was not yet sufficiently developed to suit the parameters of this

project. This was primarily because the tool had been designed to service new builds, limiting the

immediately available database to contemporary construction. With technology and transport methods

changing over time and difficult to value without extensive additional research, this limited the tool’s

capacity and validity for use in the present (and mostly historical) comparison. Nonetheless, this tool

highlighted that some consideration for embodied energy needed to be made in the indexation tool

used for this project’s comparison.

Building Sustainability Index (BASIX)

Introduced by the New South Wales (NSW) government, the Building Sustainability Index (BASIX) is a

freely available online self-assessment program. It was developed specifically to provide the general

public with the tools needed to evaluate and reduce their own consumption habits. Their website claims

that the tool ‘...ensures homes are designed to use less potable water and be responsible for fewer

greenhouse gas emissions by setting energy and water reduction targets for house and units. BASIX is

one of the most robust sustainable planning measures in Australia, delivering equitable and effective

water and greenhouse gas reductions across NSW.’56

Every new residential build in NSW is required to submit a BASIX certificate as well as a BASIX

commitment schedule as part of its local authority Development Application.57 In order to achieve a

BASIX certificate, the design must meet particular targets. The program requires the home designer to

enter data relevant to the home, including lot size, location and material usage. The software then

assesses this data against predetermined water and energy targets, particular to building type and

54 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY; Why is Sustainability in Design Important?, Human impact on natural

systems.

55 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH; Consumption.

56 NSW Government Building and Sustainability Index About BASIX, <http://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/information/about.jsp>, Retrieved 2nd May 2010.

57 The Development (or Planning) Application is one two required approvals under Australian building regulation. This application is generally

assessed by a local shire or council and signals that the building design has complied with the R-Codes and other locally specific design guidelines

(such as density, set-backs and over-looking provisions). The second approval; the Building License, covers construction codes and standards as well

as heath and amenity compliance.

40

location. The designer must then commitment to a range of possible design adjustments in order to

bring the design to an acceptable level of compliance. The range of commitments may include,;

’...rainwater tanks, water-saving fixtures, improved insulation, passive solar orientation, natural lighting

and native plants for gardens.’58 The home owner’s in-use compliance with the commitments must also

be sighted by a certifying authority during construction, in order to meet building regulations.

Although the BASIX system is comprehensive, its greatest benefit is in the flexibility it offers the user

when seeking compliance. BASIX allows the application of considered guidelines and the flexibility to

adjust the design parameters accordingly. However, like the BCA, it remains a representation of basic

requirements and does not necessarily encourage an optimal design response (despite its intent). This is

also because BASIX analysis is often conducted after the base design parameters have been decided.

Regardless of the level of sustainability BASIX encourages, this type of assessment does not offer a

comparative assessment between building types, which made it unsuitable for the type of comparison

required by this project.

National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS)

The National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) is also a NSW government initiative

and is owned and maintained by the Department of Energy, Utilities and Sustainability (DEUS). This

freely available, online program has been designed to enable private individuals to ‘unofficially’59 assess

their in-use building operation and consumption.60 This includes the evaluation of water, energy, waste

production and indoor environment quality.61 The program provides individuals with the tools to

benchmark their ability to meet accepted and achievable targets, as well as to compare their

achievement against others.

The tool requires the user to input data relating to climatic zone (as determined by postcode) as well

usage data from the previous year, including patterns of occupancy and consumed volumes of gas,

electricity and water. The software uses this information to generate a base rating, starting at 0 stars,

with 2.5 stars being ‘average’, 4 ‘excellent’ and 5 stars being the maximum possible and ‘exceptional’.62

The benefit of the software is however, that it does not just give a star rating.63 It also gives the user the

incentive to improve their rating by suggesting ways in which performance can be improved. This makes

it effectively an interactive marketing tool for encouraging sustainable practice.64

58 NSW Government Building and Sustainability Index About BASIX, <http://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/information/about.jsp>, Retrieved 2nd May 2010.

59 NABERS NABERS Home Rating, <http://www.nabers.com.au/HomeCalculator/AcceptTerms.aspx>, Retrieved 8th May 2010.

60 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH; Consumption.

61 NABERS NABERS, <http://www.nabers.com.au/home.aspx>, Retrieved 8th May 2010.

62 NABERS NABERS Home Rating, <http://www.nabers.com.au/HomeCalculator/AcceptTerms.aspx>, Retrieved 8th May 2010.

63 This star rating should not be confused with that offered by Green Star or the BCA.


41

Although this software is effective as tool to enable positive consumptive change, it relies on data and

generalised comparisons that were not deemed effective for the purpose of this study. The data it

collects relates to contemporary consumptive habits of an individual family unit, as opposed to the

manner in which a typology may perform against more extensive sustainable criteria. It did not offer the

level of detail required to enable effective type or historical comparisons. The software did however

suggest that usage patterns, including how a type can contribute to those patterns, are important and

should be considered by the indexation method applied to this project. It also suggested that the

application of averaged historical patterns and consumptive records, such as Australian Bureau of

Statistics (ABS) data, may prove informative in the final comparisons.

Many of the more holistic green assessment tools rely on the thermal performance data generated by

simulation software, in order to determine the degree of compliance with benchmark thermal

performance standards. There are several simulation tools currently in use in Australia.

Specific efficiencies

These specific efficiency tools calculate to some accuracy a building’s in-use performance. Several of the

programs have been in use in Australia for a number of years (many since the early 1990s) with

experience and industry development facilitating greater sophistication of calculation as well as

improvements in user interface. This set of predominately second generation performance simulation

suites claim to now effectively and efficiently calculate various performance criteria, thereby improving

the accuracy and capacity of each program to comply with more stringent Australian building

provisions.65

Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS)

Although not a performance simulator, the nationally recognised NatHERS program is a Commonwealth,

State and Territory Government initiative and provides the performance and accuracy benchmark for

many of the residential thermal performance simulators presently available in Australia. The NatHERS

program accredits software performance, which is relied on by the National Construction Code of

Australia (or the BCA).66

AccuRate

AccuRate is CSIRO’s second generation package67 and, using the Chenath Engine (also developed by the

CSIRO),68 has become ‘...the Australian national standard for residential building energy simulators.’69 It

claims to have improved on previous systems by providing an improved user interface, improved

accuracy in climatic zoning as well as ‘...improved natural ventilation modelling, a library of standard

65 Refer this Chapter AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS; Legislative requirements, The Building Code of Australia (BCA) and GLOSSARIES.


67 Sustainability Victoria - State Government Victoria Other house energy rating software, <http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/www/html/1797-

other-house-energy-rating-software.asp >, Retrieved 4th March 2010.


69 Hearne software, <http://www.hearne.com.au/news/376/ >, Retrieved 4th March 2010.

42

building materials as well as the ability to enter new ones, improved modelling of roof spaces, sub-floor

spaces, skylights and the availability of up to 50 thermal zones within one house model.’70

On face value this software seemed to offer a reliable and relevant thermal simulation tool that would

enable the type of performance comparisons required by this research. However, the use of this

software would have required the use of supplementary tools in order to provide the sufficiently

detailed indexation comparisons required by this project.

FirstRate5

The first generation package FirstRate4, was upgraded to FirstRate5 by Sustainability Victoria. Also using

the Chenath Engine,71 the software has been developed to calculate a building’s performance providing

ratings from one through five Stars. Like Accurate, it has the capacity to nominate up to 69 climatic

zones in Australia and the ability to zone room usage.72

Although the software’s upgrade from FirstRate4 ensured it would meet NatHERS accreditation73 and

bring it in line with the capacity of AccuRate, the upgrade was also conducted in such a way as to ensure

the tool had a Victorian focus.74 This focus immediately suggested the software’s reduced relevance for

a Western Australian focused comparison as was required by this project.

BERS

Developed by Solar Logic, the BERS system also uses the CSIRO Chenath Engine75 to perform the

calculations from which it generates graphics based assessments. The first generation version BERS 3.2

was withdrawn in 2006, to be replaced by the second generation BERS Pro. This improved system

‘...incorporates a state of the art 2-D graphical user interface to the CSIRO thermal simulation engine,

maintaining a balance between speed of use and accuracy.’76

Like AccuRate, however, although this software seemed to offer reliable thermal simulation and a good

graphic interface for comparison, its use for this research was limited by its focus on thermal

performance, requiring the use of supplementary tools in order to provide a holistic indexation

methodology.

70 Ibid.


72 Sustainability Victoria - State Government Victoria About FirstRate5, <http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/www/html/1491-energy-rating-with-

firstrate.asp >, Retrieved 4th March 2010.



74 Sustainability Victoria - State Government Victoria About FirstRate5, <http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/www/html/1491-energy-rating-with-





43

Computerised Fluid Dynamics

One of the main shortcomings of some of the presently available thermal simulation software is the

ability to accurately simulate ventilation. This capacity becomes particularly relevant when investigating

the effectiveness of passive design solutions. Research and software development by Dr. Mark Pitman

from Curtin University is now able to accurately model ventilation, air movement and air change rates,

with the use of sophisticated pressure simulations. Using a modelled form, including perimeter

obstructions and internal openings, the software has the capacity to simulate the impact of actual wind

direction and speed, as well as the movement of air through a space.

At the time of writing, this software was not yet sufficiently developed for use in this research. With the

software’s user interface still largely in development, its use was too cumbersome for a comparative

project of this size. This software does, however suggest the possibility for greater accuracy when

modelling naturally ventilated developments in the near future.

Other testing organisations and standards

Supplementing these performance based software are various organisations which accredit testing of

the performance of components, and provide the data necessary for use in the thermal performance

packages. WERS, for example, provides certified listing of window systems and their tested u-value

ratings. The Australian Standards are also typically referenced to specify a minimum performance.77

Despite their value, their specific application to this study was also relatively limited.

Even though each of the thermal simulators has been proven to accurately evaluate a building’s thermal

performance, their application in a broader comparison seemed cumbersome at best. Although each

offered a good rating system, enabling simple comparison, the method of data entry and the inability to

readily manipulate parameters suggested that possible comparisons would be limited. This type of

software has been produced to prove compliance against predetermined contemporary benchmarks. As

this benchmark is not critical in this study, and to some degree is irrelevant for a historical comparison,

it was a software’s capacity for flexibility and its ability to manipulate comparative markers that

suggested its relevance. Out of all the available thermal performance software reviewed, there was one

that seemed to offer the greatest capacity for a comparative assessment of performance, under solar

passive conditions.

Ecotect

The Ecotect simulation package was originally developed Dr. Andrew Marsh out of the University of

Western Australia, Perth, and was recently purchased by AutoDesk, the company responsible for

AutoCAD and Revit drafting platforms.


44

Although the program generates thermal simulation based on material allocation, similar to the other

performance software reviewed, it is the software’s use of modelling which suggested its capacity for

the type of manipulated and comparative use required by this project. Its ability to nominate human

controlled solar passive responses and usage patterns, as well as its capacity to display variant

compositions of data in a comparable manner, makes this a powerful tool and one that seemed to have

the most relevance for a varied and modulated comparative analysis.

Ecotect varies from the other analysis suites in that it relies on the in-program modelling of the assessed

building, allowing for the nomination and active manipulation of a number of fields including:

- allocation of materials particular to surface

- nomination of openings including framing and type

- allocation of weather data specific to the locale from an international data base

- allocation of terrain

- nomination of orientation

- ability to schedule usage patterns including clothing types of the occupants

- ability to schedule room occupancies

- ability to nominate additional heat loads such as electrical goods and lighting

- ability to nominate the method of heating and cooling, and capacity for ventilation

- the capacity to calculate life cycle costing through material scheduling

The capacity of the software to adjust parameters to suit actual usage and to demonstrate performance

under particular usage conditions, such as natural ventilation, or mechanical cooling, makes it a

powerful comparative tool. The data the software produces is not a rating like that produced by many of

the other programs reviewed. It instead produces charts and other measures of performance

dependent on the information or performance markers desired to be measured, thereby enabling

greater flexibility in comparisons.

There are, however, some concerns with the software. As Ecotect has not been accredited as

performance certifying tool for the BCA, the accuracy of the data remains in question. It also, like

several of the other tools, falls short in its capacity to accurately map ventilation. With no in-built

modelling for patterns or flow, it instead relies on the user to manually nominate air change rates.

Despite this, as a comparative tool where any discrepancies can be managed and maintained across a

comparative set, these shortcomings can be managed so as to limit the impact on the data produced.

IMPLICATIONS FOR AN INDEXATION METHODOLOGY

Despite the Green Star method offering the most suitable comparable methodology and Ecotect

offering the most comprehensive and flexible of the performance simulators, out of all the methods for

indexation reviewed, not one tool offered the best set of parameters to enable the comparative study of

the capacity for sustainability in Perth’s historical domestic typologies. This is because each tool has an

45

agenda which drives its parameters and methodology. Thermal simulators such as AccuRate, for

example are driven by compliance with baseline contemporary industry standards. They are designed to

‘prove’ compliance. Green Star is itself driven by commercial concerns, in that only those types which

can be commercially marketed have access to the developed programs. Green Star has also been

criticised for its capacity to be used by developers in a manner that has been described as ‘...“credit

shopping” in which the focus shifts towards getting a rating rather than achieving optimal

environmental outcomes.’78

Despite the recognition of their need and the benefits of each of these performance rating tools, there

is also some skepticism over their effectiveness and shortcomings, particularly in regards to their limited

application with innovative works and non standard designs. Owen suggests, for example, that although

these tools provide a common knowledge base and ability for the common person to identify a

building’s credentials, as well as a legitimate method to enable compliance with building legislation,

they can lead to ‘…exclusion, generalization and simplifications that inevitably arises within a

standardized framework... (This has) led to some questions over the effectiveness of rating tools in the

procurement of a sustainable built environment.’79

No assessment tool is perfect, even for those conditions they are designed assess. Indexation tools

should therefore be considered works in progress and should always be adapted to suit new technology

and needs, just as the buildings they are assessing should be able to grow and adapt to changing

requirements and conditions. Even now, as evidenced by the work of Pitman, the ongoing identification

of rating tool shortcomings is encouraging more research into how to achieve more realistic and

accurate tools.

Despite this, each of the tools reviewed possess aspects needing to be considered in the development of

a suitable indexation methodology for this study. Based on the evaluation of the methods on offer, the

indexation tool developed for this study was therefore formed of an amalgamation of Ecotect’s thermal

engine and data generation, with consideration of the comparative parameters in the Green Star

manner, as well as with due consideration of life cycle costing (Etool) and ventilation. The composition

of this methodology has been designed to enable a holistic comparison of historical types and their

capacity for sustainability, taking relevant cues from those tools presently on offer.

78 Owen, C. (2007/2008). 'Reaching for the Stars'. Architects Handbook Melbourne Victoria, Selector.com Pty Ltd. 2007/2008: 72-76. p 72

In some cases, for example, design features such as bicycle parking, have been included in a regional projects, purely for the purpose of achieving

points, despite a lack of regard or relevance to the design functionality.

79 Ibid. p 72

47

CHAPTER 2

INDEXING THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

This project aimed to provide a comparison of Perth historical housing typologies and their sustainable

credentials. It aimed to determine if the contemporary Perth housing type offers the best possible

sustainable outcome, and how Perth’s housing vernacular has responded to climate through its short

history. Holistic sustainable housing does, however, need to not only consider the gamut of relevant

sustainable principles, it also needs to provide for human comfort and taste. It should temper the

impacts of its immediate ecology and climate, whilst still nurturing, acknowledging and valuing it.

To provide a fair comparison, both the guidelines for identifying suitable houses, as well as the

parameters for their indexation and evaluation, needed to be defined. These parameters were based on

separate research conducted into the historical context and development of Perth’s domestic form, as

well as the meaning of sustainability and methods for achieving it in Perth’s domestic context. Both

supplementary research documents have been included for reference in the Appendix to this research.1

The scope of credentials derived from this separate research as well as the tools, methodology,

parameters and limitations used in defining and generating a comparable indexation follow.

METHODLOGY

Housing selections and parameters

Comparable Perth houses needed to be chosen to reflect not only Perth’s short history, but also the

range of available types. In order to ensure comparable data, the project designated the following

parameters for the selection and recording of comparison houses:

Location

Given the range of microclimatic conditions possible in the broader Perth vicinity, for a house type to be

considered to provide a comparable climatic response, it needed to be built within the Perth

metropolitan zone, as defined for the purpose of this study.2 Each nominated house was also required,

where possible, to be built within a suburban development so as to best ensure comparable terrain. In

those instances where the original house needed to be selected from a non-suburban context, it must

have been readily transferrable. In addition, comparable data was generated to evaluate what impact

the original context played on the building performance.

1 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE and REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC

SUSTAINABILITY.

2 The Perth area, for the purpose of this study, is as defined in REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY – CLIMATIC

RESPONSIVE DESIGN; Site and microclimate, Perth landscape microclimate, and approximates the area spreading to fill the coastal plane, roughly

extending to Mandurah in the south, Yanchep to the north and filling, to a greater or lesser extent, from the western coastline up to the Perth hills in

the east.

48

Housing types and parameters

The typology sub-type and usage pattern of a domestic form can impact significantly on the relevance

and application of certain sustainable principles For the purpose of this comparative study, a house

cannot simple be just a house. The type must be clearly defined and comparative. There has been a

marked shift in the common Australia housing types and its density over recent years. In 1995 Hollo

claimed this was a result of the ‘...government fostering an increasing ratio of higher-density housing,

which the population increasingly accepts.’ Hollo describes the Australian domestic typology as broadly

one of three types: higher density (including semi detached, row, terrace and town houses), flats and

free standing.3 Despite the range, the free standing (detached) home remains the most dominate

domestic type in Australia.4

By virtue of form, a single detached residence typically equates to a lower population density than

either of the other types. It is also arguably the most energy hungry, a factor not only of construction

requirements, but also of its consumption of land and running consumption.

Therefore, both because of its commonality and consumption, the single detached domestic residence

and its stylistic shift and adaptability was the focus of this study. Furthermore, in order to ensure

comparable results, each of the houses selected was required to be single storey and of sole occupancy.

The houses chosen also needed to reflect the standard housing stock, in that it must visually reflect its

contemporaries and appear to be common in styling and extant. The houses chosen also needed to be

documented as close to their unadulterated original form as possible, inclusive of extent, materials, as

well as any out-buildings, original lot size and features. Any additions or modifications were also to be

noted. Where the original extent of the house was no longer visible, built evidence and historical

records were referenced and reasonable assumptions made and noted. However, in those instances

where substantial and reliable evidence was lacking, the house was necessarily rejected as viable for

comparison.5

Housing selection

Housing was chosen randomly and where access to detail was readily available. The majority of the

houses in the selection were made available by friends, family and acquaintances. Others were sourced

from the public domain. In those cases of private ownership, the specifics of their ownership and

location have been withheld from this work.

3 Hollo, N. (1995). Warm house cool house : inspirational designs for low-energy housing. Marrickville, N.S.W., Choice Books.

4 Ibid.

5 A small cottage in the Mundaring area, circa 1920-1940s was rejected on this basis. Although there was evidence of age, and detailing was similar to

the house recorded in Bassendean, the house had been too substantially altered and the historical record, although suggestive, was insufficiently

clear.

49

Housing age

Each house was selected to reflect Perth historical development and as representative of the historical

domestic trend.6 Dwellings were selected to best reflect the following historical eras, as defined by

major instances or shifts in Perth’s historical development:

1830-1890: Colonial establishment

1890-1929: Gold Rush through World War I

1929-1950: World War II

1950-1960: Post war frugality

1960-1970: Global optimism and the Modern Movement

1970-1990: Mineral boom and early project homes

1990-2000: Project home boom

2000-2010: Contemporary

In order to validate each selection, evidence was sought to accurately estimate the original age of each

house. This was sourced either from built evidence (such as product markings, dateable found items or

inauguration plaques) or through historical record (such as records of Title, family record or historical

documentation). In those instances where a house could not be reasonably attributed, it was necessarily

rejected from the study.

Quantities

Where possible, at least two houses from each designated era were assessed. This was in order to

demonstrate typical comparisons, provide contemporaneous models to demonstrate validity of results,

as well as to ensure sufficient allowance had been made for varying types.

Although there would almost certainly have been scope to expand this set, such volume and detail was

beyond the capacity of this research. Such future research may be able to provide sufficient detail in

comparison to establish trends in the housing set that the current set may only faintly suggest.

However, for the purpose of the present research, any identifiable trends have necessarily been

generalised.

Lot

For a house to be suitable for comparison, the original lot size and features, including use and

orientation, needed to be visible or determinable. Where the information was available, the original

manner in which the occupants utilised and segregated the lot was recorded. In some instances, this

included indication of water use and source, the allocation of land for livestock, vehicles, waste

treatment or for the use of native, food or ornamental planting. This information was used to

supplement the discussion and informed how the type may have been used and responded to the native

6 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE.

50

ecology. This documentation also provided context for generalised discussions about shifts in usage

patterns and behaviours, as well as the generalised comparison of usage trends.

In some instances, the original lot had been substantially appropriated or modified by later generations,

leaving little remaining visual evidence of the original designed use. However, given that the purpose of

this paper was not about providing a historical analysis of suburban garden patterns, the designed lot

use has also been recorded summarily and in respect to information readily available. Reference was

also made to several historically comparative studies conducted within the field,7 which facilitated

generalised assumptions as well as supplemented and verified those features visible.

Sustainable parameters

Sustainability is defined as ‘...development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their needs.’8 It can be applied to any human action and it

encompasses the preservation and maintenance of things that are unadulterated and natural including

atmosphere, water resources, oceans, soil, forests and all living species. Sustainability in domestic

design relies on the provision of human comfort within the greatest range of variables but with the least

damage to those natural systems.

The basic measure of sustainability, in domestic design, is the modulation of consumption. There are a

range of methods that can be applied to achieve sustainability in the domestic form. However the

control and reduction of consumption in all aspects of domestic construction, including material and

waste production, power and water, underpins most approaches. Efficient and effective consumption

can therefore be a benchmark of good sustainable design. If consumption can be reduced, whether by

providing for human comfort through the manipulation of natural systems (as in solar passive design) or

encouraging waste reduction by highlighting resource impacts, then the domestic form can go a way to

achieving sustainability.9

Based on an idealised interpretation of what a sustainable standard domestic construction could offer

for Perth10 and how consumption can be measured, the following parameters were considered. By

applying each of these parameters as part of a detailed and controlled methodology, both the in-situ

and possible performance of each type was analysed and compared.

7 These included; Head, L. and P. Muir (2007). Backyard : nature and culture in suburban Australia Wollongong, University of Wollongong Press.;

Morgan, R. (2011). exploring Western Australian responses to climate (reflected in gardens). 'Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape',

University Club, Crawley, Western Australia., and; Pitt Morison, M., J. White, et al., Eds. (1979). Western Towns and Buildings. Nedlands, Western

Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations



9 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY.

10 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH.

51

The following lists those parameters:

Solar passive performance

A building’s ability to maintain thermal comfort without the need for applied mechanical manipulation

(i.e. heating or cooling), is the primary goal of a solar passive designed dwelling.11 The greater the ability

of a dwelling to modulate occupant discomfort, by using and modulating natural systems, the less

energy will be required to remedy the comfort shortfall. This improves a form’s capacity for

sustainability.

In Perth, passively generated comfort can be enhanced in a number ways and may include; the use of

control shading to northern glazing, thermal mass, colour and appropriate ventilation. Comfort is,

however, a perceptive experience and will vary from person to person and instance to instance. It can

be affected by a range of variables which may include; activity level, illness, clothing or even hair style.12

However, in order for each type to be compared equitably, a generalised assumption of comfort, as

suited to Perth, needs to be applied consistently across the analysis, and in a manner suitable to the tool

used.

Based on the analysis of how passive derived comfort can be enhanced in Perth,13 there are several

elements of the domestic form which can either be manipulated, or will determine its capacity for

climatic comfort modulation. It was against each of these elements that the types were evaluated and

compared:

Orientation

Building orientation is an important consideration in the evaluation of each type’s capacity for

passive weather modulation, affected both solar and wind access. It does however require a

degree of standardisation across the types to ensure valid comparisons of achievable

performance.

Given the limitations of this study, it would be safe to assume that the typical historical

planning guidelines of Perth suburban lots did not give adequate (if any) consideration to

principles of solar or wind gains. They were instead designed to accommodate the lay of the

land and maximise profit. Further research may determine otherwise, particularly in respect to

the extent that more contemporary developments consider the environment. However, on face

value, even these later planning models appear to make inadequate provisions.14

11 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Solar Passive Design.

12 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - Perceptive comfort and baseline controls.

13 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH.

14 Refer discussion on Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP Environment Design

Guide ; CHAPTER 5: SUSTAINABLE HOUSING MARKERS FOR PERTH - What can generate effective change?

52

Therefore, to enable a fair comparison of the passive potential of each type, each building and

lot was firstly assessed in-situ so as to benchmark its performance. It was then reoriented to

the most opportune winter solar exposure for the main living areas, and compared

accordingly.15

Ventilation

The ability of a type to modulate and maximise the benefits of natural ventilation, is also

integral to a building’s capacity to passively heat and cool. Air change hours (ach) are typically

used to numerically describe a form’s capacity to ventilate. The higher the air change value the

greater the volume of air that passes through a building. In summer this can suggest a good

capacity for natural ventilation and therefore an ability to reduce accumulated heat.

The actual achievable air change is a factor of natural and altered wind patterns. Although

natural wind patterns are relatively safe to assume (based on historical meteorological record),

the pattern of actual infiltration is always particular to a site and built form. This can contribute

to perceptible microclimatic variance from the broader climatic zone. Actual achievable rates

are typically effected by localised land forms, immediate locale (i.e. surrounding building and

planting), the density of the building form and layout and the quantity and distribution of

operable penetrations. Each of these elements can reduce, block, intensify or alter natural wind

patterns.

Given the spread and variance in terrain across the Perth area, a type’s microclimatic condition

can impact significantly on a form’s capacity to ventilate. Although consideration of this aspect

as part of the present comparison is theoretically possible, it does add significant complexity.

Generally speaking, Perth has grown through bulk developments. Many Perth suburbs and

therefore the types that repeat through them are specific to a time. This would suggest that

certain types may only be in evidence in a particular microclimatic condition and therefore this

microclimatic response is integral in the performance measures of that type. Putting aside

whether there is value in assessing each type in this manner, or whether there is even evidence

for a deliberate designed response to a microclimatic locale, the application of this level of

complexity would remove a layer of comparability across the types and shift the focus of the

discussion to that of microclimatic adaptability. Although research into this level of adaptation

would not be without merit, it is a complex and far greater study than can be incorporated into

this present scope. The consideration of a locale’s microclimate is crucial to passive

performance and should ALWAYS be considered. However the manipulation of these

parameters across a comparative study of historical building types, limits the ability to compare

15 This was not the case for 1920s West Leederville residence. At the time of this house’s evaluation, its front aspect was deemed more favourable

facing north, due to the high proportion of windows and verandah to that face.

53

them fairly. Therefore to ensure comparability, wind speed and pattern was applied as the

Perth average across all housing types, without consideration of microclimatic variation.

The capacity of each type to ventilate within itself is also important in the comparison and was

applied. Consideration allowed for opening locations and sizes as well as form depth and

capacity for cross ventilation. The accumulated effect of these factors determined the applied

air change rate. It should be noted, however, that air change rates can also vary across each of

the zones within a building. Although an analysis of zonal response to ventilation would have

been of value to general discussions about a form’s performance and capacity, in order for each

type to be evaluated comparably, the whole of type performance was considered to be more

important. Each building was therefore allocated a single air change rate for the purpose of

evaluation.

Thermal and solar transmission

The ability of building to transmit, store or exclude solar energy also contributes to a form’s

solar passive performance. This is a factor of materials used as well as building form and

orientation. The calculation of this performance in conjunction with ventilation and orientation

provides a good comparative evaluation of a building type’s performance.

Local microclimatic conditions also measurably impact on this performance. Adjacent building

forms may increase or reduce solar gain and the effect of landscape on immediate

temperatures and comfort can be significant. Considering the localised microclimate and

impact of adjacent building and landscape would, however, add a layer of non comparable

complexity in the same way as the application of a microclimatic air change would. Specific

microclimatic conditions have therefore not been considered in this type comparison, although

more significant instances have been highlighted for general discussion.

Seasonal performance

The ideal passively responsive dwelling performs well year round and is seasonally adaptable to

its designed climatic parameters. Type considerations therefore needed to be evaluated against

the range of Perth’s specific weather patterns.16 With spring and autumn typically being the

milder, shoulder seasons, summer and winter performance has been used as indicative of each

type’s ability to adapt seasonally. By universally applying averaged historical weather data for

the Perth CBD,17 comparable performance could therefore be presented.

16 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN; Site and microclimate, for discussion on

Perth weather

17 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Climate statistics for Australian locations, Perth Metro,

<http://reg.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009225.shtml>, Retrieved 17th March 2013.

54

Specific hourly temperature distributions for each of the summer and winter seasons, is also

useful in identifying the adaptive capacity and range of each type throughout the day, including

the performance of individual zones. This information may be suggestive of specific adaptive

success or failure. So as to reduce the amount of data this avenue of investigation generated

and ensure comparability, a single date in each of the evaluated seasons (summer and winter)

was nominated and applied. Although Perth’s experiences the hottest days typically in

February/March and coldest in July, it is arguably the averaged performance of a building’s

form that is of greater comparative relevance. The solstice dates of December 21st and June

21st were therefore used as those dates reflective of the broader summer and winter seasonal

averages.

Natural light

The adequate and controlled provision of natural light not only assists a building to perform in a

thermally passive manner by absorbing or excluding light energy, it can also minimise the electrical

consumption associated with artificial heating, cooling and lighting, as we all as improve occupant

wellbeing.

Although comparisons are most effectively made as percentage of glazing to floor area or volume,

further more generalised evaluations of placement, orientation and occupant impact have also been

considered and discussed.

Material use and construction

The volume and qualities of material that go into the production of a dwelling, contribute the most

markedly to consumptive habits, and therefore can go a way to creating and encouraging ongoing

consumption and waste.

Although detailed material consumption analysis (such as can be provided by Etool) is beyond the scope

of this study,18 there are several aspects of a dwelling’s construction that may contribute to discussions

about the comparative consumptive patterns of each type;

- The bigger and more facilities provided by the dwelling the more material is consumed in

its construction as well as ongoing occupancy, (e.g. power and furnishing). This can be

further exacerbated if actual occupancy does not reflect design provisions. Simple

occupancy calculations can therefore be suggestive in type comparisons.

- The possible Iife-cycle of dwelling goes a way to ensuring it is sustainable. If a building is

constructed with adequate provision of comfort, is adaptable to changing needs and

cultural ideals and is built in a manner that ensures its longevity, there is more chance it

will be retained, maintained and that the materials and energies used in its original

18 Refer CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY - AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS; Holistic assessments, Etool. It should also be noted that Etool could

not offer suitable comparisons for historical types, having been designed for contemporary installations and products.

55

construction will be preserved. Generalised discussions are likewise possible for each of

the types.

In addition, the type of products used, their source, manufacture, waste, toxic, toxin and VOC

generation, as well as capacity for reuse or recycle, can all significantly impact both occupants and

ecology.

Despite the value in identifying and quantifying this cost and impact, its detailed analysis is beyond the

capacity of this study, particularly given the lack of information readily available for most of the

historical types included in this set. Even for the more contemporary types, sourcing the required

information to make informed and detailed comparisons is prohibitively difficult and the calculations

necessary to compare the quantities of products used is onerous. Despite this, generalised comment

including whether products are likely to have been locally sourced, whether they are recyclable or

renewable and whether they are toxic or hazardous, has been made for each of the types. These

comments are typically based on generalised understandings and assumptions.

Occupation

In order to fairly compare many of the consumptive aspects, an accurate reflection of occupancy also

needed to be factored.

The floor area to occupant use ratio is an important calculation which enabled the evaluation of usage

patterns, as well as the degree to which material use has been maximised. Historical data and

reasonable assumptions of room allocations and usage patterns have therefore been made. This data

provided generalised estimates of the occupants’ typical ecological footprint.

To ensure baseline, contemporary comparison, the number of bedrooms within each type was used to

determine the assumed occupancy; with the master providing occupancy for two persons and all other

bedrooms one person each. All assumptions have however been qualified to suit each type, with the

bedrooms of earlier types typically providing higher occupancy rates than the more contemporary

types.

Perception

Given the belief in the capacity of human beings for foresight, to nurture and express compassion,

consumptive habits could also be modulated by reinforcing the impact of overtly consumptive habits.

The reinforcement and reminder of the importance of checking consumptive habits ensures efficient

ongoing use and therefore sustainability. It is, for example, one thing to provide for natural ventilation,

but another to encourage habitual use. Perceptive relationships with the natural world can be

reinforced on variant levels.

56

Reinforced nature

The capacity of a form to allow for sensory interaction with natural spaces, is valuable when

encouraging a respect and interaction with natural systems. Comparisons regarding the dwelling’s

capacity to facilitate and encourage interaction with, and use of, outdoor spaces, visually and physically

are important and have been considered in this discussion.

Lot use and ecological protection

The capacity of each type to provide such experiential relationships can also be generalised by

evaluating the form’s relationship with its native ecology. A dwelling’s lot use and ecological retention,

where visible, can be compared by identifying and comparing such aspects as:

- How much of the lot is built or used for vehicles?

- What is the lot used for? Is food production allowed and does it allow for self

sustenance?

- How much is allocated to paving or ornamentals?

- Has the siting complemented, considered or is it in conflict with the native ecology?

- How much green coverage is retained and what heat island impact would be

expected?

- Has the lot considered microclimate controls?

- Has the native landscape, natural levels or native ecology been preserved and

maintained?

- Has capacity been retained for clean water table recharge?

Power and water usage

Actual power and water consumption and the degree to which they have been obtained from

renewable resources would, on face value, provide good indication as to the consumptive requirements

of a dwelling type. However, not only is this information potentially difficult to source, there are several

variables that would need to be considered in order to make fair comparisons across a historical set.

Considerations may include change in technology, economic changes, availability as well as change in

cultural habits and accepted cleanliness standards. These variables, unless carefully considered, would

impact on the equitability of historical type comparisons. Such consideration is therefore beyond the

scope of this work.

Consideration of how power and water were typically sourced, as well as use patterns, do however add

to the discussion and have been generalised against the type set.

Embodied energy

Embodied energy is the study of the total energy cost of a product from extraction to disposal. Until

recently, with the development of Etool, this environmental cost was difficult to determine. However,

for the purpose of this study, it remains an unfeasible assessment, due to the historical nature and lack

57

of immediate data for some materials no longer in use. Some assumptions can be made, however more

detailed study will remain a future project.

Material use and construction has however be considered.

Biological impact

The impact of each material’s removal from its origin ecology is also an important consideration.

However, like embodied energy, it is presently difficult to quantify and evaluate across a broad

comparison, particularly when considering historical record. Once again some assumptions can and have

been made, but more detailed study will remain a future project.

Vehicle use

Although car use is an important consideration in the changing landscape of the Perth domestic

typology, the emissions resulting from its use have not been considered in this study. The study instead

focuses on the immediate impact of the building type. The introduction of paved driveways, carports

and garages does, however, impact on the domestic type and has been considered and evaluated as a

‘perceptive’ aspect of each type.

In addition to these baseline considerations, there are several material modifications which may inform

discussions on type adaptability.

Manipulated parameters

With technological advancement, there are several base material elements that have been substantially

improved. This makes comparison against earlier type forms less than representative. In some of the

more contemporary examples, substitution may have already occurred. To remove the discrepancy and

equally compare forms, each of the types has been typically compared in their original form as well as in

a modified form with materials or elements substituted. In the latter cases, the substitution has only

been made where it is realistically possible to do so and with little to moderate impact on the built form.

This comparison may also offer insight as to how improvements can be made to each of the historical

types.

Those material substitutions considered include:

Insulation

It is only relatively recently that dwellings have included roof or ceiling insulation. Comparing the types

with such a variation would not generate reasonable comparisons between each types’ formal

performance. As insulation is something that, in most cases, can be retrofitted, comparing types with

and without, regardless of original application is valuable. Insulation does, however, come in a variety of

materials, thicknesses and ratings. To enable fair comparison, a baseline insulation type was used across

all types, in addition to comparisons with none.

58

Windows

Windows can likewise be retrofitted and their original form and performance can vary greatly across

types. In respect to many of the older dwelling types, the change in windows and framing to more

thermally appropriate systems has the potential to greatly improve performance. Although types

needed to be assessed and compared in their original condition, comparisons with modified window

specifications have also been made.

Indexation methodology

In consideration of the parameters identified, the indexation tool used in this comparison needed to

provide effective comparisons between types over various categories, and enable a comprehensive

evaluation of each type. It also needed to be detailed enough to identify the impact of variations and

manipulations and provide a more overall comparative assessment of other non-specific features.

Ultimately the indexation tool needed to give an impression of the degree of sustainability each type

had achieved.

The purpose of the evaluation was not to give a star rating to each residence. The intent instead was to

identify those features that could be assumed typical of the built domestic form at the time and what

benefits, if any, those features offered in support of the local ecology and principles of sustainability.

The evaluation was about taking stock of Perth’s domestic set to compare it to what is possible, in order

to better understand what is needed and is achievable.

There are several features that lend themselves to general statements, blanket comparison or even

simple numerical equation, all of which are readily tabulated and comparable. Each of the types sourced

was therefore carefully documented and ranked in order of original construction. The detail was

sourced either from detailed site survey, or with the use of historical documentation or construction

issue drawings.

The detail and data that was recorded from each house was tabulated and included particulars relevant

to each of the sustainability parameters identified, inclusive of baseline counts and averages. This

indexation table was further supplemented with a series of sub-tables, detailing each dwelling’s thermal

performance comparisons. Thermal performance software was used in order to generate this additional

data. The software used needed to reasonably enable the volume of calculations and permutations

required in a manner that would be feasible for the scope of this research.

Out of all the indexation tools reviewed for suitability, Ecotect seemed to offer the most comprehensive,

directly comparable and flexible tool available and capable of providing the indexed thermal

performance data required.19 Despite the software not being endorsed by the Australian Building

19 Ecotect also requires the use of add on software such as ecoMat (used for this study), in order to resolve the software’s inability to self calculate

thermal lag.

59

Board,20 Ecotect’s suitability was defined by its capacity to accommodate the detailed modelling

required of each type, whilst providing the ability to directly manipulate features and parameters, and

then present the data in a readily comparable a manner.21 Furthermore, because the software was also

able to produce simulated temperature ranges that could capture specific or averaged information, both

for the building as a whole, or specific to a zone at a particular time of day or year, the software was

consider to best offer the flexibility needed to generate the comparative performance data required.

ECOTECT PARAMETERS AND GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT

Modelling

To assess thermal performance, Ecotect uses a three dimensional representation of a building and relies

on the allocation of material compositions and thermal performance specifications to each surface. Site

orientation and weather data are also applied. By manipulating dates, times, as well as localised

external and internal conditions and usage patterns, a variety of data can be generated.

The three dimensional model produced is actually a composition of spaces (or zones), each with their

own thermal properties. Each of the individually enclosed zones (such as a bedroom or a roof void) and

the data they generate, are combined to create the whole building analysis. It is this capacity to zone

individual spaces and the detail in the information generated, which proves valuable in this comparison.

Although Ecotect models can be powerful tools when correctly generated, three dimensional modelling

is not one of the software’s greatest strengths, for two reasons. Firstly, the modelling engine is not as

sophisticated as other available software, making the generation of complex models difficult. Secondly,

and more importantly in respect to the type of modelling that was needed for this project, Ecotect does

not have the capacity to model surface thickness. As Ecotect only models in planes, this can cause

inaccuracy in both the model and the volumes generated. Although this is not a significant concern in

respect to simple, singular model studies, this project relies on the comparison of a range of models.

Therefore such discrepancies can lead to inaccuracies between similar types. To moderate this

discrepancy, additional software packages (namely AutoCAD and Revit) were used to generate the base

models for this particular comparison. These were then exported via GBXML (which generates zone

information) into the Ecotect package, giving each of the Ecotect models the same degree of inaccuracy

in zone creation. Once the imported model data was cleaned out, corrected and materials added to

reflect original construction, it was these type representations that were used to generate the

comparative data.

In order to provide data for winter and summer conditions, air change rates, humidity and clothing rates

were adjusted within each Ecotect model and the data applicable to each season was logged.22 The

20 Refer CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY - AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS, Specific efficiencies.

21 Refer also CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY for discussion on those tools considered for this indexation.

22 Summer data was averaged from the months January, February, March, November and December. Winter data was averaged from the months

May, June, July, August and September.

60

Ecotect data generation tool used for this assessment was the ‘Monthly Discomfort/Loads’ method, set

to a ‘Percentage of Time’. This enabled a month by month analysis of thermal performance and

averages to be deduced as to when the pre-designated comfort band would be exceeded. The data,

tabulated at Table 4.2: Indexation Chart - Calculation Sheet, was also coupled with zone by zone

temperature distributions in order to represent the temperature shift on a singular date in each

season23 (refer Tables 4.3 and 4.4: Indexation Chart – Summer/Winter Hourly Temperatures). From

this data set, comparable performance data was also extracted and in turn tabulated at Table 4.1:

Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary Sheet, for use in comparative discussions.

Each type was then also set to calculate under various conditions and permutations. By changing

materials and orientation, alternate arrangements and comparison data was also collated and

respectively tabulated.

Based on the sustainability parameters set out, the following specifications were used in each model

permutation, in order to assure consistency of results. Check sheets (including Table 4.5: Indexation

Chart - Check and Verification Sheet) were also utilised during both the creation of the models as well

as their calculations, thereby ensuring replication of conditions. This included the requirement for

external expert audits to verify the accuracy of the methodology, models and the data produced.24 This

method assured a consistent repetition of assumptions, and therefore comparable data sets, regardless

of any issues or inconsistencies resulting from those assumptions, or as a result of issues that may be

built into or driven by the software used.

Material selections

Each model was allocated materials in consideration of, firstly, best fit to the available Ecotect material

libraries and secondly, so that they were consistently allocated across each building type. In the case of

materials such as hard wall plaster, historical variance was accounted for by modifying the thickness to a

standard. This allowed for the comparison of form, as opposed to incremental technological

development. However, in such cases, an additional calculation was also performed with the original

installation so as to enable comparison (refer Table 4.1: Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary

Sheet). The selection of materials used for comparison follows:

23 Namely the summer (21st December) and winter solstice (21st June), being the average representative day of each season (as opposed to

representing the extreme).

24 Perth architect and Ecotect software trainer, Sid Thoo, kindly fulfilled this role. This included ‘test case’ verification that residual, non-correctable

model faults were generated either by the software, in the transfer of data or during complex model production, and did not measurably alter or

otherwise invalidate the data generated.

61

Roofs

Skillion roof Singular surface with air gap. No separate ceiling/roof

allocation

As detailed

Clay roof tile Clay Tiles 50mm

Corrugated tin roof Tin 2mm

Asbestos roof sheet Asbestos Sheet 6mm

Insulation (alt) Glass Fibre Quilt 75mm

Colourbond Ethylvinyl Acetate/Aluminium 0.2mm/2mm

Air gap Air Gap/Aluminium where nominated As detailed/1mm

Eave edge Hardwood (Unspecified)/ (add aluminium or steel if

detailed)

As detailed/

Concrete roof tile Concrete Lightweight 50mm

Metal Roof Aluminium 2mm

Floors

Tongue and groove floors Hardwood (Unspecified) 22mm

Earth Soil (avg. properties) 1500mm

Concrete slab inc terrazzo Concrete: add sub floor surface ie Earth 100mm

Carpet As nominated/Underlay (wool felt where wool) 10mm/2mm

Floor Tiles As nominated/Cement Screed : add sub floor surface 10mm/5mm

Linoleum Linoleum/Underlay : add sub floor surface 2mm/2mm

Vinyl Polyvinyl Chloride/Underlay : add sub floor surface 2mm/2mm

CFC Cement Fibre Magnesium Oxy 6mm

Insulation (alt) Glass Fibre Quilt As detailed

Doors and Windows

Hollow Core 2x Wood Pine (with grain)/Air gap 3.0mm/34mm/3.0mm

Roller Aluminium 3mm/2mm

Solid Core Hardwood (unspecified) 40mm

Windows Ecotect base creations, frame and glass as detailed As detailed

Ceilings

Asbestos ceiling/eaves Asbestos Cement Sheet 6mm**

Plaster Lathe Gypsum Plaster 12mm

Ceilyte Gypsum Plasterboard 12mm

Plasterboard Plasterboard 10mm

CFC Cement Fibre Magnesium Oxy 6mm**

Walls

Asbestos wall sheet Asbestos Cement Sheet 6mm

Bricks Brick Normal Fireclay25 As detailed

Cement render Rendering 15mm UDt

Limestone foundations Limestone 450mm UDt

Pebble dash Concrete Stone (1-2-5 Mix) 50mm

Hardwall plaster Cement Plaster, Sand Aggregate /Gypsum Plaster 2mm/8mm

Wall plasterboard Gypsum Plasterboard 10mm

Insulation Glass Fibre Quilt As detailed

Air gap Air Gap As detailed

CFC Cement Fibre Magnesium Oxy 6mm

Lime render Cement/Lime Plaster 10mm

Concrete Concrete As detailed

Plywood Wood Pine (with grain) 22mm

Weatherboard Hardwood (Unspecified) 12mm

Concrete Block Block Aerated As detailed

Note: italics indicate the name of an Ecotect library material

Note: UDt = Unless details are visible.

Note: alt = alternate option material for comparison calculations

Note: Wet area wall tiling not included in assessments

**some material thicknesses have been standarised across varying applications where impact on calculations is negligible

In all instances each material was assigned a colour to best replicate the actual installation.

25 Brick Fireclay has been used as the standard brick material, across all types, despite the variance in technological development and changes in

density, manufacture and the introduction of holes. This was to not only ensure an equal comparison across each type, but because of the lack of a

specific Ecotect library detail to enable certainty of comparison. As this research is interested in how the form performs, standardising this material

has negligible impact on the overall comparative results.

62

Baseline parameters

The following parameters were universally applied to the Ecotect model calculations and across all type

permutations:26

Model parameters

- Model rotated to required permutation

- Shade and non thermal zones switched to non thermal

- Non occupancy zones nominated and named accordingly

Thermal analysis

- Monthly Loads/Discomfort (with Inter-Zonal Gains and with Solar Radiation applied)

- Flat Comfort Bands selected

- Percentage of Time selected

- All Visible Zones nominated

- Perth weather data selected

- Nomination of suburban location (unless rural required for permutation)

Zone settings

- Internal design conditions of: air speed 0.70m/s (light breeze)

- Lighting level set at 300lux for occupied zones, 0lux for non-occupied27

- Occupancy use set at 1 number person for occupied zones, 0 for non occupant zone. Activity

level set at sedentary-70W

- No schedule used (assume standardised round clock occupancy patterns as a baseline)

- Internal gains as default for occupant zone (Sensible 5 and Latent 2), 0 gains where non-

occupied, no schedule applied

- Air change rate applied to non-occupied spaces including rooves and sub floors in

accordance with their capacity, typically: sealed subfloors-1ach, sealed roof spaces-1ach,

open roof spaces-50ach, unsealed subfloor-90ach

- Air change rate and gains applied to occupied but internalised spaces including pantries,

linens, stores, internal corridors: 0 gains

- Air change set at same rate as occupied building zones, summer or winter28

- Site wind sensitivity of: 0.5 (somewhat sensitive), no applied schedule

- Comfort band of: 18-26 degrees

- No ‘SBEM Profile’ applied

26 Ecotect software parameters are identified by ‘Title Text’

27 This is despite the parameter not impacting on thermal calculations. It is used for lighting calculations when alternate data projection options are

nominated. Neither lighting or sound performance was calculated in this study, being beyond the feasible scope.

28 Ecotect’s thermal admittance calculations are simple and do not take into account interzonal transfer. Internalised zones can therefore generate

calculation discrepancies when gains are applied. This seems to be because the calculation used does not allow for the release of energy, generating

accumulative temperature data far in excess of reality. As this discrepancy adjustment is consistently applied across all types, results remain

comparable, but should be considered when reviewing thermal and temperature patterns particular to zones.

63

- ‘Medium Precision Zone’ volume calculation about Z axis

- ‘Hours of Operation’ applied as off for 24 hours (with no mechanical system applied) and no

‘Operational Schedule’ applied29

- Universally applied across all zones

Summer permutations (IS and AS)

- Permutation IS – Insitu Summer: Orient as originally sited

- Permutation AS – Alternate Summer: Orient such that living (or best benefit) spaces face

north

- Active system identified as ‘Natural Ventilation’

- Humidity set 46.5%30

- Air change rate applied to occupied spaces as per sliding scale application (0.25-100ach)31

- Internal design conditions of: clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt)

- Record and average monthly discomfort percentages for months November through March

- Calculate hourly temperature profile for AS unaltered model, set for the 21st December

Winter permutations (IW and AW)

- Permutation IW – Insitu Winter: Orient as originally sited

- Permutation AW – Alternate Winter: Orient such that living (or best benefit) spaces face

north

- Active system identified as ‘None’

- Humidity set 64.2%32

- Air change rate applied to occupied spaces as 0.5ach, well sealed

- Internal design conditions of: clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals)33

- Record monthly discomfort percentages for months May through September

- Calculate hourly temperature profile for AW unaltered model, set for the 21st June

29 Ecotect can allow for operational schedules to be applied to model calculations. The application of this feature would be very specific to each form

and add an extra non-comparable layer of complexity to the comparison. For the simplicity of comparison, the calculations have assumed full 24 hour

operation across all instances, with alternate summer and winter models run.

30 The value has been based on Bureau of Meteorology averages for a Perth summer.

31 Ecotect does not have the capacity to estimate ventilation movements through a model. It relies on the user to manually input this data. As the

software to generate actual rates is still cumbersome (refer CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY - AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS; Specific

efficiencies, Ecotect and Computerised Fluid Dynamics) and given the comparative nature of this study, air change rates were applied based on a

visual assessment and ranking of achievable air flow and capacity as well as volume/occupancy calculations. Winter air change rates have been

applied as the Ecotect baseline of 0.5ach or ‘well sealed’ across all types (assuming sealing is readily retrofitted construction fault). Summer rates

have been calculated on a ranked sliding scale, based on ratings applied to aspects of ventilation capacity including achievable air paths, volume,

openings and catchment. Refer Table 4.2: Indexation Chart - Calculation Sheet.

32 The value has been based on Bureau of Meteorology averages for a Perth winter.

33 The Ecotect variable ‘business suits and thermals’ has been used in this analysis to highlight the importance of appropriate clothing in passive

controlled environments.

64

Material/Other permutations

Several other building and orientation/location permutations were also run to not only add to

the discussions, but as a check measure of Ecotect parameters, application and capacity:

Double glazed (DG): In order to gauge impact and potential for retrofit, each of the types were

calculated with double glazed, timber framed (therefore thermally broken) windows. The

original forms were, however calculated with their actual window installations, in both in-situ

and alternate orientation.

Roof Insulated (INSR): Similarly, each of the types were also additionally calculated with 75mm

fibreglass batt roof insulation directly under the roof sheet. The original calculated forms did

not include for roof insulation, regardless of actual in-situ use, such that effective comparisons

could be made.

Ceiling insulated (INSC): Ceiling insulation of 75mm fibreglass batt applied directly on ceiling

was likewise tested. This was allocated only above the enclosed built perimeter. Once again,

the original calculated forms did not include for ceiling insulation, regardless of actual in-situ

use, such that effective comparisons could be made.

Rural location: In some housing types, their original lots were in fact rural. A rural location was

tested in those instances and tabulated. Changing this parameter in Ecotect did not appear to

make any distinguishable difference. This unexpected result is likely due to Ecotect not

considering adjacent built form in its calculations, suggesting that wind sensitivities remained

unchanged across both permutations.

Original plaster: This comparative calculation was made in instances where plastered walls

were standardised to provide for more generalised type comparison.

Roof as leaky: In those type roofs with clay roof tiles and closed eaves, the roof zone was

typically measured with the same air change capacity as a metal roof with closed eaves, to

ensure effective comparisons. Clay tiles do however have additional leakage capacity.

Alternative ‘leaky’ comparisons were therefore also made for general comparison.

Concrete: In those models with concrete slab floors, an average soil depth of 1500mm was used

below it as the standard. This produced an Ecotect thermal lag calculation of less than 1 hour.

This apparent discrepancy was checked by adjusting the lag manually to 23.5 hours, with no

variation in the result. This could be accounted for by the assumption that a 24 hour lag time

had been exceeded and therefore the less than 1 hour result was accurate.

65

Ceiling vents: For the purpose of comparison, any ceiling vents/penetrations have been

removed from the base models, including inbuilt ceiling ventilation. A/C vents were also

specifically removed, based on the assumption that the spaces are not to be mechanical heated

or cooled, and therefore the vents would not have been installed. To gauge the impact of the

more traditional ceiling vents, the addition of voids to replicate older style ceiling vents was

also trialled for one house (Bayswater 1957). The alternate orientation, base-line comparison

model was used and 300mm square voids placed in the approximate centre of each of the

Kitchen, Bed 2, Bed 1 and the Lounge. In order to ensure comparable results, permutations

were run for both the baseline air changes (giving readings for the reduced ceiling material

created by the addition of the voids), as well as a ‘leaky’ version for both summer34 and

winter,35 suggestive of likely draughts through the void, and more in keeping with the method

used for roof eave calculations.36 Air change rates were ONLY altered in those rooms with

ceiling penetrations.

Colour: Although colour is also considered a parameter, in all type cases the original colour of

the form was replicated. Colour does have a measurable impact on the thermal performance of

a building,37 however this project has considered its use as integral in a type’s form (indicative

of trends). However, in order to accommodate more generalised discussions regarding its use,

the impact of roof colour was trialled for one house (Bayswater 1957). Permutations were run

for both summer and winter models, using the baseline alternate orientation model, with roof

colour altered. The roof colour parameters that were used follow and were applied to the

baseline, uninsulated form and to all tiled roof surfaces, including the skillions. No other

parameters were altered:

Original base line (representing a moderately high absorbance)

External Colour (reflect): red; R0.151; emissivity-0.9; specularity-0; roughness-038

Alternate colour (representing a light colour with good reflectance)

External Colour (reflect): light grey (lgrey); R0.835; emissivity-0.9; specularity-0;

roughness-0

Floor Insulation: The application of floor insulation to raised floors was also considered,

because of its potential to offer a readily retrofitted improvement. To enable generalised

34 2.0 ach was added to the summer baseline, totalling 41.8ach, with 2.0ach representative of ‘leaky’ in Ecotect’s base variables.

35 2.0 ach was used for the winter baseline, in lieu of 0.5ach being representative of ‘well sealed’ in Ecotect’s base variables.

36 It should also be noted that all fireplace voids have been modelled as simple voids with no increase in ach to that room, on the assumption that

they may be retrofitted for flues and would be closed when not in use. Allocating a void does however account for reduced thermal transmission due

to material.

37 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN; Site and microclimate.

38 Reds and oranges do however reflect colour better than most other tinted colours. This is due to the colour’s capacity to reflect the infra red, heat

range (hence its appearance as a red colour).

66

discussions as to the value of this permutation, 75mm fibreglass batt39 were applied directly

beneath the floor finish of all internal raised floors for one house (Bayswater 1957). No other

parameters were changed from the original base line permutation. Again, permutations were

run for both summer and winter models, using the baseline alternate orientation model.

Chart ranking

This data was collated in the ‘Indexation Charts’ (refer Tables 4.1 to 4.5) enabling comparison by ranking

each of the dwellings across the range of relevant sustainability parameters. These included:

Consumption Ranking – including;

Lot Use: the percentage of lot retained and available for use either for native regeneration or

food production (as an evaluation of microclimate and self sustenance potential)

Volume Use: the efficiency of a built volume as a factor of occupant use (part 1 in 3 as an

evaluation of material consumption)

Area Use: the efficiency of a floor area as a factor of occupant use (part 2 in 3 as an evaluation

of material consumption)

Perimeter Efficiency: the efficiency of a built perimeter as a factor of floor area (part 3 in 3 as an

evaluation of material consumption)

Wellbeing Ranking – including;

Glazing to Volume: the percentage of glazing to building volume (as an evaluation of natural

light provision and perceptive wellbeing potential)

Seasonal and Passive Performance Ranking - including;

Summer and Winter Rankings: which in turn were derived from an accumulated ranking of the

percentage of time of discomfort as well as diurnal temperature differentials (as derived

from Ecotect calculations and identified in Tables 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4).

Unlike other industry holistic indexation methods, such as Green Star, this evaluation did not weight the

rankings or categories. As this research was primarily about comparing the performance of the type set

for the purpose of discussion, as opposed to achieving a ‘star’ or benchmark of achievement; deriving,

calculating and justifying a complex weighting system seemed unnecessary and would have added little

to the comparative discussion. Simple ranked values were therefore allocated to each house in each

subcategory; 1 being allocated to the best performing through to 15 for the worst. The accumulation of

ranked subcategory values provided a category ranking, thereby providing a comparative performance

value against the other house types in the set. The ‘Overall Ranking’ was the total accumulated ranking

across all three categories. The lower the ranking value, the better the type performed compared to the

others, against the category parameters.

39 The roof/ceiling insulation was replicated to enable comparison of impact.

67

Several areas usually associated with sustainability were, however, specifically excluded from the

‘Overall Ranking’ comparisons. The use of water and power, for example were removed from the

rankings, because their consumption in this typological set is linked to historically determined access

and provision, making contemporaneous comparisons difficult at best. Acoustic perceptive comfort was

excluded, being subject to specific microclimate conditions and too complex a condition to measure

within the scope of this study. Northern glazing was excluded, the effects of which were already

represented in the Ecotect calculations that provided ‘Seasonal Ranking’. ‘Glazing to Floor Area’ was

excluded being more accurately represented by the ‘Glazing to Volume’ calculations.

The use of toxics and toxins was also excluded, being difficult to compare equitably across historical

types. Often the use of such materials is a factor of knowledge and product availability. The 1931

Herdsman asbestos cottage, for example, used the material for its longevity and thermal effectiveness,

its hazards yet to be fully comprehended or acknowledged by the specifiers or users. The use of lead in

flashings and paint is a further example. The use of less life threatening, but still hazardous products

such as those that emit VOCs is also difficult to evaluate and compare, relying on very detailed and

contemporaneous comparisons, well beyond the capacity of this project. The Index charts do, however,

make reference to the use of toxics and toxins were immediately visible.

Carbon and life cycle costs were also excluded, with their complexity in calculation also pushing them

beyond the scope of this comparison. Because the majority of these buildings were not deliberately

designed with such considerations in mind, consumption patterns have been assumed to suffice as

reflective of material ecological cost. It has been broadly assumed that the greater the consumption, the

greater the potential for ecological cost.

Despite the exclusions and limitations of this present study, the range of conditions able to be recorded

and measured remains representative of broader sustainability concerns. Fifteen historically

representative Perth houses were recorded and analysed and their data and rankings tabulated.

69

CHAPTER 3

PERTH DOMESTIC CASE STUDIES

In accordance with the Housing Selection and Parameters set out in Chapter 2: Indexing the Perth

Domestic Type, the houses selected for this study were chosen as representative of the broad range of

Perth’s domestic development. Each house was documented and placed in Perth’s contextual historical

development through a combination of site survey, verbal history, original drawings or conservation

records when immediately available. The case studies of those house selected are therefore suggestive

of the evolution of the Perth domestic form and document changes not only in the design and planning

of the typical domestic form, but also in its domestic construction. Although the detail collected from

each of these homes informs the sustainable performance evaluations (to follow), this initial summary

importantly places the houses and their following Indexation in historical context.

The case studies presented do not, however, claim to be the complete available record of each of the

houses presented, or fully representative of the historical range of Perth domestic types. This selection

and survey has been limited by the project confines. Although the study would certainly benefit from a

more detailed and extensive survey and range, even this small sample of Perth’s historical housing stock

is suggestive of change driven in part by social value placed in native ecology, as well as attempts to

better respond to climate.

For a more detailed summary of Perth’s historical domestic development as context for the homes

researched, refer to Reference Appendix A: The Evolution of the Perth Domestic Type.

Each case study has also been presented with corresponding plates (refer Plates 3.1 to 3.30, embedded

as a section insertion at the end of this chapter), documenting the home’s original form. Those aspects

which have been assumed (where it is clearly a later renovation or adaption has modified the original

form) are indicated by broken line in the plate drawings. In those instances, assumptions have been

made based on visual survey of similar adjacent houses, verbal or written historical record, or on-site

investigation. In those instances where construction details have not been recorded or are concealed,

they have also necessarily been assumed and based on on-site survey (to the extent visible), industry

knowledge or standard practice. All other assumptions have been documented within each case study’s

narration.

70

1860 ‘COCKMAN HOUSE’, WANNEROO

The 1860 Wanneroo residence (‘Cockman House’)

was dated and recorded with the aid of available

records1 including conservation plans2 and

documents prepared for its restortion,3 and were

supplemented and validated by on-site survey and

‘Google Earth’ images. Cockman House is open to the

public as a museum. It is owned by the City of

Wanneroo and is on the Heritage Council of Western

Australia’s Register of Heritage Places.4

Twenty year old James Cockman arrived in the Swan River Colony in August 1829, indentured as a

labourer to George Leake. Cockman married Mary Ann Roper in 1830 who had also been indentured to

the Leake family (to Luke Leake). Cockman’s service was cancelled by mutual consent in 1835, granting

him the rights of a free man. His release was however not uncommon, given the poor conditions of the

colony and therefore the inability of many colonial employers to retain their charges.5

The land associated with Cockman House, situated within what is now known as the Spearwood dune

system,6 was allotted to Cockman and his family by George Shenton in 1841. The land was granted with

future option to purchase, on the agreement that Cockman would work the land for Shenton.7

By 1851 Cockman had completed construction of the 'Little House' as well as several associated

structures. This allowed Cockman to finally move his family onto the land. Cockman House or 'The Big

Place' was constructed by Cockman and two of his seven sons by 1860 and is the house visible today.8

Although no physical evidence remains of the smaller cottage (having been burnt down by the family

because of infestation), records suggest it was a wattle and daub structure and that, even after the

larger cottage was built, the ‘Little House’ remained in use as a storage hut and cow shed.9

1 City of Wanneroo Heritage and Museum Information,

<http://www.wanneroo.wa.gov.au/Lifestyle/Heritage/Heritage_and_Museum_Information#CockmanHouse>, Retrieved 25th April 2012.

Collections Australia Network Cockman House, <http://www.collectionsaustralia.net/org/1440/about/>, Retrieved 25th April 2012.

City of Wanneroo History of Wanneroo, <http://www.wanneroo.wa.gov.au/Lifestyle/Heritage/History_of_Wanneroo>, Retrieved 25th April 2012.

2 Pidgeon, J., T. Palmer, et al. (June 1998). 'Conservation Plan for Cockman House Woodvale Western Australia'. prepared for the City of Joondalup.

3 Chandler, D. and I. Hooke (21 October 1988). 'Contract Documents for the Restoration and Renovation of Single Storey Rubble Limestone Cottage:

no. 8842' Architetti for the Wanneroo City Council. Fremantle.

4 Heritage Council of Western Australia (1997). 'Register of Heritage Places: Permanent Entry - No. 2675, Cockman House'.


p6

6 Ibid. p 17

7 Ibid. p 7

8 Ibid. pp 7-9

9 Referencing Daniel, Ibid. p 9

Image 3.1: Cockman House, 1860

(refer Plates 3.1 and 3.2)

71

Cockman House is located on a bush lot adjacent remnant wetlands and because of its close proximity

to the northern stock route from Perth to the Victoria Plains, it became well known as an overnight

stock stop. The land was originally cleared around the immediate vicinity of the house to accommodate

livestock, (cows, pigs and chickens) as well as grape vines, almond, plum and other fruit trees,

ornamentals and food crops. The family's diet was supplemented by native game such as kangaroo.

Water was sourced from both rainwater and well, typically on winch but supplemented by wind mill.

The family’s cooking and heating needs utilised local firewood.10

The planning of Cockman House is simple and compact, with verandahs to front and rear, and an

enclosed kitchen and ablutions external of the main house (toilet facilities provided by an earth closet).

Rooms are typically multi-functional and would have served as both living and sleeping spaces for

multiple family members. The internal walls to the front living space are interesting in that they do not

continue to the roof structure, which is open framed. This may have been the result of constructability

(potentially also allowing for the fixing of a canvas ceiling),11 or even a deliberate feature to allow for

cross air-flow of warmed air from the central fireplace.

Cockman House was constructed from predominately local (self) labour and materials. The walls are of

locally sourced limestone rubble, mortared and rendered with lime. The raised floors, roof structure,

and window and door framing, are of local hardwood (likely jarrah). The roof was originally shingled

with local she-oak. Fired clay brick has also been used in the construction of the fireplaces included in

both the main living space and the kitchen. Although the windows are glazed and feature in each room,

they are small and are perhaps symptomatic of the cost of imported glass around this time. Another

interesting feature is the use of timber stumps to stabilise the earth floor of the rear verandah (used for

bathing) of which evidence still remains.

The house has undergone various conversions and adaptations during its life, including a number of

extensions, ablution conversions and roof replacement. The house remained lived-in and in the

possession of the Cockman family up until 1988 when it was purchased by the City of Wanneroo and

restored as a museum. As part of the restoration12 the building and lands were recorded in detail13 and

various recent and non-compatible additions were removed. Damage and deterioration caused by

subsidence, termite action and general decay were also repaired and the shingle roof and original

features were reinstated. In addition, in service of its function as a museum, electricity was installed

(having never been installed even by the more contemporary Cockmans) and plumbing was upgraded.

10 Ibid. pp 8-11

11 Professor J Stephens notes (Thesis comments, November 2014), that it is likely that the walls stopped at plate height so as to allow for a canvas

ceiling, either at the time of construction or at some stage in the future. Despite this plausible and likely assumption, the documents reviewed

showed no evidence of a ceiling through the space.

12 Contract drawings for the restoration were prepared by Architetti and aided in the case study recording of this house. Refer Chandler, D. and I.

Hooke (21 October 1988). 'Contract Documents for the Restoration and Renovation of Single Storey Rubble Limestone Cottage: no. 8842' Architetti

for the Wanneroo City Council. Fremantle.

13 A conservation plan and survey was conducted for the City of Joondalup and aided in the case study recording of this house. Refer : Pidgeon, J., T.

Palmer, et al. (June 1998). 'Conservation Plan for Cockman House Woodvale Western Australia'. prepared for the City of Joondalup.

72

In 1997 the site was further restored, repairing storm damage that had been incurred the previous

year.14

1920 WEST LEEDERVILLE

The c.1920s West Leederville residence was dated

from an estimated dating of the built-in ceramic gas

heater and the age of the suburb.15 It was recorded

from on-site survey and with the aid of ‘Google Earth’

images. The West Leederville residence is privately

owned, with access granted by the tenants. Its exact

location has therefore been withheld.

The Leederville area was named after the original colonial landowner, who in 1833 bought the land

adjacent to Lake Monger. The area was subdivided around 1890. Although the area was known as

Leederville by the local settlers for some time, it was not formally named until 1895. West Leederville

was originally part of Leederville. It was made its own suburb in 1998, having being previously divided

from the main part of Leederville by the 1972 freeway development.16

There is little remaining evidence of lot use. It can however be assumed from the historical context17

that the front would have contained ornamentals facing the street and the rear would have

supplemented household food stocks. This small, suburban scale lot would have originally had several

out-buildings, which would have likely included a brick laundry and separate toilet out-house, similar to

the earlier Wanneroo house.18 The out-house would have traditionally been serviced by the right-of-way

to the rear of the lot, still in existence. The right-of-way would have also serviced a rear, small detached

carport, although it is unlikely this building would have been built at the time of construction (cars yet to

be common-place).

Based on historic evidence, reticulated water and electric power would have been likely. Photographs of

other areas in the decade also suggest that rainwater tanks may have supplemented water supply.19

Despite the inclusion of chimneys, if it can be assumed the existing gas ceramic heating is original,

heating is likely to have been gas generated, located within the fireplaces to each room. This is further

14 Ibid. pp 11-13

15 Landgate History of Metropolitan Suburb Names, <http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/corporate.nsf/web/History+of+metropolitan+suburb+names>,

Retrieved 16th March 2012.

16 Ibid.


18 Laundries from this era made use of wood fired coppers, so separating the structure from the main house prevented the possible spread of fire.

Toilets were unplumbed, so isolating them from the main house isolated odour and prevented the transmission of disease.

19 Refer Image: AA.1 – REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE.

Image 3.2: West Leederville, c.1920


73

evidenced by the existing high level wall vents, typically used to expel noxious fumes.20 Cooking was

likewise either gas or wood powered.

The West Leederville dwelling is similar in size and planning to the Wanneroo residence, however West

Leederville’s design clearly suggests greater affluence. This is exemplified by the use of a central, formal

entry off the front verandah, as well as the inclusion of fireplaces to each room, decorative timber rails,

tuck-pointing and render, high ceilings and large sash windows (even in the pantry). The bathroom is

now also included within the main house and multiple sleep-outs have been incorporated, affording

greater flexibility.

Given the house’s historical context, it is likely it would have been constructed using local materials and

labour, with some items imported from the UK and the Eastern states. Constructed conventionally for

its time, the house has stumped tongue and groove, hardwood flooring on limestone foundations and

cavity, clay brick walling. The roof, likely to be originally clad in corrugated tin sheet (although no

remaining evidence), has been constructed from a hardwood frame, ventilated at the eaves. Termites

were typically controlled through the use of ant caps, resistant timbers and oil treatment. Although lead

flashing and asbestos fibre board have been used, it is unlikely the health risks or suitable alternatives

would have been known at the time.

Although the house appears to be relatively intact, there is evidence that a laundry and bathroom were

added to the rear sleep-out at some stage. This has been removed for the purpose of this study. Extant

windows adjacent to this apparent addition have however, been assumed original.

1925 BURSWOOD

The c.1925s Burswood residence was dated from the owner’s21

estimates and recollection of the house’s history. It was

recorded with the aid of available records,22 on-site survey and

with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Burswood residence

is privately owned. Its exact location has therefore been

withheld.

Based on its size, location, quality in detail and room configuration, it is likely the Burswood house was

built for a middle- to upper-class family. This is evidenced by the possible inclusion of a servant’s

20 Refer also the 1925 Burswood residence.

21 The owner’s details have been withheld.

22 Siero, G. (2004). 'Working Drawings for the Alterations and Additions to Residence to *(address withheld)*'. Burswood.

Image 3.3: Burswood, c.1925


74

quarters at Bedroom 3 (according to the owner), as well as existing decorative glazing work and

moulded fresco skirtings in the living room.

With its high ceilings, wide verandahs, sleep-out and construction, the Burswood house is very similar to

its West Leederville contemporary. Although slightly larger, its planning replicates with a short, formal

corridor, servicing a set of rooms including an internalised bathroom. In addition to the extant home,

there is also documented evidence of several original out-buildings including a brick laundry and a toilet.

The toilet would have been serviced by a right-of-way, long since developed.

Like West Leederville, the existence of high-level wall vents in the internal corridor suggests that internal

heating and/or lighting may have been gas operated.23 Although there is little remaining evidence of the

original fireplaces, chimneys to both the living and kitchen hearth suggest wood may also have been

used.

The main constructional difference between this house and the one at West Leederville is the quality of

build. Although limestone block foundations are used in both dwellings to achieve floor level, the

foundations of the Burswood house have been laid decoratively and extend part way up the external

leaf of the perimeter wall. Render has also been made use of, banded with tuck-point clay brick

(fashionable in higher quality builds at the time). Fired clay roof tiles with decorative clay finials have

also been used.

The building was renovated in the 1970s during the time when Perth's interest in historical preservation

peaked. The bathroom was modernised and the kitchen renovated, including the removal of the dividing

wall between it and the dining room. It is also believed that the rear sleep-out was re-stumped and

repaired at this time. Unfortunately, the renovations made were not historically correct (a common

complaint of the renovations from this era). Parts of the original high ceilings have been concealed by

new lower ones and the cornices have been replaced with those styled on an earlier period.

Further renovations during the 1980s relocated the bathroom to the smaller Bedroom 3. By the 1990s,

the kitchen was reverted back to a bedroom, the sleep-out opened up and the kitchen co-located to the

dining room. The lot was also subdivided which saw the demolition and removal of what was remaining

of the original out-buildings.

23 Professor J Stephens notes (Thesis comments, November 2014), despite 240 volt AC electricity being available at the time of construction, standard

building practice perpetuated the use of gas venting ceiling roses and wall vents, long after domestic electricity became standard.

75

1931 ‘HERDSMAN LAKE SETTLER’S COTTAGE’, HERDSMAN

The 1931 Herdsman residence (‘Herdsmans Lake

Settler’s Cottage’) was dated and recorded with the

aid of available records24 including conservation

studies,25 which were supplemented and validated by

‘Google Earth’ images. The Herdsman’s Lake Settler’s

Cottage is listed by the National Trust.

The Herdsman Lake Settler's Cottage is the last remaining of forty identical cottages built along

Herdsman Parade, on land reclaimed from Herdsman Lake. Its construction was part of a resettlement

program by the Worker's Homes Board and was part of an attempt to provide small agricultural land

holdings close to Perth.26

In the early decades of the 20th century, the land surrounding Herdsman Lake (including

Njookenbooroo or Innaloo as it was later known) was drained into the lake and developed into

farmland. The success of this venture encouraged the government to also develop Herdsman, despite

previous reports highlighting the poor quality of the soil for agricultural use. The land was acquired from

the Catholic Church in 1920 and a 4km long drainage tunnel extending from the western edge of the

Lake to Floreat and City Beach, was commenced in 1921. A series of locks and drains were also created

in order to irrigate the reclaimed land.27

The development, which was to extend into the 1930s, was severely impacted by inflating program,

rising costs and The Depression. Such impacts were to force the scheme to evolve from the original 1928

plan of agricultural lots located on the lake bed, with allied residential around the lake fringe; to recast

subdivisions with house and land packages by 1930 and 1931. The sale of these later packages was met

with greater interest, however they were heavily conditioned. Initially, lessees were required to make

fortnightly payments with interest payable. Furthermore, they were required to continuously occupy

and maintain the dwelling and land, ensuring it was cultivated to at least one tenth vegetable garden

24 Wikipedia Herdsman Lake <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdsman_Lake>, Retrieved 7th May 2012.

The National Trust of Australia (W.A.) Properties By Region, Herdsman Lake Settler's Cottage,

<http://svc.wic012v.server.vom/places/perthproperties/herdsman.shtml> Retrieved 7th May 2012.

Department for Environment and Conservation Herdsman Lake Regional Park,

<https://www2.dec.wa.gov.au/component/option,com_hotproperty/task,view/id,5/Itemid,1584/>, Retrieved 7th May 2012.

25 Rosario, R., O. Richards, et al. (1992). 'Conservation Study Herdsman Lake Settlers Cottage Western Australia', Prepared for the Department of

Planning and Urban Development, Perth.

Heritage and Conservation Professionals (1997). Town of Cambridge Municipal Heritage Inventory and Townscape Precinct Study: Part 1- Historic

Framework and Site Assessments, Prepared for the Town of Cambridge

26 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - 1929-1939 The Great Depression for detailed discussion about

this development.


Planning and Urban Development, Perth. pp 18-20

Image 3.4: Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage, 1931


76

within one year, and one fourth within ten years. The Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage was part of the

second and final release of land packages in 1931.28

The combination of The Depression and the poor quality soil eventually caused the scheme to fail, even

despite relaxing conditions.29 With the government unable to provide further financial support (having

also been impacted by The Depression), many properties were abandoned and eventually demolished.

Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage was saved and in 1992 a conservation study was prepared for the

Department of Planning and Urban Development.30 The cottage was subsequently restored and now has

Heritage listing.

Each of the forty cottages established on Herdsman Lake were identical and were based on the 1920s

Worker's Homes Board ‘Type 7’ template. Designed for economy, the ‘Type 7’ was considered to

provide a good, basic level of comfort. The Herdsman cottage is a simple, four roomed plan, with

verandah to front and rear, and a separate earth closet away from the house. Constructed of hardwood

timber frame on stumps,31 interior ceilyte32 and timber linings were restricted to ceilings and single

faces of walls only. Although each room has a timber casement window, the floor ratio to glazing is the

lowest of the study set, second only to the Wanneroo house. All finishes were selected on the basis of

economy and glazing was simply too costly.33

The ‘Type 7’ cottages were, however, designed to be adapted and completed when fortunes improved.

This was clearly evident in the use and manipulation of the rear verandah, which was often enclosed

with cement-washed, recycled corn sacks, providing additional bedroom space as well as privacy for

bathing. As and when funds permitted, the sacks were replaced with asbestos sheet.34

With no mains electricity or water, the cottage had to be self-sufficient. Rainwater was harvested for

drinking and cooking, to a single tap in the kitchen. Lake water, skimmed and boiled, sufficed all other

purposes. A wood fired 'Metters' stove and kerosene lamps provided for cooking, heating and lighting.35

By the late 1930s this type was still in use by The Worker's Homes Board, although it had been adapted

to suit changing social expectations, including the addition of a front gable and the enclosure of the

laundry and bathroom to the rear.36 Further use of this and other lightweight types for 'social' housing

28 Ibid. pp 26-34

29 Ibid. pp 33-34

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid. pp 38-45

32 Trove Australia 'Ceilyte', The Brisbane Courier , Friday 15 April 1921, <http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/page/1608397?zoomLevel=1>, (Qld.: 1864-

1933), Retrieved 4th July 2012.


Planning and Urban Development, Perth. pp 38-45

34 Ibid. p 45

35 Ibid. p 43

36 Ibid. p 50

77

was, however, impeded by local shires and councils, who reacted to public concern that the use of

lightweight ‘styles’ would create slums.37

Although the lake has since been re-established, it continues to be fed with the storm water from the

surrounding suburbs. The ocean drain also remains active.

1932 BASSENDEAN

The 1932 Bassendean residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of various records held by both

the owner38 and the Town of Bassendean.39 The

available records were also supplemented and

validated by Certificate of Title information, on-site

survey and with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The

Bassendean residence is privately owned. Its exact


Bassendean was the name of the original 1,455 acre colonial allotment which extended to the banks of

the Swan River. It was originally owned by Mr. Peter Brown (or Broun) around the 1840s. It is believed

that Mr. Brown, the first Colonial Secretary for Western Australia,40 named this land after his family’s

land in Berkshire, England. The suburb, formerly known as West Guildford, was annexed and was named

after Mr. Brown's property by local school children in 1922. The land was then used to create

'Gentleman Farm Lots' and later, in the early 1900s, worker's lots to service the Midland railway.41 This

cottage was dated from original drawings archived by the Town of Bassendean and it is assumed to be

one of those original worker's lots.

Although the Bassendean cottage is of a slightly more affluent build than the Herdsman Cottage, it too is

a lightweight timber structure and built for economy. The original documents suggest that the

Bassendean cottage was self-built. Expressly identified as an 'ASBESTOS RESIDENCE' in these original

drawings, the cottage appeared42 to provide its owner with two bedrooms, a living space and an

enclosed bath and kitchen, all off a modest entry corridor. Verandahs also dressed the house to both

front and rear.

37 Ibid. p 54

38 Cottage & Engineering Surveys (2010). 'Feature Survey for *(address withheld)* Bassendean'. Osborne Park

39 The Town of Bassendean holds Development Approval drawings dating to the original owner/builder from 1932.

40 ...in 1832.



42 The original drawings do not specifically nominate function, although a kitchen sink and bath tub have been clearly recorded.

Image 3.5: Bassendean, 1931


78

Although the toilet out-house was clearly shown to be located at the far rear of the block in the original

documents,43 none of the documents suggested an out-house laundry. It has therefore been assumed

that the laundry was always part of the original construction (as built today). Given the use of matching

architraves as well as the apparently integral brick foundations, this assumption would seem

reasonable.

Despite the description on the original drawings, few specific details of the original fabric are known,

with only a few remaining surfaces being definitively from that period. With no documented nomination

of roof cladding, tin has been necessarily assumed, based on its common use at the time.44 Likewise,

although the documents nominate the external walls as asbestos, whether they were originally

weatherboard (as now), or sheets remains unclear.45

The Town of Bassendean’s records identify numerous changes over the life of the cottage. These

changes have clear historical correlation with Perth’s domestic trends,46 and offer some interesting

insights. They are also suggestive of the cottage’s adaptability, which in itself is suggestive of a

sustainable response. These adaptations include:

- In 1949 an application was made to the Bassendean Road Board to enclose the front verandah

with louvres and an asbestos dado. Although this has since been removed, it was a typical

adaptation to suit a growing family.

- In 1955 a new 10x20ft asbestos carport was constructed just to the front of the toilet out-

house which still appeared on the plans. When comparing this addition to the Perth domestic

types constructed in the 50s, the importance the car was assuming in that decade becomes

apparent.

- In 1976 a metal patio, constructed from 'off the shelf' plans was added to the rear, formalising

the rear garden entertaining space.

- 2004 saw the replacement of the carport with a proprietary corrugated sheet and steel

structure. The outdoor toilet was also finally dispensed with, having been relocated into the

internal bathroom sometime prior.

- The house was again renovated in 2011 and 2012, updating all features, cladding and creating a

second bathroom and third bedroom.

43 Given the toilet's distance from the house and with no right-of-way, it is likely it may have been serviced from the front street, or was an earth

closet.

44 This nomination also provides a point of comparison to the use of asbestos in the Herdsman Cottage, for thermal performance comparisons.

45 The nomination of asbestos sheet or weatherboard during the evaluation of the building’s thermal performance will make only a marginal

difference due to thickness, and has be disregarded for the purpose of indexation.


79

1950 WEMBLEY

The c.1950 Wembley residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of the owner’s family

recollection and from various records held by the

owner, the house having been built and retained by

the family.47 The available records were also


with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Wembley

residence is privately owned. Its exact location has

therefore been withheld.

Originally part of Leederville, the subdivision of this area began in 1909. It was named Wembley Park in

1924 (later shortened) after the suburb in London where the 1924 Empire Exhibition was being held.48

Due to the economic fall-out of the two World Wars, economy and frugality were common-place in the

domestic construction of this era. The ceiling heights were reduced and decorative items such as

cornices and ceiling roses were restricted to main bedrooms and living areas. Unlike in the 30s, brick

construction was common, even in the more modest and economic domestic builds. This is perhaps

symptomatic of the outcry against the lightweight 'slum inducing' Workers' Homes Board houses of the

30s. Also now typical is the attached and enclosed carport (car use now entrenched) as well as the

inclusion of the toilet and laundry (both now plumbed) within the main structure of the home (although

still accessed indirectly). Although the sleep-out remains common, the verandah has now transformed

into more of a formal entry portico as opposed to a multi-function living space. Each of these planning

additions does, however, make the type more complex and of greater density than previously, despite

its frugality.

The Wembley house, belonging to a middle class family, is typical of the 50s type and as well as of

houses in the area. The construction techniques used do however, replicate the pre 1930s types.

Limestone foundations and timber stumped floors are used, along with cavity clay brick construction

and open eave, clay tiled, timber framed roof. The 50s house now also introduces the use of concrete to

the wet areas, with tiles in this instance, as well as concrete render to the front, providing a 'front of

house' concentration of frugal decoration. Glazing ratios have also improved from the earlier types.

The Wembley house has undergone various changes as it adapted to a growing family and affluence. In

1968 the sleep-out was bricked in and an additional family/bedroom was built to the rear. The living

area was also extended to the front, losing the only fireplace in the process. At the same time, each of

the wooden framed window suites were replaced with aluminium framed sliders (reducing ventilation




Image 3.6: Wembley, 1950


80

capacity) and an additional asbestos carport/shed was added to the rear of the lot. In 1974 a well was

sunk and 1992 a toilet was added to the internal bathroom area. By 2011, further major renovations

saw both bathrooms and the kitchen remodelled.

1957 BAYSWATER

The 1957 Bayswater residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of available records held by the

owner.49 They were supplemented and validated by

historical Title search50 and with the aid of ‘Google

Earth’ images. The Bayswater residence is privately

owned. Its exact location has therefore been

withheld.

Although settled early in the colony's history, the majority of the area now known as Bayswater was

soon abandoned because of its poor soil quality. Even those who retained ownership of their land,

sought their fortunes elsewhere, leaving the land largely abandoned.

With the construction of the Perth to Guildford railway in 1881, property potential improved and the

owners of original land grants began sub-dividing. Further development occurred to accommodate the

influx of Gold Rush fortune seekers during the 1890s. By 1897 the Bayswater Road Board was gazetted,

bowing to pressure from the growing local population for better representation and improved provision

of infrastructure. However, with the advent of both World War I and The Great Depression, further

growth was impeded and the area remained predominately rural. After World War II the area again

experienced growth, the population more than doubling as ex-service men and migrants flooded the

area, being well placed to access the Perth city centre.51

The Bayswater residence has been dated to approximately 1957, based on a historical Title search which

indicated subdivision of the parent land occurred in 1955.52 In an economy still struggling from years of

war and global economic meltdown, it was common at this time for homes to be self-built, with many

residents occupying only partly constructed homes as they worked during the day and built in the

evenings.53 The Bayswater residence appears to exemplify this trend, with its planning and changes in

49 Automated Surveys Pty Ltd. (2010). 'Feature Survey for *(address withheld)* Bayswater'. West Perth.

50 Sturman, A. (2012). 'Historical Search Summary Report for Lots xx Bayswater & xx Munster *(addresses withheld)*'. Landgate. Midland.

51 City of Bayswater The History of Bayswater, Part I: c50,000 BC - 1929, <http://www.bayswater.wa.gov.au/2/174/1/history.pm>, Retrieved 4th May

2012.

City of Bayswater History - Part Two: 1930 - present, <http://www.bayswater.wa.gov.au/3/175/1/history_–_part_two__–_present.pm>, Retrieved

4th May 2012.


53 City of Bayswater History - Part Two: 1930 - present, <http://www.bayswater.wa.gov.au/3/175/1/history_–_part_two__–_present.pm>, Retrieved

4th May 2012.

Image 3.7: Bayswater, 1957


81

floor finishes (from a thin timber board in the three front rooms (Bedroom 1, Entry and Lounge) to a

larger, more common board in the rear wing) suggesting a staggered build.54

In layout, the Bayswater house reflects a smaller, simpler version of its Wembley contemporary. Once

again the toilet and laundry are integral with the house, but accessed indirectly. A sleep-out is likewise

included, although the original extent has been estimated (the original detail lost to remodelling). The

sleep-out does, however, play a slightly more important planning function in this dwelling, perhaps

again as a factor of economy, by providing an enclosed link to the kitchen and wet areas.

The front of this house also appears to be symptomatic of the hope and optimism of the era, despite

economy. Even though the house behind is basic in provision and with few rooms, the frontage claims a

far bigger investment than reality, in its decorative fluted columns and integrated enclosed carport. The

L-shaped plan to the rear seems also to allow for future addition and affluence.

In many aspects, the house reflects the construction of its contemporary Wembley residence. Limestone

foundation blocks and stumped hardwood timber floors and roof framing are used, along with casement

timber windows, asbestos cladding to the sleep-out and concrete flooring to wet areas (although no

tiles in this case). It is the use of concrete, however, which makes this dwelling unique in the type set.

Concrete 'Andray' roof tiles (which remain undated despite cursory investigation), rendered concrete

block-work with bull-nosed reveals and concrete formed pillars, have been used throughout.

According to the Title records, the property changed family ownership in 2009. It was strata developed

into two properties a short time prior to the current ownership in 2010.55 Despite this, the dwelling

appears to have survived relatively unchanged since the 1950s.

1960 INNALOO

The c.1960 Innaloo residence was dated from the

owner’s56 estimates in conjunction with the age of the

suburb.57 It was recorded from on-site survey and

with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Innaloo



54 Which is also in accordance with a neighbour’s recollection, on advice of the owner (owner details have been withheld).





Image 3.8: Innaloo, c.1960


82

The wetlands of the area now known as Innaloo, were named Njookenbooroo by the traditional

landowners, referencing the lake system that became known as Herdsman. The area was drained early

in Perth’s history and developed as farmland.58 Although the traditional name was initially adopted, it

was officially changed to Innaloo in 1927.59 At the time Njookenbooroo was considered too difficult to

spell or pronounce. The majority of modern day Innaloo was developed in the 1940s and post World

War II and featured the economic, detached, single storey, timber-frame and asbestos dwelling,

otherwise known as the 'fibro'. During the 1960s the remaining commercial/farmland zone was also

developed and is the location of this Innaloo residence.60

In keeping with the growing architectural and public interest in the performance of the domestic Perth

type,61 a covered and walled courtyard features in the Innaloo residence, complete with glazed doors

opening directly from the main living zone. Despite orientation toward the street remaining the priority,

the formalisation of an outdoor entertaining space with direct access as well as the wrapping of the

home around this new 'heart' was a significant variation from the previous types.

The internal planning and allocation of space is not dissimilar to a more affluent 1950s type, such as the

Wembley residence. The laundry and toilet are, however, now accessed more directly and a second

'mud' shower has also appeared (even if still contained within the rear lean-too attachment). Glazing

provisions have also significantly increased, providing greater volumes of natural light.

Despite the planning changes, the 1960s Innaloo house offers little construction variation from the 50s.

Limestone foundations, stumped hardwood timber floors, cavity brick construction and timber roof

framing with glazed clay tiles are all still used. Once again, only the main bedroom and living spaces

include decorative cornices. Ceiling heights have also continued to creep lower. Face brick has, however

returned, with advanced technology improving brick quality and allowing a play on colour and pattern.

The eaves, now enclosed with asbestos sheet, have also substantially increased in depth, from around

300mm in previous decades to over a metre in this residence.

The dwelling has, however, undergone several modifications making it difficult to definitively ascertain

the full original extent. Sometime around the 1990s the lot was subdivided with the rear lot sold for a

new residence. The kitchen and bathroom were remodelled and Bedroom 2 was extended to the rear.

The kitchen was again remodelled in 2011. Built-in robes were also added to Bedrooms 1 and 2. It is also

likely that the rear and side windows were replaced with aluminium sliders during this period (the front

timber windows having fortunately been retained). In the creation of the rear subdivision, it is also

possible a carport was removed (the eave at least having been cut back). A new open carport and store

58 Refer Case Study 1931 ‘Herdman’s Lake Settler’s Cottage’, Herdsman.

59 Innaloo was the name of an Indigenous woman from Dongara



61 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - 1960s prosperity and intellectualism.

83

have also since been added within the front setback. The possible original carport has, however, been

excluded from the calculations because its existence remains uncertain.

1962 EAST CANNINGTON

The East Cannington residence was dated from

newspaper clippings found beneath original floor

finishes. It was recorded from on-site survey and

with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The East

Cannington residence is privately owned. Its exact


The colonial subdivision of the Cannington area began in 1882. The Cannington railway station was

constructed to service the area in the early 1890s and it was from this station the surrounding land took

its name. East Cannington is therefore descriptive in its association with the Cannington railway station.

Formerly part of Queens Park, East Cannington’s present boundaries were defined by the Metropolitan

Street Directory in 1959.62

The East Cannington house sits on a full block in an area that, based on the general styling of adjacent

homes, appears to have been subdivided during the 1960s.

Like the Innaloo residence, the planning of this house is simple and compact, reflective of the 1950s

frugality. In addition to the formal inclusion of the toilet and laundry as part of the main building form

(although accessed indirectly in this case), both houses now provide a third bedroom, responding

perhaps to both social change as well as improving affluence. The sleep-out in the East Cannington

house has also now been formalised. It is no longer a lightweight attachment to the rear of the building,

but instead a bricked-in fully louvered fourth room. The carport is also essentially integrated within the

form, similar in principal to the 50s tendency, yet perhaps a little more voyeuristically, without any

enclosure and co-located with the main entry. The fireplace has also been forgone.

The appearance of the house is likewise not typical of previous forms. Similar to the Innaloo house's use

of a courtyard, this could be seen as responding to the architectural discussion regarding the domestic

form at the time.

One of the most interesting features of this house is its use of casement windows. Although the glazing

ratios are moderate, in an apparent attempt to capture the south westerly prevailing breezes, each of

the operable windows on the front elevation are hinged along the east edge.



Image 3.9: East Cannington, 1962


84

Despite its unique formal appearance, the basic construction of the house still replicates the previous

types, in its use of limestone foundations, hardwood floors and roof framing, as well as cavity brick

construction. Like the Innaloo house, face brick has been used decoratively. The brick work has also now

been interspersed with washed aggregate concrete panels, suggestive of a degree of architectural

influence, as well as technological advancement. Internally such influence is particularly evident, with

acoustically perforated ceiling panels used in the kitchen/dining room and terrazzo used extensively in

the bathroom and oven recess. The home also makes extensive use of asbestos, with both the roof and

the rear facing gable asbestos clad (asbestos use still common). The eaves are however not lined as in

the Innaloo residence and are comparatively narrow.

There is little evidence the house has been significantly altered in its lifetime. It has however suffered

considerably and perhaps irreparably from a lack of maintenance, with substantial rot and rust evident.

1986 BIBRA LAKE

The 1986 Bibra Lake residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of available records held by

the owner.63 The available records were also

supplemented and validated by the owner’s own on-

site survey and with the aid of ‘Google Earth’

images. The Bibra Lake residence is privately owned.

Its exact location has therefore been withheld.

The suburb of Bibra Lake was named after the area's lake system. Although the lake was recorded under

its local Indigenous name of Walliabup (or Walubup) since 1842, the current name was formally adopted

in 1967. It was ultimately named after Benedict Von Bibra who, from 1843, occupied a selection on the

southern shore.64

Two dwellings in this test set are located in Bibra Lake. The 1986 residence is located in an area that

appears to have been developed during the 80s, based on the appearance of adjacent houses.

The original building approval drawings for this house indicate that approval was granted on the 25th

March 1986. With the builder listed as Collier Homes, for Austin and Knapp,65 it appears to be typical of

the project home market, complete with suggestive marketing, such as the 'COUNTRY KITCHEN', (refer

Image 3.11).

63 Collier Homes (1986). 'Original Construction Drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Bibra Lake' held by the City of Cockburn.

Modern Style Homes (1996). 'Original Construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Bibra Lake' held by the City of Cockburn.




Image 3.10: Bibra Lake, 1986


85


86


87

Like its contemporary in Munster, all facilities have now been fully integrated into the planning of the

home. 'Features' are also prolific, including the semi-ensuite (affording the home owner privacy from

their children), as well as built-in robes and the ubiquitous sunken living space, complete with

decorative bay windows.

With the appearance of a swimming pool, the lot use has now become more formally about

entertaining. This is very much in keeping with interior’s main focus being the main social areas of the

home.

The 1986 Bibra Lake house uses much the same construction methods and materials as the Munster

residence. Likewise, this house uses cavity face brick with aluminium framed sliding windows, clay tiled

roof and lined eaves. The ceiling is also very low and without ceiling vents. Although the general

construction method appears similar to previous types, it is in both the Bibra Lake and Munster houses

that the use of concrete slab first becomes evident, the lot landscape now predominately cut and filled.

The drawings also suggest a degree of standardisation in materials and detail, clearly referencing

standardised products and finishes, as well as window and door frame sizes. Many features are also

replicated in the Munster house, exemplified by the identical use of front door and window suites.

Details across both houses are simple, repetitive and economic, with the undeniable intent to maximise

the builder‘s profits.

Unlike the approval drawings viewed for some of the earlier properties, the documents for the Bibra

Lake residence provide far greater technical detail as well as a greater number of authority stamped

conditions and requirements. This includes hand written requirements for 'Safety Glass' and stamps

advising the penalty for 'Littering' as well as that; 'ALL DOWNPIPES TO BE CONNECTED TO 600x600 SOAK

WELLS'.66 This is not only symptomatic of the tightening of restrictions and regulations associated with

managing the needs and expectations of a growing population; it also shows the application of methods

and checks to ensure protection is afforded to the consumer and a base standard of construction is

provided. House quality is now no longer the responsibility of the owner, but can be purchased.

In May 1996 and with a new owner, the kitchen was relocated and remodelled and a new family room

and pergola added. Modern Style Homes was listed as the registered builder for that work. These

documents also make reference to Australian Standards for termite control and timber framing,67

(Image 3.12) suggestive of the ongoing development, standardisation and increasing stringency in the

industry.


67 Modern Style Homes (1996). 'Original Construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Bibra Lake' held by the City of Cockburn.

88

1987 MUNSTER

The 1987 Munster residence was dated with the aid of

historical Title search.68 It was recorded through on-

site survey and with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images.

The Munster residence is privately owned. Its exact


The suburb of Munster and was named after Lake Munster (also known as Lake Coogee), which itself

was named after Prince William, the Duke of Clarence (Great Britain) and Earl of Munster (Ireland). The

area, and more specifically Woodman Point, was originally set aside in 1830 for a colonial township. The

greater area of which the present day Munster is now a part, underwent various name and boundary

changes up until its official naming in 1954 and included Lake Munster, South Coogee and Woodman

Point, (the later referring more to the coastal spit).69

Historical Title records reveal that the land on which the Munster residence is located was originally a

1905 grant in the name of John Healy. The land changed hands six times until it was resumed by the City

of Cockburn in 1986. Subdivision seems to have occurred around the same year, with the current lot

purchased by Fiducia Homes Pty Ltd in 1987 and who seem the likely builder of this residence.70

Although still comparative in floor area to the earlier types, the Munster house shows a greater density

in planning as well as the introduction of some specific design elements. These features are reflective of

changing social conditions and the development of a clearly 'feature' driven project home market.71 The

carport has now jumped to a double and the bathroom has become a semi-ensuite, affording greater

privacy to the parents. The laundry and toilet are now fully integrated with the house and accessed

directly. Open plan design is also hinted, whilst still ensuring defined allocation of spaces and functions,

by the use of design 'features' like built-in robes and part height walls. A second family room, opening

directly onto the backyard and a formal paved area, is also included, with the lounge serving a more

formal function at the front of the house. Despite the number of internal spaces jumping to 15,

containment of the floor area has been achieved through the reduction in bedroom sizes and the

removal of the sleep-out.

Like the Bibra Lake house, the general construction method appears similar to previous types, other

than the use of concrete slab on cut and filled landscape. Although concrete floors are good





71 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - 1970s-1980s Project homes and historicism.

Image 3.13: Munster, 1987


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opportunities for thermal mass storage, this was not the intent in its use in either dwelling. The concrete

slab is instead used as a substrate for other surfaces, generally linoleum, vinyl or carpet. In the high

traffic areas, slate or tile may have been used (although vinyl has been used in this instance).

The eaves are again enclosed, although they are now likely to be enclosed with cement fibre board, with

asbestos product progressively banned from the 1970s.72 Although the eave width has dropped from

the 1 metre of the Innaloo dwelling to 700mm, the eave height has also dropped. This is commensurate

with a drop in ceiling height, the lowest yet at 2.36m, 30cm less than the lowest previous height of

2.64m for the Innaloo residence. Ceiling vents have also disappeared.

Like previous types, cavity face brick has been used throughout. However, face brick has also now been

used to create further 'features', with its use internally in selected locations.

Other than the installation of ceiling fans, a patio extension and the addition of window roller shutters,

there is little evidence of change or adaptation having been made to the basic fabric of this dwelling.

This is not surprising given the house's age and the low maintenance materials utilised in its

construction, although an obvious addition.

The patio to the rear of the property also appears to be an addition to the original built fabric. However,

on-site evidence suggests it was installed at around the same time as the initial house was constructed.

It is for this reason the patio has been included in the thermal performance calculations.

1995 BIBRA LAKE

The c.1995 Bibra Lake residence was dated from the

owner’s73 estimates and recollection of the house’s

history. It was recorded through on-site survey and

with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Bibra Lake



The c.1995 Bibra Lake house sits within a walled housing estate developed from remnant bushland in

the early 1990s. Dated by the current owner, the planning, styling and construction almost certainly

places it as a project home.

72 Refer GLOSSARIES: PART B – GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS; Asbestos.




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At an estimated 394sqm, the designed lot size is smaller than all the earlier types, the smallest previous

being the 1932 Bassendean site with 486.39sqm. However, even though it sits on a small 'cottage lot',

the planning density has jumped markedly since the 80s. Comparable in size to some of the more

generous earlier types, this Bibra Lake house’s floor space has jumped 20sqm above the 1980s types.

However, it is in the density of planning that the biggest change is visible, jumping to 19 allocated spaces

(16 enclosed) from the previous high of 15 in the Munster residence. The increased

compartmentalisation of spaces is suggestive of the success of 'feature' marketing, typical of the project

home type. Despite the home having the same number of bedrooms as in the previous types (three in

total), this home now has three separate living spaces, as well as a dining space and separate kitchen

nook. The true ensuite also has now appeared, adding a second bathroom to service the same number

of bedrooms as previously. The design-in of storage has also become marked. Each bedroom now offers

a built-in robe, where only the parent's might have had this previously. The parent’s interests have

however, not been diminished, with their robe having become a small room in itself. A linen store has

also been included (although admittedly this has appeared since the 50s), as well as a store to service

the double carport, itself having been proudly attached to the front of the house.

In contrast to its planning, it would seem this house has been designed and specified for economy and

standardisation, in the same way as the earlier project homes. In construction detail, there is very little

change from the previous decade. Windows are sliding aluminium framed and set to brick course, bricks

are face, and the lined eaves and ceilings have been kept to minimum heights. Even the roof, which on

first appearance is relatively complicated, has been designed for the least possible use of materials and

the lowest achievable height.

By this stage, the roof structure and cabinetry would also have likely made use of composite timber and

treated pine products which, although not considered in the rankings, can increase VOC levels and

impact on occupant wellbeing.

As this is a relatively new house, little material changes have been made, other than a repaint and

refreshed floor treatments.

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1996 ORELIA

The 1996 Orelia residence residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of available records held by the

owner.74 The available records were also


with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Orelia



The suburb of Orelia was named after one of the first ships that brought the new Perth colonists in

October 1829. The older parts of the suburb were first developed in 1952,75 however both the Orelia

houses in this comparison set are located in one of the newer estates, which were first developed in the

early 1990s.

The 1996 house was built in the first land release, and like the prior types, is a project home. It was built

for the present owner as part of an incentive house and land package with ‘The Home Buyers Centre’.

Just like the 1986 Bibra Lake house, original construction drawings were available for this home.76 A

comparison of these documents indicates that, although there is a marked increase in the level of detail,

notes and constructional requirements in the later documents, there is essentially very little difference

in the actual construction detail, finish or style between the two homes, (Image 3.16). The home

continues the tradition of concrete slab, double brick walls, standard aluminium window frames,

enclosed low and narrow eaves and clay roof tiles. Although this dwelling also shows the first

application of a raked ceiling77 in the comparative set, it is not an unusual or new feature. The general

ceiling height also remains comparable to the previous project home types, and is low.

Similar to its 1995 contemporary in Bibra Lake, the 1996 Orelia residence is dense in plan and is sizable.

The house sits on a lot size of 714.19sqm which is comparable to many of the early lot sizes including

the 1986 Bibra Lake, 1950 Wembley and 1960 Innaloo houses. It is however, the largest house to date of

the comparative set, with a total floor area of 285.98sqm. It is also densely planned. Equalling its Bibra

Lake contemporary, 19 spaces have been allocated. This house has however provided a more open plan,

indicated by the reduction in enclosed rooms from 16 to 13. Once again, the main bedroom is provided

with a robe 'room' and its own private ensuite. A second bathroom services the rear 'children's' end of

the house. Although the minor bedrooms do not have robes, the addition of a study maintains the high

74 The Homebuyers Centre (1996). 'Original construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Orelia'.



76 The Homebuyers Centre (1996). 'Original construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Orelia'.

77 - to the living area

Image 3.15: Orelia, 1996


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room allocation. Once again, there are three living areas however there is now also the addition of a

second eating area, creating a distinctly formal zone at the front of the house. Despite the designed

spatial allocation, on evaluation of the plan’s spatially composition, there can be some doubt as to

whether the spaces could function entirely as labeled. This perhaps suggests that the labels are the

product of marketing, designed to increase the perception of value for money.

This house has had only a single owner and although there have been some changes, including painting,

the installation of evaporative air conditioning and blow-in insulation, they have been minor in nature.

2002 ORELIA

The 2002 Orelia residence was dated and recorded

with the aid of available records held by the

owner.78 The available records were also


with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Orelia



Located in one of the later land releases of the same estate as the 1996 Orelia house, this 2002 home

was likewise built for its current owner, as part of an incentive house and land package with ‘The

Homebuyers Centre’.

Plans were also made available for this project home, given the name ‘Abrolohos’ (Image 3.18, page 96).

Once again the level of detail and required specification compliance noted in these documents exceeded

the older construction plans markedly.79

Although, again, there remains very little variance from the previous earlier project home types, in

respect to general construction detail and material nomination, there are now a few minor variations. In

addition to the usual concrete slab, cavity brick and enclosed narrow eaves, awning windows have now

been used in addition to the standard aluminium framed sliders. Render has also used to the front

elevation. The raked ceiling again appears in this dwelling, with the remainder of ceilings replicating the

previous project home versions. Roof tiles have also been substituted with colourbond custom orb roof

sheeting, (now also insulated, although primarily to dampen rain noise) which, although not uncommon,

has yet appeared in the comparison until this type.80

78 The Homebuyers Centre (2002). 'Original construction drawings for Type "Abroholos" for Owners xx *(withheld)* Orelia'.

79 Ibid.

80 Although the house was insulated in its original form (generally to dampen rain noise), this was removed from the thermal performance

calculations to ensure comparable results.



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With 16 allocated spaces and 14 rooms, the density of this house sits well above the pre 1980s types.

Reflective of the 1996 Orelia type, multiple living spaces (two in this smaller instance) are provided, one

of which is specifically formal. The main bedroom again has its own ensuite and ‘robe’ room. Spatial

savings have however been made with the exclusion of robes to the minor bedrooms. The one main

difference in this type, compared to previous, is the new 'feature' Alfresco zone; a formalised outside

dining space covered by the main roof.

Once again, due to the age of the dwelling, little significant material change has been made to the

building, other than the enclosure of the carport.

2009 RIVERVALE

The 2009 Rivervale residence was dated and

recorded with the aid of available records held by

the owner.81 The available records were also


with the aid of ‘Google Earth’ images. The Rivervale



Rivervale was previously known as 'Barndon Hill' after Richard Barndon, the proprietor of the local

'Brewers Arms'. After 1884 it became known as 'Rivervale', the name used for the local railway station

on the Perth to Armadale line. The name’s origin is descriptive and references the Swan River.82

The lot on which the 2009 Rivervale house is located was originally an older lot, the previous house

having been demolished to accommodate the current subdivision. The Rivervale house is located on the

street frontage of the two lots.

The Rivervale house is also a project home and was built for the current owner by Redink Homes. The

documents which accompany this house, called the 'Crimson 800 Living',83 (Image 3.20, page 97) are of

similar detail and content to those used for the 2002 Orelia house.

It is also similar to the 2002 Orelia house, in constructional detail and finish. Concrete slab, cavity face

brick, corrugated custom orb and aluminium sliders are all typically used. Although there are instances

of ceiling height variance in this house, the ceiling height also remains typically low. The eaves width is

the only notable variance, having been reduced further in this house.

81 Redink Homes (2009). 'Original construction drawings for Type"Crimson 800 Living" for Owners xx *(withheld)*' Rivervale.



83 Redink Homes (2009). 'Original construction drawings for Type"Crimson 800 Living" for Owners xx *(withheld)*' Rivervale.

Image 3.19: Rivervale, 2009


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In respect to its planning, this house has the highest number of allocated spaces in the comparison set,

with 21 named spaces of which 19 are enclosed rooms. As in the previous project home types, the main

bedroom has been isolated from the remaining minor bedrooms. With its own ensuite and separate

enclosed toilet, it has also now been provided with individual ‘his’ and ‘her’ robe rooms,

compartmentalising the home even further than previously. Each of the minor bedrooms (three in this

instance) also has its own robe allocation and shares a bathroom and a toilet. Again, as in the previous

2002, 1996 and 1995 examples, this house combines the dining, kitchen and living spaces into one large

allocated space. The Alfresco, (now simply labelled 'Entertaining') also reappears, as does the double

carport (enclosed in this instance). In addition there is also a new 'feature' in the theatre, forming a

centralised space, but effectively renaming what would have previously been known as a lounge or

living space.

Although this house would have originally been provided with roof and perhaps even ceiling insulation,

this aspect was removed from the initial calculations to enable comparable results.

Although cursory, this investigation into the formal development of the Perth housing type is suggestive.

Despite a brief period during the 1960s, when housing design began to investigate typological and

stylistic change (reflecting contemporaneous public interest in architectural discourse), the general

appearance and typological approach of the Perth home seems to have changed very little, other than

becoming denser and more insular. Although general planning principles, construction techniques and

material usage have changed very little, there are several key markers which seem to have guided the

evolution of the Perth domestic type to its present form. These include; the demise of lightweight

construction; the introduction of the concrete slab, and most significantly; the advent of the project

home. Each of these historical markers has led to Perth’s modern day home, which is now significantly

larger, services fewer people and claims to provide far greater amenity in its allocation of spaces and

features, than ever before in Perth’s relatively succinct history.

How sustainability concerns have been reflected or addressed during this evolution is the focus of the

indexation method specifically designed for the comparison of these homes.

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97

Image 3.20 Rivervale, 2009

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CHAPTER 4

EVALUATING AND RANKING THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

The indexation method was developed to enable the tabulation, comparison and ranking of the

sustainable performance of each of the historically representative Perth housing types, over three broad

categories. These categories were:

Consumption:

Which included lot use, volume use, area use and perimeter efficiency.

Wellbeing:

Which included the overall accumulated ranking of glazing to volume.

Seasonal and Passive Performance:

Which included the overall accumulated ranking of both summer and winter rankings.

This data was collated in a series of tables to enable comparison:

Table 4.1: Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary Sheet

Table 4.2: Indexation Chart - Calculation Sheet

Table 4.3: Indexation Chart - Summer Hourly Temperatures

Table 4.4: Indexation Chart - Winter Hourly Temperatures

Table 4.5: Indexation Chart - Check and Verification Sheet

Upon evaluation and comparison of the ranked and tabulated data across each of these categories, the

performance of each house was, not surprisingly, found to be typically reflective of its historical context.

The results are suggestive of a distinct typological evolution, marked by improving affluence, the

impacts of the growth of a global economy, intellectual debate as well as technological and industry

development. The results also suggest that, despite the rhetoric, a sustainable domestic type continues

to elude Perth’s housing market.

The ranked performance of each of the fifteen historically representative houses follows.

BUILDING PERFORMANCES

1860 Cockman House performance

Although Cockman House ranked relatively high in ‘Consumption Rankings’ (at 4th) it rated poorly across

all other categories.

Its ‘Overall Summer Performance’ ranked it 8th whilst its ‘Winter Performance’ placed it last in that

ranking. This is despite its thick limestone and lime plastered walls offer thermal lag ratings of between

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7.61 and 9.64 hours. Despite the temperature profile of the living zone suggesting improved winter

stabilisation (Tables 4.3 and 4.4), the overall impact of the stabilisation is not as much as expected. This

is particularly evident when compared to the temperature profile of the timber framed, 1930s

Bassendean house. The winter performance can however be attributed to internal heat loss through the

essentially open roof structure, thereby negating the thermal lag potential of the wall structure. Despite

the shingle structure having good insulation capacity and a high thermal lag of 0.6 hours when

compared to the alternate tin at 0.04 hours, the data (at Table 4.2) suggests that adding roof insulation

improves winter performance by a factor of 3%, confirming the structure's propensity for heat loss.

The cottage’s summer performance is likely a factor of heat retention through a combination of poor

ventilation (allowing heat accumulation) and the uninsulated thermal mass of the walls (transferring day

time heat loads into the evening). The planning of Cockman House only allows for minimal natural

ventilation. Although this is improved by the high open roof space and the open, over-wall air flow, the

cottage’s small openings and lack of cross air flow means that the dwelling vents poorly.

However, the provision of alternate, well ventilated living spaces with verandahs to both front and rear,

does provide some added protection from solar gain to walls and window surfaces. Although this has

undoubtedly improved the summer performance, the verandahs also exclude winter solar gain,

contributing to the cottage’s overall poorer than expected winter performance.

The data also suggests that adding double glazing to the windows provides little, to no benefit. This is

likely a factor of the minimal glazing provision in the first instance, as well as the original use of timber

frames (providing thermal break).

Although the lot use ratio of the cottage is high, suggesting a good degree of self sustenance, the

material usage ratios are only moderate. This ratio has however been based on assumed modern

occupancy patterns. Should the actual number of occupying children have been included in the

calculations, the material efficiencies would have calculated considerably higher.

1920 West Leederville performance

Although the cavity brick and tin built West Leederville house performs moderately well across both the

‘Summer’ (2nd) and ‘Winter’ (4th) ‘Performance Rankings’, it is let down by its ‘Consumption’ (15th) and

‘Wellbeing Rankings’ (13th). Although the house’s ‘Consumptive Performance’ suggests low efficiencies

in occupant to materials used, like the Wanneroo dwelling, the application of actual occupant use (if

known), would have improved this ranking.

With improved opening sizes and locations, ventilation opportunity has improved from the Wanneroo

house, which is reflected in the good ‘Summer Ranking’. Summer response appears to have been further

improved by the significant enclosure of the perimeter by verandahs and sleep-outs (the sleep-outs

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simulating reverse brick veneer construction). Both the sleep-outs and verandahs also provide an

alternate ventilated space when internal accumulated heat becomes excessive.

The dwelling's ‘Overall Winter Performance’ is also surprisingly good, which may be attributed to good

solar gain through increased glazing and reduced eaves. West Leederville's profile for winter in fact

shows an almost 3'C improvement on external temperatures overall. This would seem in keeping with

the improved insulatory performance of the air gap in the cavity brick construction, improving the

thermal lag profile. The winter performance could be further improved by adding insulation to either

the roof or ceiling (not used in its original form), with the results suggesting marginal winter benefit with

either application.1

With increased glazing ratios (although still ranking at the lower end) and even in despite of timber

frames, winter benefit could also be slightly improved with the substitution of double glazing.

1925 Burswood performance

The 1925 Burswood cavity brick and tile residence ranks moderately to poorly across all categories; 8th

on ‘Consumption’, 11th on ‘Wellbeing’, 7th on ‘Summer Performance’ and 11th on ‘Winter’.

In respect to ‘Summer Performance’, the data suggests that, although similar in construction, this

residence performs slightly poorer than its West Leederville contemporary. This is likely the result of its

increased density in planning, thereby reducing capacity to ventilate. Despite this, the house does seem

to have been deliberately orientated to respond to northern light (for shading, primarily). However,

given the house also addresses the street, whether this is simply fortuitous will remain unknown. In any

event, the main verandah forms a protective corner skirt to the north west of the house, providing deep

shading that also affords a sheltered outdoor aspect in winter.

The data also suggests that retrofitted roof insulation would improve general performance. Although,

given its roof tile’s thermal lag rating of 1.2 hours, the achievable improvement was less than its tin

sheeted contemporary.

The house's lot rankings are an improvement on West Leederville, however, this perhaps more a

reflection of the social ranking and wealth of the occupants (i.e. greater land holding). Its ‘Consumptive

Rankings’ are also improved (although still relatively poor) due to its increased density and ceiling

heights.

1 It should be noted that ‘Overall Winter Performance’ may have been slightly distorted due to Ecotect calculation discrepancies (refer CHAPTER 2:

INDEXING THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - ECOTECT PARAMETERS AND GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENTS, Footnote 28). This is exemplified by the

‘Entry Lobby’ temperature data set (refer Table 4.4). Permutation investigations were however conducted and suggested that such discrepancies

resulted in only minor overall performance variance. The overall temperature discrepancy was therefore considered to be a negligible and

manageable anomaly in this small comparative test set.

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1931 ‘Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage’ performance

Although the lightweight, timber framed Herdsman Lake residence ranks well for ‘Consumption’

(ranking 2nd), and moderately for ‘Summer Performance’ (at 5th), it does not perform well across the

other categories, ranking 14th for ‘Wellbeing’ and 11th for ‘Winter Performance’.

The ‘Summer Performance’ is reflective of the dwelling’s capacity to ventilate. Its compact size,

simplicity of plan and the symmetrical allocation of openings, allows for more moderate ventilation

rates than the previous types.

In a similar manner to its contemporary in Bassendean, the combination of ventilation capacity and the

wall structure's inability to delay heat transfer, reduces the dwelling's capacity for heat accumulation.

Both Herdsman and Bassendean likewise share similar poor ‘Winter Performance Rankings’, reflective

again of the structures’ inability to retain accumulated heat.

Herdsman and Bassendean also share virtually identical summer performance gains or losses with the

addition of insulation or double glazing as well as similar summer performance across a range of other

criteria including; negligible improvement with roof insulation; marginal discomfort increase with the

addition of ceiling insulation (likely a factor of heat retention); and negligible improvement when double

glazing is provided.

By contrast the Herdsman Cottage shows consistently reduced performance with the application of

either insulation or double glazing. This is likely due to the dwelling's lower plan density and the

increased capacity of the perimeter to contribute to solar gain.

Despite this, ‘Consumptive Rankings’ for the Herdsman Cottage are generally good and typically reflect

the economy of its size and the intent (however flawed2) for it to provide for self-sustenance.

1932 Bassendean performance

The lightweight, timber framed, 1932 Bassendean cottage’s capacity to ventilate, is relatively high, a

factor of its small plan, good proportion of openings and symmetry. However, just as in the case of the

Herdsman Cottage, the low thermal rating of its lightweight walls (with a lag of 0.36 hours) results in

one of the smallest inside-outside temperature differentials of the test set. This enables the modulation

of summer heat accumulation, when natural wind is available and ventilation is managed effectively. In

contrast, however, the overall ‘Summer Performance Ranking’ remains relatively moderate at 5th, its

calculation reliant on external temperature differentials.

2 Refer CHAPTERS 3: PERTH DOMESTIC CASE STUDIES - 1931 Herdsman Settler’s Cottage, Herdsman.

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Winter temperatures are, by contrast, particularly poor, both for actual temperature and general

comfort rankings. The home is able to capture radiant heat to greater effect than the Wanneroo house,

for example, however, it cannot maintain and stabilise temperatures (refer Table 4.4).

It is because of the structure's capacity to rapidly transfer heat, that the application of mechanical

cooling to both this house and the Herdsman contemporary would be ineffective without the use of wall

and ceiling insulation.

According to the data, Bassendean’s performance with the addition of roof insulation is similar to that of

Herdsman Cottage, both suggesting little ‘Summer Performance’ benefit. Once again, this is likely a

factor of the wall performance, with heat gain through the wall structure negating any roof effect.

Adding ceiling insulation and double glazing is also of negligible summer benefit and in fact appears to

only trap the heat further. The application of roof insulation also appears to reduce its winter capacity,

suggesting heat gain through the roof structure is significant. Ceiling insulation and double glazing do

however improve comfort marginally, reinforcing the assumption that heat loss through room surfaces

is the primary problem in winter.

In respect to the cottage's ‘Consumption Rankings’, the lot use appears to be mid-range, ranking 7th.

This is, however, more a factor of the dwelling’s size (imposed by economy), rather than a deliberate

attempt at self-sufficiency. Although the consumptive area is ranked reasonably, overall its small size

generates below average volume and area consumptions, based on contemporary use statistics.

1950 Wembley performance

The 1950 Wembley cavity brick and tile residence ranks 9th for ‘Wellbeing’, ‘Overall Seasonal’ and

‘Summer Ranking’, 7th for ‘Winter’ and a poor 13th for ‘Consumption’.

Although glazing ratios have improved from the earlier types, the density of the house and complexity of

plan results in one of the poorest ventilation capacities in the test set. This in turn is reflective of the

poor temperature rankings. The building density does however play a part in moderating both the

‘Summer’ and ‘Winter Rankings’. In winter the building density aids in heat accumulation. In summer,

despite the form being unable to vent and thereby resulting in temperature accumulation in sensitive

areas, on balance the ‘Overall Summer Ranking’ remains moderate.

The data also suggests that the addition of insulation or double glazing has little benefit to the summer

performance but improves performance marginally in winter.

The ‘Overall Consumptive Ranking’ is one of the worst rating in the set, with poor rankings across each

of the criteria, a surprising result given the building type’s intent for frugality. Despite this, the perimeter

efficiency does rank slightly better, again a factor of the building's density.

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1957 Bayswater performance

In regards to ‘Consumption’ and ‘Wellbeing Rankings’, the 1957 concrete block and tile Bayswater

house, ranks comparably to its Wembley contemporary, with 11th and 12th rankings respectively. Despite

this, the ‘Consumptive Rankings’ on the Bayswater house are higher than expected, which, although a

small house, is relative to the modern occupancy rate it can achieve. The original occupancy trend for

the house would have undoubtedly returned a far greater occupancy rate, which would in turn have

improved this rating.

The combination of all factors does, however, rank it well overall. The narrow ‘L’ shape of the plan and

the symmetrical location of openings provides the house with one of the highest ventilation rankings of

the comparison set. This in turn is reflected by the dwelling producing the best ‘Overall Summer

Performance Ranking’ (1st), with the data suggesting a moderately low overall level of discomfort as well

as low summer heat retention in sensitive zones.

In winter, the overall performance across all elements is also moderately good, returning the best

ranking for comfort and reasonable rankings for temperature differentials (2nd overall). Given the low

perimeter to floor area efficiency, this is perhaps not surprising, allowing for good wall heat loading and

solar gain. The portico on the front verandah does not however, contribute to solar passive

performance, being too deep and too low for effective winter sun.

The use of concrete block and tile also does not appear to significantly contribute to overall

performance. The rendered cavity concrete block construction provides for a thermal lag of 7.91 hours,

which is a slight improvement on the rendered clay cavity brick equivalent of 7.17 hours.

When it comes to the roof performance however, although still better than tin (at 0.04 hours), the

concrete roof tiles have a lower thermal lag performance of 0.78 hours when compared to the clay

version with 1.2 hours. Although lag can assist to stabilise evening temperature differentials, the overall

performance variance due to material use appears marginal between the Bayswater and Wembley

houses.

The benefits afforded by insulation and modified glazing also seem to be marginal. According to the

data, neither the addition of insulation or double glazing provides summer benefit, and in fact reduces

performance very slightly in some instances, suggesting the propensity for entrapped heat load. In

winter, alternatively, there is marginal benefit, with double glazing in this house returning a

comparatively high improvement of 2%.

1960 Innaloo performance

With the eaves now enclosed by asbestos sheet, the ventilation capacity of the roof has been reduced in

the cavity brick and tile, Innaloo residence. However, in conjunction with the significant increase in

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glazing ratios, the eaves now also permit good solar winter gain, whilst being of suitable depth to

provide solar protection in summer.

The good proportion of openings, and the use of 90' opening awnings windows, also encourages good

ventilation, however the lack of cross ventilation reduces the overall ventilation capacity. Although a

lack of good cross ventilation is reflected in reduced ‘Overall Summer Performance’, Innaloo still ranks

reasonably at 7th, comparable to the 1920s housing types.

‘Winter Rankings’ are also comparatively average at 9th, which is likely to be a factor of the significant

shading created by the courtyard (when in the alternate north orientation) and the resultant reduced

heat gain the high ratio of shaded perimeter wall. This ranking is in contrast to the Bayswater residence,

which likewise had a high perimeter to floor ratio but was not so heavily shaded.

Due to the ratio of glazing provided, the Innaloo house would benefit from the substitution of double

glazing in winter (with a 3% improvement).

Roof and ceiling insulation also provides some benefit, with ceiling insulation providing a better

response by capping heat loss directly.

Despite the moderate rankings in both seasons, neither the ‘Summer’ or ‘Winter Performance’ is

significantly poor. This reflects a good across the board ‘Overall Seasonal Adaptation Ranking’ at 5th.

With reduced ceilings and a moderately small foot print, (in keeping with the previous decades

frugality), the ‘Consumptive Rankings’ are also generally good to moderate, other than for the

‘Perimeter Ranking’ which is due to the courtyard style approach. Despite this, once consideration is

made for the ‘Seasonal Rankings’, the ‘Overall Ranking’ of the Innaloo house remains moderately good

at 4th. Being second only to Bayswater, it tops the rankings of the previous housing types, and is perhaps

reflective of the 60s intellectual investigation into climate suitability, and the resultant shift in the

expected role of housing in the provision of human comfort.

1962 East Cannington performance

The cavity brick and asbestos roofed East Cannington house is arguably the most interesting type in this

set, returning rankings of 5th for ‘Overall Performance’, 5th for ‘Consumption’, 8th for ‘Wellbeing’, 7th for

‘Overall Seasonal’, 3rd for ‘Summer Performance’ and 12th for ‘Winter’.

Unlike its contemporary in Innaloo, the eaves are not lined in this residence, and despite its

untraditional roof form, they are comparatively narrow and not suitable for solar exclusion. In addition,

despite the insulation capacity of the asbestos used in the dwelling’s roof sheeting, the relative thinness

of the material provides a reduced thermal lag of 0.05 hours, compared to the clay tiles of the Innaloo

contemporary at 1.2 hours.

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One of the most interesting features of this house is, however, its use of casement windows. Although

the glazing ratios are moderate, in an apparent attempt to capture prevailing breezes, each of the

operable windows on the front south facing elevation opens such that south westerly breezes can be

captured. Given the contemporaneous intellectual discussion regarding climatically appropriate design,

this does not seem to be accidental. It is for this reason, in combination with its relatively low density in

plan, the East Cannington house has one of the highest ventilation rankings in the test set. In turn, this is

reflected by its good summer temperature differentials, being outranked only by the smaller homes, or

those such as Bayswater with a more exposed foot print.

‘Winter Performance’ is however slightly poorer than its Innaloo contemporary. This is a factor perhaps

of its reduced glazing and the significant portion of glazing and walling being shaded by the carport.

The ‘Consumptive Rankings’ of this residence are relatively good, with particularly good rankings in both

volume and floor area ratios. This is due in part to the third bedroom being more suitable to modern

occupancy habits, providing a better ranking when compared to the smaller and older types. Despite its

compact size, it is however let down by its perimeter efficiencies, inflated by the complexity in form of

the ablution integration.

Overall, however, the house does rank highly in the set at 5th and ranks equivalent to its contemporary

in Innaloo.

1987 Munster performance

Like its Bibra Lake contemporary, the cavity brick and tiled Munster house performs well overall, despite

some more average thermal rankings, with; ‘Overall Performance’ ranked at equal 1st, ‘Consumption’

ranking at 1st; ‘Wellbeing’ ranking at 2nd; ‘Overall Seasonal Performance’ ranking 12th, ‘Summer

Performance’ 13th and ‘Winter’ 6th.

Even though the glazing ratios are comparative to the 1960s Innaloo residence, and are relatively high,

the density of the plan reflects a reduced ventilation capacity. The frames and operation of the windows

has also now changed to aluminium sliding, with a reduced thermal rating compared to the previous

timber framed construction. With high ratios of this poorly insulated aluminium framed glazing, the

application of thermally broken, double glazed windows offers significant winter improvement, with a

6.5% discomfort reduction.

Economy in construction has also affected the thermal performance of the exterior walls. In those areas

where the internal surface has been plastered (either hardwall or board), the internal brick has been

reduced to 90mm thickness, a reduction of 10 to 15mm on earlier type thicknesses. This has reduced

the thermal lag from 6.65 hours in the case of Innaloo, to 6.22 hours for this Munster house.

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Both the reduced thermal lag and the reduced capacity for ventilation has resulted in one of the

greatest temperature variances of the type set, second only to the 2009 Rivervale house, and is

suggestive of the inability of the building to remove accumulated heat. This perceived effect would also

be further compounded by the low ceilings. The combination has in turn returned a comparatively poor

‘Summer Performance Ranking’. In contrast, the overall ‘Winter Ranking’ is the best in the set, mirroring

the summer performance in the building’s capacity to absorb and retain heat.

The application of insulation and double glazing does however provide minimal benefit in summer, with

roof insulation providing the greatest improvement. This is likely a factor of the size and expanse of the

contained roof zone, with insulation thereby reducing the overall internal accumulation of heat in the

large, enclosed space.

Overall there is an inherent and unmistakable economy in the construction of 1980s types presented,

despite the abundance of extra 'features'. Although ‘lot use’ is, in this instance, slightly less favourable

(the result of reducing suburban lot size), the dense plan and efficiency in material use, has achieved

reasonable ‘Consumptive Rankings’ across each category. This is perhaps a factor of the emerging

project home market seeking economy of build, for maximum profit.

In the end, even with the poor ‘Summer Ranking’, the ‘Overall Ranking’ of the Munster house is

surprisingly high, ranking the best of the set, having been buoyed by both the ‘Winter’ and

‘Consumptive Rankings’.


The cavity brick and tile, 1986 Bibra Lake residence also returned some interesting rankings with; a 1st

place ranking for ‘Overall Performance’; 2nd for ‘Wellbeing’; 12th for ‘Overall Seasonal Performance

Ranking’; 13th for ‘Summer’; and 6th for ‘Winter Performance’.

Not surprisingly, by using similar planning, construction and materials, the ‘Overall Ranking’ of this

house replicates its Munster contemporary. However, this is on balance, with Munster providing better

‘Seasonal Ranking’ and Bibra Lake making up the difference in ‘Consumption’.

With better glazing rankings and planning more conducive to cross ventilation, there is a small overall

improvement in the ‘Summer Performance’ when compared to Munster. The overall discomfort is

higher, yet the temperature differentials have improved. This suggests that although heat build-up in

this residence is not as problematic as in Munster (with its lesser ventilation capacity), the increased

glazing and exposed perimeter generate greater periods of discomfort.

‘Winter Performance’ is considerably poorer, reducing the ‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’ compared to

Munster. Heat loss through reduced density and increased non-solar conducive glazing (i.e. incorrectly

orientated or overly shaded) would seem to contribute to this discrepancy.

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With better ratios of glazing than Munster, the substitution of double glazing shows fair to good

improvement in both winter and summer, exceeding Munster's results with a notably 9.5% comfort

improvement. The data resulting from the substitution of ceiling insulation does, however, indicate

reduced performance, suggesting that heat entrapment may be a problem. Roof insulation instead

provides a better summer outcome.

In respect to ‘Consumptive Rankings’, Bibra Lake does show marginal improvement on the Munster

house, even despite the considerably poorer ‘Perimeter Rankings’. This result reflects the density of

planning, low ceiling heights and economy of construction.


Despite this project home’s intent for economy, the 14th placed ‘Overall Consumptive Ranking’ of the

1995 Bibra Lake residence, suggests reducing ‘Consumptive Performance’ since the 80s. The high ‘Lot

Use Ranking’ (14th) not only reflects a lack of achievable self-sustenance, but also the lot’s reduced

capacity to provide microclimatic modulation. This house has clearly not been designed for self-

sustenance, but for affordability. The other ‘Consumption Rankings’ are also relatively poor on balance,

particularly when also considering that the earlier types would have had much higher occupancy rates

than this contemporary comparison has allowed.

The density of planning and resultant moderate glazing ratios also give a low ventilation capacity, which

in turn reflects a ‘Summer Performance Ranking’ of 13th, on par with the other 80s types. This is not

unexpected, given the virtually identical construction methods used.

The homes ‘Overall Winter Performance Ranking’ of 6th is also comparable to the 80s types (although

slightly poorer than the 1987 Munster version). Poor glazing ratios (with poor solar access), in

combination with a poor perimeter ratio (exposing a high surface area to loss) would all contribute.

The similarity in data to the Munster house for the impact of insulation and double glazing substitution,

is also not unexpected given their relatively similar density, comparable shading and reasonably

comparable glazing ratios. The reduced winter comfort from using ceiling insulation in the roof does

however suggest that heat gain through the roof supplements winter performance. Despite this, the

retrofitted roof insulation does not fully block this gain, with heat gain still possible through the gable

ends.

The ‘Overall Ranking’ of this residence is, on balance, moderately poor and is the result of its poorer

rankings across most categories.


The 1996 cavity brick and tile Orelia house, ranks as one of the worst performing of the comparative set,

with an ‘Overall Ranking’ of 15th; ‘Consumption Ranking’ of 14th; ‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’ of 15th and

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respective ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter Rankings’ of 13th and 14th. The house’s only performance positive is in

its ‘Wellbeing Ranking’ of 3rd, reflective of the increased preference for, and greater affordability of

glazing in contemporary dwellings.

Despite the reasonable glazing rankings, the density and lack of cross-flow paths in the 1996 Orelia

house provide it with a poor ventilation ranking. This in turn is reflected in its poor ‘Summer

Performance Ranking’ both for overall comfort and temperature variance. The minimal eaves and, on

balance, large amounts of poorly shaded glazing, would also contribute to this solar heat gain.

Due to the amount of glazing, the substitution of double glazing does return some summer performance

benefit. Roof insulation improves more significantly, suggestive of additional heat gain being

accumulated through the roof whilst allowing for some loss at the eave line. Ceiling insulation, like

other types, in fact appears to reduce summer performance, which is likely the result of increased heat

entrapment.

‘Winter Rankings’ are equally poor across all areas and may be the result of a combination of glazing

extent and poorly considered solar allocation. This is reinforced by the comparatively substantial

performance improvement when double glazing is used, providing a 9% comfort improvement. Winter

improvement is also recorded with the application of both ceiling and roof insulation; ceiling performing

better.

Based on the ‘Overall Rankings’, the 1996 dwelling performs the least favourably of the type set. Its

‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’ is the worst performing, with its ‘Winter Performance Ranking’ one of the

worst, second only to Wanneroo. It is also in the top five of the worst ranking ‘Summer Performance

Rankings’. In terms of its consumptive efficiencies however, despite ranking the best in respect to

perimeter efficiency, overall it ranks as one of the worst performers, second only to the 1920 West

Leederville residence. However, if actual occupancy rates were considered, the West Leederville house

would have readily delegated the 1996 Orelia house to first place.


The 2002 cavity brick and ‘colourbond’ Orelia house, ranks quite moderately overall, a factor, it would

seem, of its increased glazing and rectangular plan. It ranks 6th for ‘Overall Performance’, 12th for

‘Consumptive Ranking’, 2nd for ‘Wellbeing’, 5th for ‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’, 10th for ‘Summer

Performance’ and 4th for ‘Winter Performance’.

A comparably narrower 'stretched' plan, relatively favourable glazing ratios, along with a reasonable

potential for cross-flow, gives the type a reasonably moderate capacity for ventilation. This is reduced

slightly, however, by the use of modern, restricted opening, awning windows, in evidence for the first

time in this type. By blocking direct air flow, this style of window generally provides less opportunity for

ventilation, unless used for directional air, or in conjunction with pressurised cross-flow.

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Render has also now been used to the front elevation which, even despite the use of 90mm block in lieu

of face brick, provides a slightly improved thermal lag of 6.49 hours, as compared to cavity face brick of

6.37 hours.

The ‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’ is relatively moderate. Although ‘Summer Rankings’ and variance

generally reflect the previous project home data, there is slight improvement due to improved

ventilation. ‘Winter Rankings’ also show some improvement on the earlier project home styles

(significantly more improvement when compared to the 1996 Innaloo). With better glazing ratios and

improved northern solar opportunity (i.e. good northern exposure along the length of the living zone)

and less density (thereby better solar penetration), this is not unexpected.

Although the house was insulated in its original form (specifically to dampen rain noise), this was

removed from the calculations to ensure comparable results. As in the previous project home styles, the

(re)application of ceiling or roof insulation to this type only provides marginal benefit and only if used in

the roof. The use of insulation below the roof sheet appears to prevent solar heat gain transfer, whilst

permitting the escape of internalised accumulated heat. In winter, double glazing and both roof and

ceiling insulation provide some benefit. Further, in reflection of increased glazing ratios, double glazing

provides the greatest comfort improvement with a 7% comfort increase.

Although not as densely planned or as large as the earlier Orelia house, the 2002 Orelia house still

measures as one of the largest in floor area, behind only the 1996 Orelia's 214.83sqm and the 2009

Rivervale at 218.04sqm. At 163.18sqm, the 2002 Orelia is 12.8sqm larger than the previously largest

house, the 1925 Burswood dwelling. With a lot area of 679.81sqm (which is relatively comparable to the

previous types), the ‘Overall Consumptive Ranking’ is therefore relatively poor, but by no means the

worst.

On balance, the accumulation of each ranking does provide the 2002 Orelia house with a moderately

good, middle ground ranking.

2009 Rivervale performance

The ‘Overall Consumption Ranking’ of the 2009 Rivervale house is in the top seven of the worst

performing types in the set. It also ranks poorly across most categories, with an ‘Overall Ranking’ of 12th,

‘Consumption Ranking’ of 10th, ‘Wellbeing Ranking’ of 7th, ‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’ of 13th, ‘Summer

Performance Ranking’ of 15th and a slightly better ‘Winter Ranking’ of 8th.

The floor area of this house is the largest in the set at 218.04sqm. Sitting by contrast on the smallest lot

size of 387.04sqm, provides it with the worst lot ‘Consumption Ranking’ of the set. This has significant

impact on the capacity of the lot to assist with microclimatic adaptation, let alone self-sufficiency.

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Although perimeter use rankings are good and volume occupancy reasonable (reflective of the low

ceilings), occupancy use per area also remains poor.

With a dense plan, little opportunity for cross-flow and poor glazing ratios, the 2009 Rivervale house

also has one of the poorest ventilation capacities in the set, second only to Wanneroo. This is reflected

in poor summer temperature variances. The ‘Overall Summer Performance’ is in fact the worst in the

set, with ‘Winter Rankings’ providing only a moderate overall performance. The accumulated ‘Overall

Seasonal Rankings’ is also one of the poorest, ranking behind only Wanneroo and the 1996 Orelia house.

As in previous types, this house would have originally been provided with roof insulation, and perhaps

even ceiling, this aspect was removed from the initial calculations to enable comparable results.

Although reinserting roof insulation for summer only marginally improves comfort (reducing heat

transfer through the roof), the impact of both ceiling and roof insulation in other instances is notable.

Interestingly, the data in fact suggests that standardised insulation to the roof marginally reduces

comfort in winter. With the custom orb having a low thermal lag, this is likely a factor of building density

and the impact of reduced solar gain through the roof space. Locating the insulation to the ceiling again

marginally reduces performance, but in both summer and winter, trapping heat or prevent gain

respectively.

With moderate glazing ratios, double glazing also provides some performance gain in both seasons,

although substantially more in winter with a 5% improvement. This is a factor of poor solar glazing

allocation.

After accumulating the rankings, with a combination of poor and average responses across most

categories, the 2009 Rivervale house provides the 3rd worst ranking in the set. High density planning,

high consumption and poor to mediocre seasonal performance are all reflective of this result.

SUMMARY OF RANKINGS

The comparative performance of each of the house types highlights certain trends and capacities.

Certain housing types performed better than others across varying performance markers. The summary

of that performance will identify how the Perth housing type has evolved, to what extent principles of

sustainability have been accommodated, identify particular points in Perth’s history were typological

response may have been more sustainable and perhaps also be suggestive of how typological change

may be affected in order to evolve a more sustainable Perth domestic response.

Overall Ranking

The ‘Overall Ranking’ is the accumulated rankings from the three comparison categories which included:

‘Consumption’; ‘Wellbeing’ and ‘Seasonal and Passive Performance’.

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The accumulated performance of each housing type has been ranked from best to worst:

1. 1986 Bibra Lake: 73 ranked points - equally ranked with;

1987 Munster: 73 ranked points

3. 1957 Bayswater:79 ranked points

4. 1960 Innaloo: 81 ranked points

5. 1962 East Cannington: 86 ranked points

6. 2002 Orelia: 87 ranked points

7. 1931 Herdsman: 94 ranked points

8. 1920 West Leederville: 96 ranked points

9. 1995 Bibra Lake: 100 ranked points

10. 1932 Bassendean: 105 ranked points - equally ranked with;

1925 Burswood: 105 ranked points

12. 2009 Rivervale: 110 ranked points

13. 1950 Wembley: 111 ranked points

14. 1860 Wanneroo: 118 ranked points

15. 1996 Orelia: 122 ranked points

Both the 1980s dwellings top the performance list, which is perhaps not surprising. It was the 1980s

types which saw the development and standardisation of 1960s styled ‘indoor outdoor’ entertaining.

They were also the first true project homes in this set, driving the economy in their form. Although

protective eaves were still retained, their use of concrete, reduced ceilings, improved generosity in

glazing (resulting in part from efficiencies in brick-laying – i.e. windows went straight up to the eaves)

and compact planning, all reflect the overall performance ranking.

The 1960s set also rates highly, however perhaps not as high as expected, given the intellectual

discussion in regards to sustainability at the time. The 60s was, however, about experimentation and

investigation, so it is perhaps not so surprising that the 80s type peaked as it did. It is the

experimentation and deliberate interaction and use of the outdoors which is interesting about the 60s

type. However, even though neither of the considered houses from this era faced optimally, their eaves

coverage was good on balance. The East Cannington house also seemed to deliberately place windows

to capture prevailing breezes, with casement windows opening in an apparently deliberate orientation.

The Innaloo house appeared to do the same, making use of expansive top hung casement windows to

the main bedroom and living areas, likewise in a suitable direction. The singular typological appearance

of a wrapped ‘Mediterranean’ courtyard in the Innaloo house is also suggestive of an attempt at

ecological appropriateness and is very much in keeping with the intellectual discussion of the time.

Despite this, it is perhaps the efficiency that was prioritised by the 80s, which resulted in the poorer

ranking of the 1960 type.

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The 1957 Bayswater house also ranks well overall. It too has a compact design which was a factor of war

time frugality. It also, however, performs well thermally, its L-shaped plan (reminiscent of the courtyard

style of the Innaloo house), allowing good ventilation as well as solar gain.

Generally speaking, the more compact and efficient the housing type, the better its overall

performance. The exception to this is the Wanneroo house of the 1860s, its inability to stabilise

temperature as well as its poor glazing ratios (making solar capture and ventilation difficult), reducing its

overall performance.

Given the range of sustainability parameters and the variance in the built focus of each house typology,

inevitably types will perform better in some areas than others. It is therefore important to also compare

each sustainability parameter independently.

Consumption Ranking

‘Consumption Rankings’ were evaluated against each type based on the estimated usage per occupant.

Occupant use does, however, shift with social and historical condition, making comparisons potentially

problematic. To overcome this, contemporaneous baselines were defined by the number of bedrooms

(assuming one master bedroom with two occupants plus one occupant to each additional bedroom).

Although this assumption did sway the consumption calculations unfairly for the more modestly sized,

historical homes where occupancies would have been considerably higher, a base and level comparison

is important. Generalisations and assumptions have therefore been noted where appropriate.

The ‘Consumption Ranking’ was the accumulated ranking from each ranking of ‘Perimeter Efficiency’,

‘Area Use’, ‘Volume Use’ and ‘Lot Use’. Better rankings were applied to higher lot ratios, based on the

assumption that more green spaces allowed for the greater potential for ecology, food production, and

microclimatic manipulation.

The accumulated ‘Consumption Rankings’ follow, ranked from best to worst (the higher the points, the

worse the performance):

1. 1986 Bibra Lake: 19 points

2. 1931 Herdsman: 20 points

3. 1860 Wanneroo: 22 points - equally ranked with;

1987 Munster: 22 points

5. 1962 East Cannington: 24 points

6. 1960 Innaloo: 28 points

7. 1932 Bassendean: 32 points

8. 1925 Burswood: 33 points

9. 1995 Bibra Lake: 36 points – equally ranked with;

2009 Rivervale: 36 points

11. 1957 Bayswater: 37 points

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12. 2002 Orelia: 38 points

13. 1950 Wembley: 43 points


15. 1920 West Leederville: 45 points

The most consumptive efficient types are expectantly the earliest workers cottages styles on self-

sustaining blocks, as well as those from the 60s and 80s, as suggested by the ‘Overall Rankings’.

Dwelling size is, inevitably the biggest factor affecting consumption. As is evidenced even by this small

comparative set, Perth’s dwelling types are getting bigger, denser and more compartmentalised.

However, if rankings were weighted to accommodate historical occupancy rates, a far broader

separation between the older and newer types would be evident. The 2000 era home, for example,

would most certainly rank far lower than presently. Conversely, the 1860 Wanneroo, 1957 Bayswater

and 1920/30 types would improve. This would also undoubtedly affect the ‘Overall Rankings’, pushing

the more modern types further down the list.

Wellbeing Ranking

This category applied ranking to consider the effects of glazing and the resultant natural light and

wellbeing benefits. Type performance from best to worse follows:

1. 2002 Orelia: 3 points - equally ranked with;

1986 Bibra Lake: 3 points


4. 1987 Munster: 9 points - equally ranked with;

1960 Innaloo: 9 points

6. 1995 Bibra Lake: 13 points

7. 2009 Rivervale: 14 points

8. 1962 East Cannington: 15 points

9. 1950 Wembley: 18 points

10. 1932 Bassendean: 20 points

11. 1925 Burswood: 23 points

12. 1957 Bayswater: 24 points

13. 1920 West Leederville: 25 points

14. 1931 Herdsman: 28 points

15. 1860 Wanneroo: 30 points

Although the 2002 Orelia house ranks highly in this comparison, indicative of the modern desire for

greater glazing and more open design, again the position the 1980s types in this ranking set is notable.

Despite improved glazing provisions in the more recent housing, density and increasing floor areas

reduces the ranking performance.

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Seasonal and Passive Performance Ranking

Ecotect software was used in the generation of this ranking data. Although the Ecotect results generally

suggest minimal variations across the comparison set, even small temperature variables in climatic

responsive design can have significant overall impact across the life of a building. In a comparative

study, even minimal variations are of comparative significance. It should also be reiterated that each

type has been reoriented to achieve optimal northern light to the main living room, for the purpose of

ranking.

Ranking points in this category were accumulated both for the percentage of time of discomfort, as well

as actual diurnal temperature differentials (Refer to Table 4.2 through 4.4 for calculations). The rankings

for ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter Performance’, as well as accumulated performance follow, from best to worst

performance:

Overall Seasonal Ranking Summer Ranking Winter Ranking

1957 Bayswater: 18 points 1957 Bayswater: 9 points 1987 Munster: 5 points

1920 West Leederville: 26 points 1920 West Leederville: 12 points 1957 Bayswater: 9 points

1987 Munster: 42 points 1962 East Cannington: 14 points 2002 Orelia: 14 points

1960 Innaloo: 44 points 1931 Herdsman: 15 points 1920 West Leederville: 14 points

2002 Orelia: 46 points 1932 Bassendean: 15 points 1986 Bibra Lake: 17 points

1931 Herdsman: 46 points 1960 Innaloo: 17 points 1995 Bibra Lake: 17 points

1962 East Cannington: 47 points 1925 Burswood: 17 points 1950 Wembley: 19 points

1925 Burswood: 49 points 1860 Wanneroo: 21 points 2009 Rivervale: 22 points

1950 Wembley: 50 points 1950 Wembley: 31 points 1960 Innaloo: 27 points

1986 Bibra Lake: 51 points 2002 Orelia: 32 points 1931 Herdsman: 31 points

1995 Bibra Lake: 51 points 1986 Bibra Lake: 34 points 1925 Burswood: 32 points

1932 Bassendean: 51 points 1995 Bibra Lake: 34 points 1962 East Cannington: 33 points

2009 Rivervale: 60 points 1996 Orelia: 34 points 1932 Bassendean: 36 points

1860 Wanneroo: 66 points 1987 Munster: 37 points 1996 Orelia: 38 points

1996 Orelia: 72 points 2009 Rivervale: 38 points 1860 Wanneroo: 45 points

It is evident in this chart that variant types perform differently under different seasonal conditions. This

chart also illustrates the link between summer and winter performance which is represented by the

‘Overall Seasonal Ranking’. The flatter the link and the higher the type’s position in the chart, the better

the type’s performance will be, overall. This is illustrated by both Bayswater and West Leederville, which

rank highly both ‘Overall’ and ‘Seasonally’. The 1996 Orelia house is also interesting in that it perform

poorly ‘Seasonally’, being unable to ventilate or capture and retain heat.

The chart also illustrates an apparently typical inversion in type performance. Most types perform either

better in winter or summer. The lightweight structures of the Bassendean and Herdsman houses, for

example, perform better in summer than winter, suggestive of their capacity to ventilate and expel heat

rapidly. The Munster house inverts this, performing better in winter than summer, a factor of its dense

plan and low volume.

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The houses that perform well overall, are however the most interesting. They include the West

Leederville house with its replication of reverse brick veneer through the use of sleep-outs, and the

Bayswater house with its thin L-shaped plan.

DESIGN MODIFICATIONS FOR CLIMATE

In addition to the type comparisons, four baseline fabric changes were also tested against each dwelling,

in order to test the impact simple or retrofitted applications may have on historical performance. These

included; reorienting to north; the addition of double glazing to all windows; the addition of roof

insulation; and the addition of ceiling insulation. Each change was tested in isolation to enable ready

comparison.

Orientation

Data was collected from each of the dwellings both in their insitu orientation and adjusted, such that

(typically)3 the main living area faced north. With the standard housing type typically sited without

regard to solar orientation, reorientation for data collection was primarily to ensure equal comparisons,

as well as the best possible assessment of the type’s capacity.

The data suggests that, on the whole, reorienting each dwelling to face north had marginal but generally

improved total comfort impact on the summer results. There were however several instances were

discomfort was affected marginally by the action. These included:

1986 Bibra Lake (0.24% discomfort increase);

1996 Orelia (0.15% discomfort increase) and;

1995 Bibra Lake (0.11% discomfort decrease).

These results can be explained by increasing solar exposure to unprotected glass, in both the earlier

Bibra Lake and Orelia dwellings, and the reduced northern exposure to glass in the 1995 Bibra Lake type.

The winter measurements also registered marginal discomfort increases and decreases in several

instances:

1931 Herdsman (0.13% discomfort increase) being accounted for by increased shading incident;

1957 Bayswater (0.51% discomfort increase) being accounted for by reduced solar exposure to wall

surfaces with greater transmission as well as increased shading incident;

1960 Innaloo (1.08% discomfort increase) being accounted for by reduced solar exposure to glazing of

contained rooms;

1962 East Cannington (0.36% discomfort increase) being accounted for by reduced solar exposure to

glazing for both the east and west solar incident, and;

1932 Bassendean (0.18% discomfort decrease) being accounted for by increased glazing exposure, to both

northerly and westerly/easterly solar incident.

3 West Leederville was not orientated with living zones north, being considered better orientated with its front face facing north, due the location of

verandahs and larger glazing areas.

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The selected northern solar exposure to high use rooms (such as living and family rooms) is the most

important consideration in solar passive design, providing not only natural visible light, but also warmth

where most needed. Given the relatively minor increase in discomfort measured in these instances, the

reduced overall performance could be argued as inconsequential.

Double glazing

In order to provide fair comparison, all glazing across the dwelling types was initially nominated as

standard, clear float, regardless of the historical use or availability. Substituting this nomination with

timber framed double glazing produced interesting results.

Findings suggest that although all houses showed improved overall heat exclusion in summer, it was

only marginal. The greatest improvements were found in;

1986 Bibra Lake (0.33% discomfort decrease) and;

1996 Orelia (0.14% discomfort decrease).

The impact of double glazing in winter was however, much more significant, with improvements ranging

from 0.20% in the case of 1860 Cockman House to 9.53% for the 1986 Bibra Lake dwelling. Typically and

expectantly, greater improvement is seen in those dwellings with higher ratios of glazing to floor area,

or where the original frame was aluminium.

By choosing timber frames and double glazing, the overall building performance is typically improved in

winter, because of the overall improvement in the building skin’s thermal performance, and thereby the

reduction of heat loss through the skin. The benefit that is provided by double glazing does however

assume that;

- closed top curtains or insulating blinds are not used appropriately (or at all), (i.e. human

occupants chose not to manipulate and control the space);

- reduced solar radiation gain through northern windows is acceptable, (i.e. double glazing

reduces ingress due to increased refraction) and;

- the additional consumption of materials (i.e. double the glass) is acceptable and consideration

has been made for the likely and actual impact of carbon cost and waste.

Roof insulation

Roof insulation was removed from the more recent types in order to ensure a fair comparison of form,

however its retro-fittable use can improve a type’s performance markedly. 75mm insulation batting was

therefore added to the immediate underside of each roof in order to generate additional comparative

data.

118

Summer results suggest that in the case of the pre 1980 houses, there is little measurable improvement,

with the 1860s Wanneroo house in fact returning reduced performance. Given the dwelling’s inability to

vent in warmer seasons, this result suggests the importance of the roof as a means of heat escape, with

the addition of roof insulation reducing that action. In contrast, those houses from the 1980s onwards

show a consistent, if marginal, improvement ranging from 0.25% for the 2009 Rivervale house to 0.45%

for the 1986 Bibra Lake residence.

Winter results are less than consistent with the more significant findings as follows;

1931 Herdsman (0.05% discomfort increase) (medium absorbance grey roof);

1932 Bassendean (0.40% discomfort increase) (low absorbance light roof);

1962 East Cannington (0.09% discomfort increase) (low absorbance light grey roof);

1986 Bibra Lake (0.38% discomfort increase) (low absorbance red roof) and;

2009 Rivervale (0.10% discomfort increase) (medium absorbance grey roof).

1860 Cockman House (2.78% discomfort reduction) (high absorbance dark roof);

1950 Wembley (2.87% discomfort reduction) (low absorbance red roof);

1957 Bayswater (1.36% discomfort reduction) (low absorbance red roof) and;

2002 Orelia (1.58% discomfort reduction) (medium absorbance grey roof).

The minor and marginal discomfort increases could be accounted for by the reduction in thermal solar

gain through the roof. The more measurable discomfort reductions, however, seem to occur in those

houses where heat loss through the roof is proportionally significant when compared to other areas of

potential loss. In the case of Cockman House, with the lack of a ceiling, and heavy thermal walls, the roof

plane is the zone of the greatest thermal weakness. In the case of Wembley, the building’s density also

suggests the roof is thermally weak. Bayswater and Orelia show lesser discomfort reductions, perhaps

reflective of their similar L-shaped plans and the building form’s propensity for heat loss resulting from

increased surface exposure and therefore the reduced capacity to retain roof absorbed heat load.

Although roof colour has been proven to contribute to thermal performance (refer Reference Appendix

B: Achieving Domestic Sustainability), the case data shows little consistency in the potential impact of

roof colour. This is likely a reflection of the relatively minor variance in colour in the roofs of the case

study set. It therefore also reinforces the compatibility of related solar absorbance finding across the

case study.

Despite there being little benefit in summer and mixed results in winter, typically the instances of

reduced performance are marginal. On the balance, the benefits of roof insulation appear to be

significant. By preventing heat transfer to and from the contained space, the internal temperatures are

generally improved.

119

Ceiling insulation

Ceiling insulation can also be retrofitted and its evaluation highlights the importance of the correct and

considered location of performance improving materials. Although the same material properties were

used in the analysis as for roof insulation, locating the fabric directly above the ceiling space of enclosed

rooms achieved variant results.

On the whole, the use of ceiling insulation in summer had a marginal but largely consistently negative

impact on comfort, with only the 1987 Munster residence returning improved comfort readings of

0.02%. Bassendean’s 1932 residence provided the greatest reduced performance of 0.26%. These

results suggest greater performance reductions than the use of insulation at roof level, which can be

accounted by the capacity of the roof void to release entrapped internalised heat energy through the

eave line and within the space itself. By capping internal rooms with insulation, heat retention is

potentially increased.

Similar to the application of roof insulation, winter results for the use of ceiling insulation are mixed,

with six of the houses even suggesting a reduced performance than if roof insulation only was used.

1920 West Leederville (light coloured roof), with a marginal 0.08% reduced performance on roof

insulation;

1931 Herdsman (mid-absorbance mid-grey coloured roof), with a 0.30% reduction on roof insulation and

general reduced performance overall. This is a likely a factor of the lightweight structure’s thermal

performance and its ready transfer of energy, even via the roof. Insulating the ceiling reduces the

gain from the roof zone more completely than would have been reduced by insulating the roof

expanse, which still permitted gain through the vertical gable ends facing east and west;

1950 Wembley (low absorbance, red coloured roof), with a marginal 0.04% reduced performance on roof

insulation;

1957 Bayswater (low absorbance, red coloured roof), with a 0.20% reduction on roof insulation;

1962 East Cannington (low absorbance, light grey coloured roof), with a 0.01% reduced performance;

1995 Bibra Lake (low absorbance, red coloured roof), at a more significant 0.27% reduced performance on

roof insulation and 0.26% performance reduction overall.

Just as in the roof insulation studies, there is no consistent pattern in the possible impact of roof colour

figured in these results.4 Typically the performance reductions are assumed to be the result of reduced

heat transfer from the roof space.

All in all, the application of ceiling or roof insulation did typically improve performance more

significantly than it did reduce. Its location and intent must however be carefully considered.

4 Noting also roof colour is typically light or medium absorbance throughout the test set.

120

APPLIED HEATING AND COOLING

It is important to reiterate that each type was evaluated in order to determine its capacity to provide

comfort under natural systems, without the application of heating or cooling and with only the use of

natural ventilation when appropriate. Each type’s performance data would be dramatically altered

should mechanical heating and cooling loads been considered. The effects of insulation and improved

glazing systems would become more marked, enabling greater containment of the modified spatial

temperature. In the application of ceiling insulation, for instance, marked summer comfort

improvement would be expected.

Even from this small comparison set, there is clear evidence that the Perth housing type has considered

sustainability and climatic responsive design at various stages of its evolution. This is evident in the

tentative push during the 1960s, where improvement in performance is clearly evident, culminating in

the efficiencies of the 1980s. What is also evident, however, is the contemporary Perth type has not

improved on this performance, despite all the rhetoric in support of a sustainable housing industry.

Although the earlier types performed poorly, so too did the more recent housing types.

Improvements can however be made.

Perth Housing Typologies Indexation

Assessment Summary Sheet

1929-1950 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000-2010

Building key B-1 D-1 D-2 E-1 E-2 F-1 F-2 G-1 G-2 I-1 I-2 J-1 J-3 K-1 K-2

Date 1860 1920est 1925est 1931 1932 1950 1957 1960est 1962 1987 1986 1995est 1996 2002 2009

Location Cockman House, Wanneroo West Leederville Burswood Settler's Cottage, Herdsman Lake Bassendean Wembley Bayswater Innaloo East Cannington Munster Bibra Lake Bibra Lake Orelia Orelia Rivervale

Limestone and shingle, enclosed

stumped

Brick and tin, enclosed stumped Brick and tile, enclosed stumped Timber weatherboard and asbestos

roof, open stumped

Asbestos weatherboard and tin

roof, open stumped

Rendered cavity clay brick and clay

tile, enclosed stumped

Concrete cavity block and concrete

tile, enclosed stumped

Cavity clay brick and clay tile,

enclosed stumped

Cavity clay brick and asbestos sheet,

enclosed stumped


concrete slab


concrete slab


concrete slab


concrete slab

Rendered and face cavity clay brick

and zinc-aluminium alloy corrugated

sheet, concrete slab

Cavity clay brick and zinc-

aluminium alloy corrugated sheet,

concrete slab

OVERALL RANKING 14 8 11 7 10 13 3 4 5 1 1 9 15 6 12

Total Accumulated Ranking Value 118 96 105 94 103 111 79 81 86 73 73 100 122 87 110

CONSUMPTION RANKING 4 15 8 2 7 13 11 6 5 4 1 10 14 12 10

Accumulated Consumption Ranking Value 22 45 33 20 32 43 37 28 24 22 19 36 44 38 36

Lot use ranking (EBFP) 2 11 6 1 9 10 5 7 3 8 4 14 13 12 15

Volume use ranking 9 14 11 4 8 13 10 2 3 5 1 6 15 12 7

Area use ranking (EBFP) 7 10 9 1 4 14 13 6 3 5 2 8 15 11 12

Perimeter efficiency ranking (EBFP) 4 10 7 14 11 6 9 13 15 4 12 8 1 3 2

Water - sustainably sourced (excluded from calculations) Winched well water supplemented 0 0 Rain water tanks (potable) Boiled 0 0 0 Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply

Power - sustainably sourced (excluded from calculations) No electricity up to 1988 0 0 None 0 0 0 Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric

WELLBEING RANKING 15 13 11 14 10 9 12 5 8 5 2 6 3 2 7Accumulated Wellbeing Ranking Value 30 25 23 28 20 18 24 9 15 9 3 13 6 3 14

Glazing to volume ranking 15 13 12 14 10 9 11 4 8 5 1 7 3 2 6

Glazing to floor area ranking 15 12 11 14 10 9 13 5 7 4 2 6 3 1 8

Northern glazing floor area ranking (included in Ecotect calculations) exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc

Northern glazing living area ranking (exc from calc'ns, Ecotect inc'd) exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc

Use of toxics and toxins % (excluded from calculations) exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc exc

SEASONAL AND PASSIVE PERFORMANCE RANKING 14 2 8 5 12 9 1 4 7 3 12 12 15 5 13Accumulated Seasonal and Passive Performance Ranking Value 66 26 49 46 51 50 18 44 47 42 51 51 72 46 60

Summer Ranking 21 12 17 15 15 31 9 17 14 37 34 34 34 32 38

Winter Ranking 45 14 32 31 36 19 9 27 33 5 17 17 38 14 22

SUMMER RANKING 8 2 7 5 5 9 1 7 3 14 13 13 13 10 15Accumulated Summer Data Ranking Value 21 12 17 15 15 31 9 17 14 37 34 34 34 32 38

Summer ventilation air change value applied 20.0ach 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

Insitu oriented summer average % of discomfort 10.15% 6.13% 7.20% 12.45% 13.31% N/A 7.48% 9.02% 9.36% 11.55% 14.19% 11.88% 13.06% 14.82% 10.58%

Ranking of alternate oriented summer 7 1 2 11 13 5 3 4 6 9 14 10 12 15 8

Alternate oriented summer average % of discomfort 10.15% 6.14% 7.21% 12.43% 13.37% 9.17% 7.49% 8.98% 9.31% 11.47% 14.43% 11.77% 13.22% 14.76% 10.59%

Variance insitu to alternate oriented summer average 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% 0.02% -0.06% N/A -0.01% 0.04% 0.05% 0.08% -0.24% 0.11% -0.15% 0.06% -0.01%

Add double glazing % of discomfort 10.12% 6.11% 7.18% 12.36% 13.30% 9.14% 7.45% 8.92% 9.30% 11.41% 14.09% 11.68% 13.07% 14.67% 10.52%

Variance alternate oriented summer average with double glazing 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.07% 0.07% 0.04% 0.04% 0.06% 0.02% 0.06% 0.33% 0.09% 0.14% 0.09% 0.07%

Add roof insulation % of discomfort 10.25% 6.11% 7.20% 12.34% 13.27% 9.15% 7.48% 8.91% 9.29% 11.11% 13.97% 11.45% 12.88% 14.46% 10.34%

Variance alternate oriented summer average with roof insulation -0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 0.09% 0.09% 0.03% 0.02% 0.07% 0.02% 0.36% 0.45% 0.31% 0.33% 0.30% 0.25%

Add ceiling insulation % of discomfort n/a 6.18% 7.21% 12.68% 13.63% 9.25% 7.58% 9.05% 9.40% 11.45% 14.55% 11.92% 13.29% 14.79% 10.70%

Variance alternate oriented summer average to ceiling insulation n/a -0.04% 0.00% -0.24% -0.26% -0.08% -0.08% -0.07% -0.09% 0.02% -0.12% -0.15% -0.08% -0.03% -0.11%

Living highest reached temperature: time 27.0'C 2pm 26.9'C 2pm 27.1'C 2pm 26.2'C 2pm 26.2'C 2pm 27.8'C 2pm 26.2'C 2pm 26.3C 2pm 26.1'C 2pm 26.7'C 2pm 26.8'C 2pm 27.8'C 2pm 28.2'C 2pm 27.0'C 2pm 28.1'C 2pm

Highest reached temperature: time 27.0'C 2pm 28.3'C 2pm 27.4'C 2pm 26.2'C 2pm 26.4'C 2pm 29.1'C 2pm 28.9'C 2pm 27.1'C 2pm 26.6'C 2pm 29.4'C 2pm 28.9'C 2pm 31.5'C 2pm 30.4'C 2pm 30.5'C 2pm 30.2'C 2pm

Living lowest reached temperature: time 21.3'C 11pm 21.3'C 11pm 24.2'C 11pm 21.0'C 11pm 20.5'C 11pm 21.3'C 11pm 21.2'C 11pm 21.3'C 11pm 21.0'C 11pm 21.5'C 11pm 21.2'C 11pm 21.2'C 11pm 20.2'C 11pm 21.2'C 11pm 20.6'C 11pm

Lowest reached temperature: time 21.3'C 11pm 20.9'C 11pm 20.5'C 11pm 21.0'C 11pm 20.5'C 11pm 20.9'C 11pm 19.7'C 11pm 21.3'C 11pm 21.0'C 11pm 20.6'C 11pm 21.2'C 11pm 19.8'C 11pm 19.1'C 11pm 18.4'C 11pm 19.4'C 11pm

Ranking of average internal temperature 21st December 5 6 8 2 1 13 3 7 4 14 10 12 11 9 15

21st December average internal temperature 23.47 23.74 23.82 23.28 23.14 24.17 23.37 23.76 23.44 24.21 24.05 24.15 24.07 23.90 24.47

Ranking of average internal temperature variance 21st December 9 5 7 2 1 13 3 6 4 14 10 12 11 8 15

21st December average internal temperature variance to external 1.17 1.25 1.36 0.78 0.64 1.68 0.90 1.26 0.98 1.74 1.56 1.66 1.58 1.42 1.97

WINTER RANKING 15 4 11 16 13 7 2 9 12 1 6 6 14 4 8

Accumulated Winter Data Ranking Value 45 14 32 31 36 19 9 27 33 5 17 17 38 14 22

Winter air change applied 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach

Insitu oriented winter average % of discomfort 40.77% 16.16% 20.72% 36.46% 40.43% N/A 13.18% 24.27% 28.04% 19.93% 31.79% 24.83% 34.59% 31.63% 23.94%

Ranking of alternate oriented winter 15 2 4 13 14 5 1 8 9 3 11 7 12 10 6

Alternate oriented winter average % of discomfort 40.74% 16.18% 20.67% 36.59% 40.25% 23.67% 13.69% 25.34% 28.40% 19.88% 31.78% 24.88% 34.64% 31.55% 23.94%

Variance insitu to alternate oriented winter average 0.03% -0.01% 0.05% -0.13% 0.18% N/A -0.51% -1.08% -0.36% 0.05% 0.00% -0.05% -0.06% 0.08% 0.00%

Add double glazing % of discomfort 40.54% 14.56% 20.28% 34.25% 39.03% 20.67% 11.78% 22.39% 26.51% 13.39% 22.25% 19.57% 25.52% 24.26% 18.83%

Variance alternate oriented winter average with double glazing 0.20% 1.61% 0.39% 2.35% 1.22% 3.00% 1.91% 2.96% 1.89% 6.49% 9.53% 5.30% 9.13% 7.30% 5.10%

Add roof insulation % of discomfort 37.96% 15.69% 20.40% 36.64% 40.65% 20.80% 12.33% 24.67% 28.48% 19.83% 32.17% 24.87% 34.48% 29.97% 24.03%

Variance alternate oriented winter average with roof insulation 2.78% 0.49% 0.27% -0.05% -0.40% 2.87% 1.36% 0.67% -0.09% 0.05% -0.38% 0.01% 0.17% 1.58% -0.10%

Add ceiling insulation % of discomfort n/a 15.77% 20.32% 36.95% 40.02% 20.84% 12.53% 24.48% 28.50% 19.82% 31.78% 25.14% 34.19% 29.88% 23.99%

Variance alternate oriented winter average to ceiling insulation N/A 0.41% 0.35% -0.35% 0.23% 2.83% 1.16% 0.87% -0.10% 0.06% 0.00% -0.26% 0.45% 1.67% -0.06%

Living highest reached temperature: time 15.6'C 1pm 18.8'C 2pm 16.5'C 1pm/2pm 18.8'C 2pm 18.7'C 2pm 17.5'C 2pm 18.0'C 2pm 16.0'C 2pm 16.5'C 1pm 18.1'C 3pm 18.4'C 2pm 17.2'C 2pm/3pm 18.8'C 2pm 17.9'C 3pm 17.8'C 1pm

Highest reached temperature: time 16.8'C 3pm 24.2'C 2pm (note) 23.8'C 2pm (note) 18.8'C 2pm 22.9'C 2pm (note) 29.8'C 1pm/2pm (note) 23.7'C 2pm (note) 19.2'C 3pm (note) 19.9'C 2pm 28.6'C 2pm (note) 27.9'C 2pm (note) 26.5'C 2pm (note) 20.8'C 3pm 31.8'C 1pm/2pm/3pm (note) 22.2'C 3pm (note)

Living lowest reached temperature: time 12.4'C 6am 14.4'C 6am 11.3'C 7am 12.4'C 6am 8.5'C 6am 11.5'C 6am 13.4'C 6am 10.9'C 6am/7am 12.1'C 6am 11.2'C 6am/7am 11.7'C 6am/7am 11.4'C 6am/7am 9.0'C 6am 12.2'C 7am 10.0'C 6am

Lowest reached temperature: time 11.9'C 6am 11.0'C 6am/7am 10.0'C 6am 12.0'C 6am 8.5'C 6am 10.0'C 6am 8.9'C 6am 10.9'C 6am/7am 10.1'C 6am 9.0'C 6am 9.9'C 7am 9.0'C 6am 8.4'C 6am 8.7'C 6am 8.9'C 6am

Ranking of average internal temperature 21st June 15 6 14 9 11 7 4 9 12 1 3 5 13 2 8

21st June average internal temperature 13.65 15.63 14.12 14.90 14.63 15.30 15.89 14.90 14.59 16.58 16.21 15.71 14.32 16.44 14.91

Ranking of average internal temperature variance 21st June 15 6 14 9 11 7 4 10 12 1 3 5 13 2 8

21st June average internal temperature variance to external 2.07 4.06 2.55 3.35 3.06 3.75 4.30 3.32 3.01 5.00 4.65 4.17 2.74 4.91 3.37

Building Particulars

Description The 'Big Place'

Date (land 1841) 1860 c1920's c1925 1931 1932 1950 1957 c1960's 1962 1987 1986 c1995 1996 2002 2009

Perth sub-climate zone Spearwood Dune System

Deep clay and limestone with sand

over lay, sand with peat near

swamps/clean sand elsewhere

Lake plains River plains Wetlands - reclaimed land Foot hills - alluvial flats Wetlands Wetlands/alluvial flats Coastal plains River plains Coastal plains/farm lot infill Sand, wetland/farm lot infill Sand, bush reserve infill Sand, bush reserve infill Sand, bush reserve infill Alluvial flats

Class Middle/lower - free pioneer Middle Middle to upper Lower Lower Middle Lower to Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle

Year of modifications 1851 unknown 1970 unknown 1949 1968 unknown c1990's unknown c1980's 2011 1996 1996 2003 2009

Description of modifications Family move into 'The Little Place'

wattle and daub cottage, as the first

European settlers to the area

Addition of rear laundry (visual of

existing structure suggests flashings

and sub floor structure non

comparable). Addition of window to

sleepout north wall.

Renovated, but with Federation

stlying - false ceilings installed

below original, suspected

restump and structural repairs to

the sleepout, bathrooms

moderninsed. Kitchen renovated

and dividing wall to dining

removed, wall removed between

sleepout and dining

Internal wall linings completed,

kitchen modernised, cabineted and

plumbed. Electricity and scheme

water supplied.

Rear verandah filled with cemented

cloth for temprary extra bedroom,

which was eventually enclosed with

asbestos, enclosing wash house and

additional sleeping space.

Front verandah enclosed with

louvres and asbestos dado - since

removed but unclear when

Sleep out bricked in with additional

family room to rear. Living area

extended to front of house, fireplace

lost. Wooden casement windows

changed to aluminium framed

sliders. Asbestos carport/shed added

to rear of lot

Floor boards vary to Bedroom 1 and

kitchen, suggesting possible

modification/ extension/recycling.

Date unknown.

Kitchen modified, rear bedroom

extended, bathroom upgraded. Lot

subdivided. Side carport removed (if

pre-existing). Front carport added.

Walk in robes added.

Rear covered pergola, possible

addition of electric oven.

Ceiling fans added Family room added to rear and

kitchen modfied

Template plan with adjustments

including; carport enclosed, ceiling

level raised, addition of decorative

quoin bricks to building corners

Carport enclosed - metal deck and

roller doors

Subdivision and development

Year of modifications 1853 unknown c1985 1955 1974 1980s est 2011 c1990's

Description of modifications Land purchased from Shenton Outdoor toilet removed and

included in the laundry area

Bathroom relocated to Bed 3 New rear garage 10x20ft asbestos Well sunk Timber windows replaced with

aluminium framed

Kitchen modernised Bathroom walls re-tiled (apparently

over the top of existing)

Year of modifications Various 1990's 1976 1992 2010

Description of modifications Corrugated iron roof, various rooms

added and ablution conversions

Kitchen converted to extra

bedroom, and relocated to dining

space. Lot subdivided, out

buildings demolished.

Metal patio attached to rear Toilet was added to internal

bathroom

Lot subdivided. Paint and general

maintenance. Modification to

sleepout dining and secondary living

space. Kitchen renovated. Decking

to rear garden.

Year of modifications 1988 restorations for use as a

museum

2004 2011

Description of modifications Electricity installed, plumbing

upgraded, termite damage rectified,

floors replaced, repairs to footings,

subsidence and general structural

deterioration, replacement of roof

with zincalume corrugated roof,

repairs to windows and doors,

limewash to limestone walls and

general grounds repairs

New rear garage 6mx6m. External

ablutions and 1955 garage

removed.

Kitchen modernised, kitchen

fireplace removed.

1830-1890 1915-1929

Table 4.1



1929-1950 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000-2010




1830-1890 1915-1929

Year of modifications 1997 2011

Restoration of winter 1996 storm

damaged shed

Addition of bedroom to rear,

kitchen and bathroom renovated

Features Became known as a overnight stock

stop as close to the northern stock

route to Perth from the Victoria

Plains . Property remained and lived

in by the Cockman family until sold

to Wanneroo Shire Council 1988

with 9611 sqm of land.

Sleepout attached, toilet and

laundry as out houses. Bathroom

within enclosed building space.

ROW to rear likely to service toilet.

Verandahs and high ceilings.

Detached carport


laundry as out houses. Bathroom

within enclosed building space.

ROW to rear likely to service

toilet. Verandahs and high

ceilings.

Sleepout attached, toilet as

outhouse (likely earth closet

(original drawings note as EC),

laundry semi attached with

external entry and brick

construction. Bathroom within

enclosed building space. Likely

serviced toilet. Verandahs and

high ceilings. Detached carport.


laundry semi-attached within

sleepout zone, external entry, brick

construction. Bathroom within

enclosed building space. ROW to

rear. No formal verandah, (entry

porch). Attached enclosed carport.

High/moderate ceilings. Linen

cabinet built in. Moderate eaves,

unlined.

Sleepout attached, toilet, bath and

laundry semi-attached within

sleepout zone. Concrete block

construction. Formal entry portico,

italiante styling, with interior art

deco features. Attached enclosed

carport. High/moderate ceilings.

Minimium eaves, partial lined.

Attached enclosed carport. Sleepout

likely added at later date. Semi-

attached toilet and laundry, secured

entry and brick construction.

Bathroom within enclosed building

space. Formal patio walled for

entertaining to front. Moderate

ceilings. Linen cabinet built in. Large

eaves, lined and enclosed.

Asbestos corrugated roof at low

pitch. Standard wall and floor

construction with addition of

terrazzo features. Small floor plan.

Laundry and ablutions within main

roof space, accessed externally.

Carport prominent and part of the

main roof. Windows apparently

designed to capture breeze.

Open plan dining and family,

seperate formal lounge. Designed

for outdoor entertaining. All

ablutions within enclosed space,

internal access. Built-in robes. Semi

ensuite with bath and shower

cubicle. Dense square plan, multiple

rooms deep. No passive internal or

roof venting.

Sunken lounge, all ablutions within

enclosed space, internal access.

Shower cubicle and bath. Master

bedroom feature nooks, Open plan

dining and kitchen with formal entry.

Designed for outdoor entertaining

with pool. Dense square plan,

multiple rooms deep. Carport to side

adjacent building. No passive internal

or roof venting.

Formal lounge and dining with

additional open plan dining, family and

kitchen area opening to rear outside

entertaining area. Dense square plan

several rooms deep. Small cottage

sized block. Carport is a dominant

feature to the front facade. Pure

ensuite now included with additional

toilet and seperate parent facilities.

Designated built-in robes throughout.

No passive internal or roof venting.

Formal lounge and dining with

additional open plan dining, family

and kitchen area opening to rear

outside entertaining area. Dense

square plan several rooms deep.

Pure ensuite with additional toilet

and seperate parent facilities. No

passive internal or roof venting.

Designated study/spare room

included. Inclusion of a games-room.

Formal lounge with additional open

plan dining, family and kitchen area

opening to rear outside

entertaining area. Dense square

plan several rooms deep. Pure

ensuite with additional toilet and

seperate parent facilities. No

passive internal or roof venting.


included as well as inclusion of

alfresco.

Formal lounge with additional

open plan dining, family and

kitchen area opening to rear

outside entertaining area. Dense

square plan several rooms deep.

Pure ensuite with additional toilet

and seperate parent facilities.

Double walk-in robe and vanities

for parent area. No passive

internal or roof venting.


included as well as inclusion of

alfresco and theatre room.

Designed Orientation

Living areas North-east North (rooms flexible in use ) Street: North-east Street: West Street: East Street: North Street: South-west Street: South Street: South-west Street: East Entertaining: North-west Formal/Street: North Main:

East

Formal/Street: North

Main: West

Formal/Street: South

Main: West/North-west

Formal/Street: South

Main: North-west

Designed Occupancy

Working adults 1 1 1 1.5 (farm lots) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2

Non working adults 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0

Number of children 5 (2 others married off) say 4-5 say 4-5 say 4-5 say 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0

Number of resident domestic assistants 0 say 1 say 1 (Bed 3?) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Daily hours of day house occupancy (est) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 4 4

Daily hours of night house occupancy (est) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10

Contemporay Baseline Parameters for Comparison

Working adults (shared master bedroom) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Non working adults (shared master bedroom) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Number of children (1 per additional bedroom) 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

Number of resident domestic assistants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total number of persons for baseline comparisons 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Daily hours of day house occupancy 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Daily hours of night house occupancy 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Orientation (best possible) Living north Living north Front verandah north Front verandah north Living north Living north Front to north Living north Living north Living north Living north Main living north Main living north Main living north Living north-west - as built

Built Statistics

Lot Areas

Designed lot area sqm 64345.02 518.40 1011.85 70000.00 486.39 671.38 997.82 735.00 1018.37 680.18 704.50 393.47 714.19 679.81 387.04

Adjusted lot area sqm 1655.07 518.40 subdivided (est 500sqm) Reduced roughly two thirds 486.39 671.38 446.00 340.76 1018.37 680.18 704.50 393.47 714.19 679.81 950.02 (strata development)

Rear useable lot area sqm (exc built footprint) n/a 267.67 538.72 n/a 227.27 315.53 603.28 376.34 584.70 243.88 291.50 6.27 37.76 176.91 49.52

Percentage rear useable to designed lot n/a 51.63% 53.24% n/a 46.73% 47.00% 60.46% 51.20% 57.42% 35.86% 41.38% 1.59% 5.29% 26.02% 12.79%

Front useable lot area sqm (exc built footprint) n/a 73.65 203.89 n/a 68.44 159.71 185.08 170.38 221.42 171.70 198.57 90.29 183.85 123.65 63.38

Percentage front useable to designed lot n/a 14.21% 20.15% n/a 14.07% 23.79% 18.55% 23.18% 21.74% 25.24% 28.19% 22.95% 25.74% 18.19% 16.38%

Side useable lot area sqm (exc built footprint) n/a 49.56 89.02 n/a 68.11 33.22 51.21 20.13 61.61 37.50 166.50 98.25 233.96 156.88 40.00

Percentage side useable to designed lot n/a 9.56% 8.80% n/a 14.00% 4.95% 5.13% 2.74% 6.05% 5.51% 23.63% 24.97% 32.76% 23.08% 10.33%

Driveway designated area sqm (inc in useable lot counts, exc carports) 0.00 0.00 180.15 0.00 55.29 40.09 53.34 35.85 25.70 41.84 34.30 22.65 168.97 39.33 9.44

Percentage driveway to designed lot 0.00% 0.00% 17.80% 0.00% 11.37% 5.97% 5.35% 4.88% 2.52% 6.15% 4.87% 5.76% 23.66% 5.79% 2.44%

Formal unenclosed built foot print sqm (inc att'd open carport, patio) 52.44 10.49 29.78 42.22 35.06 18.56 17.98 39.69 47.65 106.16 26.09 55.81 44.23 59.18 16.10

Sheds/Outbuildings sqm (included in useable lot counts) 47.39 + ('Little Place' used for

storage/cow shed until burnt down

due to infestation, missing)

30.62 + (toilet (say 2sqm) and

laundry missing)

23.86 + (toilet missing, say 2sqm) 1.92 say 2sqm (toilet missing, original

drawings inaccurate)

No original evidence, shed to rear

and well added later

No original evidence retained No original evidence retained

Evidence of slabs, not calculated as

difficult to determine original or

later addition

No evidence No evidence of original None 28.39 22.94 None

Carport/car store style 0 1 1/2 - detached Single - detached None None Single - attached, enclosed Single - attached, enclosed Assumed, single - attached, enclosed Single - attached, open Double - attached, open Double - semi attached, open Double - attached, open Double - attached, enclosed Double - attached, open Double - attached, enclosed

Carport/car store size (to external perimeter) 0 30.62 15.27 None None 16.20 19.31 24.21 34.70 35.76 24.87 29.14 38.59 38.22 36.14

Outbuildings (to external perimeter) Laundry, toilet, wood shed Laundry, toilet, carport Laundry, toilet, carport Toilet Toilet No No No 5.73 (attached store) + No No evidence of original None Shed Shed None

Rear ROW n/a Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No

Built Form

Total building footprint coverage, including roof, sqm 192.59 130.96 195.00 105.88 130.37 176.58 171.99 198.31 177.08 259.14 152.81 217.95 285.98 244.90 268.77

Percentage roof coverage to design lot 0.30% 25.26% 19.27% 0.15% 26.80% 26.30% 17.24% 26.98% 17.39% 38.10% 21.69% 55.39% 40.04% 36.02% 69.44%

Enclosed building footprint (EBFP) sqm (inc enclosed attached carport) 136.93 114.90 150.38 63.67 87.51 144.36 140.28 128.45 97.26 120.94 94.04 142.12 214.38 163.18 218.04

EBFP lot coverage ranking 2 11 6 1 9 10 5 7 3 8 4 14 13 12 15

EBFP lot coverage 0.21% 22.16% 14.86% 0.09% 17.99% 21.50% 14.06% 17.48% 9.55% 17.78% 13.35% 36.12% 30.02% 24.00% 56.34%

Available internal floor area (IFA) sqm 107.42 99.05 128.88 58.33 80.35 120.22 118.44 107.22 81.08 104.51 78.00 122.42 192.84 142.31 194.58

Useable internal floor area (deduct circulation/store/fire) sqm 106.02 90.59 112.48 57.59 75.06 96.28 93.05 76.47 77.46 94.55 68.81 100.39 141.21 126.49 139.80

Useable internal floor area to EBFP 77.43% 78.84% 74.80% 90.45% 85.77% 66.69% 66.33% 59.53% 79.64% 78.18% 73.17% 70.64% 65.87% 77.52% 64.12%

Enclosed available int vol m3 (for ach) (exc c/port, f/place, sills, roof) 344.92 296.62 388.50 175.1 248.75 295.03 268.76 219.50 224.74 246.52 184.04 287.69 414.63 391.13 410.25

Enclosed available internal volume cubic metres (add enc attach garage) 344.92 296.62 388.50 175.1 248.75 295.03 307.02 219.50 224.74 246.52 184.04 287.69 516.62 391.13 504.34

Built enclosed perimeter 52.2Lm 50.92Lm 58.82Lm 32.6Lm 41.53Lm 55.64Lm 60.38Lm 63.80Lm 49.74Lm 46.17Lm 45.81Lm 57.06Lm 68.97Lm 60.57Lm 75.16Lm

Built perimeter ratio use ranking 4 10 7 14 11 6 9 13 15 4 12 8 1 3 2

Built perimeter to EBFP 1Lm : 2.62sqm 1Lm : 2.26sqm 1Lm : 2.56sqm 1Lm : 1.95sqm 1Lm : 2.11sqm 1Lm : 2.59sqm 1Lm : 2.32sqm 1Lm : 2.01sqm 1Lm : 1.96qm 1Lm : 2.62sqm 1Lm : 2.05sqm 1Lm :2.49sqm 1Lm : 3.11sqm 1Lm : 2.69sqm 1Lm : 2.90sqm

Designed Occupancies

EBFP use ranking 7 10 9 1 4 14 13 6 3 5 2 8 15 11 12

Enclosed building footprint (EBFP) (sqm) per person 34.23 38.30 37.60 21.22 29.17 48.12 46.76 32.11 24.32 30.24 23.51 35.53 53.60 40.80 43.61

Available internal floor area (IFA) (sqm) per person 26.86 33.02 32.22 19.44 26.78 40.07 39.48 26.81 20.27 26.13 19.50 30.61 48.21 35.58 38.92

Volume use ranking 9 14 11 4 8 13 10 2 3 5 1 6 15 12 7

Enclosed available volume (cubic metres) per person (exc enc. carport) 86.23 98.87 97.13 58.37 82.92 98.34 89.59 54.88 56.19 61.63 46.01 71.92 103.66 97.78 82.05

Enclosed ablution space (ABL) (sqm) per person 2.19 1.14 0.81 0.00 2.78 4.36 3.71 2.72 2.27 2.95 2.01 3.26 3.37 3.59 3.77

Internal Floor Area (IFA) Breakdown (excludes built in furniture) Store exc'd from EBFP

Entry 3.32 6.68 4.48 3.32 5.99 6.92 3.31 2.37 3.61 8.16 6.52 5.54

Lounge 15.32 12.80 14.07 14.78 10.70 15.15

Family 20.24 14.50 19.84

Living 1 21.10 18.52 20.42 14.86 18.30 15.49 13.73 14.11 26.90

Living 2 9.12

Living 3 15.21

Games 18.72

Dining 14.56 6.40 13.71 7.86 5.65 6.59 5.04 7.55 8.56 12.83 9.61 6.98 14.03 26.90

Meals 8.31 10.88

Study/Guestroom 9.98 12.12 9.49

Kitchen 14.56 6.39 10.59 7.86 5.66 16.08 5.05 9.06 8.56 7.68 9.21 8.47 13.60 12.41 9.42

Pantry 2.58 1.93

Fireplaces 1.40 2.56 2.14 0.74 0.81 0.78 0.68 0.25

Other corridors 7.58 5.02 3.14 3.87 5.35 9.84 4.57 5.98 7.24

Linen 0.34 0.38 0.48 0.84 0.32 0.50 0.39 0.74 1.15

Store (excludes loft storage) 3.89 0.46

Bedroom 1 (Master) 17.56 15.08 15.78 13.49 15.68 15.47 16.98 13.83 14.12 11.72 10.56 14.37 21.26 15.49 14.91

Walk in robe 1 1.39 0.90 2.53 2.33 2.58 6.08

Bedroom 2 16.59 12.89 15.85 13.52 10.54 10.29 15.64 10.77 9.12 8.11 8.82 9.76 10.55 11.24 10.38

Walk in robe 2 0.55 0.74 0.46

Bedroom 3 12.91 8.51 9.97 9.29 8.12 7.80 8.02 10.58 11.85 10.14

Walk in robe 3 0.92 0.46

Bedroom 4

Walk in robe 4

Sleepout 1 15.46 24.40 10.90 9.56 15.64 5.93

Sleepout 2 12.44 8.25

Mud Room 9.73

Table 4.1



1929-1950 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000-2010




1830-1890 1915-1929

Theatre 12.80

Attached and enclosed Garage/Carport 14.48 17.47 22.77 36.18 33.39

Main Bathroom 1 (ABL) 8.74 3.41 3.22 4.73 5.85 4.01 4.17 3.26 4.44 4.90 4.66 5.23 6.17

Second Shower (ABL) 0.68

True Ensuite 1 (ABL) 3.80 3.52 3.36 4.96

Semi Ensuite (ABL) 5.82

Toilet 1 (ABL) 2.41 1.87 1.36 1.29 1.50 1.18 1.50 1.36 1.18 1.57

Toilet 2 (second/ensuite) (ABL) 1.41

Laundry (ABL) 3.60 4.81 5.25 5.35 4.53 4.46 2.41 2.82 3.92 4.59 4.75

Actual number of commodes 1 (outhouse) 1 (outhouse) 1 (outhouse) 1 (outhouse) 1 (outhouse) 1 1 1 (note 2 showers) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

Total number of building enclosed allocated spaces (exc fireplaces) 7 10 10 5 9 14 12 13 12 15 13 19 19 16 21

Total number of building enclosed rooms (exc fireplaces) 6 9 10 4 8 13 13 11 11 15 11 16 13 14 19

Materials and Construction

Maintenance

Visible required Paint and timbers, subsidence,

water damage, dry rot (now under

ungoing repair as museum space)

Paint and timbers, subsidence,

water damage, dry rot

Paint and timbers, subsidence,

water damage, dry rot, roof tiles

deteriorated

Paint and timbers, subsidence, water

damage, dry rot (repaired)

Paint and some timber decay,

some subsidence

Paint and some timber decay, some

subsidence.

Paint and some timber decay, some

subsidence.

Paint and some subsidence Paint and dry rot. Corrosion to

plumbing, interior rising damp.

Lacking in maintenance

Minor steel work deterioration None Minor paint deterioration None Plasterwork chipped and minor

surface cracking

None

Quality of build Self built by James Cockman and his

2 sons

Good - lack of maintenance Good - some maintenance and

previous renovation however not

in keeping and poor quality

Fair Fair Good Average Good Good Good - economy Good - economy Moderate - economy Moderate Moderate To be determined

Anticipated life Heritage Plan. Indefinite Due for demolition -

subdivision planned

Lot has been subdivided, so likely

10 years +

Heritage Plan. Indefinite 5 years +. No subdivision, may

impact on building life expectancy

5 years +. No subdivision, may

impact on building life expectancy

10 years +. Subdivided so unlikely to

be developed further

10 years +. Subdivided so unlikely to

be developed further

If not maintained in the short term,

it may be financially unsalvagable

and suceptible to demolition for lot

value

8 years +. Demolition required

should lot be redeveloped.

8 years +. Demolition required should

lot be redeveloped.

10 years +. Lot not likely to be

developed further.


developed further.


developed further.


developed further.

Floors

Construction Local self sawn timber Jarrah stump Jarrah stump Jarrah stump Jarrah stump Jarrah stump and limestone

foundation

Jarrah stump and limestone

foundation

Jarrah stump and limestone block

foundation

Jarrah stump and limestone block

foundation

100mm reinforced concrete 100mm reinforced concrete 100mm reinforced concrete 100mm reinforced concrete 100mm reinforced concrete 100mm reinforced concrete

Construction Compressed dirt, timber stump Limestone block Limestone block Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete & terrazzo Concrete strip footings Concrete strip footings Concrete strip footings Concrete strip footings Concrete strip footings Concrete strip footings

Floor substrate Dirt and timber Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah Tng Jarrah Tng Concrete screed topping Concrete screed topping Concrete screed topping Concrete screed topping Concrete screed topping Concrete screed topping

Floor covering Timber boards Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Jarrah tng Carpet, tile and linoleum (asbestos

backed)

Carpet, tile and linoleum (asbestos

backed)

Carpet, tile and linoleum (possibly

asbestos)

Carpet, terrazzo/concrete and

linoleum (possibly asbestos)

Carpet, vinyl, ceramic Carpet, vinyl, ceramic Carpet, vinyl, ceramic tile Carpet, ceramic tile Carpet, ceramic tile Carpet, ceramic tile

Permanent sub floor ventilation No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No

Raised above natural ground level Yes in part Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No - cut and fill, retained No - cut and fill No - cut and fill No - cut and fill, estate retained No - cut and fill, estate retained No - cut and fill

External walls

Construction Nom. 18inch thick, local self quarried

stone, self burnt limestone for mix of

lime and sand for mortar

Double clay cavity brick, Jarrah

frame, asbestos cladding. Jarrah

frame and pebble dash to gable and

selected locations.

Double clay cavity brick and

limestone, Jarrah frame, likely

jarrah weatherboard (no longer

existing). Jarrah frame and pebble

dash to gable and selected

locations.

Jarrah frame, jarrah weather board Jarrah frame, asbestos clad

weather boards. Double fired

cavity brick to laundry

Double clay cavity brick, cement

render external.

Double concrete block, cement

render external.

Double clay cavity brick Double clay cavity brick and

decorative washed terrazzo panels.

Corrugated asbestos wall lining on

Jarrah frame to rear gable

Double cavity clay face brick Double clay cavity face brick Double and single clay face cavity

brick

Double and single clay face cavity

brick


brick


brick

Permanent wall ventilation No Yes (in wall) Yes (in wall). Note corridor also

ventilated.

No No Yes None visible (exc toilet) Yes Yes No No No No No No

Internal walls

Construction Lime, sand rendered limestone Single clay brick, hardwall plaster Single clay brick, hardwall plaster Jarrah frame, jarrah tng and ceilyte

board

Jarrah frame, asbestos clad Single cavity clay brick, hardwall

plaster rendered

Single cavity clay brick, hardwall

plaster rendered

Single brick, hardwall plaster Single brick, hardwall plaster Single brick, hardwall plaster, some

face brick feature panels

Single brick, hardwall plaster, some

face brick feature panels

Single brick, hardwall plaster Single brick, hardwall plaster Single brick, hardwall plaster Single brick, hardwall plaster

Roof

Construction Local self sawn timber Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah frame Jarrah (likely) Jarrah (likely) Treated pine (likely) Treated Pine Treated pine Treated pine and steel beam

Cladding Local self split sheoak shingles (1/4

inch thick) on jarrah board

Unpainted galvanised iron Terracotta glazed tiles

(Wunderlich)

Corrugated asbestos Unpainted galvanised iron (since

replaced)

Glazed terracotta roof tiles Concrete roof tiles ('Andray'

branded) /Galvanised sheet

Glazed terracotta roof tile Corrugated asbestos Clay roof tile (likely) Clay roof tile Concrete roof tile - painted Glazed terracotta roof tile Colourbond corrugated roof sheet Metal deck, colourbond finish

Reflectance/colour Low - dark High - light High - red Medium - grey High - light High - red High - red High - red High - light grey High - red High - red High - red High - red Medium - grey Medium - grey

Eave dimension None - verandahs Varies - some verandah 395mm - some verandah Varies - some verandah 300mm - some verandah 500mm 250mm 1050mm 900mm / 240mm rear 700mm 860mm 680mm 680mm 0-580mm 500mm

Insulated original None None None None None None None None Assumed none No No No No No Yes

Insulated now None None Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes

Permanent natural ventilation (roof or eave vents, exc. fireplaces) n/a Yes - eaves and gable ends Yes - gable and eaves Yes - eaves Yes - eaves, possibly gables in orig. Yes - eaves Yes - eaves No Yes No No No No No No

Ceiling

Typical height above finished floor level None 3.24m 3.10m 3.04m 3.18m 2.88m 2.73m 2.64m 2.82m 2.36m 2.35m 2.35m 2.39m plus raked to main living 2.39m plus raked to main living 2.51m generally 2.6m living area

Construction Lathe plaster Lather plaster Ceilyte board Lathe plaster Lathe plaster Lathe plaster Plaster board Plaster board Plasterboard Plasterboard Plasterboard Plasterboard Plasterboard Plasterboard

Finish Paint Paint Paint (assumed) Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint (note applied acoustic panels

to kitchen)

Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint

Permanent natural ventilation (ceiling vents, exc. fireplaces) n/a No (in wall) No (in wall) No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No

Glazing (Alternate orientation)

North glazing 2.39 1.64 2.66 2.09 3.06 7.57 3.83 7.68 5.22 8.42 6.46 5.58 8.47 8.23 8.19

East glazing 0.00 3.43 0.96 0.86 3.94 2.61 2.00 4.23 2.12 1.28 2.28 7.34 10.06 9.75 8.74

West glazing 0.60 1.27 1.87 0.86 1.73 1.73 2.30 3.58 0.97 2.98 7.17 5.21 11.00 6.86 6.22

South glazing 0.78 0.96 6.16 0.37 1.03 2.96 0.55 3.70 5.04 7.64 4.76 2.81 11.01 13.64 7.97

Total glazing 3.77 7.30 11.65 4.18 9.76 14.87 8.68 19.19 13.35 20.32 20.67 20.94 40.54 38.48 31.12

Glazing percentage to floor area ranking 15 12 11 14 10 9 13 5 7 4 2 6 3 1 8

Glazing percentage to floor area (IFA) 3.51% 7.37% 9.04% 7.17% 12.15% 12.37% 7.33% 17.90% 16.47% 19.44% 26.50% 17.11% 21.02% 27.04% 15.99%

Glazing percentage to volume ranking 15 13 12 14 10 9 11 4 8 5 1 7 3 2 6

Glazing percentage to volume 1.09% 2.46% 3.00% 2.39% 3.92% 5.04% 3.23% 8.74% 5.94% 8.24% 11.23% 7.28% 9.78% 9.84% 7.59%

North glazing to floor area ranking 14 16 15 12 11 6 13 4 5 3 2 8 9 7 10

North glazing to floor area 2.22% 1.66% 2.06% 3.58% 3.81% 6.30% 3.23% 7.16% 6.44% 8.06% 8.28% 4.56% 4.39% 5.78% 4.21%

Glazing type Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single clear float Single, clear Single, clear Single toughened, clear Single, toughened, clear Single, toughened, clear Single toughened, tinted 6mm

Glazing frame Local self sawn timber Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Jarrah painted Aluminium, powdercoat Aluminium, powdercoat Aluminium, powdercoated Aluminium, powdercoated Aluminium, powdercoated Aluminium

Percentage northern glazing to north living areas 3.65% 0.00% 5.39% 5.79% 16.72% 17.57% 11.62% 15.66% 13.59% 25.35% 24.18% 21.74% 14.68% 17.78% 12.29%

Ventilation (Alt orientation, inc's doors, exc fireplaces or attach carport)

North openings 6.04 2.70 6.12 4.12 4.47 4.13 4.77 4.35 3.73 5.05 3.47 4.38 4.23 4.67 3.36

East openings 0.00 3.40 0.61 1.22 3.67 0.81 2.68 6.08 7.27 0.35 1.21 5.39 5.39 4.99 3.02

West openings 0.64 3.21 2.11 1.22 2.34 2.04 2.30 4.65 2.33 1.60 3.68 2.56 3.61 7.81 5.01

South opening 1.48 0.63 7.93 1.68 3.88 4.32 4.07 3.29 5.17 4.40 3.46 1.46 4.66 5.56 4.48

Total opening area 8.16 9.94 16.77 8.24 14.36 11.3 13.82 18.37 18.5 11.40 11.82 13.79 17.89 23.03 15.87

Total percentage to floor area (IFA) 7.60% 10.04% 13.01% 14.13% 17.87% 9.40% 11.67% 17.13% 22.82% 10.91% 15.15% 11.26% 9.28% 16.18% 8.16%

Total percentage to useable enclosed room volume 2.37% 3.35% 4.32% 4.71% 5.77% 3.83% 5.14% 8.37% 8.23% 4.62% 6.42% 4.79% 4.31% 5.89% 3.87%

Insect & vermin protection

Termites None visible Ant caps to stumps, use of

naturally resistant timbers

Ant caps to stumps, use of


Ant caps to stumps, use of naturally

resistant timbers, sump oil and

kerosene

Ant caps to stumps, use of



resistant timbers

Possible ant caps to stumps, use of



resistant timbers

Possible ant caps to stumps, use of


Chemical treatment, and resistant

materials

Chemical treatment, and resistant

materials

Chemical treatment (arsenic in timbers

and pesticide at slab)

Chemical treatment (arsenic in

timbers and pesticide at slab)





Flying Insects None None None None None None Signs of insect mesh None None Window screens Window screens Window screens Window screens Window screens Window screens

Vermin None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None

Water

Source Winched well water supplemented

by wind driven rain tanks

Rain water tanks (potable) Boiled

lake (washing)

Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply Mains supply

Toilet system External External External External External Semi-detached Semi-detached Semi-detached, single flush Semi-detached, single flush Single flush Single flush Dual flush Dual flush Dual flush Dual flush

Waste system Earth closet Closet - collected Septic Septic Septic Assumed original septic Assumed original septic Assumed original septic Sewer Sewer Sewer Sewer

Power

Source No electricity up to 1988 None Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric Mains electric

Illumination method Electric lighting likely to be

available

Electric lighting likely to be

available

Kerosene lamp Incadescent bulb Incadescent bulb Incadescent globe Incadescent globe Incadescent globe Incandescent globe/halgon Incandescent globe/halgon Compact flourescent/LED

Heating method Fireplace (4) Gas ceramic in brick fireplace

each room (4)

Gas or wood fire (no longer

visible)

(1) Brick wood fireplace (1) Brick wood fireplace (2) Brick wood fireplace (1) Brick wood fireplace (1) Brick wood fireplace Electric wall mounted radiant bar

heater, lounge

Slow combustion stove Electric heating Slow combustion wood and electric

heating

Electric heating Electric heating Reverse cycle air conditioning -

ducted

Cooling method Natural ventilation Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation/sleepout Natural ventilation Natural ventilation None None None None None Reverse cycle air conditioning -

ducted

Food storage method Fresh produce Pantry Pantry and cellar None Pantry Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration Refridgeration

AC has been retrofit No No Yes - evaporative ducted No Yes - split units Yes - reverse cycle Yes - reverse cycle split units Yes - ducted evaporative Yes - evaporative wall units No - ceiling fans Yes Yes - ducted evaporative Yes - ducted evaporative Yes - ducted evaporative N/A

Canvas may have been used, but

with lack of evidence, necessarily

excluded.

Table 4.1

Perth Housing Typologies IndexationCalculation Sheet

ECOTECT CALCULATIONS 1929‐1950 1950Building key B‐1 B‐1 Alt D‐1 D‐2 E‐1 E‐1 Alt E‐2 F‐1Date 1860 1920est 1925 1931 1932 1950

Location Cockman House, Wanneroo West Leederville Burswood Settlers Cottage, Herdsman Lake Bassendean Wembley

Ecotect Data Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Summer ventilation potential sliding air change value applied 20.0ach 15 19.96 28.4ach 8 28.39 28.3ach 9 28.33 37.8ach 4 37.83 41.6ach 2 41.64 22.2ach 13 22.23

Winter air change applied 00.5ach direct flow 5.00 00.5ach direct flow 7.00 00.5ach direct flow 3.00 00.5ach direct flow 8.00 00.5ach direct flow 6.00 00.5ach direct flow 2.00

Available internal floor area (IFA) (sqm) per person 26.86 w'dow position 2.00 33.02 w'dow position 4.00 32.22 w'dow position 4.00 19.44 w'dow position 6.00 26.78 w'dow position 6.00 40.07 w'dow position 4.00

Enclosed available volume (cubic metres) per person 86.23 w'dow catchment 3.00 98.87 w'dow catchment 2.00 97.13 w'dow catchment 3.00 58.37 w'dow catchment 5.00 82.92 w'dow catchment 5.00 98.34 w'dow catchment 2.00

Total number of persons for baseline comparisons 4 sleepout 0.00 3 sleepout 2.00 4 sleepout 1.00 3 sleepout 0.00 3 sleepout 1.00 3 sleepout 1.00

Daily hours of day house occupancy 10 %vent/cubicm 2.37 10 %vent/cubicm 3.35 10 %vent/cubicm 4.32 10 %vent/cubicm 4.71 10 %vent/cubicm 5.77 10 %vent/cubicm 3.83

Daily hours of night house occupancy 12 %vent/sqm 7.60 12 %vent/sqm 10.04 12 %vent/sqm 13.01 12 %vent/sqm 14.13 12 %vent/sqm 17.87 12 %vent/sqm 9.40

Insitu Orientation Suburban Rural Suburban Suburban Suburban Rural Suburban ALT‐or'plaster

Type IS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hot 10.15% 10.15% 6.13% 7.20% 12.45% 12.45% 13.31% 9.18%January 7.71% 7.70% 4.61% 5.52% 9.83% 9.83% 10.54% 6.74%

February 23.47% 23.47% 13.87% 15.96% 26.31% 26.29% 27.35% 21.08%

March 6.15% 6.15% 3.97% 4.80% 9.66% 9.66% 10.52% 5.63%

November 7.21% 7.22% 4.39% 5.17% 8.77% 8.77% 9.96% 6.70%

December 6.21% 6.21% 3.79% 4.53% 7.68% 7.68% 8.17% 5.75%

Type IW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too cold 40.77% 40.77% 16.16% 20.72% 36.46% 36.46% 40.43% 23.62%May 22.59% 22.59% 7.52% 11.43% 15.43% 15.43% 24.30% 9.50%

June 50.96% 50.96% 20.68% 25.99% 48.77% 48.77% 50.00% 31.16%

July 51.27% 51.27% 23.02% 27.25% 52.42% 52.42% 52.47% 34.38%

August 43.49% 43.49% 16.66% 21.74% 37.61% 37.61% 41.26% 24.37%

September 35.53% 35.53% 12.94% 17.19% 28.08% 28.08% 34.11% 18.68%

Alternate Orientation (living to true north) 0' DG INSR INSC 90' DG INSR INSC 0' DG INSR INSC ‐90 DG INSR INSC 90' DG INSR INSC 0' DG INSR INSC

Type AS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hot 10.15% 10.12% 10.25% n/a 6.14% 6.11% 6.11% 6.18% 7.21% 7.18% 7.20% 6.94% 12.43% 12.36% 12.34% 12.68% 13.37% 13.30% 13.27% 13.63% 9.17% 9.14% 9.15% 9.25%Solstice actual diurnal temperature range (21st December) done done done done done doneSolitice AS diurnal temperature range January 7.71% 7.67% 7.83% 4.62% 4.59% 4.60% 4.67% 5.56% 5.58% 5.57% 5.22% 9.81% 9.83% 9.72% 10.15% 10.60% 10.60% 10.54% 10.90% 6.74% 6.72% 6.70% 6.96%

February 23.40% 23.47% 23.54% 13.97% 13.96% 13.97% 13.93% 15.95% 15.95% 15.96% 15.75% 26.29% 26.22% 26.39% 26.02% 27.54% 27.41% 27.53% 27.37% 21.07% 21.17% 21.13% 20.76%

March 6.26% 6.16% 6.39% 3.98% 3.89% 3.89% 4.05% 4.87% 4.75% 4.82% 4.53% 9.59% 9.43% 9.45% 10.22% 10.50% 10.44% 10.32% 11.24% 5.61% 5.45% 5.52% 5.81%

November 7.15% 7.13% 7.25% 4.38% 4.35% 4.38% 4.44% 5.15% 5.13% 5.12% 5.05% 8.80% 8.66% 8.59% 9.28% 9.97% 9.90% 9.79% 10.19% 6.70% 6.62% 6.65% 6.81%

December 6.21% 6.17% 6.26% 3.74% 3.75% 3.73% 3.81% 4.52% 4.48% 4.51% 4.17% 7.68% 7.66% 7.57% 7.71% 8.23% 8.16% 8.19% 8.44% 5.75% 5.73% 5.73% 5.92%

Type AW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too cold 40.74% 40.54% 37.96% n/a 16.18% 14.56% 15.69% 15.77% 20.67% 20.28% 20.40% 20.32% 36.59% 34.25% 36.64% 36.95% 40.25% 39.03% 40.65% 40.02% 23.67% 20.67% 20.80% 20.84%Solstice actual diurnal temperature range ( 21st June) done done done done done doneSolistice AW diurnal temperature rangeMay 22.64% 22.17% 19.18% 7.53% 6.75% 6.59% 6.50% 11.44% 10.79% 10.82% 10.02% 15.64% 12.59% 14.65% 13.96% 23.90% 22.45% 23.47% 23.71% 9.54% 7.36% 7.76% 7.85%

June 50.86% 50.88% 47.95% 20.72% 18.77% 20.57% 20.75% 25.98% 25.67% 25.87% 26.32% 49.17% 46.00% 49.61% 50.12% 49.93% 48.79% 50.51% 49.60% 31.22% 28.11% 27.70% 27.59%

July 51.33% 51.26% 50.26% 22.97% 21.05% 22.82% 23.02% 27.23% 27.06% 27.20% 27.34% 52.42% 50.94% 53.29% 54.39% 52.43% 51.45% 53.12% 52.26% 34.42% 31.82% 31.99% 32.20%

August 43.49% 43.22% 40.32% 16.76% 15.05% 16.21% 16.28% 21.63% 21.24% 21.36% 21.39% 37.59% 35.39% 37.61% 38.08% 41.01% 39.78% 41.61% 40.81% 24.43% 20.98% 21.11% 21.00%

September 35.39% 35.19% 32.11% 12.91% 11.20% 12.26% 12.28% 17.07% 16.63% 16.77% 16.54% 28.15% 26.32% 28.06% 28.19% 33.99% 32.68% 34.53% 33.71% 18.76% 15.10% 15.46% 15.56%

Entry & pantry at full gains 90' DG INSR INSC

6.89% 6.86% 6.87% 6.94%done

5.15% 5.13% 5.14% 5.22%

15.91% 15.90% 15.91% 15.86%

4.33% 4.24% 4.24% 4.42%

4.88% 4.86% 4.88% 4.95%

4.18% 4.19% 4.17% 4.26%

18.43% 16.71% 17.95% 18.01% 16.18%

donePANTRY & ENTRY0 GAINS

8.19% 7.32% 7.25% 7.18% 7.53%

23.64% 21.63% 23.48% 23.58% 20.72%

26.52% 24.50% 26.38% 26.61% 22.97%

19.08% 17.24% 18.54% 18.64% 16.76%

14.71% 12.86% 14.09% 14.06% 12.91%

1830‐1890 1915‐1929

Table 4.2


ECOTECT CALCULATIONSBuilding key DateLocationEcotect DataSummer ventilation potential sliding air change value appliedWinter air change applied Available internal floor area (IFA) (sqm) per person Enclosed available volume (cubic metres) per person Total number of persons for baseline comparisonsDaily hours of day house occupancy Daily hours of night house occupancy Insitu Orientation

Type IS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hotJanuaryFebruaryMarchNovemberDecemberType IW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too coldMay June July AugustSeptember Alternate Orientation (living to true north)

Type AS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hotSolstice actual diurnal temperature range (21st December)Solitice AS diurnal temperature range JanuaryFebruaryMarchNovemberDecemberType AW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too coldSolstice actual diurnal temperature range ( 21st June)Solistice AW diurnal temperature rangeMay June July AugustSeptember

1960 1980F‐2 F‐2Alt1 F‐2Alt2a F‐2Alt2b F‐2Alt3 F‐2Alt4 G‐1 G‐1Alta G‐1Altb G‐2 G‐2 Alt I‐1 I‐21957 1960 1962 1980s 1986Bayswater Innaloo East Cannington Munster Bibra Lake

Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated 39.8ach 3 37.81 37.6ach 5 37.50 51.0ach 1 51.05 25.5ach 11 25.53 32.1ach 7 32.0800.5ach direct flow 8.00 00.5ach direct flow 4.00 00.5ach direct flow 6.00 00.5ach direct flow 4.00 00.5ach direct flow 4.5039.48 w'dow position 7.00 26.81 w'dow position 4.00 20.27 w'dow position 6.00 26.13 w'dow position 4.00 19.50 w'dow position 4.0089.59 w'dow catchment 5.00 54.88 w'dow catchment 4.00 56.19 w'dow catchment 7.00 61.63 w'dow catchment 2.00 46.01 w'dow catchment 2.003 sleepout 1.00 4 sleepout 0.00 4 sleepout 1.00 4 sleepout 0.00 4 sleepout 0.0010 %vent/cubicm 5.14 10 %vent/cubicm 8.37 10 %vent/cubicm 8.23 10 %vent/cubicm 4.62 10 %vent/cubicm 6.4212 %vent/sqm 11.67 12 %vent/sqm 17.13 12 %vent/sqm 22.82 12 %vent/sqm 10.91 12 %vent/sqm 15.15Suburban ALT‐

or'plasterSuburban ALT‐

or'plasterALT‐ leaky or'plaster

Suburban ALT‐ or'plaster Suburban ALT‐ or'plaster

Suburban

7.48% 7.46% 9.02% 9.03% 9.03% 9.36% 9.37% 11.55% 11.70% 14.19%5.77% 5.78% 6.90% 6.91% 6.91% 7.31% 7.32% 8.54% 8.75% 10.76%

15.86% 15.90% 19.87% 19.86% 19.86% 20.31% 20.31% 25.88% 25.71% 31.24%

5.60% 5.52% 6.35% 6.38% 6.37% 6.70% 6.71% 7.56% 7.94% 9.25%

5.46% 5.42% 6.45% 6.45% 6.47% 6.67% 6.68% 8.54% 8.68% 10.60%

4.72% 4.70% 5.55% 5.54% 5.54% 5.83% 5.83% 7.23% 7.42% 9.08%

13.18% 13.17% 24.27% 24.14% 24.13% 28.04% 27.92% 19.93% 19.22% 31.79%4.89% 4.89% 10.92% 10.84% 10.81% 13.52% 13.41% 8.39% 8.03% 14.42%

17.54% 17.57% 31.58% 31.43% 31.44% 36.31% 36.15% 25.83% 24.81% 41.18%

19.85% 19.83% 34.77% 34.63% 34.64% 38.69% 38.64% 29.57% 28.65% 45.39%

13.45% 13.42% 25.03% 24.88% 24.85% 28.77% 28.69% 20.30% 19.62% 32.82%

10.19% 10.14% 19.04% 18.90% 18.90% 22.90% 22.72% 15.55% 14.98% 25.12%180' DG INSR INSC Ceiling vent

orig achCeiling vent leaky

Roof colour (lighter)

Floor Insulation

180' DG INSR INSC 180' DG INSR INSC ‐90 DG INS R INS C ‐90' DG INS R INS C

7.49% 7.45% 7.48% 7.58% 7.50% 7.48% 7.47% 7.56% 8.98% 8.92% 8.91% 9.05% 9.31% 9.30% 9.29% 9.40% 11.47% 11.41% 11.11% 11.45% 14.43% 14.09% 13.97% 14.55%done done done done done done done done done

5.79% 5.76% 5.79% 5.91% 5.79% 5.79% 5.78% 5.88% 6.95% 6.89% 6.92% 7.01% 7.24% 7.24% 7.22% 7.35% 8.48% 8.40% 8.18% 8.49% 10.90% 10.56% 10.64% 11.20%

15.87% 15.81% 15.86% 15.81% 15.87% 15.82% 15.83% 15.83% 19.82% 19.78% 19.76% 19.69% 20.25% 20.31% 20.31% 20.13% 25.88% 25.92% 26.13% 25.77% 30.87% 31.15% 31.13% 30.88%

5.56% 5.50% 5.52% 5.68% 5.56% 5.56% 5.53% 5.70% 6.18% 6.01% 6.00% 6.42% 6.65% 6.55% 6.59% 6.91% 7.38% 7.14% 6.42% 7.32% 10.01% 9.22% 8.85% 10.15%

5.48% 5.47% 5.46% 5.62% 5.49% 5.48% 5.46% 5.57% 6.44% 6.43% 6.38% 6.55% 6.66% 6.62% 6.58% 6.71% 8.47% 8.47% 8.00% 8.50% 10.97% 10.59% 10.38% 11.03%

4.76% 4.70% 4.75% 4.86% 4.77% 4.73% 4.74% 4.80% 5.52% 5.49% 5.48% 5.57% 5.77% 5.77% 5.75% 5.90% 7.16% 7.13% 6.83% 7.17% 9.38% 8.95% 8.86% 9.49%

13.69% 11.78% 12.33% 12.53% 13.71% 19.14% 13.75% 13.67% 25.34% 22.39% 24.67% 24.48% 28.40% 26.51% 28.48% 28.50% 19.88% 13.39% 19.83% 19.82% 31.78% 22.25% 32.17% 31.78%done done done done done done done done done

5.72% 4.69% 4.31% 4.30% 5.73% 9.29% 5.81% 5.97% 12.00% 9.39% 10.89% 11.11% 14.09% 12.51% 13.90% 13.93% 8.67% 4.30% 7.53% 8.14% 14.61% 8.43% 13.92% 14.35%

17.80% 15.36% 16.68% 16.75% 17.79% 24.54% 17.84% 17.49% 32.62% 29.44% 32.12% 31.65% 36.54% 34.47% 36.65% 36.57% 25.62% 17.61% 26.28% 25.82% 41.11% 29.33% 41.79% 41.09%

20.10% 17.82% 19.30% 19.73% 20.13% 25.89% 20.16% 20.09% 35.89% 33.02% 35.60% 35.25% 38.84% 37.28% 39.08% 39.48% 29.35% 21.76% 30.19% 29.92% 45.02% 33.24% 46.30% 45.40%

14.04% 12.09% 12.49% 12.69% 14.06% 20.00% 14.11% 13.93% 26.09% 22.86% 25.54% 25.28% 29.09% 27.16% 29.35% 29.29% 20.20% 13.49% 19.92% 19.85% 32.93% 22.74% 33.03% 32.78%

10.80% 8.95% 8.89% 9.17% 10.82% 15.99% 10.83% 10.86% 20.12% 17.22% 19.20% 19.09% 23.42% 21.12% 23.43% 23.22% 15.56% 9.79% 15.25% 15.37% 25.24% 17.51% 25.79% 25.28%

Entry, carport and pantry at full gains 180' DG INSR INSC

9.33% 9.29% 9.17% 9.29%done

7.25% 7.22% 7.09% 7.22%

19.76% 19.70% 19.60% 19.55%

6.94% 6.87% 6.71% 6.91%

6.82% 6.81% 6.66% 6.84%

5.88% 5.84% 5.79% 5.94%

16.50% 14.58% 14.12% 14.31%

done

7.33% 6.30% 4.68% 4.66%

21.56% 19.12% 19.43% 19.49%

23.78% 21.50% 22.42% 22.86%

16.95% 14.99% 14.25% 14.44%

12.86% 11.01% 9.82% 10.10%

Table 4.2


ECOTECT CALCULATIONSBuilding key DateLocationEcotect DataSummer ventilation potential sliding air change value appliedWinter air change applied Available internal floor area (IFA) (sqm) per person Enclosed available volume (cubic metres) per person Total number of persons for baseline comparisonsDaily hours of day house occupancy Daily hours of night house occupancy Insitu Orientation

Type IS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hotJanuaryFebruaryMarchNovemberDecemberType IW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too coldMay June July AugustSeptember Alternate Orientation (living to true north)

Type AS: Summer (November through March) ‐ on average too hotSolstice actual diurnal temperature range (21st December)Solitice AS diurnal temperature range JanuaryFebruaryMarchNovemberDecemberType AW: Winter (May through September) ‐ on average too coldSolstice actual diurnal temperature range ( 21st June)Solistice AW diurnal temperature rangeMay June July AugustSeptember

19902000‐2010

J‐1 J‐3 K‐1 K‐21995 1996 2002 2009Bibra Lake Orelia Orelia Rivervale

Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated Vent Rank Rated 26.6ach 10 26.56 24.6ach 12 24.59 34.1ach 6 34.07 21.0ach 14 21.0200.5ach direct flow 4.50 00.5ach direct flow 4.50 00.5ach direct flow 5.00 00.5ach direct flow 4.0030.61 w'dow position 4.00 48.21 w'dow position 4.50 35.58 w'dow position 4.50 38.92 w'dow position 3.0071.92 w'dow catchment 2.00 103.66 w'dow catchment 2.00 97.78 w'dow catchment 2.50 82.05 w'dow catchment 2.004 sleepout 0.00 4 sleepout 0.00 4 sleepout 0.00 5 sleepout 0.0010 %vent/cubicm 4.79 10 %vent/cubicm 4.31 10 %vent/cubicm 5.89 10 %vent/cubicm 3.8712 %vent/sqm 11.26 12 %vent/sqm 9.28 12 %vent/sqm 16.18 12 %vent/sqm 8.16Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Con test

11.88% 13.06% 14.82% 10.58% 10.58%9.00% 9.80% 11.18% 7.66% 7.66%

25.77% 28.65% 32.16% 24.69% 24.69%

7.84% 8.66% 9.93% 6.09% 6.09%

9.06% 9.75% 11.18% 7.79% 7.79%

7.72% 8.46% 9.65% 6.66% 6.66%

24.83% 34.59% 31.63% 23.94% 23.94%11.63% 18.85% 18.86% 10.57% 10.57%

31.95% 43.33% 38.91% 30.85% 30.85%

35.09% 48.11% 42.39% 34.99% 34.99%

25.36% 34.92% 31.83% 24.31% 24.31%

20.12% 27.72% 26.17% 18.96% 18.96%57' DG INS R INS C ‐60.5 DG INS R INS C ‐90' DG INS R INS C ‐90' DG INS R INS C

11.77% 11.68% 11.45% 11.92% 13.22% 13.07% 12.88% 13.29% 14.76% 14.67% 14.46% 14.79% 10.59% 10.52% 10.34% 10.70%done done done done

8.80% 8.70% 8.54% 9.01% 9.92% 9.76% 9.70% 10.17% 11.10% 11.00% 10.81% 11.17% 7.66% 7.54% 7.43% 7.80%

25.92% 25.97% 25.99% 25.80% 28.54% 28.82% 28.61% 28.22% 32.05% 32.14% 32.17% 31.86% 24.76% 24.88% 24.96% 24.57%

7.69% 7.45% 6.89% 7.97% 8.92% 8.39% 8.04% 9.09% 9.85% 9.63% 9.08% 10.02% 6.05% 5.88% 5.44% 6.35%

8.90% 8.80% 8.58% 9.02% 9.92% 9.77% 9.58% 10.07% 11.19% 11.05% 10.91% 11.22% 7.81% 7.71% 7.53% 7.99%

7.52% 7.48% 7.27% 7.80% 8.78% 8.62% 8.48% 8.91% 9.62% 9.53% 9.32% 9.67% 6.68% 6.60% 6.35% 6.81%

24.88% 19.57% 24.87% 25.14% 34.64% 25.52% 34.48% 34.19% 31.55% 24.26% 29.97% 29.88% 23.94% 18.83% 24.03% 23.99%done done done done

11.71% 7.86% 11.04% 12.41% 19.06% 14.13% 18.03% 18.28% 18.67% 14.98% 15.33% 15.65% 10.58% 7.64% 9.95% 10.70%

32.03% 25.17% 31.99% 31.51% 43.23% 31.55% 43.17% 42.74% 38.82% 29.57% 37.84% 37.52% 30.87% 24.75% 31.40% 30.84%

35.15% 29.21% 35.71% 35.96% 48.02% 37.16% 48.89% 48.16% 42.58% 32.47% 41.86% 41.55% 34.96% 28.86% 35.71% 35.23%

25.34% 20.02% 25.40% 25.32% 34.93% 25.10% 34.77% 34.40% 31.77% 24.35% 30.48% 30.24% 24.29% 18.81% 24.44% 24.27%

20.15% 15.61% 20.20% 20.50% 27.98% 19.64% 27.53% 27.37% 25.92% 19.91% 24.33% 24.46% 18.98% 14.10% 18.66% 18.92%

Table 4.2

Perth Housing Typologies IndexationSummer Hourly Temperatures

1929‐1950Building key B‐1 D‐1 D‐2 E‐1 E‐2 F‐1 F‐2 F‐2 ALT G‐1 G‐2 I‐1 I‐2 J‐1 J‐3 K‐1 K‐2Date

Location Wanneroo West Leederville Burswood Herdsman Lake Bassendean Wembley Bayswater Bayswater ALT Gains Innaloo East Cannington Munster Bibra Lake Bibra Lake Orelia Orelia RivervaleSolitice 21st December Summer AVRF 1.53 Summer AVRF 1.63 Summer AVRF 1.78 Summer AVRF 1.27 Summer AVRF 1.14 Summer AVRF 2.013 Summer AVRF 1.45 Summer AVRF 1.42 Summer AVRF 1.523 Summer AVRF 1.39 Summer AVRF 2.088 Summer AVRF 1.937 Summer AVRF 2.078 Summer AVRF 1.966 Summer AVRF 1.854 Summer AVRF 2.449

Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RFZone 1 Living 23.6 1.2 1.56 Entry 24.3 1.8 2.32 Entry 24.0 1.6 2.09 Living 23.2 0.7 1.27 Corridor 23.3 0.8 1.23 Entry 24.9 2.4 2.79 Entry 23.5 1.0 1.80 Entry 23.5 1.0 1.43 Living 23.4 0.9 1.44 Liv/loun 23.1 0.7 1.33 Entry 24.7 2.3 2.82 Entry 24.6 2.1 2.36 Entry 24.4 1.9 2.97 Lng/ent 23.8 1.3 1.69 Entry 24.0 1.5 2.00 Entry 26.4 3.9 4.81Zone 2 Bed1 23.7 1.2 1.49 Bed1 23.7 1.2 1.56 Living 25.3 2.8 2.14 Kit/Din 23.3 0.8 1.27 Living 22.9 0.4 1.09 Lin INT 24.7 2.2 3.90 Liv/loun 23.3 0.9 1.38 Liv/loun 23.3 0.9 1.38 F/P INT 24.4 2.0 1.62 Kit/din 23.2 0.8 1.32 Lounge 23.9 1.4 1.73 Living 23.5 1.0 1.61 Living1 23.8 1.4 1.69 Living 23.6 1.1 1.57 Theatre 24.1 1.6 1.86Zone 3 Bed2 23.7 1.2 1.50 FP1a 24.9 2.4 2.25 Kitchen 23.8 1.4 1.69 Bed1 23.3 0.8 1.27 Bed1 23.1 0.6 1.17 Corr INT 23.9 1.4 2.31 F/pl INT 24.5 2.0 2.36 F/pl INT 24.5 2.0 2.36 Kit/din 23.6 1.1 1.55 Cor INT 23.2 0.8 1.44 Dining 23.7 1.2 2.30 Kit/Din 23.5 1.0 1.70 Lng/Liv2 24.0 1.5 1.83 Kitchen 23.5 1.0 1.66 Din INT 23.7 1.2 2.78Zone 4 Bed3 24.1 1.73 FP1b 24.9 2.5 2.18 Dining 23.7 1.3 1.64 Bed2 23.3 0.8 1.27 Bed2 22.9 0.4 1.11 Living 24.0 1.5 1.85 Bed1 23.2 0.8 1.31 Bed1 23.2 0.8 1.31 Corr 23.7 1.2 1.61 Lin INT 23.9 1.4 2.16 Kitchen 24.3 1.8 2.32 Dine INT 23.6 1.1 2.36 Fam INT 23.6 1.1 2.17 Dining 23.2 0.8 1.64 Kitchen 23.8 1.3 2.23Zone 5 Kit/Din 23.8 1.3 1.49 Bed2 23.8 1.3 1.68 Corr INT 23.7 1.2 2.06 Subfloor 23.3 0.8 1.62 Kit/Din 23.1 0.6 1.13 Dining 24.1 1.6 2.12 Bed2 23.1 0.6 1.34 Bed2 23.1 0.6 1.34 Lin INT 24.1 1.6 2.56 Bed1 23.2 0.7 1.34 OvV INT 24.7 2.2 4.29 Corr INT 23.7 1.2 2.11 Kitchen 23.8 1.3 2.09 Kitchen 23.7 1.2 1.75 Family 23.1 0.6 1.34 Living 23.6 1.1 1.90Zone 6 Bath 21.9 2.1 1.43 FP2a 24.8 2.3 2.96 Bed1 23.4 1.0 1.54 Roof 23.5 1.0 1.26 Bath 23.2 0.7 1.09 Kitchen 23.9 1.5 1.78 Dine INT 23.3 0.8 1.79 Dine INT 23.3 0.8 1.79 Bed1 23.3 0.8 1.43 Bed2 23.4 0.9 1.42 Liv/Fam 23.6 1.1 1.76 Lin INT 24.5 2.1 3.61 Family 23.8 1.3 1.90 Din/meal 23.6 1.1 1.90 Corr INT 23.8 1.3 2.22 Bed1 24.1 1.6 1.83Zone 7 S.Living 25.6 3.2 67.70 FP2b 24.9 2.4 2.51 Bed2 23.7 1.2 1.51 Bed1 23.9 1.5 1.79 Kitchen 23.6 1.1 1.71 Kitchen 23.6 1.1 1.71 Bed2 23.6 1.1 1.49 Bed3 23.4 0.9 1.42 Corr INT 23.9 1.4 2.10 Bed1 23.8 1.3 1.78 Corr INT 23.9 1.4 2.23 Liv/Gam 23.4 0.9 1.56 Bed1 23.4 0.9 1.49 WI1AINT 24.3 1.8 2.52Zone 8 S.Bed1 25.6 3.2 76.15 Living 23.6 1.1 1.66 Bed3 INT 23.7 1.2 1.86 Store 22.7 0.2 0.80 Bed2 24.1 1.6 1.95 Pant INT 23.5 1.0 1.62 Pantry 24.1 1.6 1.62 Bed3 23.6 1.1 1.54 Bath 23.8 1.4 1.65 Bed1 24.0 1.5 1.68 Bed2 23.9 1.5 1.69 Lin INT 24.5 2.0 3.27 Bed1 23.9 1.4 1.65 WIR1INT 23.9 1.4 2.11 WI1BINT 24.3 1.8 2.79Zone 9 S.Bed2 25.6 3.2 76.67 S/out1 23.3 0.8 1.24 Bath INT 23.9 1.4 2.20 Laundry 23.5 1.0 1.14 Bath INT 24.1 1.6 2.46 Laundry 23.5 1.1 1.36 Laundry 23.5 1.1 1.36 Bath 24.1 1.6 1.84 S/out 23.5 1.0 1.34 WIR1INT 24.2 1.7 2.51 Bed3 23.9 1.4 1.64 Bath 24.5 2.0 2.08 WIR1INT 24.1 1.6 2.94 Ensuite 24.4 1.9 2.04 Ens INT 24.1 1.6 2.76Zone 10 S.Bed3 25.6 3.2 74.35 Kit/Din 23.7 1.3 1.67 S/out 23.0 0.5 1.06 U/Croft 22.8 0.4 1.17 Laundry 24.5 2.0 2.06 LndV INT 24.2 1.8 2.00 LndV INT 24.2 1.8 2.00 Lndry 23.8 1.3 1.34 Toilet 24.0 1.5 1.33 Bed2 24.1 1.6 1.76 Bath 24.2 1.7 1.96 Toilet 25.3 2.8 2.51 Ensuite 24.7 2.2 2.31 Bed2 23.7 1.2 1.61 Toilet1 25.5 3.0 2.59Zone 11 S.Kit/Din 25.6 3.2 68.25 Pant INT 24.0 1.5 1.96 S.Store1 25.5 3.1 27.60 Roof 23.4 0.9 0.82 Toilet 24.8 2.3 1.67 Bath 23.5 1.0 1.66 Bath 23.5 1.0 1.66 Toilet 24.7 2.2 1.47 Laundry 23.6 1.1 1.34 WIR2INT 24.5 2.0 2.08 Toilet 25.1 2.6 2.46 Laundry 24.4 1.9 2.17 Corr INT 24.0 1.5 2.46 Bed3 25.1 2.6 2.60 Corr INT 24.2 1.7 2.78Zone 12 Bath 24.3 1.8 1.91 S.Store2 25.6 3.1 34.52 Car INT 23.7 1.2 1.38 Toilet 24.2 1.7 1.56 Toilet 24.2 1.7 1.56 S.Living 25.6 3.2 19.06 Store 23.3 0.8 1.25 Bed3 24.1 1.7 1.85 Laundry 24.3 1.8 2.06 Bed2 24.0 1.5 1.67 Study 24.0 1.6 1.82 Study 23.7 1.2 1.58 Bed2 24.2 1.7 1.79Zone 13 S/out2 23.2 0.7 0.99 S.Cor/Ent 25.6 3.1 47.67 Lob/So2 23.6 1.1 1.55 S/out1 22.9 0.4 1.07 S/out1 22.9 0.4 1.07 S.Kit/Din 25.6 3.1 23.87 Roof 23.4 0.9 0.64 Toilet 25.4 3.0 2.63 Roof 26.7 4.2 1.55 WIR2INT 24.3 1.9 2.67 Bed2 24.0 1.5 1.75 Bath 24.1 1.6 1.89 WIR2INT 24.7 2.2 2.61Zone 14 Roof 23.6 1.1 1.28 S.Living 25.7 3.2 92.81 S/out 1 24.2 1.7 1.83 S/out2 23.0 0.5 0.99 S/out2 23.0 0.5 0.99 S.Corr 25.6 3.1 22.37 S.Linen 25.7 3.2 139.65 Bath/Ens 24.3 1.9 2.03 Bed3 24.1 1.6 1.72 Bed3 24.0 1.5 1.77 Toilet 25.0 2.6 2.42 Bed3 24.3 1.8 1.97Zone 15 S.Verdh 25.8 3.3 3.58 S.Dining 25.6 3.1 42.59 S.Liv/Din 25.6 3.1 61.52 Car INT 23.3 0.8 1.25 Carport 23.4 0.9 1.25 S.Lin 25.7 3.2 31.73 S.Kit/Din 25.6 3.1 62.45 Laundry 24.5 2.0 2.07 WIR3INT 24.5 2.0 3.11 Laundry 24.5 2.0 2.29 Laundry 24.0 1.6 1.89 WIR3INT 24.8 2.3 3.93Zone 16 S.S/out2 25.6 3.1 5.24 S.Kitchn 25.6 3.1 60.44 S.Kitch 25.6 3.1 61.98 S.Entry 25.6 3.1 60.45 S.Entry 25.6 3.1 60.45 S.Bed1 25.6 3.1 19.62 Lin INT 24.3 1.8 3.02 Bed1 23.9 1.4 1.67 Lin INT 24.6 2.1 3.56 Lin INT 24.2 1.7 2.74 Bed4 24.3 1.8 1.96Zone 17 S.Bed1 25.7 3.2 5.80 S.Bed1 25.5 3.1 30.46 S.Bed2 25.6 3.1 62.39 S.Lnge 25.6 3.1 50.24 S.Lnge 25.6 3.1 50.24 S.Bed2 25.6 3.1 19.57 S.Corr 25.6 3.2 86.61 Roof 26.6 4.2 1.46 WIR1INT 24.1 1.6 2.39 Bath 24.5 2.0 2.04 Roof 24.5 2.0 0.08 WIR4INT 24.8 2.3 4.74Zone 18 S.Entry 25.6 3.2 17.73 S.Bath 25.6 3.1 52.37 S.Ent/Lin 25.6 3.2 70.18 S.Bed1 25.6 3.1 48.54 S.Bed1 25.6 3.1 48.54 S.Bed3 25.6 3.1 21.19 S.Bed3 25.6 3.2 65.94 Ensuite1 24.6 2.1 2.20 Toilet 25.3 2.8 2.37 Bath 24.6 2.1 2.26Zone 19 S.Bed2 25.7 3.2 9.37 Roof 23.4 0.9 1.15 S.Bed1 25.6 3.1 55.94 S.Bed2 25.6 3.1 49.11 S.Bed2 25.6 3.1 49.11 S.Bed1 25.6 3.2 62.81 Stor INT 23.8 1.3 1.67 Car INT 23.4 0.9 1.44 Toilet2 25.6 3.1 2.96Zone 20 S.Living 25.7 3.2 8.48 S.S/out 25.7 3.2 114.73 S.Kit/Din 25.6 3.1 55.69 S.Kit/Din 25.6 3.1 55.69 Roof 25.7 3.2 1.50 S.Bed2 25.6 3.2 66.75 Roof 24.7 2.2 0.09 Roof 26.1 3.7 1.68 Laundry 24.5 2.0 2.25Zone 21 S.S/out1 25.6 3.1 6.26 Roof 23.7 1.2 0.79 S.S/out1 25.6 3.1 52.85 S.S/out1 25.6 3.1 52.85 S.Liv/Lou 25.6 3.2 63.56 Car INT 23.6 1.1 1.54Zone 22 S.Kit/Din 25.7 3.2 7.76 S.S/out2 25.6 3.1 56.36 S.S/out2 25.6 3.1 56.36 Roof 25.9 3.4 1.77Zone 23 S.Pantry 25.6 3.2 5.70 Roof 23.8 1.3 1.45 Roof 23.8 1.3 1.45Zone 24 S.Bath 25.6 3.2 8.63Total Averages: Inhabited Zones 6 23.47 1.17 1.53 8 23.74 1.25 1.63 10 23.82 1.36 1.78 4 23.28 0.78 1.27 7 23.14 0.64 1.14 12 24.17 1.68 2.01 11 23.37 0.90 1.45 13 23.43 0.95 1.42 9 23.76 1.26 1.52 10 23.44 0.98 1.39 12 24.21 1.74 2.09 10 24.05 1.56 1.94 14 24.15 1.66 2.08 14 24.07 1.58 1.97 14 23.90 1.42 1.85 15 24.47 1.97 2.45AVERAGE LIVING Z1 RF1.56 Z8 RF1.66 Z2 RF2.14 Z1 RF1.27 Z2 RF1.09 Z4 RF1.85 Z2 RF1.38 Z2 RF1.38 Z1 RF1.44 Z1 RF1.33 Z6 RF1.76 Z2 RF1.61 Z2 RF1.69 Z7 RF1.56 Z2 RF1.57 Z5 RF1.90

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 24.7 21.5 3.2 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.3 21.5 0.8 21.6 21.5 0.1 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.9 21.5 0.41am 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.2 21.2 1.0 24.6 21.2 3.4 22.1 21.2 0.9 21.8 21.2 0.6 22.1 21.2 0.9 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.1 21.2 0.9 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.0 21.2 0.8 21.4 21.2 0.2 22.1 21.2 0.9 21.7 21.2 0.52am 21.8 20.6 1.2 21.8 20.6 1.2 24.5 20.6 3.9 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.3 20.6 0.7 21.8 20.6 1.2 21.8 20.6 1.2 21.8 20.6 1.2 22.1 20.6 1.5 21.7 20.6 1.1 22.2 20.6 1.6 21.8 20.6 1.2 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.0 20.6 0.4 21.8 20.6 1.2 21.3 20.6 0.73am 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.7 22.1 0.6 24.4 22.1 2.3 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.4 22.1 0.3 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.5 22.1 0.4 21.7 22.1 ‐0.4 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.0 22.1 ‐0.14am 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.5 21.7 0.8 24.8 21.7 3.1 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.3 21.7 0.6 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.3 21.7 0.6 21.7 21.7 0.0 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.0 21.7 0.35am 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.9 20.7 1.2 24.6 20.7 3.9 21.7 20.7 1.0 21.4 20.7 0.7 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.9 20.7 1.2 21.9 20.7 1.2 22.2 20.7 1.5 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.3 20.7 1.6 21.9 20.7 1.2 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.0 20.7 0.3 21.9 20.7 1.2 21.4 20.7 0.76am 22.2 21.0 1.2 22.3 21.0 1.3 24.7 21.0 3.7 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.7 21.0 0.7 22.5 21.0 1.5 22.2 21.0 1.2 22.2 21.0 1.2 22.5 21.0 1.5 22.0 21.0 1.0 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.3 21.0 1.3 22.3 21.0 1.3 21.8 21.0 0.8 22.2 21.0 1.2 22.1 21.0 1.17am 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.1 21.8 1.3 24.9 21.8 3.1 22.6 21.8 0.8 22.4 21.8 0.6 23.4 21.8 1.6 22.8 21.8 1.0 22.8 21.8 1.0 23.1 21.8 1.3 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.3 21.8 1.58am 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.8 22.6 1.2 25.2 22.6 2.6 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.1 22.6 0.5 24.4 22.6 1.8 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.7 22.6 1.1 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.3 22.6 1.7 23.7 22.6 1.1 24.5 22.6 1.99am 24.8 23.3 1.5 24.6 23.3 1.3 25.4 23.3 2.1 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.6 23.3 0.3 25.4 23.3 2.1 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.8 23.3 0.5 23.7 23.3 0.4 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.2 23.3 0.9 25.2 23.3 1.9 25.3 23.3 2.0 24.5 23.3 1.2 25.4 23.3 2.110am 24.6 22.8 1.8 24.5 22.8 1.7 25.6 22.8 2.8 23.5 22.8 0.7 23.1 22.8 0.3 25.4 22.8 2.6 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.3 22.8 0.5 23.3 22.8 0.5 23.8 22.8 1.0 23.9 22.8 1.1 25.2 22.8 2.4 25.0 22.8 2.2 24.5 22.8 1.7 25.2 22.8 2.411am 25.8 24.4 1.4 25.6 24.4 1.2 26.0 24.4 1.6 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.6 24.4 0.2 26.6 24.4 2.2 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.7 24.4 0.3 24.6 24.4 0.2 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.3 24.4 0.9 26.5 24.4 2.1 26.6 24.4 2.2 25.6 24.4 1.2 26.6 24.4 2.212noon 26.8 25.6 1.2 26.6 25.6 1.0 26.7 25.6 1.1 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.8 25.6 0.2 27.6 25.6 2.0 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.7 25.6 0.1 26.2 25.6 0.6 26.3 25.6 0.7 27.4 25.6 1.8 27.9 25.6 2.3 26.6 25.6 1.0 27.8 25.6 2.21pm 26.8 25.7 1.1 26.6 25.7 0.9 26.9 25.7 1.2 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.9 25.7 0.2 27.6 25.7 1.9 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.5 25.7 0.8 27.5 25.7 1.8 27.9 25.7 2.2 26.8 25.7 1.1 27.8 25.7 2.12pm 27.0 26.0 1.0 26.9 26.0 0.9 27.1 26.0 1.1 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 27.8 26.0 1.8 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.7 26.0 0.7 26.8 26.0 0.8 27.8 26.0 1.8 28.2 26.0 2.2 27.0 26.0 1.0 28.1 26.0 2.13pm 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.1 24.9 1.2 27.0 24.9 2.1 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.1 24.9 0.2 27.0 24.9 2.1 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.2 24.9 0.3 25.9 24.9 1.0 25.9 24.9 1.0 26.9 24.9 2.0 27.0 24.9 2.1 26.3 24.9 1.4 26.9 24.9 2.04pm 25.3 24.3 1.0 25.4 24.3 1.1 26.5 24.3 2.2 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.5 24.3 0.2 26.0 24.3 1.7 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.3 24.3 1.0 25.2 24.3 0.9 26.0 24.3 1.7 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.6 24.3 1.3 25.7 24.3 1.45pm 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.8 23.9 0.9 26.1 23.9 2.2 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.1 23.9 0.2 25.3 23.9 1.4 24.5 23.9 0.6 24.5 23.9 0.6 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.2 23.9 1.3 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.0 23.9 1.1 24.7 23.9 0.86pm 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.5 22.4 1.1 25.5 22.4 3.1 23.2 22.4 0.8 22.6 22.4 0.2 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.3 22.4 0.9 23.3 22.4 0.9 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.4 22.4 1.0 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.7 22.4 1.3 22.7 22.4 0.3 23.6 22.4 1.2 22.9 22.4 0.57pm 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.8 20.4 1.4 24.6 20.4 4.2 21.5 20.4 1.1 20.8 20.4 0.4 21.9 20.4 1.5 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.3 20.4 0.9 21.3 20.4 0.9 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.4 20.4 1.0 21.7 20.4 1.3 20.2 20.4 ‐0.2 21.9 20.4 1.5 20.7 20.4 0.38pm 22.2 21.1 1.1 22.2 21.1 1.1 24.4 21.1 3.3 22.0 21.1 0.9 21.4 21.1 0.3 22.2 21.1 1.1 22.2 21.1 1.1 22.2 21.1 1.1 21.9 21.1 0.8 21.9 21.1 0.8 22.1 21.1 1.0 21.9 21.1 0.8 22.0 21.1 0.9 20.8 21.1 ‐0.3 22.2 21.1 1.1 21.2 21.1 0.19pm 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 24.5 21.5 3.0 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.9 21.5 0.4 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.2 21.5 0.7 21.3 21.5 ‐0.2 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.6 21.5 0.110pm 21.7 20.3 1.4 21.6 20.3 1.3 24.5 20.3 4.2 21.4 20.3 1.1 21.0 20.3 0.7 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.4 20.3 1.1 22.0 20.3 1.7 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.5 20.3 1.2 20.7 20.3 0.4 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.1 20.3 0.811pm 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.3 19.8 1.5 24.2 19.8 4.4 21.0 19.8 1.2 20.5 19.8 0.7 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.2 19.8 1.4 21.2 19.8 1.4 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.0 19.8 1.2 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.2 19.8 1.4 21.2 19.8 1.4 20.2 19.8 0.4 21.2 19.8 1.4 20.6 19.8 0.8Average Temps 23.6 22.5 1.2 23.6 22.5 1.1 25.3 22.5 2.8 23.2 22.5 0.7 22.9 22.5 0.4 24.0 22.5 1.5 23.3 22.5 0.9 23.3 22.5 0.9 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.1 22.5 0.7 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.5 22.5 1.0 23.8 22.5 1.4 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.6 22.5 1.1AVERAGE LOUNGE Z2 RF1.73 Z3 RF1.83 Z1 RF1.69

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.4 21.5 0.9 23.0 21.5 1.51am 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.7 21.2 1.52am 22.2 20.6 1.6 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.4 20.6 1.83am 23.0 22.1 0.9 22.7 22.1 0.6 23.2 22.1 1.14am 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.5 21.7 0.8 23.0 21.7 1.35am 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.0 20.7 1.3 22.5 20.7 1.86am 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.5 21.0 1.5 22.8 21.0 1.87am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.2 21.8 1.48am 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.1 22.6 1.5 23.6 22.6 1.09am 24.5 23.3 1.2 24.9 23.3 1.6 24.1 23.3 0.810am 24.5 22.8 1.7 25.0 22.8 2.2 24.0 22.8 1.211am 25.7 24.4 1.3 26.3 24.4 1.9 25.1 24.4 0.712noon 26.6 25.6 1.0 27.2 25.6 1.6 25.9 25.6 0.31pm 26.8 25.7 1.1 27.4 25.7 1.7 26.0 25.7 0.32pm 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.8 26.0 1.8 26.4 26.0 0.43pm 26.5 24.9 1.6 27.1 24.9 2.2 25.8 24.9 0.94pm 25.9 24.3 1.6 26.3 24.3 2.0 25.5 24.3 1.25pm 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.6 23.9 1.7 25.1 23.9 1.26pm 24.1 22.4 1.7 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.0 22.4 1.67pm 22.5 20.4 2.1 22.3 20.4 1.9 22.7 20.4 2.38pm 22.7 21.1 1.6 22.5 21.1 1.4 22.9 21.1 1.89pm 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.0 21.5 1.510pm 22.0 20.3 1.7 21.7 20.3 1.4 22.2 20.3 1.911pm 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.5 19.8 1.7 22.0 19.8 2.2Average Temps 23.9 22.5 1.4 24.0 22.5 1.5 23.8 22.5 1.3AVERAGE FAMILY Z6 RF1.90 Z4 RF2.17 Z5 RF1.34

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 21.7 21.5 0.2 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.3 21.5 ‐0.21am 21.5 21.2 0.3 20.8 21.2 ‐0.4 21.1 21.2 ‐0.12am 21.1 20.6 0.5 20.4 20.6 ‐0.2 20.6 20.6 0.03am 22.0 22.1 ‐0.1 21.3 22.1 ‐0.8 21.6 22.1 ‐0.54am 21.8 21.7 0.1 21.0 21.7 ‐0.7 21.5 21.7 ‐0.25am 21.2 20.7 0.5 20.5 20.7 ‐0.2 20.7 20.7 0.06am 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.5 21.0 0.5 21.4 21.0 0.47am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.0 21.8 1.2 22.6 21.8 0.88am 24.5 22.6 1.9 24.5 22.6 1.9 23.8 22.6 1.29am 25.8 23.3 2.5 26.1 23.3 2.8 24.8 23.3 1.510am 25.9 22.8 3.1 26.2 22.8 3.4 24.5 22.8 1.711am 27.2 24.4 2.8 27.6 24.4 3.2 26.1 24.4 1.712noon 28.3 25.6 2.7 28.8 25.6 3.2 27.4 25.6 1.81pm 28.3 25.7 2.6 28.7 25.7 3.0 27.4 25.7 1.72pm 28.6 26.0 2.6 29.1 26.0 3.1 27.7 26.0 1.73pm 27.5 24.9 2.6 27.9 24.9 3.0 26.5 24.9 1.64pm 26.4 24.3 2.1 26.5 24.3 2.2 25.3 24.3 1.05pm 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.2 23.9 1.3 24.4 23.9 0.56pm 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.2 22.4 0.8 22.5 22.4 0.17pm 21.2 20.4 0.8 20.6 20.4 0.2 20.1 20.4 ‐0.38pm 21.5 21.1 0.4 20.9 21.1 ‐0.2 20.7 21.1 ‐0.49pm 21.6 21.5 0.1 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.2 21.5 ‐0.310pm 20.9 20.3 0.6 20.2 20.3 ‐0.1 20.3 20.3 0.011pm 20.7 19.8 0.9 20.0 19.8 0.2 19.8 19.8 0.0Average Temps 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.1 22.5 0.6AVERAGE KIT/DIN Z5 RF1.49 Z10 RF1.67 Z2 RF1.27 Z5 RF1.13 Z3 RF1.55 Z2 RF1.32 Z3/4 RF1.70

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.8 21.5 1.31am 23.0 21.2 1.8 22.7 21.2 1.5 22.2 21.2 1.0 21.9 21.2 0.7 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.6 21.2 1.42am 22.6 20.6 2.0 22.3 20.6 1.7 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.4 20.6 0.8 22.0 20.6 1.4 21.7 20.6 1.1 22.2 20.6 1.63am 23.5 22.1 1.4 23.2 22.1 1.1 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.8 22.1 0.74am 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.0 21.7 1.3 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.3 21.7 0.6 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.9 21.7 1.25am 22.7 20.7 2.0 22.4 20.7 1.7 21.7 20.7 1.0 21.4 20.7 0.7 22.1 20.7 1.4 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.3 20.7 1.66am 22.8 21.0 1.8 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.7 21.0 0.7 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.1 21.0 1.1 22.6 21.0 1.67am 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.2 21.8 1.4 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.5 21.8 0.7 23.0 21.8 1.2 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.2 21.8 1.48am 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.6 22.6 1.0 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.7 22.6 1.19am 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.3 23.3 1.0 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.1 23.3 0.8 23.8 23.3 0.5 24.0 23.3 0.710am 23.9 22.8 1.1 24.1 22.8 1.3 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.5 22.8 0.7 24.0 22.8 1.2 23.5 22.8 0.7 23.6 22.8 0.811am 24.9 24.4 0.5 25.1 24.4 0.7 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.1 24.4 0.7 24.7 24.4 0.3 25.0 24.4 0.612noon 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.6 25.6 0.0 26.1 25.6 0.51pm 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.1 25.7 0.4 25.7 25.7 0.0 26.2 25.7 0.52pm 26.0 26.0 0.0 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.0 26.0 0.0 26.6 26.0 0.63pm 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.2 24.9 0.3 25.7 24.9 0.84pm 25.0 24.3 0.7 25.2 24.3 0.9 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.3 24.3 1.0 24.8 24.3 0.5 25.1 24.3 0.85pm 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.5 23.9 0.6 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.6 23.9 0.76pm 23.9 22.4 1.5 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.2 22.4 0.8 22.9 22.4 0.5 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.3 22.4 0.9 23.2 22.4 0.87pm 22.6 20.4 2.2 22.5 20.4 2.1 21.5 20.4 1.1 21.1 20.4 0.7 22.1 20.4 1.7 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.5 20.4 1.18pm 23.0 21.1 1.9 22.8 21.1 1.7 22.1 21.1 1.0 21.7 21.1 0.6 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.2 21.1 1.1 22.1 21.1 1.09pm 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.4 21.5 0.910pm 22.6 20.3 2.3 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.4 20.3 1.1 21.1 20.3 0.8 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.9 20.3 1.611pm 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.9 19.8 2.1 21.0 19.8 1.2 20.6 19.8 0.8 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.1 19.8 1.3 21.5 19.8 1.7Average Temps 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.7 22.5 1.3 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.1 22.5 0.6 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.2 22.5 0.8 23.5 22.5 1.0AVERAGE KITCHEN Z3 RF1.69 Z6 RF1.78 Z7 RF1.71 Z7 RF1.71 Z4 RF2.32 Z5 RF2.09 Z5 RF1.75 Z3 RF1.66 Z4 RF2.23

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.0 21.5 1.5 23.2 21.5 1.7 21.2 21.5 ‐0.3 21.2 21.5 ‐0.3 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.1 21.5 0.6 21.7 21.5 0.2 20.7 21.5 ‐0.8 21.5 21.5 0.01am 22.8 21.2 1.6 23.0 21.2 1.8 21.0 21.2 ‐0.2 21.0 21.2 ‐0.2 22.3 21.2 1.1 21.9 21.2 0.7 21.5 21.2 0.3 20.5 21.2 ‐0.7 21.3 21.2 0.12am 22.4 20.6 1.8 22.6 20.6 2.0 20.5 20.6 ‐0.1 20.5 20.6 ‐0.1 21.9 20.6 1.3 21.6 20.6 1.0 21.1 20.6 0.5 20.1 20.6 ‐0.5 20.9 20.6 0.33am 23.3 22.1 1.2 23.5 22.1 1.4 21.6 22.1 ‐0.5 21.6 22.1 ‐0.5 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.2 22.1 0.1 22.0 22.1 ‐0.1 21.1 22.1 ‐1.0 21.7 22.1 ‐0.44am 23.1 21.7 1.4 23.3 21.7 1.6 21.3 21.7 ‐0.4 21.3 21.7 ‐0.4 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.2 21.7 0.5 21.8 21.7 0.1 20.9 21.7 ‐0.8 21.6 21.7 ‐0.15am 22.5 20.7 1.8 22.7 20.7 2.0 20.6 20.7 ‐0.1 20.6 20.7 ‐0.1 22.1 20.7 1.4 21.7 20.7 1.0 21.1 20.7 0.4 20.1 20.7 ‐0.6 21.0 20.7 0.36am 22.8 21.0 1.8 22.9 21.0 1.9 21.6 21.0 0.6 21.6 21.0 0.6 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.4 21.0 1.4 21.9 21.0 0.9 21.2 21.0 0.2 21.9 21.0 0.97am 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.6 21.8 1.8 23.5 21.8 1.7 23.1 21.8 1.3 22.8 21.8 1.0 23.3 21.8 1.58am 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.6 22.6 2.0 24.6 22.6 2.0 24.6 22.6 2.0 24.6 22.6 2.0 24.4 22.6 1.8 24.5 22.6 1.9 24.7 22.6 2.19am 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.3 23.3 1.0 26.1 23.3 2.8 26.1 23.3 2.8 25.7 23.3 2.4 25.4 23.3 2.1 25.6 23.3 2.3 26.2 23.3 2.9 26.2 23.3 2.910am 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.1 22.8 1.3 26.1 22.8 3.3 26.1 22.8 3.3 25.8 22.8 3.0 25.3 22.8 2.5 25.6 22.8 2.8 26.2 22.8 3.4 26.2 22.8 3.411am 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.2 24.4 0.8 27.5 24.4 3.1 27.5 24.4 3.1 27.0 24.4 2.6 26.7 24.4 2.3 26.9 24.4 2.5 27.7 24.4 3.3 27.5 24.4 3.112noon 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.0 25.6 0.4 28.8 25.6 3.2 28.8 25.6 3.2 27.9 25.6 2.3 27.9 25.6 2.3 28.0 25.6 2.4 29.1 25.6 3.5 28.7 25.6 3.11pm 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 28.6 25.7 2.9 28.6 25.7 2.9 27.9 25.7 2.2 27.9 25.7 2.2 28.0 25.7 2.3 29.0 25.7 3.3 28.7 25.7 3.02pm 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.3 26.0 0.3 28.9 26.0 2.9 28.9 26.0 2.9 28.3 26.0 2.3 28.2 26.0 2.2 28.4 26.0 2.4 29.3 26.0 3.3 28.9 26.0 2.93pm 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.8 24.9 0.9 27.6 24.9 2.7 27.6 24.9 2.7 27.6 24.9 2.7 27.1 24.9 2.2 27.5 24.9 2.6 28.0 24.9 3.1 27.7 24.9 2.84pm 25.4 24.3 1.1 25.4 24.3 1.1 26.2 24.3 1.9 26.2 24.3 1.9 26.6 24.3 2.3 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.3 24.3 2.0 26.4 24.3 2.1 26.3 24.3 2.05pm 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.7 23.9 1.8 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.0 23.9 1.16pm 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.1 22.4 1.7 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.0 22.4 0.6 24.2 22.4 1.8 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.2 22.4 0.87pm 22.7 20.4 2.3 22.8 20.4 2.4 20.4 20.4 0.0 20.4 20.4 0.0 22.3 20.4 1.9 20.9 20.4 0.5 21.1 20.4 0.7 20.2 20.4 ‐0.2 20.7 20.4 0.38pm 23.0 21.1 1.9 23.1 21.1 2.0 20.9 21.1 ‐0.2 20.9 21.1 ‐0.2 22.4 21.1 1.3 21.4 21.1 0.3 21.5 21.1 0.4 20.6 21.1 ‐0.5 21.1 21.1 0.0

not used

not used

not used

20091962

1830‐1890

1956

not used

not used

20021860 1920est

2000‐2010

1925

not used

1950 1960 1980 1990

1950 1957 1960 1980s 1986 1995 1996

1915‐1929

1931 1932

Table 4.3




20091962

1830‐1890

1956 20021860 1920est

2000‐2010

1925

1950 1960 1980 1990

1950 1957 1960 1980s 1986 1995 1996

1915‐1929

1931 1932

9pm 23.0 21.5 1.5 23.2 21.5 1.7 21.2 21.5 ‐0.3 21.2 21.5 ‐0.3 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.8 21.5 0.3 21.7 21.5 0.2 20.8 21.5 ‐0.7 21.4 21.5 ‐0.110pm 22.2 20.3 1.9 22.4 20.3 2.1 20.3 20.3 0.0 20.3 20.3 0.0 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.4 20.3 1.1 20.9 20.3 0.6 19.8 20.3 ‐0.5 20.7 20.3 0.411pm 22.0 19.8 2.2 22.2 19.8 2.4 20.0 19.8 0.2 20.0 19.8 0.2 21.6 19.8 1.8 20.9 19.8 1.1 20.6 19.8 0.8 19.5 19.8 ‐0.3 20.4 19.8 0.6Average Temps 23.8 22.5 1.4 23.9 22.5 1.5 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.6 22.5 1.1 24.3 22.5 1.8 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.5 22.5 1.0 23.8 22.5 1.3AVERAGE DINING Z4 RF1.64 Z5 RF2.12 Z6 RF1.79 Z6 RF1.79 Z3 RF2.30 Z4 RF2.36 Z6 RF1.90 Z4 RF1.64 Z3 RF2.78

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.0 21.5 1.5 21.9 21.5 0.4 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.6 21.5 0.1 20.9 21.5 ‐0.6 20.3 21.5 ‐1.2 19.8 21.5 ‐1.7 20.4 21.5 ‐1.11am 22.7 21.2 1.5 21.7 21.2 0.5 20.7 21.2 ‐0.5 20.7 21.2 ‐0.5 21.3 21.2 0.1 20.6 21.2 ‐0.6 20.1 21.2 ‐1.1 19.5 21.2 ‐1.7 20.3 21.2 ‐0.92am 22.3 20.6 1.7 21.3 20.6 0.7 20.3 20.6 ‐0.3 20.3 20.6 ‐0.3 21.0 20.6 0.4 20.3 20.6 ‐0.3 19.7 20.6 ‐0.9 19.1 20.6 ‐1.5 19.9 20.6 ‐0.73am 23.3 22.1 1.2 22.2 22.1 0.1 21.4 22.1 ‐0.7 21.4 22.1 ‐0.7 21.8 22.1 ‐0.3 21.1 22.1 ‐1.0 20.6 22.1 ‐1.5 20.2 22.1 ‐1.9 20.7 22.1 ‐1.44am 23.1 21.7 1.4 21.9 21.7 0.2 21.1 21.7 ‐0.6 21.1 21.7 ‐0.6 21.6 21.7 ‐0.1 20.9 21.7 ‐0.8 20.4 21.7 ‐1.3 19.9 21.7 ‐1.8 20.6 21.7 ‐1.15am 22.4 20.7 1.7 21.4 20.7 0.7 20.4 20.7 ‐0.3 20.4 20.7 ‐0.3 21.1 20.7 0.4 20.4 20.7 ‐0.3 19.7 20.7 ‐1.0 19.1 20.7 ‐1.6 20.0 20.7 ‐0.76am 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.3 21.0 1.3 21.3 21.0 0.3 21.3 21.0 0.3 21.9 21.0 0.9 21.5 21.0 0.5 21.2 21.0 0.2 20.5 21.0 ‐0.5 21.3 21.0 0.37am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.6 21.8 1.8 22.8 21.8 1.0 22.8 21.8 1.0 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.3 21.8 1.5 22.6 21.8 0.8 23.1 21.8 1.38am 23.8 22.6 1.2 25.0 22.6 2.4 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.6 22.6 2.0 25.4 22.6 2.8 24.8 22.6 2.2 25.1 22.6 2.59am 24.3 23.3 1.0 26.5 23.3 3.2 25.8 23.3 2.5 25.8 23.3 2.5 25.5 23.3 2.2 26.3 23.3 3.0 27.5 23.3 4.2 27.0 23.3 3.7 27.2 23.3 3.910am 24.0 22.8 1.2 26.5 22.8 3.7 25.7 22.8 2.9 25.7 22.8 2.9 25.7 22.8 2.9 26.5 22.8 3.7 27.5 22.8 4.7 27.1 22.8 4.3 27.5 22.8 4.711am 25.1 24.4 0.7 27.8 24.4 3.4 27.1 24.4 2.7 27.1 24.4 2.7 27.0 24.4 2.6 27.9 24.4 3.5 29.0 24.4 4.6 28.8 24.4 4.4 28.8 24.4 4.412noon 25.9 25.6 0.3 28.9 25.6 3.3 28.4 25.6 2.8 28.4 25.6 2.8 28.0 25.6 2.4 29.1 25.6 3.5 30.3 25.6 4.7 30.4 25.6 4.8 30.2 25.6 4.61pm 26.0 25.7 0.3 28.8 25.7 3.1 28.3 25.7 2.6 28.3 25.7 2.6 28.0 25.7 2.3 29.0 25.7 3.3 30.1 25.7 4.4 30.2 25.7 4.5 30.0 25.7 4.32pm 26.3 26.0 0.3 29.1 26.0 3.1 28.5 26.0 2.5 28.5 26.0 2.5 28.4 26.0 2.4 29.4 26.0 3.4 30.4 26.0 4.4 30.5 26.0 4.5 30.2 26.0 4.23pm 25.6 24.9 0.7 27.9 24.9 3.0 27.3 24.9 2.4 27.3 24.9 2.4 27.4 24.9 2.5 28.2 24.9 3.3 28.8 24.9 3.9 28.8 24.9 3.9 28.9 24.9 4.04pm 25.2 24.3 0.9 26.6 24.3 2.3 25.9 24.3 1.6 25.9 24.3 1.6 26.2 24.3 1.9 26.6 24.3 2.3 26.9 24.3 2.6 26.7 24.3 2.4 26.9 24.3 2.65pm 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.4 23.9 1.5 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.2 23.9 1.3 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.2 23.9 1.36pm 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.6 22.4 1.2 22.8 22.4 0.4 22.8 22.4 0.4 23.4 22.4 1.0 23.1 22.4 0.7 22.7 22.4 0.3 22.4 22.4 0.0 22.9 22.4 0.57pm 22.4 20.4 2.0 21.3 20.4 0.9 20.2 20.4 ‐0.2 20.2 20.4 ‐0.2 21.2 20.4 0.8 20.5 20.4 0.1 19.5 20.4 ‐0.9 18.9 20.4 ‐1.5 19.9 20.4 ‐0.58pm 22.8 21.1 1.7 21.6 21.1 0.5 20.7 21.1 ‐0.4 20.7 21.1 ‐0.4 21.4 21.1 0.3 20.7 21.1 ‐0.4 19.9 21.1 ‐1.2 19.5 21.1 ‐1.6 20.2 21.1 ‐0.99pm 23.0 21.5 1.5 21.8 21.5 0.3 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.0 21.5 ‐0.5 21.5 21.5 0.0 20.8 21.5 ‐0.7 20.2 21.5 ‐1.3 19.8 21.5 ‐1.7 20.4 21.5 ‐1.110pm 22.2 20.3 1.9 21.1 20.3 0.8 20.1 20.3 ‐0.2 20.1 20.3 ‐0.2 20.8 20.3 0.5 20.1 20.3 ‐0.2 19.4 20.3 ‐0.9 18.8 20.3 ‐1.5 19.8 20.3 ‐0.511pm 21.9 19.8 2.1 20.9 19.8 1.1 19.7 19.8 ‐0.1 19.7 19.8 ‐0.1 20.6 19.8 0.8 19.9 19.8 0.1 19.1 19.8 ‐0.7 18.4 19.8 ‐1.4 19.4 19.8 ‐0.4Average Temps 23.7 22.5 1.3 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.2 22.5 0.8 23.7 22.5 1.2AVERAGE THEATRE Z2 RF1.86

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.2 21.5 1.71am 23.0 21.2 1.82am 22.7 20.6 2.13am 23.4 22.1 1.34am 23.3 21.7 1.65am 22.8 20.7 2.16am 23.0 21.0 2.07am 23.3 21.8 1.58am 23.7 22.6 1.19am 24.3 23.3 1.010am 24.3 22.8 1.511am 25.3 24.4 0.912noon 26.2 25.6 0.61pm 26.4 25.7 0.72pm 26.7 26.0 0.73pm 26.3 24.9 1.44pm 25.8 24.3 1.55pm 25.5 23.9 1.66pm 24.5 22.4 2.17pm 23.2 20.4 2.88pm 23.3 21.1 2.29pm 23.3 21.5 1.810pm 22.6 20.3 2.311pm 22.3 19.8 2.5Average Temps 24.1 22.5 1.6AVERAGE ENTRY/LOBBY Z1 RF2.32 Z1 RF2.09 Z1 RF2.79 Z1 RF1.43 Z1 RF1.43 Z1 RF2.82 Z1 RF2.36 Z1 RF2.97 Z1 RF2.00 Z1 RF4.81

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.6 21.5 1.1 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.6 21.5 1.1 20.8 21.5 ‐0.7 22.2 21.5 0.7 25.0 21.5 3.51am 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.8 21.2 1.6 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.4 21.2 1.2 20.6 21.2 ‐0.6 22.0 21.2 0.8 24.8 21.2 3.62am 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.0 20.6 1.4 22.5 20.6 1.9 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.0 20.6 1.4 22.0 20.6 1.4 20.3 20.6 ‐0.3 21.6 20.6 1.0 24.6 20.6 4.03am 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.9 22.1 0.8 23.3 22.1 1.2 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.2 22.1 1.1 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.9 22.1 0.8 21.1 22.1 ‐1.0 22.5 22.1 0.4 25.0 22.1 2.94am 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.7 21.7 1.0 23.1 21.7 1.4 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.7 21.7 1.0 20.9 21.7 ‐0.8 22.3 21.7 0.6 25.0 21.7 3.35am 22.0 20.7 1.3 22.2 20.7 1.5 22.6 20.7 1.9 22.2 20.7 1.5 22.2 20.7 1.5 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.2 20.7 1.5 20.4 20.7 ‐0.3 21.7 20.7 1.0 24.7 20.7 4.06am 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.7 21.0 1.7 23.4 21.0 2.4 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.4 21.0 1.4 23.0 21.0 2.0 22.9 21.0 1.9 21.8 21.0 0.8 22.4 21.0 1.4 25.3 21.0 4.37am 23.8 21.8 2.0 23.6 21.8 1.8 24.4 21.8 2.6 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.0 21.8 1.2 24.1 21.8 2.3 24.0 21.8 2.2 23.8 21.8 2.0 23.3 21.8 1.5 25.9 21.8 4.18am 24.8 22.6 2.2 24.4 22.6 1.8 25.5 22.6 2.9 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.5 22.6 0.9 25.3 22.6 2.7 25.1 22.6 2.5 25.9 22.6 3.3 24.3 22.6 1.7 26.5 22.6 3.99am 26.0 23.3 2.7 25.2 23.3 1.9 26.7 23.3 3.4 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.0 23.3 0.7 26.6 23.3 3.3 26.3 23.3 3.0 28.2 23.3 4.9 25.4 23.3 2.1 27.4 23.3 4.110am 26.0 22.8 3.2 25.2 22.8 2.4 26.8 22.8 4.0 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.7 22.8 0.9 26.9 22.8 4.1 26.4 22.8 3.6 28.5 22.8 5.7 25.5 22.8 2.7 27.7 22.8 4.911am 27.1 24.4 2.7 26.3 24.4 1.9 27.8 24.4 3.4 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.9 24.4 0.5 28.0 24.4 3.6 27.6 24.4 3.2 30.0 24.4 5.6 26.6 24.4 2.2 28.3 24.4 3.912noon 28.1 25.6 2.5 27.1 25.6 1.5 28.8 25.6 3.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 29.0 25.6 3.4 28.6 25.6 3.0 31.4 25.6 5.8 27.7 25.6 2.1 29.0 25.6 3.41pm 28.0 25.7 2.3 27.1 25.7 1.4 28.7 25.7 3.0 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 29.0 25.7 3.3 28.5 25.7 2.8 31.2 25.7 5.5 27.7 25.7 2.0 29.0 25.7 3.32pm 28.3 26.0 2.3 27.4 26.0 1.4 29.0 26.0 3.0 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.1 26.0 0.1 29.4 26.0 3.4 28.9 26.0 2.9 31.5 26.0 5.5 28.0 26.0 2.0 29.2 26.0 3.23pm 27.5 24.9 2.6 26.7 24.9 1.8 28.1 24.9 3.2 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.4 24.9 0.5 28.5 24.9 3.6 28.1 24.9 3.2 30.0 24.9 5.1 27.2 24.9 2.3 28.9 24.9 4.04pm 26.5 24.3 2.2 26.0 24.3 1.7 27.1 24.3 2.8 25.0 24.3 0.7 25.0 24.3 0.7 27.4 24.3 3.1 27.1 24.3 2.8 28.0 24.3 3.7 26.2 24.3 1.9 28.2 24.3 3.95pm 25.6 23.9 1.7 25.3 23.9 1.4 26.2 23.9 2.3 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.7 23.9 0.8 26.3 23.9 2.4 26.1 23.9 2.2 26.1 23.9 2.2 25.4 23.9 1.5 27.5 23.9 3.66pm 24.1 22.4 1.7 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.7 22.4 2.3 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.6 22.4 1.2 24.6 22.4 2.2 24.5 22.4 2.1 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.9 22.4 1.5 26.5 22.4 4.17pm 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.3 20.4 1.9 22.8 20.4 2.4 22.1 20.4 1.7 22.1 20.4 1.7 22.5 20.4 2.1 22.4 20.4 2.0 20.4 20.4 0.0 22.0 20.4 1.6 25.3 20.4 4.98pm 22.5 21.1 1.4 22.6 21.1 1.5 23.0 21.1 1.9 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.6 21.1 1.5 20.7 21.1 ‐0.4 22.2 21.1 1.1 25.2 21.1 4.19pm 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.6 21.5 1.1 20.8 21.5 ‐0.7 22.3 21.5 0.8 25.1 21.5 3.610pm 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.9 20.3 1.6 22.4 20.3 2.1 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.8 20.3 1.5 20.1 20.3 ‐0.2 21.5 20.3 1.2 24.6 20.3 4.311pm 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.7 19.8 1.9 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.6 19.8 1.8 19.8 19.8 0.0 21.2 19.8 1.4 24.5 19.8 4.7Average Temps 24.3 22.5 1.8 24.0 22.5 1.6 24.9 22.5 2.4 23.5 22.5 1.0 23.5 22.5 1.0 24.7 22.5 2.3 24.6 22.5 2.1 24.4 22.5 1.9 24.0 22.5 1.5 26.4 22.5 3.9AVERAGE CORR 1 Z5 RF2.06 INT Z1 RF1.23 Z3 RF2.31 Z4 RF1.61 Z3 RF1.44 Z7 RF2.10 Z5 RF2.11 Z7 RF2.23 Z11 RF2.46 Z6 RF2.22 Z11 RF2.78

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.8 21.5 1.31am 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.8 21.2 1.6 22.1 21.2 0.9 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.6 21.2 1.42am 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.0 20.6 1.4 21.7 20.6 1.1 22.5 20.6 1.9 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.1 20.6 1.5 21.6 20.6 1.0 22.3 20.6 1.73am 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.9 22.1 0.8 23.3 22.1 1.2 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.5 22.1 0.4 23.0 22.1 0.94am 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.6 21.7 0.9 23.1 21.7 1.4 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.3 21.7 0.6 22.9 21.7 1.25am 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.2 20.7 1.5 21.9 20.7 1.2 22.6 20.7 1.9 21.9 20.7 1.2 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.2 20.7 1.5 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.5 20.7 1.86am 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.0 21.0 1.0 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.2 21.0 1.2 22.9 21.0 1.9 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.8 21.0 1.8 22.3 21.0 1.3 23.0 21.0 2.07am 23.2 21.8 1.4 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.2 21.8 1.4 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.6 21.8 1.88am 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.3 22.6 0.7 24.1 22.6 1.5 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.9 22.6 1.3 24.1 22.6 1.59am 24.8 23.3 1.5 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.9 23.3 1.6 24.5 23.3 1.2 23.7 23.3 0.4 23.8 23.3 0.5 24.8 23.3 1.5 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.9 23.3 1.6 24.9 23.3 1.610am 24.7 22.8 1.9 23.6 22.8 0.8 24.9 22.8 2.1 24.3 22.8 1.5 23.4 22.8 0.6 23.9 22.8 1.1 24.8 22.8 2.0 24.7 22.8 1.9 24.9 22.8 2.1 25.0 22.8 2.2 25.2 22.8 2.411am 25.8 24.4 1.4 24.9 24.4 0.5 25.9 24.4 1.5 25.5 24.4 1.1 24.6 24.4 0.2 25.0 24.4 0.6 26.0 24.4 1.6 25.8 24.4 1.4 25.9 24.4 1.5 26.1 24.4 1.7 26.0 24.4 1.612noon 26.7 25.6 1.1 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.8 25.6 1.2 26.4 25.6 0.8 25.5 25.6 ‐0.1 25.6 25.6 0.0 26.8 25.6 1.2 26.6 25.6 1.0 26.7 25.6 1.1 27.0 25.6 1.4 26.8 25.6 1.21pm 26.6 25.7 0.9 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.5 25.7 0.8 25.5 25.7 ‐0.2 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.8 25.7 1.1 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.7 25.7 1.0 27.0 25.7 1.3 26.8 25.7 1.12pm 27.0 26.0 1.0 26.3 26.0 0.3 27.1 26.0 1.1 26.8 26.0 0.8 25.8 26.0 ‐0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 27.2 26.0 1.2 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.4 26.0 1.4 27.1 26.0 1.13pm 26.3 24.9 1.4 25.4 24.9 0.5 26.4 24.9 1.5 26.1 24.9 1.2 25.2 24.9 0.3 25.9 24.9 1.0 26.5 24.9 1.6 26.6 24.9 1.7 26.6 24.9 1.7 26.8 24.9 1.9 26.8 24.9 1.94pm 25.6 24.3 1.3 24.9 24.3 0.6 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.5 24.3 1.2 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.6 24.3 1.3 25.8 24.3 1.5 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.1 24.3 1.85pm 25.0 23.9 1.1 24.5 23.9 0.6 25.1 23.9 1.2 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.4 23.9 0.5 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.5 23.9 1.66pm 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.9 22.4 1.5 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.3 22.4 0.9 24.4 22.4 2.0 23.7 22.4 1.3 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.4 22.4 2.07pm 22.0 20.4 1.6 21.6 20.4 1.2 22.3 20.4 1.9 22.1 20.4 1.7 21.9 20.4 1.5 23.2 20.4 2.8 22.0 20.4 1.6 22.7 20.4 2.3 22.7 20.4 2.3 22.3 20.4 1.9 23.0 20.4 2.68pm 22.3 21.1 1.2 22.0 21.1 0.9 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.3 21.1 1.2 23.3 21.1 2.2 22.3 21.1 1.2 22.8 21.1 1.7 22.8 21.1 1.7 22.4 21.1 1.3 23.1 21.1 2.09pm 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.4 21.5 0.9 23.0 21.5 1.510pm 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.6 20.3 1.3 22.4 20.3 2.1 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.8 20.3 1.5 22.0 20.3 1.7 21.5 20.3 1.2 22.2 20.3 1.911pm 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.0 19.8 1.2 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.3 19.8 1.5 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.9 19.8 2.1 21.3 19.8 1.5 22.1 19.8 2.3Average Temps 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.9 22.5 1.4 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.2 22.5 0.8 23.9 22.5 1.4 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.9 22.5 1.4 24.0 22.5 1.5 23.8 22.5 1.3 24.2 22.5 1.7AVERAGE BED 1 Z2 RF1.49 Z2 RF1.56 Z6 RF1.54 Z3 RF1.27 Z3 RF1.17 Z7 RF1.79 Z4 RF1.31 Z4 RF1.31 Z6 RF1.43 Z5 RF1.34 Z8 RF1.68 Z7 RF1.78 Z16 RF1.67 Z8 RF1.65 Z7 RF1.49 Z6 RF1.83

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.2 21.5 0.7 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.4 21.5 0.9 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.5 21.5 2.0 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.1 21.5 1.61am 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.2 21.2 1.0 21.9 21.2 0.7 23.0 21.2 1.8 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.1 21.2 0.9 23.0 21.2 1.8 23.3 21.2 2.1 22.9 21.2 1.7 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.9 21.2 1.72am 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.2 20.6 1.6 22.1 20.6 1.5 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.4 20.6 0.8 22.6 20.6 2.0 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.7 20.6 1.1 22.0 20.6 1.4 21.7 20.6 1.1 22.6 20.6 2.0 23.0 20.6 2.4 22.6 20.6 2.0 22.2 20.6 1.6 22.2 20.6 1.6 22.6 20.6 2.03am 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.0 22.1 0.9 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.6 22.1 0.5 23.5 22.1 1.4 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.9 22.1 0.8 22.7 22.1 0.6 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.1 22.1 1.0 22.8 22.1 0.7 23.3 22.1 1.24am 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.3 21.7 0.6 23.3 21.7 1.6 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.5 21.7 0.8 23.2 21.7 1.5 23.5 21.7 1.8 23.2 21.7 1.5 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.9 21.7 1.2 23.2 21.7 1.55am 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.2 20.7 1.5 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.5 20.7 0.8 22.7 20.7 2.0 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.1 20.7 1.4 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.7 20.7 2.0 23.1 20.7 2.4 22.7 20.7 2.0 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.2 20.7 1.5 22.7 20.7 2.06am 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.7 21.0 0.7 23.0 21.0 2.0 22.1 21.0 1.1 22.1 21.0 1.1 22.3 21.0 1.3 22.0 21.0 1.0 22.9 21.0 1.9 23.2 21.0 2.2 22.9 21.0 1.9 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.5 21.0 1.5 23.0 21.0 2.07am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.0 21.8 1.2 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.5 21.8 0.7 23.5 21.8 1.7 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.9 21.8 1.1 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.6 21.8 1.8 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.6 21.8 1.88am 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.2 22.6 0.6 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.6 22.6 1.0 24.2 22.6 1.69am 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.3 23.3 1.0 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.8 23.3 0.5 24.5 23.3 1.2 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.7 23.3 0.4 23.7 23.3 0.4 24.2 23.3 0.9 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.7 23.3 1.4 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.9 23.3 1.610am 24.4 22.8 1.6 24.1 22.8 1.3 23.5 22.8 0.7 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.4 22.8 0.6 24.2 22.8 1.4 23.5 22.8 0.7 23.5 22.8 0.7 23.3 22.8 0.5 23.3 22.8 0.5 24.1 22.8 1.3 23.4 22.8 0.6 24.1 22.8 1.3 24.6 22.8 1.8 23.5 22.8 0.7 24.9 22.8 2.111am 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.1 24.4 0.7 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.2 24.4 0.8 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.7 24.4 0.3 24.7 24.4 0.3 25.3 24.4 0.9 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.7 24.4 1.3 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.7 24.4 1.312noon 26.4 25.6 0.8 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.1 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.4 25.6 0.8 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.6 25.6 1.01pm 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.1 25.7 0.4 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.5 25.7 0.8 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.7 25.7 1.02pm 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.8 26.0 0.8 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.9 26.0 0.93pm 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.2 24.9 0.3 26.0 24.9 1.1 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.8 24.9 0.9 26.1 24.9 1.2 25.5 24.9 0.6 26.3 24.9 1.44pm 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.2 24.3 0.9 24.9 24.3 0.6 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.3 24.3 1.0 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.6 24.3 1.3 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.4 24.3 1.1 25.6 24.3 1.3 24.9 24.3 0.6 25.7 24.3 1.45pm 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.6 23.9 0.7 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.3 23.9 0.4 25.0 23.9 1.1 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.3 23.9 0.4 25.2 23.9 1.3 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.0 23.9 1.1 24.5 23.9 0.6 25.1 23.9 1.26pm 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.4 22.4 1.0 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.0 22.4 0.6 24.0 22.4 1.6 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.2 22.4 0.8 23.1 22.4 0.7 23.0 22.4 0.6 24.1 22.4 1.7 23.4 22.4 1.0 24.1 22.4 1.7 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.1 22.4 0.7 24.0 22.4 1.67pm 22.0 20.4 1.6 22.3 20.4 1.9 21.8 20.4 1.4 21.5 20.4 1.1 21.2 20.4 0.8 22.7 20.4 2.3 21.6 20.4 1.2 21.6 20.4 1.2 21.5 20.4 1.1 21.3 20.4 0.9 22.8 20.4 2.4 21.8 20.4 1.4 22.8 20.4 2.4 22.3 20.4 1.9 21.5 20.4 1.1 22.6 20.4 2.28pm 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.7 21.1 1.6 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.0 21.1 0.9 21.8 21.1 0.7 23.1 21.1 2.0 22.1 21.1 1.0 22.1 21.1 1.0 22.1 21.1 1.0 21.9 21.1 0.8 23.0 21.1 1.9 22.4 21.1 1.3 23.0 21.1 1.9 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.0 21.1 0.9 22.9 21.1 1.89pm 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.1 21.5 0.6 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.3 21.5 0.8 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.9 21.5 1.4 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.1 21.5 1.610pm 22.0 20.3 1.7 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.4 20.3 1.1 21.1 20.3 0.8 22.5 20.3 2.2 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.4 20.3 1.1 22.5 20.3 2.2 22.7 20.3 2.4 22.4 20.3 2.1 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.9 20.3 1.6 22.5 20.3 2.211pm 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.0 19.8 1.2 20.7 19.8 0.9 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.1 19.8 1.3 21.1 19.8 1.3 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.0 19.8 1.2 22.2 19.8 2.4 22.1 19.8 2.3 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.8 19.8 2.0 21.4 19.8 1.6 22.2 19.8 2.4Average Temps 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.4 22.5 1.0 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.1 22.5 0.6 23.9 22.5 1.5 23.2 22.5 0.8 23.2 22.5 0.8 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.2 22.5 0.7 24.0 22.5 1.5 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.9 22.5 1.4 23.9 22.5 1.4 23.4 22.5 0.9 24.1 22.5 1.6AVERAGE BED 2 Z3 RF1.50 Z5 RF1.68 Z7 RF1.51 Z4 RF1.27 Z4 RF1.11 Z8 RF1.95 Z5 RF1.34 Z5 RF1.34 Z7 RF1.49 Z6 RF1.42 Z10 RF1.76 Z8 RF1.69 Z12 RF1.67 Z13 RF1.75 Z10 RF1.61 Z12 RF1.79

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.1 21.5 0.6 23.4 21.5 1.9 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.6 21.5 1.1 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.5 21.5 2.01am 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.7 21.2 1.5 22.7 21.2 1.5 22.1 21.2 0.9 21.8 21.2 0.6 23.2 21.2 2.0 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.3 21.2 1.1 23.1 21.2 1.9 23.0 21.2 1.8 23.1 21.2 1.9 22.9 21.2 1.7 22.5 21.2 1.3 23.3 21.2 2.12am 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.3 20.6 1.7 22.3 20.6 1.7 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.3 20.6 0.7 22.8 20.6 2.2 21.5 20.6 0.9 21.5 20.6 0.9 22.2 20.6 1.6 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.7 20.6 2.1 22.6 20.6 2.0 22.7 20.6 2.1 22.6 20.6 2.0 22.1 20.6 1.5 23.0 20.6 2.43am 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.3 22.1 1.2 23.3 22.1 1.2 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.5 22.1 0.4 23.7 22.1 1.6 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.6 22.1 0.5 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.5 22.1 1.4 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.5 22.1 1.4 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.7 22.1 1.64am 22.7 21.7 1.0 23.0 21.7 1.3 23.1 21.7 1.4 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.3 21.7 0.6 23.5 21.7 1.8 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.4 21.7 0.7 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.8 21.7 1.1 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.2 21.7 1.5 22.9 21.7 1.2 23.6 21.7 1.95am 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.4 20.7 1.7 22.4 20.7 1.7 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.4 20.7 0.7 22.9 20.7 2.2 21.6 20.7 0.9 21.6 20.7 0.9 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.0 20.7 1.3 22.9 20.7 2.2 22.7 20.7 2.0 22.8 20.7 2.1 22.7 20.7 2.0 22.3 20.7 1.6 23.1 20.7 2.46am 22.5 21.0 1.5 22.7 21.0 1.7 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.7 21.0 0.7 23.2 21.0 2.2 21.9 21.0 0.9 21.9 21.0 0.9 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.3 21.0 1.3 23.1 21.0 2.1 23.0 21.0 2.0 23.0 21.0 2.0 23.0 21.0 2.0 22.6 21.0 1.6 23.3 21.0 2.37am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.2 21.8 1.4 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.4 21.8 0.6 23.6 21.8 1.8 22.6 21.8 0.8 22.6 21.8 0.8 23.0 21.8 1.2 22.9 21.8 1.1 23.5 21.8 1.7 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.7 21.8 1.98am 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.1 22.6 0.5 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.6 22.6 1.0 24.2 22.6 1.69am 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.2 23.3 0.9 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.6 23.3 0.3 24.5 23.3 1.2 23.8 23.3 0.5 23.8 23.3 0.5 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.7 23.3 1.410am 24.4 22.8 1.6 24.1 22.8 1.3 23.9 22.8 1.1 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.1 22.8 0.3 24.3 22.8 1.5 23.4 22.8 0.6 23.4 22.8 0.6 23.8 22.8 1.0 23.7 22.8 0.9 24.3 22.8 1.5 24.1 22.8 1.3 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.1 22.8 1.3 24.6 22.8 1.811am 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.0 24.4 0.6 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.6 24.4 0.2 25.3 24.4 0.9 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.8 24.4 0.4 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.4 24.4 1.012noon 26.4 25.6 0.8 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.1 25.6 0.5 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.1 26.1 25.6 0.5 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.2 25.6 0.61pm 26.5 25.7 0.8 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.1 25.7 0.4 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.3 25.7 0.62pm 26.7 26.0 0.7 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.5 26.0 0.5

Table 4.3




20091962

1830‐1890

1956 20021860 1920est

2000‐2010

1925

1950 1960 1980 1990

1950 1957 1960 1980s 1986 1995 1996

1915‐1929

1931 1932

3pm 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.5 24.9 0.6 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.2 24.9 0.3 25.9 24.9 1.0 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.5 24.9 0.6 25.4 24.9 0.5 26.1 24.9 1.2 25.9 24.9 1.0 25.8 24.9 0.9 26.0 24.9 1.1 25.9 24.9 1.0 26.0 24.9 1.14pm 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.1 24.3 0.8 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.6 24.3 0.3 25.5 24.3 1.2 24.7 24.3 0.4 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.1 24.3 0.8 24.9 24.3 0.6 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.4 24.3 1.1 25.6 24.3 1.35pm 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.1 23.9 0.2 25.2 23.9 1.3 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.6 23.9 0.7 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.2 23.9 1.3 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.2 23.9 1.36pm 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.9 22.4 1.5 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.2 22.4 0.8 22.7 22.4 0.3 24.2 22.4 1.8 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.0 22.4 0.6 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.5 22.4 1.1 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.1 22.4 1.7 24.1 22.4 1.7 24.2 22.4 1.8 23.9 22.4 1.5 24.2 22.4 1.87pm 22.0 20.4 1.6 22.5 20.4 2.1 22.3 20.4 1.9 21.5 20.4 1.1 20.8 20.4 0.4 23.0 20.4 2.6 21.3 20.4 0.9 21.3 20.4 0.9 22.3 20.4 1.9 22.0 20.4 1.6 22.9 20.4 2.5 22.8 20.4 2.4 22.8 20.4 2.4 22.9 20.4 2.5 22.4 20.4 2.0 23.0 20.4 2.68pm 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.8 21.1 1.7 22.7 21.1 1.6 22.0 21.1 0.9 21.5 21.1 0.4 23.3 21.1 2.2 21.8 21.1 0.7 21.8 21.1 0.7 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.4 21.1 1.3 23.1 21.1 2.0 23.1 21.1 2.0 23.1 21.1 2.0 23.1 21.1 2.0 22.7 21.1 1.6 23.2 21.1 2.19pm 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.9 21.5 0.4 23.4 21.5 1.9 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.6 21.5 1.1 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.1 21.5 1.6 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.5 21.5 2.010pm 22.0 20.3 1.7 22.2 20.3 1.9 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.4 20.3 1.1 21.0 20.3 0.7 22.7 20.3 2.4 21.2 20.3 0.9 21.2 20.3 0.9 22.0 20.3 1.7 21.7 20.3 1.4 22.6 20.3 2.3 22.4 20.3 2.1 22.6 20.3 2.3 22.4 20.3 2.1 22.0 20.3 1.7 22.9 20.3 2.611pm 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.9 19.8 2.1 21.8 19.8 2.0 21.0 19.8 1.2 20.5 19.8 0.7 22.5 19.8 2.7 20.8 19.8 1.0 20.8 19.8 1.0 21.7 19.8 1.9 21.4 19.8 1.6 22.3 19.8 2.5 22.2 19.8 2.4 22.3 19.8 2.5 22.2 19.8 2.4 21.7 19.8 1.9 22.6 19.8 2.8Average Temps 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.3 22.5 0.8 22.9 22.5 0.4 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.1 22.5 0.6 23.1 22.5 0.6 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.4 22.5 0.9 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.9 22.5 1.5 24.0 22.5 1.5 24.0 22.5 1.5 23.7 22.5 1.2 24.2 22.5 1.7AVERAGE BED 3 Z4 RF1.73 Z8 RF1.86 INT Z8 RF1.54 Z7 RF1.42 Z12 RF1.85 Z9 RF1.64 Z14 RF1.72 Z14 RF1.77 Z11 RF2.60 Z14 RF1.97

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.6 21.5 2.1 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.6 21.5 1.1 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.1 21.5 1.6 23.4 21.5 1.9 23.1 21.5 1.6 24.5 21.5 3.0 23.6 21.5 2.11am 23.4 21.2 2.2 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.4 21.2 1.2 23.0 21.2 1.8 22.9 21.2 1.7 23.2 21.2 2.0 22.8 21.2 1.6 24.4 21.2 3.2 23.4 21.2 2.22am 23.0 20.6 2.4 22.2 20.6 1.6 22.2 20.6 1.6 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.7 20.6 2.1 22.5 20.6 1.9 22.9 20.6 2.3 22.5 20.6 1.9 24.2 20.6 3.6 23.1 20.6 2.53am 23.8 22.1 1.7 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.6 22.1 1.5 23.3 22.1 1.2 24.4 22.1 2.3 23.8 22.1 1.74am 23.5 21.7 1.8 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.8 21.7 1.1 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.2 21.7 1.5 23.4 21.7 1.7 23.1 21.7 1.4 24.6 21.7 2.9 23.7 21.7 2.05am 23.0 20.7 2.3 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.8 20.7 2.1 22.6 20.7 1.9 23.0 20.7 2.3 22.6 20.7 1.9 24.3 20.7 3.6 23.2 20.7 2.56am 23.2 21.0 2.2 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.3 21.0 1.3 23.1 21.0 2.1 22.8 21.0 1.8 23.2 21.0 2.2 22.9 21.0 1.9 24.5 21.0 3.5 23.4 21.0 2.47am 23.6 21.8 1.8 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.0 21.8 1.2 22.9 21.8 1.1 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.3 21.8 1.5 23.6 21.8 1.8 23.3 21.8 1.5 24.8 21.8 3.0 23.8 21.8 2.08am 24.1 22.6 1.5 23.6 22.6 1.0 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.7 22.6 1.1 24.0 22.6 1.4 23.7 22.6 1.1 25.1 22.6 2.5 24.1 22.6 1.59am 24.5 23.3 1.2 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.4 23.3 1.1 24.1 23.3 0.8 25.4 23.3 2.1 24.6 23.3 1.310am 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.0 22.8 1.2 23.8 22.8 1.0 23.7 22.8 0.9 24.3 22.8 1.5 24.0 22.8 1.2 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.2 22.8 1.4 25.4 22.8 2.6 24.5 22.8 1.711am 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.0 24.4 0.6 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.3 24.4 0.9 26.0 24.4 1.6 25.3 24.4 0.912noon 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.1 26.2 25.6 0.6 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.8 25.6 1.2 26.1 25.6 0.51pm 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.9 25.7 1.2 26.2 25.7 0.52pm 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.8 26.0 0.8 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.7 26.0 0.7 27.1 26.0 1.1 26.4 26.0 0.43pm 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.6 24.9 0.7 25.6 24.9 0.7 25.4 24.9 0.5 26.3 24.9 1.4 25.9 24.9 1.0 25.9 24.9 1.0 26.3 24.9 1.4 26.8 24.9 1.9 26.0 24.9 1.14pm 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.2 24.3 0.9 24.9 24.3 0.6 26.0 24.3 1.7 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.9 24.3 1.6 26.3 24.3 2.0 25.6 24.3 1.35pm 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.9 23.9 1.0 24.6 23.9 0.7 25.6 23.9 1.7 25.2 23.9 1.3 25.2 23.9 1.3 25.6 23.9 1.7 25.9 23.9 2.0 25.3 23.9 1.46pm 24.0 22.4 1.6 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.8 22.4 1.4 23.5 22.4 1.1 24.5 22.4 2.1 24.1 22.4 1.7 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.4 22.4 2.0 25.1 22.4 2.7 24.4 22.4 2.07pm 22.9 20.4 2.5 22.5 20.4 2.1 22.4 20.4 2.0 22.0 20.4 1.6 23.2 20.4 2.8 22.7 20.4 2.3 23.0 20.4 2.6 23.0 20.4 2.6 24.1 20.4 3.7 23.3 20.4 2.98pm 23.3 21.1 2.2 22.8 21.1 1.7 22.7 21.1 1.6 22.4 21.1 1.3 23.3 21.1 2.2 23.0 21.1 1.9 23.2 21.1 2.1 23.1 21.1 2.0 24.2 21.1 3.1 23.5 21.1 2.49pm 23.5 21.5 2.0 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.1 21.5 1.6 23.3 21.5 1.8 23.1 21.5 1.6 24.4 21.5 2.9 23.6 21.5 2.110pm 22.9 20.3 2.6 22.1 20.3 1.8 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.8 20.3 1.5 22.5 20.3 2.2 22.3 20.3 2.0 22.7 20.3 2.4 22.3 20.3 2.0 24.1 20.3 3.8 23.0 20.3 2.711pm 22.6 19.8 2.8 21.8 19.8 2.0 21.8 19.8 2.0 21.4 19.8 1.6 22.3 19.8 2.5 22.1 19.8 2.3 22.5 19.8 2.7 22.1 19.8 2.3 23.8 19.8 4.0 22.7 19.8 2.9Average Temps 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.4 22.5 0.9 24.1 22.5 1.7 23.9 22.5 1.4 24.1 22.5 1.6 24.0 22.5 1.5 25.1 22.5 2.6 24.3 22.5 1.8AVERAGE STUDY/BED4 Z12 RF1.82 Z12 RF1.58 Z16 RF1.96

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.5 21.5 2.01am 23.0 21.2 1.8 22.6 21.2 1.4 23.4 21.2 2.22am 22.7 20.6 2.1 22.2 20.6 1.6 23.0 20.6 2.43am 23.4 22.1 1.3 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.7 22.1 1.64am 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.0 21.7 1.3 23.7 21.7 2.05am 22.8 20.7 2.1 22.3 20.7 1.6 23.2 20.7 2.56am 23.1 21.0 2.1 22.6 21.0 1.6 23.3 21.0 2.37am 23.5 21.8 1.7 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.8 21.8 2.08am 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.6 22.6 1.0 24.2 22.6 1.69am 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.6 23.3 1.310am 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.0 22.8 1.2 24.6 22.8 1.811am 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.0 24.4 0.6 25.4 24.4 1.012noon 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.2 25.6 0.61pm 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.3 25.7 0.62pm 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.5 26.0 0.53pm 26.1 24.9 1.2 25.8 24.9 0.9 26.0 24.9 1.14pm 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.3 24.3 1.0 25.6 24.3 1.35pm 25.4 23.9 1.5 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.3 23.9 1.46pm 24.3 22.4 1.9 23.8 22.4 1.4 24.3 22.4 1.97pm 23.1 20.4 2.7 22.4 20.4 2.0 23.2 20.4 2.88pm 23.2 21.1 2.1 22.7 21.1 1.6 23.4 21.1 2.39pm 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.9 21.5 1.4 23.5 21.5 2.010pm 22.5 20.3 2.2 22.1 20.3 1.8 22.9 20.3 2.611pm 22.3 19.8 2.5 21.7 19.8 1.9 22.6 19.8 2.8Average Temps 24.0 22.5 1.6 23.7 22.5 1.2 24.3 22.5 1.8AVERAGE BATH Z6 RF1.43 Z12 RF1.91 Z9 RF2.20 Z6 RF1.09 Z9 RF2.46 Z11 RF1.66 Z11 RF1.66 Z9 RF1.84 Z8 RF1.65 Z14 RF2.03 Z10 RF1.96 Z9 RF2.08 Z17 RF2.04 Z13 RF1.89 Z18 RF2.26

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 23.1 21.5 1.6 23.7 21.5 2.2 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.3 21.5 0.8 23.5 21.5 2.0 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.5 21.5 2.0 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.7 21.5 2.2 23.5 21.5 2.0 23.8 21.5 2.3 23.8 21.5 2.3 23.4 21.5 1.9 24.0 21.5 2.51am 22.9 21.2 1.7 23.5 21.2 2.3 22.9 21.2 1.7 22.1 21.2 0.9 23.3 21.2 2.1 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.5 21.2 1.3 23.2 21.2 2.0 22.9 21.2 1.7 23.4 21.2 2.2 23.3 21.2 2.1 23.5 21.2 2.3 23.6 21.2 2.4 23.1 21.2 1.9 23.8 21.2 2.62am 22.5 20.6 1.9 23.1 20.6 2.5 22.6 20.6 2.0 21.6 20.6 1.0 22.9 20.6 2.3 22.0 20.6 1.4 22.0 20.6 1.4 22.8 20.6 2.2 22.5 20.6 1.9 23.1 20.6 2.5 23.0 20.6 2.4 23.2 20.6 2.6 23.3 20.6 2.7 22.8 20.6 2.2 23.5 20.6 2.93am 23.3 22.1 1.2 23.9 22.1 1.8 23.4 22.1 1.3 22.8 22.1 0.7 23.7 22.1 1.6 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.7 22.1 1.6 23.5 22.1 1.4 23.8 22.1 1.7 23.7 22.1 1.6 23.9 22.1 1.8 23.9 22.1 1.8 23.6 22.1 1.5 24.2 22.1 2.14am 23.2 21.7 1.5 23.8 21.7 2.1 23.2 21.7 1.5 22.5 21.7 0.8 23.5 21.7 1.8 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.8 21.7 1.1 23.5 21.7 1.8 23.3 21.7 1.6 23.7 21.7 2.0 23.6 21.7 1.9 23.8 21.7 2.1 23.8 21.7 2.1 23.5 21.7 1.8 24.1 21.7 2.45am 22.6 20.7 1.9 23.3 20.7 2.6 22.7 20.7 2.0 21.7 20.7 1.0 23.1 20.7 2.4 22.2 20.7 1.5 22.2 20.7 1.5 23.0 20.7 2.3 22.6 20.7 1.9 23.3 20.7 2.6 23.1 20.7 2.4 23.3 20.7 2.6 23.4 20.7 2.7 22.9 20.7 2.2 23.7 20.7 3.06am 22.7 21.0 1.7 23.5 21.0 2.5 23.0 21.0 2.0 21.9 21.0 0.9 23.3 21.0 2.3 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.4 21.0 1.4 23.2 21.0 2.2 22.9 21.0 1.9 23.5 21.0 2.5 23.3 21.0 2.3 23.6 21.0 2.6 23.6 21.0 2.6 23.2 21.0 2.2 23.8 21.0 2.87am 23.2 21.8 1.4 23.9 21.8 2.1 23.4 21.8 1.6 22.6 21.8 0.8 23.6 21.8 1.8 22.9 21.8 1.1 22.9 21.8 1.1 23.6 21.8 1.8 23.4 21.8 1.6 23.9 21.8 2.1 23.7 21.8 1.9 23.9 21.8 2.1 24.0 21.8 2.2 23.6 21.8 1.8 24.2 21.8 2.48am 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.3 22.6 1.7 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.9 22.6 1.3 23.8 22.6 1.2 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.1 22.6 1.5 24.1 22.6 1.5 24.3 22.6 1.7 24.0 22.6 1.4 24.5 22.6 1.99am 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.3 23.3 1.0 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.3 23.3 1.0 24.2 23.3 0.9 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.4 23.3 1.1 24.5 23.3 1.2 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.4 23.3 1.1 24.9 23.3 1.610am 24.1 22.8 1.3 24.5 22.8 1.7 24.2 22.8 1.4 23.6 22.8 0.8 24.2 22.8 1.4 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.6 22.8 0.8 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.0 22.8 1.2 24.5 22.8 1.7 24.3 22.8 1.5 24.5 22.8 1.7 24.5 22.8 1.7 24.4 22.8 1.6 24.8 22.8 2.011am 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.1 24.4 0.7 24.9 24.4 0.5 25.0 24.4 0.6 24.7 24.4 0.3 24.7 24.4 0.3 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.0 24.4 0.6 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.5 24.4 1.112noon 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.1 25.6 0.5 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.6 25.6 0.0 25.6 25.6 0.0 25.6 25.6 0.0 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.2 25.6 0.61pm 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.2 25.7 0.5 25.8 25.7 0.1 26.1 25.7 0.4 25.7 25.7 0.0 25.7 25.7 0.0 25.7 25.7 0.0 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.3 25.7 0.62pm 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.0 26.0 0.0 26.0 26.0 0.0 26.0 26.0 0.0 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.7 26.0 0.7 26.7 26.0 0.7 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.5 26.0 0.53pm 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.9 24.9 1.0 25.7 24.9 0.8 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.6 24.9 0.7 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.6 24.9 0.7 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.3 24.9 1.4 26.3 24.9 1.4 26.0 24.9 1.1 26.2 24.9 1.34pm 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.6 24.3 1.3 25.3 24.3 1.0 24.8 24.3 0.5 25.3 24.3 1.0 25.0 24.3 0.7 25.0 24.3 0.7 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.8 24.3 1.5 25.8 24.3 1.5 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.0 24.3 1.7 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.8 24.3 1.55pm 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.1 23.9 1.2 24.4 23.9 0.5 25.1 23.9 1.2 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.3 23.9 1.4 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.5 23.9 1.6 25.5 23.9 1.6 25.7 23.9 1.8 25.7 23.9 1.8 25.2 23.9 1.3 25.6 23.9 1.76pm 23.8 22.4 1.4 24.4 22.4 2.0 24.2 22.4 1.8 23.1 22.4 0.7 24.3 22.4 1.9 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.6 22.4 1.2 24.3 22.4 1.9 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.5 22.4 2.1 24.4 22.4 2.0 24.8 22.4 2.4 24.7 22.4 2.3 24.2 22.4 1.8 24.8 22.4 2.47pm 22.4 20.4 2.0 23.3 20.4 2.9 23.0 20.4 2.6 21.3 20.4 0.9 23.3 20.4 2.9 22.3 20.4 1.9 22.3 20.4 1.9 23.1 20.4 2.7 22.7 20.4 2.3 23.4 20.4 3.0 23.2 20.4 2.8 23.7 20.4 3.3 23.5 20.4 3.1 23.0 20.4 2.6 23.8 20.4 3.48pm 22.7 21.1 1.6 23.6 21.1 2.5 23.2 21.1 2.1 21.9 21.1 0.8 23.5 21.1 2.4 22.7 21.1 1.6 22.7 21.1 1.6 23.4 21.1 2.3 23.0 21.1 1.9 23.6 21.1 2.5 23.4 21.1 2.3 23.9 21.1 2.8 23.7 21.1 2.6 23.2 21.1 2.1 23.9 21.1 2.89pm 23.0 21.5 1.5 23.7 21.5 2.2 23.3 21.5 1.8 22.3 21.5 0.8 23.6 21.5 2.1 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.4 21.5 1.9 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.6 21.5 2.1 23.4 21.5 1.9 23.8 21.5 2.3 23.7 21.5 2.2 23.3 21.5 1.8 24.0 21.5 2.510pm 22.4 20.3 2.1 23.0 20.3 2.7 22.5 20.3 2.2 21.3 20.3 1.0 22.8 20.3 2.5 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.9 20.3 1.6 22.7 20.3 2.4 22.3 20.3 2.0 23.0 20.3 2.7 22.8 20.3 2.5 23.1 20.3 2.8 23.1 20.3 2.8 22.7 20.3 2.4 23.4 20.3 3.111pm 21.9 19.8 2.1 22.8 19.8 3.0 22.3 19.8 2.5 20.8 19.8 1.0 22.7 19.8 2.9 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.6 19.8 1.8 22.5 19.8 2.7 22.1 19.8 2.3 22.8 19.8 3.0 22.6 19.8 2.8 22.9 19.8 3.1 22.9 19.8 3.1 22.4 19.8 2.6 23.2 19.8 3.4Average Temps 23.8 22.5 1.3 24.3 22.5 1.8 23.9 22.5 1.4 23.2 22.5 0.7 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.5 22.5 1.0 23.5 22.5 1.0 24.1 22.5 1.6 23.8 22.5 1.4 24.3 22.5 1.9 24.2 22.5 1.7 24.5 22.5 2.0 24.5 22.5 2.0 24.1 22.5 1.6 24.6 22.5 2.1AVERAGE ENSUITE Z18 RF2.20 Z10 RF2.31 Z9 RF2.04 Z9 RF2.76

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 24.0 21.5 2.5 24.1 21.5 2.6 23.7 21.5 2.2 22.7 21.5 1.21am 23.8 21.2 2.6 23.8 21.2 2.6 23.5 21.2 2.3 22.5 21.2 1.32am 23.5 20.6 2.9 23.5 20.6 2.9 23.2 20.6 2.6 22.3 20.6 1.73am 24.2 22.1 2.1 24.2 22.1 2.1 23.9 22.1 1.8 22.9 22.1 0.84am 24.0 21.7 2.3 24.1 21.7 2.4 23.8 21.7 2.1 22.8 21.7 1.15am 23.6 20.7 2.9 23.7 20.7 3.0 23.3 20.7 2.6 22.4 20.7 1.76am 23.9 21.0 2.9 24.0 21.0 3.0 23.6 21.0 2.6 22.9 21.0 1.97am 24.1 21.8 2.3 24.2 21.8 2.4 23.9 21.8 2.1 23.5 21.8 1.78am 24.4 22.6 1.8 24.4 22.6 1.8 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.1 22.6 1.59am 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.9 23.3 1.610am 24.6 22.8 1.8 24.7 22.8 1.9 24.6 22.8 1.8 25.1 22.8 2.311am 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.6 24.4 1.2 25.4 24.4 1.0 26.0 24.4 1.612noon 26.2 25.6 0.6 26.3 25.6 0.7 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.9 25.6 1.31pm 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.9 25.7 1.22pm 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.8 26.0 0.8 26.5 26.0 0.5 27.2 26.0 1.23pm 26.3 24.9 1.4 26.5 24.9 1.6 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.7 24.9 1.84pm 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.2 24.3 1.9 25.8 24.3 1.5 26.1 24.3 1.85pm 25.8 23.9 1.9 26.0 23.9 2.1 25.5 23.9 1.6 25.5 23.9 1.66pm 24.9 22.4 2.5 25.1 22.4 2.7 24.6 22.4 2.2 24.4 22.4 2.07pm 23.9 20.4 3.5 24.0 20.4 3.6 23.5 20.4 3.1 22.9 20.4 2.58pm 24.1 21.1 3.0 24.2 21.1 3.1 23.7 21.1 2.6 23.0 21.1 1.99pm 24.0 21.5 2.5 24.1 21.5 2.6 23.7 21.5 2.2 22.9 21.5 1.410pm 23.4 20.3 3.1 23.4 20.3 3.1 23.1 20.3 2.8 22.2 20.3 1.911pm 23.2 19.8 3.4 23.3 19.8 3.5 22.8 19.8 3.0 22.0 19.8 2.2Average Temps 24.6 22.5 2.1 24.7 22.5 2.2 24.4 22.5 1.9 24.1 22.5 1.6AVERAGE LAUNDRY Z9 RF1.14 Z10 RF2.06 Z9 RF1.36 Z9 RF1.36 Z10 RF1.34 Z11 RF1.34 Z15 RF2.07 Z12 RF2.06 Z11 RF2.17 Z15 RF2.29 Z15 RF1.89 Z20 RF2.25

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.9 21.5 2.4 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.9 21.5 2.4 23.0 21.5 1.5 23.2 21.5 1.7 23.2 21.5 1.7 22.9 21.5 1.4 23.8 21.5 2.31am 22.3 21.2 1.1 23.7 21.2 2.5 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.5 21.2 1.3 22.7 21.2 1.5 22.5 21.2 1.3 23.6 21.2 2.4 22.8 21.2 1.6 23.0 21.2 1.8 22.9 21.2 1.7 22.7 21.2 1.5 23.6 21.2 2.42am 22.0 20.6 1.4 23.4 20.6 2.8 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.1 20.6 1.5 22.3 20.6 1.7 22.0 20.6 1.4 23.3 20.6 2.7 22.5 20.6 1.9 22.7 20.6 2.1 22.6 20.6 2.0 22.4 20.6 1.8 23.3 20.6 2.73am 23.0 22.1 0.9 24.1 22.1 2.0 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.3 22.1 1.2 23.0 22.1 0.9 24.0 22.1 1.9 23.0 22.1 0.9 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.2 22.1 1.1 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.9 22.1 1.84am 22.7 21.7 1.0 24.0 21.7 2.3 22.9 21.7 1.2 22.9 21.7 1.2 23.0 21.7 1.3 22.8 21.7 1.1 23.9 21.7 2.2 23.1 21.7 1.4 23.2 21.7 1.5 23.2 21.7 1.5 23.0 21.7 1.3 23.9 21.7 2.25am 22.1 20.7 1.4 23.5 20.7 2.8 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.1 20.7 1.4 23.5 20.7 2.8 22.6 20.7 1.9 22.8 20.7 2.1 22.8 20.7 2.1 22.5 20.7 1.8 23.5 20.7 2.86am 22.3 21.0 1.3 23.7 21.0 2.7 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.6 21.0 1.6 22.5 21.0 1.5 23.7 21.0 2.7 23.2 21.0 2.2 23.4 21.0 2.4 23.3 21.0 2.3 22.9 21.0 1.9 23.7 21.0 2.77am 22.8 21.8 1.0 24.1 21.8 2.3 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.1 21.8 1.3 23.0 21.8 1.2 24.0 21.8 2.2 23.9 21.8 2.1 24.1 21.8 2.3 24.1 21.8 2.3 23.6 21.8 1.8 24.1 21.8 2.38am 23.5 22.6 0.9 24.5 22.6 1.9 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.6 22.6 1.0 23.5 22.6 0.9 24.2 22.6 1.6 24.7 22.6 2.1 24.9 22.6 2.3 24.8 22.6 2.2 24.3 22.6 1.7 24.4 22.6 1.89am 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.8 23.3 1.5 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.6 23.3 1.3 25.2 23.3 1.9 25.4 23.3 2.1 25.5 23.3 2.2 25.0 23.3 1.7 24.8 23.3 1.510am 23.8 22.8 1.0 24.6 22.8 1.8 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.9 22.8 1.1 23.7 22.8 0.9 24.6 22.8 1.8 25.0 22.8 2.2 25.2 22.8 2.4 25.4 22.8 2.6 24.9 22.8 2.1 24.8 22.8 2.011am 25.0 24.4 0.6 25.5 24.4 1.1 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.9 24.4 0.5 25.1 24.4 0.7 24.9 24.4 0.5 25.5 24.4 1.1 26.4 24.4 2.0 26.5 24.4 2.1 26.5 24.4 2.1 25.9 24.4 1.5 25.6 24.4 1.212noon 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.1 25.6 0.5 25.8 25.6 0.2 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.1 25.6 0.5 27.4 25.6 1.8 27.4 25.6 1.8 27.4 25.6 1.8 26.9 25.6 1.3 26.3 25.6 0.71pm 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.2 25.7 0.5 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.1 25.7 0.4 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.3 25.7 0.6 27.5 25.7 1.8 27.4 25.7 1.7 27.4 25.7 1.7 26.9 25.7 1.2 26.3 25.7 0.62pm 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.7 26.0 0.7 28.0 26.0 2.0 27.8 26.0 1.8 27.8 26.0 1.8 27.2 26.0 1.2 26.6 26.0 0.63pm 25.6 24.9 0.7 26.0 24.9 1.1 25.5 24.9 0.6 25.5 24.9 0.6 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.7 24.9 0.8 26.3 24.9 1.4 27.2 24.9 2.3 27.0 24.9 2.1 27.1 24.9 2.2 26.5 24.9 1.6 26.2 24.9 1.34pm 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.4 24.3 1.1 25.2 24.3 0.9 26.0 24.3 1.7 26.3 24.3 2.0 26.2 24.3 1.9 26.3 24.3 2.0 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.8 24.3 1.55pm 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.4 23.9 1.5 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.8 23.9 0.9 25.2 23.9 1.3 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.8 23.9 1.9 25.6 23.9 1.7 25.5 23.9 1.6 25.7 23.9 1.8 25.1 23.9 1.2 25.5 23.9 1.66pm 23.5 22.4 1.1 24.5 22.4 2.1 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.7 22.4 1.3 24.0 22.4 1.6 23.7 22.4 1.3 24.8 22.4 2.4 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.0 22.4 1.6 24.3 22.4 1.9 23.9 22.4 1.5 24.6 22.4 2.27pm 21.9 20.4 1.5 23.4 20.4 3.0 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.6 20.4 2.2 22.2 20.4 1.8 23.7 20.4 3.3 22.0 20.4 1.6 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.6 20.4 2.2 22.2 20.4 1.8 23.5 20.4 3.18pm 22.3 21.1 1.2 23.7 21.1 2.6 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.9 21.1 1.8 22.6 21.1 1.5 23.9 21.1 2.8 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.9 21.1 1.8 22.6 21.1 1.5 23.7 21.1 2.69pm 22.5 21.5 1.0 23.9 21.5 2.4 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.8 21.5 2.3 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.9 21.5 1.4 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.8 21.5 1.3 23.8 21.5 2.310pm 21.7 20.3 1.4 23.2 20.3 2.9 21.9 20.3 1.6 21.9 20.3 1.6 22.1 20.3 1.8 21.8 20.3 1.5 23.2 20.3 2.9 22.3 20.3 2.0 22.5 20.3 2.2 22.5 20.3 2.2 22.2 20.3 1.9 23.2 20.3 2.911pm 21.3 19.8 1.5 23.0 19.8 3.2 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.8 19.8 2.0 21.5 19.8 1.7 23.0 19.8 3.2 21.9 19.8 2.1 22.2 19.8 2.4 22.3 19.8 2.5 21.8 19.8 2.0 23.0 19.8 3.2Average Temps 23.5 22.5 1.0 24.5 22.5 2.0 23.5 22.5 1.1 23.5 22.5 1.1 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.6 22.5 1.1 24.5 22.5 2.0 24.3 22.5 1.8 24.4 22.5 1.9 24.5 22.5 2.0 24.0 22.5 1.6 24.5 22.5 2.0AVERAGE TOILET 1 Z11 RF1.67 Z12 RF1.56 Z12 RF1.56 Z11 RF1.47 Z10 RF1.33 Z13 RF2.63 Z11 RF2.46 Z10 RF2.51 Z18 RF2.37 Z14 RF2.42 Z10 RF2.59

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 24.1 21.5 2.6 23.4 21.5 1.9 23.4 21.5 1.9 24.0 21.5 2.5 23.4 21.5 1.9 24.9 21.5 3.4 24.6 21.5 3.1 24.7 21.5 3.2 24.8 21.5 3.3 24.5 21.5 3.0 24.9 21.5 3.41am 24.1 21.2 2.9 23.2 21.2 2.0 23.2 21.2 2.0 23.7 21.2 2.5 23.1 21.2 1.9 24.7 21.2 3.5 24.4 21.2 3.2 24.5 21.2 3.3 24.6 21.2 3.4 24.3 21.2 3.1 24.7 21.2 3.52am 23.8 20.6 3.2 22.8 20.6 2.2 22.8 20.6 2.2 23.3 20.6 2.7 22.6 20.6 2.0 24.4 20.6 3.8 24.1 20.6 3.5 24.2 20.6 3.6 24.4 20.6 3.8 24.0 20.6 3.4 24.5 20.6 3.93am 24.3 22.1 2.2 23.8 22.1 1.7 23.8 22.1 1.7 24.0 22.1 1.9 23.4 22.1 1.3 25.0 22.1 2.9 24.6 22.1 2.5 24.8 22.1 2.7 24.8 22.1 2.7 24.5 22.1 2.4 24.9 22.1 2.84am 24.2 21.7 2.5 23.6 21.7 1.9 23.6 21.7 1.9 23.9 21.7 2.2 23.3 21.7 1.6 24.9 21.7 3.2 24.6 21.7 2.9 24.8 21.7 3.1 24.8 21.7 3.1 24.6 21.7 2.9 25.0 21.7 3.35am 23.7 20.7 3.0 22.9 20.7 2.2 22.9 20.7 2.2 23.3 20.7 2.6 22.6 20.7 1.9 24.6 20.7 3.9 24.3 20.7 3.6 24.4 20.7 3.7 24.5 20.7 3.8 24.2 20.7 3.5 24.6 20.7 3.96am 23.9 21.0 2.9 23.2 21.0 2.2 23.2 21.0 2.2 23.7 21.0 2.7 23.0 21.0 2.0 24.8 21.0 3.8 24.5 21.0 3.5 24.6 21.0 3.6 24.7 21.0 3.7 24.4 21.0 3.4 24.8 21.0 3.87am 24.4 21.8 2.6 23.7 21.8 1.9 23.7 21.8 1.9 24.1 21.8 2.3 23.5 21.8 1.7 25.0 21.8 3.2 24.7 21.8 2.9 24.9 21.8 3.1 24.9 21.8 3.1 24.7 21.8 2.9 25.1 21.8 3.38am 24.6 22.6 2.0 24.1 22.6 1.5 24.1 22.6 1.5 24.3 22.6 1.7 23.8 22.6 1.2 25.2 22.6 2.6 24.9 22.6 2.3 25.0 22.6 2.4 25.2 22.6 2.6 25.0 22.6 2.4 25.3 22.6 2.7

Table 4.3




20091962

1830‐1890

1956 20021860 1920est

2000‐2010

1925

1950 1960 1980 1990

1950 1957 1960 1980s 1986 1995 1996

1915‐1929

1931 1932

9am 24.7 23.3 1.4 24.5 23.3 1.2 24.5 23.3 1.2 24.6 23.3 1.3 24.2 23.3 0.9 25.4 23.3 2.1 25.1 23.3 1.8 25.2 23.3 1.9 25.2 23.3 1.9 25.1 23.3 1.8 25.5 23.3 2.210am 24.6 22.8 1.8 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.2 22.8 1.4 24.4 22.8 1.6 24.0 22.8 1.2 25.4 22.8 2.6 25.0 22.8 2.2 25.2 22.8 2.4 25.1 22.8 2.3 25.0 22.8 2.2 25.5 22.8 2.711am 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.3 24.4 0.9 25.6 24.4 1.2 25.1 24.4 0.7 26.2 24.4 1.8 25.9 24.4 1.5 26.1 24.4 1.7 26.0 24.4 1.6 25.9 24.4 1.5 26.3 24.4 1.912noon 26.2 25.6 0.6 26.2 25.6 0.6 26.2 25.6 0.6 26.6 25.6 1.0 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.8 25.6 1.2 26.6 25.6 1.0 26.7 25.6 1.1 26.6 25.6 1.0 26.7 25.6 1.1 27.1 25.6 1.51pm 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.6 25.7 0.9 26.1 25.7 0.4 26.8 25.7 1.1 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.8 25.7 1.1 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.7 25.7 1.0 27.1 25.7 1.42pm 26.6 26.0 0.6 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.5 26.0 0.5 27.1 26.0 1.1 26.6 26.0 0.6 27.2 26.0 1.2 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.2 26.0 1.2 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.1 26.0 1.1 27.4 26.0 1.43pm 26.4 24.9 1.5 26.0 24.9 1.1 26.0 24.9 1.1 26.8 24.9 1.9 26.1 24.9 1.2 27.0 24.9 2.1 26.9 24.9 2.0 27.0 24.9 2.1 26.7 24.9 1.8 26.7 24.9 1.8 27.1 24.9 2.24pm 26.3 24.3 2.0 25.6 24.3 1.3 25.6 24.3 1.3 26.5 24.3 2.2 25.7 24.3 1.4 26.8 24.3 2.5 26.6 24.3 2.3 26.7 24.3 2.4 26.5 24.3 2.2 26.3 24.3 2.0 26.8 24.3 2.55pm 26.1 23.9 2.2 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.4 23.9 1.5 26.3 23.9 2.4 25.4 23.9 1.5 26.6 23.9 2.7 26.3 23.9 2.4 26.5 23.9 2.6 26.2 23.9 2.3 26.1 23.9 2.2 26.5 23.9 2.66pm 25.4 22.4 3.0 24.4 22.4 2.0 24.4 22.4 2.0 25.2 22.4 2.8 24.3 22.4 1.9 25.7 22.4 3.3 25.4 22.4 3.0 25.7 22.4 3.3 25.4 22.4 3.0 25.1 22.4 2.7 25.7 22.4 3.37pm 24.4 20.4 4.0 23.0 20.4 2.6 23.0 20.4 2.6 23.8 20.4 3.4 22.9 20.4 2.5 24.8 20.4 4.4 24.2 20.4 3.8 24.7 20.4 4.3 24.4 20.4 4.0 24.0 20.4 3.6 24.7 20.4 4.38pm 24.5 21.1 3.4 23.4 21.1 2.3 23.4 21.1 2.3 24.0 21.1 2.9 23.2 21.1 2.1 24.9 21.1 3.8 24.4 21.1 3.3 24.8 21.1 3.7 24.6 21.1 3.5 24.3 21.1 3.2 24.8 21.1 3.79pm 24.4 21.5 2.9 23.5 21.5 2.0 23.5 21.5 2.0 23.9 21.5 2.4 23.2 21.5 1.7 24.9 21.5 3.4 24.4 21.5 2.9 24.7 21.5 3.2 24.6 21.5 3.1 24.4 21.5 2.9 24.9 21.5 3.410pm 23.6 20.3 3.3 22.7 20.3 2.4 22.7 20.3 2.4 23.1 20.3 2.8 22.3 20.3 2.0 24.3 20.3 4.0 23.9 20.3 3.6 24.1 20.3 3.8 24.2 20.3 3.9 23.9 20.3 3.6 24.4 20.3 4.111pm 23.2 19.8 3.4 22.3 19.8 2.5 22.3 19.8 2.5 22.9 19.8 3.1 22.1 19.8 2.3 24.2 19.8 4.4 23.7 19.8 3.9 24.0 19.8 4.2 24.0 19.8 4.2 23.6 19.8 3.8 24.2 19.8 4.4Average Temps 24.8 22.5 2.3 24.2 22.5 1.7 24.2 22.5 1.7 24.7 22.5 2.2 24.0 22.5 1.5 25.4 22.5 3.0 25.1 22.5 2.6 25.3 22.5 2.8 25.3 22.5 2.8 25.0 22.5 2.6 25.5 22.5 3.0AVERAGE TOILET 2 Z19 RF2.96

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 25.1 21.5 3.61am 24.9 21.2 3.72am 24.7 20.6 4.13am 25.1 22.1 3.04am 25.2 21.7 3.55am 24.8 20.7 4.16am 25.1 21.0 4.17am 25.3 21.8 3.58am 25.4 22.6 2.89am 25.6 23.3 2.310am 25.6 22.8 2.811am 26.2 24.4 1.812noon 26.8 25.6 1.21pm 26.9 25.7 1.22pm 27.2 26.0 1.23pm 27.0 24.9 2.14pm 26.7 24.3 2.45pm 26.5 23.9 2.66pm 25.7 22.4 3.37pm 24.9 20.4 4.58pm 25.1 21.1 4.09pm 25.1 21.5 3.610pm 24.6 20.3 4.311pm 24.5 19.8 4.7Average Temps 25.6 22.5 3.1AVERAGE S/OUT1 Z9 RF1.24 Z10 RF1.06 Z14 RF1.83 Z13 RF1.07 Z13 RF1.07 Z9 RF1.34

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.0 21.5 0.5 23.5 21.5 2.0 22.0 21.5 0.5 22.0 21.5 0.5 22.7 21.5 1.21am 22.3 21.2 1.1 21.8 21.2 0.6 23.3 21.2 2.1 21.8 21.2 0.6 21.8 21.2 0.6 22.4 21.2 1.22am 21.9 20.6 1.3 21.3 20.6 0.7 23.0 20.6 2.4 21.2 20.6 0.6 21.2 20.6 0.6 21.9 20.6 1.33am 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.4 22.1 0.3 23.8 22.1 1.7 22.4 22.1 0.3 22.4 22.1 0.3 22.9 22.1 0.84am ` 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.2 21.7 0.5 23.6 21.7 1.9 22.2 21.7 0.5 22.2 21.7 0.5 22.7 21.7 1.05am 22.0 20.7 1.3 21.4 20.7 0.7 23.1 20.7 2.4 21.3 20.7 0.6 21.3 20.7 0.6 22.0 20.7 1.36am 22.2 21.0 1.2 21.8 21.0 0.8 23.3 21.0 2.3 21.6 21.0 0.6 21.6 21.0 0.6 22.3 21.0 1.37am 22.8 21.8 1.0 22.5 21.8 0.7 23.8 21.8 2.0 22.4 21.8 0.6 22.4 21.8 0.6 22.9 21.8 1.18am 23.5 22.6 0.9 23.3 22.6 0.7 24.3 22.6 1.7 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.5 22.6 0.99am 23.9 23.3 0.6 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.7 23.3 1.4 23.7 23.3 0.4 23.7 23.3 0.4 24.0 23.3 0.710am 23.4 22.8 0.6 23.5 22.8 0.7 24.4 22.8 1.6 23.2 22.8 0.4 23.2 22.8 0.4 23.8 22.8 1.011am 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.0 24.4 0.6 25.5 24.4 1.1 24.7 24.4 0.3 24.7 24.4 0.3 25.0 24.4 0.612noon 25.8 25.6 0.2 26.1 25.6 0.5 26.2 25.6 0.6 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.1 25.6 0.51pm 25.9 25.7 0.2 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.3 25.7 0.6 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.0 25.7 0.3 26.1 25.7 0.42pm 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.4 26.0 0.43pm 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.3 24.9 0.4 25.7 24.9 0.84pm 24.7 24.3 0.4 24.7 24.3 0.4 25.4 24.3 1.1 24.6 24.3 0.3 24.6 24.3 0.3 25.2 24.3 0.95pm 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.2 23.9 0.3 25.1 23.9 1.2 24.1 23.9 0.2 24.1 23.9 0.2 24.8 23.9 0.96pm 23.0 22.4 0.6 22.8 22.4 0.4 24.1 22.4 1.7 22.6 22.4 0.2 22.6 22.4 0.2 23.5 22.4 1.17pm 21.3 20.4 0.9 20.8 20.4 0.4 22.9 20.4 2.5 20.6 20.4 0.2 20.6 20.4 0.2 21.9 20.4 1.58pm 21.9 21.1 0.8 21.5 21.1 0.4 23.2 21.1 2.1 21.3 21.1 0.2 21.3 21.1 0.2 22.3 21.1 1.29pm 22.4 21.5 0.9 21.9 21.5 0.4 23.4 21.5 1.9 21.8 21.5 0.3 21.8 21.5 0.3 22.5 21.5 1.010pm 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.0 20.3 0.7 22.8 20.3 2.5 20.9 20.3 0.6 20.9 20.3 0.6 21.6 20.3 1.311pm 21.1 19.8 1.3 20.5 19.8 0.7 22.5 19.8 2.7 20.4 19.8 0.6 20.4 19.8 0.6 21.3 19.8 1.5Average Temps 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.0 22.5 0.5 24.2 22.5 1.7 22.9 22.5 0.4 22.9 22.5 0.4 23.5 22.5 1.0AVERAGE S/OUT2 Z13 RF0.99 Z13 RF1.55 Z14 RF0.99 Z14 RF0.99

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.3 21.5 0.8 23.0 21.5 1.5 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.1 21.5 0.61am 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.8 21.2 1.6 21.8 21.2 0.6 21.8 21.2 0.62am 21.6 20.6 1.0 22.4 20.6 1.8 21.3 20.6 0.7 21.3 20.6 0.73am 22.7 22.1 0.6 23.2 22.1 1.1 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.6 22.1 0.54am 22.4 21.7 0.7 23.1 21.7 1.4 22.3 21.7 0.6 22.3 21.7 0.65am 21.6 20.7 0.9 22.5 20.7 1.8 21.4 20.7 0.7 21.4 20.7 0.76am 21.9 21.0 0.9 22.8 21.0 1.8 21.7 21.0 0.7 21.7 21.0 0.77am 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.3 21.8 1.5 22.4 21.8 0.6 22.4 21.8 0.68am 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.8 22.6 1.2 23.0 22.6 0.4 23.0 22.6 0.49am 24.0 23.3 0.7 24.1 23.3 0.8 23.7 23.3 0.4 23.7 23.3 0.410am 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.2 22.8 0.4 23.2 22.8 0.411am 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.9 24.4 0.5 24.6 24.4 0.2 24.6 24.4 0.212noon 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.9 25.6 0.3 25.7 25.6 0.1 25.7 25.6 0.11pm 26.0 25.7 0.3 25.9 25.7 0.2 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.12pm 26.3 26.0 0.3 26.2 26.0 0.2 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.1 26.0 0.13pm 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.4 24.9 0.5 25.2 24.9 0.3 25.2 24.9 0.34pm 24.8 24.3 0.5 24.9 24.3 0.6 24.6 24.3 0.3 24.6 24.3 0.35pm 24.4 23.9 0.5 24.5 23.9 0.6 24.3 23.9 0.4 24.3 23.9 0.46pm 23.1 22.4 0.7 23.4 22.4 1.0 22.9 22.4 0.5 22.9 22.4 0.57pm 21.4 20.4 1.0 21.8 20.4 1.4 21.2 20.4 0.8 21.2 20.4 0.88pm 21.9 21.1 0.8 22.4 21.1 1.3 21.7 21.1 0.6 21.7 21.1 0.69pm 22.2 21.5 0.7 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.1 21.5 0.610pm 21.3 20.3 1.0 22.2 20.3 1.9 21.1 20.3 0.8 21.1 20.3 0.811pm 20.9 19.8 1.1 21.8 19.8 2.0 20.6 19.8 0.8 20.6 19.8 0.8Average Temps 23.2 22.5 0.7 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.0 22.5 0.5 23.0 22.5 0.5AVERAGE ROOF V Z14 RF1.28 Z19 RF1.15 Z6 RF1.26 Z11 RF0.82 Z21 RF0.79 Z23 RF1.45 Z23 RF1.45 Z20 RF1.50 Z13 RF0.64 Z17 RF1.46 Z13 RF1.55 Z20 RF0.09 Z20 RF1.68 Z17 RF0.08 Z22 RF1.77

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.6 21.5 1.1 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.8 21.5 1.3 24.6 21.5 3.1 22.3 21.5 0.8 25.2 21.5 3.7 25.4 21.5 3.9 23.5 21.5 2.0 25.0 21.5 3.5 23.0 21.5 1.5 24.6 21.5 3.11am 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.0 21.2 0.8 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.2 21.2 1.0 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.6 21.2 1.4 22.6 21.2 1.4 24.3 21.2 3.1 22.2 21.2 1.0 24.9 21.2 3.7 25.1 21.2 3.9 23.2 21.2 2.0 24.7 21.2 3.5 23.0 21.2 1.8 24.5 21.2 3.32am 21.9 20.6 1.3 21.6 20.6 1.0 21.9 20.6 1.3 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.9 20.6 1.3 22.2 20.6 1.6 22.2 20.6 1.6 24.1 20.6 3.5 21.7 20.6 1.1 24.8 20.6 4.2 25.0 20.6 4.4 23.1 20.6 2.5 24.6 20.6 4.0 22.8 20.6 2.2 24.3 20.6 3.73am 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.6 22.1 0.5 22.8 22.1 0.7 23.1 22.1 1.0 23.1 22.1 1.0 24.2 22.1 2.1 22.4 22.1 0.3 24.8 22.1 2.7 25.1 22.1 3.0 23.2 22.1 1.1 24.7 22.1 2.6 22.7 22.1 0.6 24.4 22.1 2.34am 22.8 21.7 1.1 22.3 21.7 0.6 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.6 21.7 0.9 22.5 21.7 0.8 23.0 21.7 1.3 23.0 21.7 1.3 24.1 21.7 2.4 22.6 21.7 0.9 24.8 21.7 3.1 25.0 21.7 3.3 23.0 21.7 1.3 24.5 21.7 2.8 23.4 21.7 1.7 24.8 21.7 3.15am 22.1 20.7 1.4 21.8 20.7 1.1 22.0 20.7 1.3 21.9 20.7 1.2 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.3 20.7 1.6 22.3 20.7 1.6 24.4 20.7 3.7 21.9 20.7 1.2 25.1 20.7 4.4 25.3 20.7 4.6 23.3 20.7 2.6 24.8 20.7 4.1 23.1 20.7 2.4 24.5 20.7 3.86am 22.1 21.0 1.1 21.9 21.0 0.9 22.0 21.0 1.0 21.9 21.0 0.9 22.3 21.0 1.3 22.4 21.0 1.4 22.4 21.0 1.4 24.3 21.0 3.3 21.8 21.0 0.8 24.9 21.0 3.9 25.1 21.0 4.1 23.3 21.0 2.3 24.8 21.0 3.8 22.7 21.0 1.7 24.3 21.0 3.37am 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.4 21.8 0.6 22.6 21.8 0.8 22.5 21.8 0.7 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.0 21.8 1.2 23.0 21.8 1.2 24.1 21.8 2.3 22.4 21.8 0.6 24.8 21.8 3.0 25.1 21.8 3.3 23.3 21.8 1.5 24.7 21.8 2.9 23.0 21.8 1.2 24.8 21.8 3.08am 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.0 22.6 0.4 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.7 22.6 1.1 23.7 22.6 1.1 24.5 22.6 1.9 23.0 22.6 0.4 25.2 22.6 2.6 25.5 22.6 2.9 23.7 22.6 1.1 25.2 22.6 2.6 23.6 22.6 1.0 25.4 22.6 2.89am 24.2 23.3 0.9 23.6 23.3 0.3 24.1 23.3 0.8 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.9 23.3 0.6 24.4 23.3 1.1 24.4 23.3 1.1 25.0 23.3 1.7 23.9 23.3 0.6 25.8 23.3 2.5 26.0 23.3 2.7 24.3 23.3 1.0 25.7 23.3 2.4 24.7 23.3 1.4 26.4 23.3 3.110am 24.2 22.8 1.4 23.6 22.8 0.8 24.1 22.8 1.3 24.0 22.8 1.2 24.0 22.8 1.2 24.4 22.8 1.6 24.4 22.8 1.6 25.8 22.8 3.0 24.1 22.8 1.3 27.0 22.8 4.2 26.9 22.8 4.1 25.2 22.8 2.4 26.5 22.8 3.7 25.7 22.8 2.9 27.1 22.8 4.311am 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.2 24.4 0.8 25.1 24.4 0.7 25.5 24.4 1.1 25.4 24.4 1.0 25.4 24.4 1.0 27.2 24.4 2.8 25.0 24.4 0.6 28.6 24.4 4.2 28.5 24.4 4.1 26.5 24.4 2.1 27.8 24.4 3.4 26.1 24.4 1.7 27.5 24.4 3.112noon 26.3 25.6 0.7 26.0 25.6 0.4 26.3 25.6 0.7 26.3 25.6 0.7 26.3 25.6 0.7 26.5 25.6 0.9 26.5 25.6 0.9 27.6 25.6 2.0 26.3 25.6 0.7 29.1 25.6 3.5 29.1 25.6 3.5 26.9 25.6 1.3 28.2 25.6 2.6 27.3 25.6 1.7 28.7 25.6 3.11pm 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.7 25.7 1.0 26.8 25.7 1.1 26.8 25.7 1.1 28.6 25.7 2.9 26.8 25.7 1.1 30.3 25.7 4.6 30.1 25.7 4.4 27.8 25.7 2.1 29.0 25.7 3.3 28.2 25.7 2.5 29.3 25.7 3.62pm 26.9 26.0 0.9 26.9 26.0 0.9 26.9 26.0 0.9 26.8 26.0 0.8 27.2 26.0 1.2 26.9 26.0 0.9 26.9 26.0 0.9 29.4 26.0 3.4 26.9 26.0 0.9 31.2 26.0 5.2 31.0 26.0 5.0 28.6 26.0 2.6 29.8 26.0 3.8 28.2 26.0 2.2 29.3 26.0 3.33pm 26.2 24.9 1.3 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.2 24.9 1.3 26.1 24.9 1.2 26.5 24.9 1.6 26.2 24.9 1.3 26.2 24.9 1.3 29.1 24.9 4.2 26.4 24.9 1.5 30.8 24.9 5.9 30.5 24.9 5.6 28.2 24.9 3.3 29.4 24.9 4.5 28.1 24.9 3.2 29.0 24.9 4.14pm 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.7 24.3 1.4 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.4 24.3 1.1 26.0 24.3 1.7 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.5 24.3 1.2 28.9 24.3 4.6 25.6 24.3 1.3 30.5 24.3 6.2 30.3 24.3 6.0 27.9 24.3 3.6 29.2 24.3 4.9 27.1 24.3 2.8 28.1 24.3 3.85pm 24.9 23.9 1.0 25.1 23.9 1.2 24.8 23.9 0.9 24.7 23.9 0.8 25.4 23.9 1.5 25.0 23.9 1.1 25.0 23.9 1.1 27.9 23.9 4.0 24.8 23.9 0.9 29.4 23.9 5.5 29.2 23.9 5.3 26.9 23.9 3.0 28.3 23.9 4.4 25.9 23.9 2.0 27.0 23.9 3.16pm 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.4 22.4 1.0 23.9 22.4 1.5 23.7 22.4 1.3 23.7 22.4 1.3 26.5 22.4 4.1 23.6 22.4 1.2 27.5 22.4 5.1 27.5 22.4 5.1 25.4 22.4 3.0 26.9 22.4 4.5 24.8 22.4 2.4 25.9 22.4 3.57pm 22.0 20.4 1.6 21.9 20.4 1.5 21.9 20.4 1.5 21.7 20.4 1.3 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.1 20.4 1.7 22.1 20.4 1.7 25.2 20.4 4.8 21.9 20.4 1.5 25.9 20.4 5.5 25.9 20.4 5.5 24.0 20.4 3.6 25.5 20.4 5.1 23.4 20.4 3.0 24.5 20.4 4.18pm 22.1 21.1 1.0 22.0 21.1 0.9 22.0 21.1 0.9 21.9 21.1 0.8 22.3 21.1 1.2 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.4 21.1 1.3 24.4 21.1 3.3 21.8 21.1 0.7 25.0 21.1 3.9 25.2 21.1 4.1 23.4 21.1 2.3 24.9 21.1 3.8 22.6 21.1 1.5 24.1 21.1 3.09pm 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.1 21.5 0.6 22.4 21.5 0.9 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.7 21.5 1.2 23.9 21.5 2.4 22.2 21.5 0.7 24.5 21.5 3.0 24.7 21.5 3.2 22.8 21.5 1.3 24.4 21.5 2.9 22.8 21.5 1.3 24.4 21.5 2.910pm 21.8 20.3 1.5 21.3 20.3 1.0 21.7 20.3 1.4 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.7 20.3 1.4 22.0 20.3 1.7 22.0 20.3 1.7 24.0 20.3 3.7 21.6 20.3 1.3 24.6 20.3 4.3 24.8 20.3 4.5 22.9 20.3 2.6 24.4 20.3 4.1 22.9 20.3 2.6 24.3 20.3 4.011pm 21.3 19.8 1.5 21.0 19.8 1.2 21.2 19.8 1.4 21.0 19.8 1.2 21.4 19.8 1.6 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.5 19.8 1.7 23.9 19.8 4.1 21.0 19.8 1.2 24.5 19.8 4.7 24.7 19.8 4.9 22.8 19.8 3.0 24.3 19.8 4.5 22.2 19.8 2.4 23.8 19.8 4.0Average Temps 23.6 22.5 1.1 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.5 22.5 1.0 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.8 22.5 1.3 23.8 22.5 1.3 25.7 22.5 3.2 23.4 22.5 0.9 26.6 22.5 4.2 26.7 22.5 4.2 24.7 22.5 2.2 26.1 22.5 3.7 24.5 22.5 2.0 25.9 22.5 3.4AVERAGE CARPORT Z12 RF1.38 Z15 RF1.25 Z15 RF1.25 Z19 RF1.44 Z21 RF1.54

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 22.8 21.5 1.3 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.7 21.5 1.2 22.9 21.5 1.41am 22.7 21.2 1.5 22.1 21.2 0.9 22.3 21.2 1.1 22.4 21.2 1.2 22.7 21.2 1.52am 22.3 20.6 1.7 21.7 20.6 1.1 21.8 20.6 1.2 22.0 20.6 1.4 22.3 20.6 1.73am 23.0 22.1 0.9 22.7 22.1 0.6 22.8 22.1 0.7 22.9 22.1 0.8 23.1 22.1 1.04am 23.0 21.7 1.3 22.5 21.7 0.8 22.7 21.7 1.0 22.7 21.7 1.0 23.0 21.7 1.35am 22.3 20.7 1.6 21.8 20.7 1.1 21.9 20.7 1.2 22.1 20.7 1.4 22.4 20.7 1.76am 22.4 21.0 1.4 21.9 21.0 0.9 22.0 21.0 1.0 22.3 21.0 1.3 22.5 21.0 1.57am 22.9 21.8 1.1 22.5 21.8 0.7 22.7 21.8 0.9 22.7 21.8 0.9 23.0 21.8 1.28am 23.4 22.6 0.8 23.1 22.6 0.5 23.3 22.6 0.7 23.2 22.6 0.6 23.4 22.6 0.89am 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.8 23.3 0.5 24.0 23.3 0.7 23.7 23.3 0.4 23.9 23.3 0.610am 24.0 22.8 1.2 23.7 22.8 0.9 23.8 22.8 1.0 23.6 22.8 0.8 23.9 22.8 1.111am 25.0 24.4 0.6 24.8 24.4 0.4 25.0 24.4 0.6 24.7 24.4 0.3 24.8 24.4 0.412noon 26.0 25.6 0.4 25.9 25.6 0.3 26.1 25.6 0.5 25.6 25.6 0.0 25.6 25.6 0.01pm 26.4 25.7 0.7 26.2 25.7 0.5 26.3 25.7 0.6 25.8 25.7 0.1 25.8 25.7 0.12pm 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.4 26.0 0.4 26.5 26.0 0.5 26.1 26.0 0.1 26.1 26.0 0.13pm 26.0 24.9 1.1 25.6 24.9 0.7 25.8 24.9 0.9 25.5 24.9 0.6 25.6 24.9 0.74pm 25.5 24.3 1.2 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.2 24.3 0.9 25.1 24.3 0.8 25.2 24.3 0.95pm 25.0 23.9 1.1 24.6 23.9 0.7 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.7 23.9 0.8 24.8 23.9 0.96pm 24.0 22.4 1.6 23.4 22.4 1.0 23.5 22.4 1.1 23.6 22.4 1.2 23.8 22.4 1.47pm 22.5 20.4 2.1 21.7 20.4 1.3 21.9 20.4 1.5 22.2 20.4 1.8 22.5 20.4 2.18pm 22.6 21.1 1.5 22.0 21.1 0.9 22.2 21.1 1.1 22.4 21.1 1.3 22.7 21.1 1.69pm 22.9 21.5 1.4 22.3 21.5 0.8 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.5 21.5 1.0 22.9 21.5 1.410pm 22.2 20.3 1.9 21.5 20.3 1.2 21.6 20.3 1.3 21.8 20.3 1.5 22.1 20.3 1.811pm 21.6 19.8 1.8 21.0 19.8 1.2 21.1 19.8 1.3 21.5 19.8 1.7 21.8 19.8 2.0Average Temps 23.7 22.5 1.2 23.3 22.5 0.8 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.4 22.5 0.9 23.6 22.5 1.1

SHADED = zones indicate minor and non‐habitable rooms and spaces and have not been included in averages. These include: Store, Pantry, Linen, SubFloor; RED = figures removed from highest and lowest temperature calculations; YELLOW highlight=highest calculated temperature in zone; BLUE highlight=lowest calculated temperature in zone; ZONES = Spatial zones as allocated in Ecotect models; INT = Internalised zones, excluded from calculations TEMP=Temperature ('C); TEMP VAR=Temperature Variance ('C); RF=Response Factor (Ecotect); AVRF=Average Response Factor (Ecotect); S.LIVING=Subfloor Living (or equivalent room/space); I= Inside temperature ('C); O=Outside Temperature ('C); V=Temperature Variance ('C)

Table 4.3

Perth Housing Typologies IndexationWinter Hourly Temperatures

1929‐1950Building key B‐1 D‐1 D‐2 E‐1 E‐2 F‐1 F‐2 F‐2 ALT G‐1 G‐2 I‐1 I‐2 J‐1 J‐3 K‐1 K‐2Date ENTRY & PANTRY 0 GAINS

Location Wanneroo West Leederville West Leederville Burswood Herdsman Lake Bassendean Wembley Bayswater Bayswater ALT Gains Innaloo East Cannington Munster Bibra Lake Bibra Lake Orelia Orelia RivervaleSolstice 21st June Winter AVRF 3.85 Winter AVRF 8.47 Winter AVRF 8.17 Winter AVRF 23.18 Winter AVRF 4.43 Winter AVRF 2.54 Winter AVRF 14.49 Winter AVRF 16.00 Winter AVRF 14.62 Winter AVRF 5.92 Winter AVRF 9.50 Winter AVRF 15.76 Winter AVRF 12.82 Winter AVRF 11.32 Winter AVRF 8.90 Winter AVRF 13.90 Winter AVRF 13.46

Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RF Average Temp Temp Var RFZone 1 Living 13.8 2.2 4.61 Entry 21.9 10.4 18.59 Entry INT 12.3 0.8 18.59 Entry 21.6 10.0 21.64 Living 15.2 3.7 4.62 Corridor 19.1 7.5 4.95 Entry 27.3 15.8 20.90 Entry 21.7 10.1 12.04 Entry 21.7 10.1 12.04 Living 13.1 1.5 3.84 Liv/loun 13.9 2.3 5.00 Entry 25.6 14.0 23.79 Entry 24.9 13.3 17.09 Entry 22.9 11.4 21.44 Lng/ent 14.9 3.4 7.63 Entry 29.2 17.7 32.22 Entry 16.2 4.6 10.49Zone 2 Bed1 13.1 1.6 3.50 Bed1 13.7 2.1 5.46 Bed1 13.7 2.1 5.46 Living 13.5 1.9 2.28 Kit/Din 14.5 3.0 3.88 Living 12.9 1.3 1.69 Lin INT 12.3 0.7 35.94 Liv/loun 15.4 3.8 7.10 Liv/loun 15.4 3.8 7.10 F/P INT 14.2 2.6 1.91 Kit/din 14.7 3.2 7.02 Lounge 14.0 2.5 5.46 Living 14.1 2.5 5.98 Living1 13.6 2.0 4.77 Living 14.3 2.8 6.19 Theatre 15.9 4.3 8.24Zone 3 Bed2 13.2 1.6 3.51 FP1a INT 14.5 2.9 3.05 FP1a INT 14.5 2.9 3.05 Kitchen 15.1 3.6 6.25 Bed1 15.1 3.5 4.60 Bed1 15.3 3.7 3.59 Corr INT 11.7 0.1 40.62 F/pl INT 13.7 2.1 3.85 F/pl INT 13.7 2.1 3.85 Kit/din 15.4 3.8 9.09 Cor INT 11.5 ‐0.1 42.21 Dining 11.6 0.0 47.25 Kit/Din 13.8 2.2 5.97 Lng/Liv2 15.2 3.6 7.05 Kitchen 14.3 2.8 8.22 Din INT 11.5 0.0 37.85Zone 4 Bed3 14.2 2.6 5.48 FP1b INT 14.2 2.6 2.92 FP1b INT 14.2 2.6 2.92 Dining 16.4 4.9 11.07 Bed2 14.8 3.2 4.60 Bed2 13.3 1.7 2.04 Living 14.0 2.4 5.35 Bed1 15.8 4.2 6.73 Bed1 15.8 4.2 6.73 Corr 13.8 2.2 4.79 Lin INT 11.5 ‐0.1 76.05 Kitchen 16.7 5.2 12.49 Dine INT 11.5 0.0 32.03 Fam INT 11.8 0.2 22.43 Dining 13.5 1.9 6.65 Kitchen 14.7 3.2 10.38Zone 5 Kit/Din 13.2 1.6 3.22 Bed2 15.6 4.0 9.90 Bed2 15.6 4.0 9.90 Corr INT 11.5 ‐0.1 60.76 Subfloor 11.5 0.0 1.62 Kit/Din 13.8 2.2 2.24 Dining 14.4 2.8 6.82 Bed2 18.1 6.5 10.19 Bed2 18.1 6.5 10.19 Lin INT 11.7 0.1 67.06 Bed1 13.8 2.2 5.20 OvV INT 12.3 0.8 54.11 Corr INT 11.6 0.1 58.14 Kitchen 14.6 3.1 7.72 Kitchen 13.0 1.4 4.27 Family 12.8 1.2 3.30 Living 13.0 1.5 5.34Zone 6 Bath 14.4 2.8 2.79 FP2a INT 13.8 2.3 5.14 FP2a INT 13.8 2.3 5.14 Bed1 13.8 2.3 5.48 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.26 Bath 14.0 2.5 1.61 Kitchen 15.9 4.3 9.73 Dine INT 11.6 0.0 63.88 Dine INT 11.6 0.0 63.88 Bed1 13.8 2.3 4.77 Bed2 15.8 4.2 8.45 Liv/Fam 13.7 2.1 5.70 Lin INT 12.0 0.4 45.80 Family 14.4 2.8 7.59 Din/meal 12.8 1.2 4.23 Corr INT 11.7 0.2 72.80 Bed1 13.6 2.1 5.19Zone 7 S.Living 11.5 ‐0.1 67.70 FP2b INT 14.1 2.5 3.47 FP2b INT 14.1 2.5 3.47 Bed2 13.7 2.1 4.76 Bed1 15.0 3.4 8.08 Kitchen 18.4 6.8 11.58 Kitchen 18.4 6.8 11.58 Bed2 14.6 3.0 6.10 Bed3 15.7 4.1 8.58 Corr INT 11.5 ‐0.1 44.07 Bed1 13.7 2.2 4.54 Corr INT 11.5 0.0 26.69 Liv/Gam 12.8 1.2 3.39 Bed1 13.4 1.9 4.27 WI1AINT 11.5 ‐0.1 11.00Zone 8 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 76.15 Living 16.3 4.8 12.86 Living 16.3 4.8 12.86 Bed3 INT 11.5 ‐0.1 49.41 Store 11.7 0.1 0.30 Bed2 15.5 3.9 9.06 Pant INT 11.6 0.1 11.88 Pantry 27.5 16.0 11.88 Bed3 16.4 4.8 9.20 Bath 18.8 7.2 11.44 Bed1 14.5 2.9 5.27 Bed2 14.8 3.3 6.06 Lin INT 11.5 ‐0.1 44.54 Bed1 13.2 1.6 4.29 WIR1INT 11.5 ‐0.1 76.53 WI1BINT 11.5 ‐0.1 39.82Zone 9 S.Bed2 11.5 ‐0.1 76.67 S/out1 13.0 1.5 2.20 S/out1 13.0 1.5 2.20 Bath INT 11.5 ‐0.1 68.81 Laundry 14.0 2.5 1.67 Bath INT 11.5 ‐0.1 53.18 Laundry 14.7 3.2 3.76 Laundry 14.7 3.2 3.76 Bath 17.8 6.3 10.86 S/out 13.4 1.8 2.58 WIR1INT 11.6 0.0 16.86 Bed3 14.7 3.1 5.88 Bath 17.6 6.0 9.64 WIR1INT 11.5 ‐0.1 47.90 Ensuite 19.4 7.9 11.61 Ens INT 11.5 ‐0.1 36.74Zone 10 S.Bed3 11.5 ‐0.1 74.35 Kit/Din 16.4 4.8 11.27 Kit/Din 16.4 4.8 11.27 S/out 12.6 1.0 1.30 U/Croft 11.6 0.0 1.17 Laundry 15.6 4.0 7.44 LndV INT 12.1 0.5 3.97 LndV INT 12.1 0.5 3.97 Lndry 13.8 2.2 2.37 Toilet 14.7 3.1 1.94 Bed2 15.0 3.4 5.84 Bath 17.0 5.4 9.05 Toilet 22.7 11.2 10.68 Ensuite 17.8 6.2 9.46 Bed2 15.5 4.0 7.91 Toilet1 18.9 7.3 7.09Zone 11 S.Kit/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 68.25 Pantry 11.5 0.0 5.77 Pant INT 11.5 0.0 5.77 S.Store1 11.5 ‐0.1 27.60 Roof 12.1 0.6 0.82 Toilet 14.2 2.6 2.54 Bath 11.5 ‐0.1 52.17 Bath 11.5 ‐0.1 52.17 Toilet 15.4 3.8 2.25 Laundry 13.6 2.1 2.62 WIR2INT 11.5 0.0 3.72 Toilet 22.0 10.4 10.00 Laundry 15.5 4.0 5.66 Corr INT 11.6 0.0 30.58 Bed3 14.0 2.4 4.88 Corr INT 11.5 ‐0.1 34.18Zone 12 Bath 15.4 3.8 6.50 Bath 15.4 3.8 6.50 S.Store2 11.5 ‐0.1 34.52 Car INT 13.4 1.8 2.08 Toilet 20.4 8.8 6.02 Toilet 20.4 8.8 6.02 S.Living 11.7 0.1 19.06 Store 13.8 2.3 1.96 Bed3 15.7 4.1 7.22 Laundry 15.5 4.0 5.45 Bed2 14.2 2.7 4.96 Study 15.3 3.7 6.96 Study 15.5 4.0 7.40 Bed2 13.6 2.1 4.39Zone 13 S/out2 12.7 1.1 0.97 S/out2 12.7 1.1 0.97 S.Cor/Ent 11.5 ‐0.1 47.67 Lob/So2 14.2 2.6 4.20 S/out1 13.4 1.8 1.56 S/out1 13.4 1.8 1.56 S.Kit/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 23.87 Roof 12.2 0.6 0.64 Toilet 24.2 12.6 12.17 Roof 14.8 3.2 1.55 WIR2INT 11.5 0.0 11.96 Bed2 14.7 3.1 5.87 Bath 17.4 5.9 10.22 WIR2INT 11.5 ‐0.1 4.86Zone 14 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.28 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.28 S.Living 11.5 ‐0.1 92.81 S/out 1 14.3 3.2 5.97 S/out2 13.8 2.2 0.95 S/out2 13.8 2.2 0.95 S.Corr 11.6 0.1 22.37 S.Linen 11.5 ‐0.1 139.65 Bath/Ens 17.2 5.7 9.41 Bed3 14.2 2.7 4.90 Bed3 14.8 3.3 6.22 Toilet 22.8 11.3 10.79 Bed3 15.0 3.4 6.89Zone 15 S.Verdh 13.3 1.8 3.58 S.Verdh 13.3 1.8 3.58 S.Dining 11.5 ‐0.1 42.59 S.Liv/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 61.52 Car INT 13.3 1.7 2.22 Carport 14.4 2.8 2.22 S.Lin 11.5 ‐0.1 31.73 S.Kit/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 62.45 Laundry 19.2 7.6 10.44 WIR3INT 11.5 ‐0.1 16.25 Laundry 15.9 4.3 7.42 Laundry 16.4 4.8 8.07 WIR3INT 11.5 ‐0.1 14.26Zone 16 S.S/out2 11.6 0.0 5.24 S.S/out2 11.6 0.0 5.24 S.Kitchn 11.5 ‐0.1 60.44 S.Kitch 11.5 ‐0.1 61.98 S.Entry 11.5 ‐0.1 60.45 S.Entry 11.5 ‐0.1 60.45 S.Bed1 11.5 0.0 19.62 Lin INT 11.5 ‐0.1 104.22 Bed1 14.5 2.9 6.00 Lin INT 11.8 0.2 27.63 Lin INT 11.5 ‐0.1 119.71 Bed4 15.2 3.6 7.20Zone 17 S.Bed1 11.6 0.0 5.80 S.Bed1 11.6 0.0 5.80 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 30.46 S.Bed2 11.5 ‐0.1 62.39 S.Lnge 11.5 ‐0.1 50.24 S.Lnge 11.5 ‐0.1 50.24 S.Bed2 11.6 0.0 19.57 S.Corr 11.5 ‐0.1 86.61 Roof 14.7 3.2 1.46 WIR1INT 11.5 0.0 31.40 Bath 15.3 3.7 6.26 Roof 12.4 0.8 0.08 WIR4INT 11.5 ‐0.1 63.63Zone 18 S.Entry 11.5 ‐0.1 17.73 S.Entry 11.5 ‐0.1 17.73 S.Bath 11.5 ‐0.1 52.37 S.Ent/Lin 11.5 ‐0.1 70.18 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 48.54 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 48.54 S.Bed3 11.6 0.0 21.19 S.Bed3 11.5 ‐0.1 65.94 Ensuite1 17.6 6.0 9.30 Toilet 16.6 5.0 5.53 Bath 16.4 4.9 9.29Zone 19 S.Bed2 11.5 0.0 9.37 S.Bed2 11.5 0.0 9.37 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.15 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 55.94 S.Bed2 11.5 ‐0.1 49.11 S.Bed2 11.5 ‐0.1 49.11 S.Bed1 11.5 ‐0.1 62.81 Stor INT 12.8 1.3 3.03 Car INT 12.5 1.0 2.94 Toilet2 21.2 9.7 10.91Zone 20 S.Living 12.3 0.7 8.48 S.Living 12.3 0.7 8.48 S.S/out 11.5 ‐0.1 114.73 S.Kit/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 55.69 S.Kit/Din 11.5 ‐0.1 55.69 Roof 13.7 2.1 1.50 S.Bed2 11.5 ‐0.1 66.75 Roof 12.6 1.0 0.09 Roof 13.9 2.3 1.68 Laundry 15.5 4.0 7.72Zone 21 S.S/out1 11.5 ‐0.1 6.26 S.S/out1 11.5 ‐0.1 6.26 Roof 12.3 0.7 0.79 S.S/out1 11.5 ‐0.1 52.85 S.S/out1 11.5 ‐0.1 52.85 S.Liv/Lou 11.5 ‐0.1 63.56 Car INT 12.5 1.0 2.84Zone 22 S.Kit/Din 12.6 1.1 7.76 S.Kit/Din 12.6 1.1 7.76 S.S/out2 11.5 ‐0.1 56.36 S.S/out2 11.5 ‐0.1 56.36 Roof 13.8 2.2 1.77Zone 23 S.Pantry 11.5 0.0 5.70 S.Pantry 11.5 0.0 5.70 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.45 Roof 12.3 0.7 1.45Zone 24 S.Bath 11.5 ‐0.1 8.63 S.Bath 11.5 ‐0.1 8.63Total Averages: Inhabited Zones 6 13.65 2.07 3.85 8 15.63 4.06 8.47 9 14.10 2.54 8.17 10 14.12 2.55 23.18 4 14.90 3.35 4.43 7 14.63 3.06 2.54 12 15.30 3.75 14.49 11 15.89 4.30 16.00 13 16.67 5.08 14.62 9 14.90 3.32 5.92 10 14.59 3.01 9.50 12 16.58 5.00 15.76 10 16.21 4.65 12.82 14 15.71 4.17 11.32 14 14.32 2.74 8.90 14 16.44 4.91 13.90 15 14.91 3.37 13.46AVERAGE LIVING Z1 RF4.61 Z8 RF12.86 Z8 RF12.86 Z2 RF2.28 Z1 RF4.62 Z2 RF1.69 Z4 RF5.35 Z2 RF7.10 Z2 RF7.10 Z1 RF3.84 Z1 RF5.00 Z6 RF5.70 Z2 RF5.98 Z2 RF4.77 Z7 RF3.39 Z2 RF6.19 Z5 RF5.34

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 13.2 9.9 3.3 15.6 9.9 5.7 15.6 9.9 5.7 12.5 9.9 2.6 14.2 9.9 4.3 11.0 9.9 1.1 12.7 9.9 2.8 14.6 9.9 4.7 14.6 9.9 4.7 11.8 9.9 1.9 13.1 9.9 3.2 12.2 9.9 2.3 12.6 9.9 2.7 12.4 9.9 2.5 10.5 9.9 0.6 13.3 9.9 3.4 11.3 9.9 1.41am 13.0 9.5 3.5 15.4 9.5 5.9 15.4 9.5 5.9 12.4 9.5 2.9 14.0 9.5 4.5 10.8 9.5 1.3 12.6 9.5 3.1 14.5 9.5 5.0 14.5 9.5 5.0 11.7 9.5 2.2 13.0 9.5 3.5 12.1 9.5 2.6 12.5 9.5 3.0 12.3 9.5 2.8 10.4 9.5 0.9 13.2 9.5 3.7 11.2 9.5 1.72am 12.9 9.1 3.8 15.3 9.1 6.2 15.3 9.1 6.2 12.3 9.1 3.2 13.9 9.1 4.8 10.6 9.1 1.5 12.5 9.1 3.4 14.4 9.1 5.3 14.4 9.1 5.3 11.6 9.1 2.5 12.9 9.1 3.8 12.0 9.1 2.9 12.5 9.1 3.4 12.2 9.1 3.1 10.2 9.1 1.1 13.1 9.1 4.0 11.1 9.1 2.03am 12.8 8.5 4.3 15.2 8.5 6.7 15.2 8.5 6.7 12.2 8.5 3.7 13.6 8.5 5.1 10.2 8.5 1.7 12.3 8.5 3.8 14.2 8.5 5.7 14.2 8.5 5.7 11.5 8.5 3.0 12.8 8.5 4.3 11.9 8.5 3.4 12.4 8.5 3.9 12.1 8.5 3.6 10.0 8.5 1.5 13.0 8.5 4.5 10.9 8.5 2.44am 12.7 8.1 4.6 15.0 8.1 6.9 15.0 8.1 6.9 12.0 8.1 3.9 13.4 8.1 5.3 10.0 8.1 1.9 12.2 8.1 4.1 14.1 8.1 6.0 14.1 8.1 6.0 11.4 8.1 3.3 12.7 8.1 4.6 11.8 8.1 3.7 12.2 8.1 4.1 12.0 8.1 3.9 9.9 8.1 1.8 12.8 8.1 4.7 10.8 8.1 2.75am 12.6 6.8 5.8 14.8 6.8 8.0 14.8 6.8 8.0 11.9 6.8 5.1 13.0 6.8 6.2 9.3 6.8 2.5 11.9 6.8 5.1 13.8 6.8 7.0 13.8 6.8 7.0 11.2 6.8 4.4 12.4 6.8 5.6 11.5 6.8 4.7 12.0 6.8 5.2 11.7 6.8 4.9 9.5 6.8 2.7 12.6 6.8 5.8 10.5 6.8 3.76am 12.4 5.4 7.0 14.4 5.4 9.0 14.4 5.4 9.0 11.6 5.4 6.2 12.4 5.4 7.0 8.5 5.4 3.1 11.5 5.4 6.1 13.4 5.4 8.0 13.4 5.4 8.0 10.9 5.4 5.5 12.1 5.4 6.7 11.2 5.4 5.8 11.7 5.4 6.3 11.4 5.4 6.0 9.0 5.4 3.6 12.3 5.4 6.9 10.0 5.4 4.67am 12.5 6.9 5.6 14.6 6.9 7.7 14.6 6.9 7.7 11.3 6.9 4.4 12.7 6.9 5.8 9.0 6.9 2.1 11.8 6.9 4.9 13.7 6.9 6.8 13.7 6.9 6.8 10.9 6.9 4.0 12.2 6.9 5.3 11.2 6.9 4.3 11.7 6.9 4.8 11.4 6.9 4.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 12.2 6.9 5.3 10.2 6.9 3.38am 13.1 8.3 4.8 15.1 8.3 6.8 15.1 8.3 6.8 11.8 8.3 3.5 13.3 8.3 5.0 10.8 8.3 2.5 12.6 8.3 4.3 14.2 8.3 5.9 14.2 8.3 5.9 12.3 8.3 4.0 12.8 8.3 4.5 11.4 8.3 3.1 11.9 8.3 3.6 12.0 8.3 3.7 10.7 8.3 2.4 12.7 8.3 4.4 11.4 8.3 3.19am 13.8 9.4 4.4 15.6 9.4 6.2 15.6 9.4 6.2 12.6 9.4 3.2 14.3 9.4 4.9 13.0 9.4 3.6 13.7 9.4 4.3 14.9 9.4 5.5 14.9 9.4 5.5 14.4 9.4 5.0 13.6 9.4 4.2 13.1 9.4 3.7 13.5 9.4 4.1 12.8 9.4 3.4 14.6 9.4 5.2 13.2 9.4 3.8 14.2 9.4 4.810am 14.4 11.4 3.0 16.3 11.4 4.9 16.3 11.4 4.9 13.3 11.4 1.9 15.4 11.4 4.0 14.5 11.4 3.1 14.6 11.4 3.2 15.7 11.4 4.3 15.7 11.4 4.3 14.7 11.4 3.3 14.3 11.4 2.9 13.9 11.4 2.5 14.3 11.4 2.9 13.5 11.4 2.1 15.8 11.4 4.4 14.0 11.4 2.6 15.4 11.4 4.011am 14.7 13.0 1.7 16.9 13.0 3.9 16.9 13.0 3.9 14.5 13.0 1.5 16.3 13.0 3.3 15.6 13.0 2.6 15.5 13.0 2.5 16.4 13.0 3.4 16.4 13.0 3.4 14.8 13.0 1.8 15.0 13.0 2.0 15.1 13.0 2.1 15.4 13.0 2.4 14.3 13.0 1.3 16.4 13.0 3.4 15.0 13.0 2.0 16.1 13.0 3.112noon 15.4 17.0 ‐1.6 17.9 17.0 0.9 17.9 17.0 0.9 15.6 17.0 ‐1.4 17.9 17.0 0.9 17.7 17.0 0.7 16.9 17.0 ‐0.1 17.6 17.0 0.6 17.6 17.0 0.6 15.0 17.0 ‐2.0 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 16.8 17.0 ‐0.2 17.1 17.0 0.1 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 17.5 17.0 0.5 16.0 17.0 ‐1.0 17.2 17.0 0.21pm 15.6 17.1 ‐1.5 18.5 17.1 1.4 18.5 17.1 1.4 16.5 17.1 ‐0.6 18.4 17.1 1.3 18.2 17.1 1.1 17.3 17.1 0.2 17.8 17.1 0.7 17.8 17.1 0.7 15.5 17.1 ‐1.6 16.3 17.1 ‐0.8 17.6 17.1 0.5 17.8 17.1 0.7 16.5 17.1 ‐0.6 18.4 17.1 1.3 17.2 17.1 0.1 17.8 17.1 0.72pm 15.5 18.4 ‐2.9 18.8 18.4 0.4 18.8 18.4 0.4 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 18.8 18.4 0.4 18.7 18.4 0.3 17.5 18.4 ‐0.9 18.0 18.4 ‐0.4 18.0 18.4 ‐0.4 16.0 18.4 ‐2.4 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 18.3 18.4 ‐0.1 18.4 18.4 0.0 17.2 18.4 ‐1.2 18.8 18.4 0.4 17.6 18.4 ‐0.8 17.4 18.4 ‐1.03pm 15.2 16.7 ‐1.5 18.7 16.7 2.0 18.7 16.7 2.0 16.4 16.7 ‐0.3 18.3 16.7 1.6 17.6 16.7 0.9 17.0 16.7 0.3 17.6 16.7 0.9 17.6 16.7 0.9 15.7 16.7 ‐1.0 16.1 16.7 ‐0.6 18.1 16.7 1.4 18.1 16.7 1.4 17.2 16.7 0.5 18.4 16.7 1.7 17.9 16.7 1.2 16.7 16.7 0.04pm 14.7 16.4 ‐1.7 18.3 16.4 1.9 18.3 16.4 1.9 15.5 16.4 ‐0.9 17.8 16.4 1.4 16.2 16.4 ‐0.2 16.2 16.4 ‐0.2 17.0 16.4 0.6 17.0 16.4 0.6 15.0 16.4 ‐1.4 15.4 16.4 ‐1.0 16.8 16.4 0.4 17.0 16.4 0.6 16.5 16.4 0.1 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 17.1 16.4 0.7 15.2 16.4 ‐1.25pm 14.0 15.3 ‐1.3 17.4 15.3 2.1 17.4 15.3 2.1 14.6 15.3 ‐0.7 16.8 15.3 1.5 14.4 15.3 ‐0.9 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 16.2 15.3 0.9 16.2 15.3 0.9 14.1 15.3 ‐1.2 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 15.5 15.3 0.2 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 13.0 15.3 ‐2.3 15.7 15.3 0.4 13.3 15.3 ‐2.06pm 14.0 14.5 ‐0.5 17.1 14.5 2.6 17.1 14.5 2.6 14.4 14.5 ‐0.1 16.4 14.5 1.9 13.8 14.5 ‐0.7 14.5 14.5 0.0 16.0 14.5 1.5 16.0 14.5 1.5 13.6 14.5 ‐0.9 14.4 14.5 ‐0.1 14.1 14.5 ‐0.4 14.6 14.5 0.1 14.1 14.5 ‐0.4 12.7 14.5 ‐1.8 15.2 14.5 0.7 12.9 14.5 ‐1.67pm 13.7 12.6 1.1 16.7 12.6 4.1 16.7 12.6 4.1 13.9 12.6 1.3 15.6 12.6 3.0 12.8 12.6 0.2 13.9 12.6 1.3 15.5 12.6 2.9 15.5 12.6 2.9 13.1 12.6 0.5 14.0 12.6 1.4 13.6 12.6 1.0 14.0 12.6 1.4 13.6 12.6 1.0 11.9 12.6 ‐0.7 14.8 12.6 2.2 12.4 12.6 ‐0.28pm 13.7 12.7 1.0 16.5 12.7 3.8 16.5 12.7 3.8 13.3 12.7 0.6 15.4 12.7 2.7 12.6 12.7 ‐0.1 13.7 12.7 1.0 15.4 12.7 2.7 15.4 12.7 2.7 12.9 12.7 0.2 13.8 12.7 1.1 13.2 12.7 0.5 13.6 12.7 0.9 13.4 12.7 0.7 11.7 12.7 ‐1.0 14.2 12.7 1.5 12.2 12.7 ‐0.59pm 13.6 11.5 2.1 16.3 11.5 4.8 16.3 11.5 4.8 13.3 11.5 1.8 15.0 11.5 3.5 12.1 11.5 0.6 13.3 11.5 1.8 15.2 11.5 3.7 15.2 11.5 3.7 12.5 11.5 1.0 13.6 11.5 2.1 12.9 11.5 1.4 13.3 11.5 1.8 13.1 11.5 1.6 11.2 11.5 ‐0.3 14.1 11.5 2.6 12.0 11.5 0.510pm 13.3 9.8 3.5 15.8 9.8 6.0 15.8 9.8 6.0 12.9 9.8 3.1 14.4 9.8 4.6 11.2 9.8 1.4 12.9 9.8 3.1 14.7 9.8 4.9 14.7 9.8 4.9 12.2 9.8 2.4 13.2 9.8 3.4 12.6 9.8 2.8 13.0 9.8 3.2 12.8 9.8 3.0 10.6 9.8 0.8 13.6 9.8 3.8 11.5 9.8 1.711pm 13.2 9.3 3.9 15.5 9.3 6.2 15.5 9.3 6.2 12.5 9.3 3.2 14.0 9.3 4.7 10.7 9.3 1.4 12.7 9.3 3.4 14.5 9.3 5.2 14.5 9.3 5.2 11.9 9.3 2.6 13.0 9.3 3.7 12.3 9.3 3.0 12.8 9.3 3.5 12.5 9.3 3.2 10.4 9.3 1.1 13.3 9.3 4.0 11.2 9.3 1.9Average Temps 13.8 11.6 2.2 16.3 11.6 4.8 16.3 11.6 4.8 13.5 11.6 1.9 15.2 11.6 3.7 12.9 11.6 1.3 14.0 11.6 2.4 15.4 11.6 3.8 15.4 11.6 3.8 13.1 11.6 1.5 13.9 11.6 2.3 13.7 11.6 2.1 14.1 11.6 2.5 13.6 11.6 2.0 12.8 11.6 1.2 14.3 11.6 2.8 13.0 11.6 1.5AVERAGE LOUNGE Z2 RF5.46 Z3 RF7.05 Z1 RF7.63

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 13.1 9.9 3.2 14.0 9.9 4.1 14.0 9.9 4.11am 13.0 9.5 3.5 13.9 9.5 4.4 14.0 9.5 4.52am 12.9 9.1 3.8 13.8 9.1 4.7 13.9 9.1 4.83am 12.8 8.5 4.3 13.7 8.5 5.2 13.8 8.5 5.34am 12.7 8.1 4.6 13.6 8.1 5.5 13.7 8.1 5.65am 12.5 6.8 5.7 13.3 6.8 6.5 13.5 6.8 6.76am 12.2 5.4 6.8 13.1 5.4 7.7 13.4 5.4 8.07am 12.1 6.9 5.2 13.0 6.9 6.1 13.2 6.9 6.38am 12.3 8.3 4.0 13.3 8.3 5.0 13.1 8.3 4.89am 12.7 9.4 3.3 13.9 9.4 4.5 14.4 9.4 5.010am 13.2 11.4 1.8 14.5 11.4 3.1 14.6 11.4 3.211am 14.1 13.0 1.1 15.4 13.0 2.4 15.2 13.0 2.212noon 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 16.8 17.0 ‐0.2 16.1 17.0 ‐0.91pm 16.4 17.1 ‐0.7 17.9 17.1 0.8 16.6 17.1 ‐0.52pm 17.1 18.4 ‐1.3 18.7 18.4 0.3 17.3 18.4 ‐1.13pm 17.1 16.7 0.4 18.9 16.7 2.2 17.3 16.7 0.64pm 16.8 16.4 0.4 18.4 16.4 2.0 17.3 16.4 0.95pm 16.0 15.3 0.7 16.9 15.3 1.6 16.8 15.3 1.56pm 15.1 14.5 0.6 16.2 14.5 1.7 16.3 14.5 1.87pm 14.5 12.6 1.9 15.7 12.6 3.1 15.6 12.6 3.08pm 14.1 12.7 1.4 15.2 12.7 2.5 15.1 12.7 2.49pm 13.8 11.5 2.3 14.8 11.5 3.3 14.7 11.5 3.210pm 13.5 9.8 3.7 14.5 9.8 4.7 14.5 9.8 4.711pm 13.2 9.3 3.9 14.2 9.3 4.9 14.3 9.3 5.0Average Temps 14.0 11.6 2.5 15.2 11.6 3.6 14.9 11.6 3.4AVERAGE FAMILY Z6 RF7.59 Z4 RF22.43 Z5 RF3.30

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 12.8 9.9 2.9 10.2 9.9 0.3 10.4 9.9 0.51am 12.7 9.5 3.2 10.0 9.5 0.5 10.2 9.5 0.72am 12.6 9.1 3.5 9.9 9.1 0.8 10.1 9.1 1.03am 12.5 8.5 4.0 9.7 8.5 1.2 9.8 8.5 1.34am 12.4 8.1 4.3 9.6 8.1 1.5 9.7 8.1 1.65am 12.1 6.8 5.3 9.3 6.8 2.5 9.2 6.8 2.46am 11.7 5.4 6.3 8.9 5.4 3.5 8.7 5.4 3.37am 11.8 6.9 4.9 9.1 6.9 2.2 9.2 6.9 2.38am 12.9 8.3 4.6 9.9 8.3 1.6 10.7 8.3 2.49am 14.5 9.4 5.1 12.2 9.4 2.8 15.3 9.4 5.910am 15.5 11.4 4.1 13.0 11.4 1.6 16.8 11.4 5.411am 16.4 13.0 3.4 13.6 13.0 0.6 17.2 13.0 4.212noon 17.8 17.0 0.8 14.6 17.0 ‐2.4 18.5 17.0 1.51pm 18.6 17.1 1.5 15.7 17.1 ‐1.4 18.8 17.1 1.72pm 18.8 18.4 0.4 16.3 18.4 ‐2.1 18.3 18.4 ‐0.13pm 18.3 16.7 1.6 16.3 16.7 ‐0.4 17.4 16.7 0.74pm 17.1 16.4 0.7 15.2 16.4 ‐1.2 15.6 16.4 ‐0.85pm 15.2 15.3 ‐0.1 12.8 15.3 ‐2.5 13.0 15.3 ‐2.36pm 14.6 14.5 0.1 12.3 14.5 ‐2.2 12.6 14.5 ‐1.97pm 14.0 12.6 1.4 11.6 12.6 ‐1.0 11.8 12.6 ‐0.88pm 13.9 12.7 1.2 11.3 12.7 ‐1.4 11.6 12.7 ‐1.19pm 13.5 11.5 2.0 10.9 11.5 ‐0.6 11.2 11.5 ‐0.310pm 13.1 9.8 3.3 10.4 9.8 0.6 10.5 9.8 0.711pm 12.9 9.3 3.6 10.2 9.3 0.9 10.3 9.3 1.0Average Temps 14.4 11.6 2.8 11.8 11.6 0.2 12.8 11.6 1.2AVERAGE KIT/DIN Z5 RF3.22 Z10 RF11.27 Z10 RF11.27 Z2 RF3.88 Z5 RF2.24 Z3 RF9.09 Z2 RF7.02 Z3/4 RF5.97

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 13.2 9.9 3.3 15.8 9.9 5.9 15.8 9.9 5.9 13.6 9.9 3.7 12.4 9.9 2.5 14.5 9.9 4.6 14.2 9.9 4.3 12.3 9.9 2.41am 13.1 9.5 3.6 15.7 9.5 6.2 15.7 9.5 6.2 13.5 9.5 4.0 12.2 9.5 2.7 14.4 9.5 4.9 14.0 9.5 4.5 12.2 9.5 2.72am 13.0 9.1 3.9 15.6 9.1 6.5 15.6 9.1 6.5 13.3 9.1 4.2 12.0 9.1 2.9 14.4 9.1 5.3 13.9 9.1 4.8 12.1 9.1 3.03am 12.9 8.5 4.4 15.5 8.5 7.0 15.5 8.5 7.0 13.1 8.5 4.6 11.7 8.5 3.2 14.3 8.5 5.8 13.8 8.5 5.3 12.0 8.5 3.54am 12.9 8.1 4.8 15.4 8.1 7.3 15.4 8.1 7.3 12.9 8.1 4.8 11.5 8.1 3.4 14.2 8.1 6.1 13.7 8.1 5.6 11.9 8.1 3.85am 12.8 6.8 6.0 15.2 6.8 8.4 15.2 6.8 8.4 12.5 6.8 5.7 10.9 6.8 4.1 14.0 6.8 7.2 13.4 6.8 6.6 11.7 6.8 4.96am 12.7 5.4 7.3 14.9 5.4 9.5 14.9 5.4 9.5 12.0 5.4 6.6 10.1 5.4 4.7 13.8 5.4 8.4 13.1 5.4 7.7 11.4 5.4 6.07am 12.7 6.9 5.8 15.0 6.9 8.1 15.0 6.9 8.1 12.3 6.9 5.4 10.5 6.9 3.6 13.7 6.9 6.8 13.1 6.9 6.2 11.4 6.9 4.58am 12.7 8.3 4.4 15.4 8.3 7.1 15.4 8.3 7.1 12.8 8.3 4.5 12.0 8.3 3.7 13.8 8.3 5.5 13.6 8.3 5.3 11.6 8.3 3.39am 12.8 9.4 3.4 15.8 9.4 6.4 15.8 9.4 6.4 13.7 9.4 4.3 13.5 9.4 4.1 14.2 9.4 4.8 14.1 9.4 4.7 13.7 9.4 4.310am 12.9 11.4 1.5 16.2 11.4 4.8 16.2 11.4 4.8 14.7 11.4 3.3 14.6 11.4 3.2 14.7 11.4 3.3 14.6 11.4 3.2 14.4 11.4 3.011am 13.0 13.0 0.0 16.7 13.0 3.7 16.7 13.0 3.7 15.5 13.0 2.5 15.3 13.0 2.3 15.6 13.0 2.6 15.1 13.0 2.1 15.3 13.0 2.312noon 13.2 17.0 ‐3.8 17.4 17.0 0.4 17.4 17.0 0.4 16.9 17.0 ‐0.1 16.8 17.0 ‐0.2 16.7 17.0 ‐0.3 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 16.8 17.0 ‐0.21pm 13.3 17.1 ‐3.8 17.8 17.1 0.7 17.8 17.1 0.7 17.4 17.1 0.3 17.4 17.1 0.3 17.5 17.1 0.4 16.4 17.1 ‐0.7 17.4 17.1 0.32pm 13.5 18.4 ‐4.9 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 18.0 18.4 ‐0.4 18.2 18.4 ‐0.2 16.7 18.4 ‐1.7 17.9 18.4 ‐0.53pm 13.5 16.7 ‐3.2 18.0 16.7 1.3 18.0 16.7 1.3 17.4 16.7 0.7 17.3 16.7 0.6 18.4 16.7 1.7 16.6 16.7 ‐0.1 17.6 16.7 0.94pm 13.5 16.4 ‐2.9 17.9 16.4 1.5 17.9 16.4 1.5 16.9 16.4 0.5 16.7 16.4 0.3 17.9 16.4 1.5 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 16.5 16.4 0.15pm 13.5 15.3 ‐1.8 17.5 15.3 2.2 17.5 15.3 2.2 16.1 15.3 0.8 15.7 15.3 0.4 16.8 15.3 1.5 15.9 15.3 0.6 15.1 15.3 ‐0.26pm 13.7 14.5 ‐0.8 17.2 14.5 2.7 17.2 14.5 2.7 15.6 14.5 1.1 15.1 14.5 0.6 16.2 14.5 1.7 15.7 14.5 1.2 14.2 14.5 ‐0.37pm 13.6 12.6 1.0 16.8 12.6 4.2 16.8 12.6 4.2 14.9 12.6 2.3 14.2 12.6 1.6 15.7 12.6 3.1 15.2 12.6 2.6 13.6 12.6 1.08pm 13.6 12.7 0.9 16.6 12.7 3.9 16.6 12.7 3.9 14.7 12.7 2.0 14.0 12.7 1.3 15.4 12.7 2.7 15.0 12.7 2.3 13.3 12.7 0.69pm 13.5 11.5 2.0 16.4 11.5 4.9 16.4 11.5 4.9 14.4 11.5 2.9 13.5 11.5 2.0 15.1 11.5 3.6 14.8 11.5 3.3 12.9 11.5 1.410pm 13.4 9.8 3.6 16.0 9.8 6.2 16.0 9.8 6.2 13.7 9.8 3.9 12.6 9.8 2.8 14.9 9.8 5.1 14.4 9.8 4.6 12.7 9.8 2.911pm 13.3 9.3 4.0 15.8 9.3 6.5 15.8 9.3 6.5 13.4 9.3 4.1 12.2 9.3 2.9 14.7 9.3 5.4 14.1 9.3 4.8 12.4 9.3 3.1Average Temps 13.2 11.6 1.6 16.4 11.6 4.8 16.4 11.6 4.8 14.5 11.6 3.0 13.8 11.6 2.2 15.4 11.6 3.8 14.7 11.6 3.2 13.8 11.6 2.2AVERAGE KITCHEN Z3 RF6.25 Z6 RF9.73 Z7 RF11.58 Z7 RF11.58 Z4 12.5 Z5 RF7.72 Z5 RF4.27 Z3 RF8.22 Z4 RF10.38

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 14.4 9.9 4.5 15.3 9.9 5.4 17.0 9.9 7.1 17.0 9.9 7.1 15.4 9.9 5.5 13.3 9.9 3.4 11.0 9.9 1.1 12.5 9.9 2.6 13.3 9.9 3.41am 14.3 9.5 4.8 15.2 9.5 5.7 16.9 9.5 7.4 16.9 9.5 7.4 15.3 9.5 5.8 13.2 9.5 3.7 10.9 9.5 1.4 12.3 9.5 2.8 13.2 9.5 3.72am 14.2 9.1 5.1 15.1 9.1 6.0 16.8 9.1 7.7 16.8 9.1 7.7 15.3 9.1 6.2 13.1 9.1 4.0 10.7 9.1 1.6 12.1 9.1 3.0 13.1 9.1 4.03am 14.1 8.5 5.6 15.0 8.5 6.5 16.6 8.5 8.1 16.6 8.5 8.1 15.2 8.5 6.7 13.0 8.5 4.5 10.6 8.5 2.1 12.0 8.5 3.5 13.0 8.5 4.54am 14.0 8.1 5.9 14.9 8.1 6.8 16.5 8.1 8.4 16.5 8.1 8.4 15.1 8.1 7.0 12.9 8.1 4.8 10.5 8.1 2.4 11.8 8.1 3.7 12.8 8.1 4.75am 13.7 6.8 6.9 14.6 6.8 7.8 16.1 6.8 9.3 16.1 6.8 9.3 14.8 6.8 8.0 12.6 6.8 5.8 10.1 6.8 3.3 11.4 6.8 4.6 12.5 6.8 5.76am 13.4 5.4 8.0 14.4 5.4 9.0 15.6 5.4 10.2 15.6 5.4 10.2 14.6 5.4 9.2 12.3 5.4 6.9 9.7 5.4 4.3 10.9 5.4 5.5 12.1 5.4 6.77am 13.5 6.9 6.6 14.5 6.9 7.6 16.0 6.9 9.1 16.0 6.9 9.1 14.6 6.9 7.7 12.4 6.9 5.5 10.0 6.9 3.1 11.3 6.9 4.4 12.3 6.9 5.48am 13.8 8.3 5.5 14.6 8.3 6.3 17.4 8.3 9.1 17.4 8.3 9.1 15.0 8.3 6.7 13.4 8.3 5.1 10.9 8.3 2.6 12.7 8.3 4.4 13.4 8.3 5.19am 14.2 9.4 4.8 14.9 9.4 5.5 19.0 9.4 9.6 19.0 9.4 9.6 16.1 9.4 6.7 14.8 9.4 5.4 12.7 9.4 3.3 14.7 9.4 5.3 15.2 9.4 5.810am 14.7 11.4 3.3 15.3 11.4 3.9 20.1 11.4 8.7 20.1 11.4 8.7 16.9 11.4 5.5 15.6 11.4 4.2 13.7 11.4 2.3 16.2 11.4 4.8 16.3 11.4 4.911am 15.3 13.0 2.3 16.0 13.0 3.0 20.6 13.0 7.6 20.6 13.0 7.6 17.7 13.0 4.7 16.2 13.0 3.2 14.4 13.0 1.4 17.1 13.0 4.1 17.1 13.0 4.112noon 16.2 17.0 ‐0.8 17.0 17.0 0.0 21.6 17.0 4.6 21.6 17.0 4.6 19.1 17.0 2.1 17.3 17.0 0.3 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 18.6 17.0 1.6 18.1 17.0 1.11pm 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 17.5 17.1 0.4 22.2 17.1 5.1 22.2 17.1 5.1 20.0 17.1 2.9 18.0 17.1 0.9 17.8 17.1 0.7 19.6 17.1 2.5 18.9 17.1 1.82pm 17.2 18.4 ‐1.2 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 21.8 18.4 3.4 21.8 18.4 3.4 20.4 18.4 2.0 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 19.7 18.4 1.3 19.2 18.4 0.8 18.5 18.4 0.13pm 17.1 16.7 0.4 18.1 16.7 1.4 21.1 16.7 4.4 21.1 16.7 4.4 20.4 16.7 3.7 17.7 16.7 1.0 20.8 16.7 4.1 18.6 16.7 1.9 17.9 16.7 1.24pm 17.2 16.4 0.8 18.0 16.4 1.6 20.3 16.4 3.9 20.3 16.4 3.9 19.5 16.4 3.1 16.9 16.4 0.5 18.1 16.4 1.7 17.3 16.4 0.9 16.9 16.4 0.55pm 16.9 15.3 1.6 17.3 15.3 2.0 18.8 15.3 3.5 18.8 15.3 3.5 18.0 15.3 2.7 15.6 15.3 0.3 13.3 15.3 ‐2.0 15.2 15.3 ‐0.1 15.2 15.3 ‐0.16pm 16.5 14.5 2.0 16.8 14.5 2.3 18.6 14.5 4.1 18.6 14.5 4.1 17.3 14.5 2.8 15.1 14.5 0.6 12.8 14.5 ‐1.7 14.7 14.5 0.2 14.9 14.5 0.47pm 15.8 12.6 3.2 16.3 12.6 3.7 18.0 12.6 5.4 18.0 12.6 5.4 16.7 12.6 4.1 14.6 12.6 2.0 12.2 12.6 ‐0.4 13.9 12.6 1.3 14.4 12.6 1.88pm 15.4 12.7 2.7 16.1 12.7 3.4 17.9 12.7 5.2 17.9 12.7 5.2 16.4 12.7 3.7 14.4 12.7 1.7 12.1 12.7 ‐0.6 13.7 12.7 1.0 14.2 12.7 1.5

not used

2009

not used

1980s 1986 1995 1996 2002

not used

not used not used

19621860 1920est 1925 1931 1932

1980 1990 2000‐2010

1950 1957 1960

not used

D‐1 ALT TEST1830‐1890 1915‐1929 1950 1960

1956

Table 4.4




20091980s 1986 1995 1996 200219621860 1920est 1925 1931 1932

1980 1990 2000‐2010

1950 1957 1960D‐1 ALT TEST

1830‐1890 1915‐1929 1950 1960

1956

9pm 15.1 11.5 3.6 15.8 11.5 4.3 17.6 11.5 6.1 17.6 11.5 6.1 16.1 11.5 4.6 14.0 11.5 2.5 11.7 11.5 0.2 13.3 11.5 1.8 13.9 11.5 2.410pm 14.7 9.8 4.9 15.4 9.8 5.6 17.0 9.8 7.2 17.0 9.8 7.2 15.8 9.8 6.0 13.6 9.8 3.8 11.2 9.8 1.4 12.6 9.8 2.8 13.5 9.8 3.711pm 14.5 9.3 5.2 15.3 9.3 6.0 16.9 9.3 7.6 16.9 9.3 7.6 15.5 9.3 6.2 13.4 9.3 4.1 11.0 9.3 1.7 12.5 9.3 3.2 13.2 9.3 3.9Average Temps 15.1 11.6 3.6 15.9 11.6 4.3 18.4 11.6 6.8 18.4 11.6 6.8 16.7 11.6 5.2 14.6 11.6 3.1 13.0 11.6 1.4 14.3 11.6 2.8 14.7 11.6 3.2AVERAGE DINING Z4 RF11.07 Z5 RF6.82 Z6 RF63.88 Z6 RF63.88 Z3 RF47.25 Z4 RF32.03 Z6 RF4.23 Z4 RF6.65 Z3 RF37.85

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 15.9 9.9 6.0 13.1 9.9 3.2 10.3 9.9 0.4 10.3 9.9 0.4 9.9 9.9 0.0 10.1 9.9 0.2 10.2 9.9 0.3 11.2 9.9 1.3 10.1 9.9 0.21am 15.8 9.5 6.3 12.9 9.5 3.4 10.1 9.5 0.6 10.1 9.5 0.6 9.9 9.5 0.4 10.0 9.5 0.5 10.0 9.5 0.5 11.0 9.5 1.5 10.0 9.5 0.52am 15.7 9.1 6.6 12.8 9.1 3.7 10.0 9.1 0.9 10.0 9.1 0.9 9.8 9.1 0.7 9.9 9.1 0.8 9.8 9.1 0.7 10.8 9.1 1.7 9.9 9.1 0.83am 15.6 8.5 7.1 12.7 8.5 4.2 9.8 8.5 1.3 9.8 8.5 1.3 9.7 8.5 1.2 9.7 8.5 1.2 9.6 8.5 1.1 10.6 8.5 2.1 9.7 8.5 1.24am 15.5 8.1 7.4 12.6 8.1 4.5 9.7 8.1 1.6 9.7 8.1 1.6 9.6 8.1 1.5 9.6 8.1 1.5 9.4 8.1 1.3 10.5 8.1 2.4 9.6 8.1 1.55am 15.3 6.8 8.5 12.2 6.8 5.4 9.3 6.8 2.5 9.3 6.8 2.5 9.3 6.8 2.5 9.3 6.8 2.5 8.9 6.8 2.1 10.0 6.8 3.2 9.3 6.8 2.56am 15.0 5.4 9.6 11.9 5.4 6.5 8.9 5.4 3.5 8.9 5.4 3.5 9.0 5.4 3.6 9.0 5.4 3.6 8.4 5.4 3.0 9.5 5.4 4.1 8.9 5.4 3.57am 15.2 6.9 8.3 12.2 6.9 5.3 9.3 6.9 2.4 9.3 6.9 2.4 9.1 6.9 2.2 9.1 6.9 2.2 8.9 6.9 2.0 10.0 6.9 3.1 9.1 6.9 2.28am 15.4 8.3 7.1 13.2 8.3 4.9 10.6 8.3 2.3 10.6 8.3 2.3 9.6 8.3 1.3 10.2 8.3 1.9 10.5 8.3 2.2 11.8 8.3 3.5 10.3 8.3 2.09am 15.7 9.4 6.3 14.6 9.4 5.2 12.1 9.4 2.7 12.1 9.4 2.7 11.7 9.4 2.3 11.7 9.4 2.3 17.6 9.4 8.2 15.2 9.4 5.8 12.1 9.4 2.710am 16.1 11.4 4.7 15.7 11.4 4.3 13.2 11.4 1.8 13.2 11.4 1.8 12.7 11.4 1.3 12.7 11.4 1.3 18.2 11.4 6.8 16.8 11.4 5.4 13.2 11.4 1.811am 16.7 13.0 3.7 16.4 13.0 3.4 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.4 13.0 0.4 18.2 13.0 5.2 17.6 13.0 4.6 13.9 13.0 0.912noon 17.5 17.0 0.5 17.8 17.0 0.8 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 15.3 17.0 ‐1.7 14.7 17.0 ‐2.3 17.8 17.0 0.8 19.1 17.0 2.1 15.0 17.0 ‐2.01pm 17.8 17.1 0.7 18.2 17.1 1.1 15.3 17.1 ‐1.8 15.3 17.1 ‐1.8 15.9 17.1 ‐1.2 15.4 17.1 ‐1.7 18.5 17.1 1.4 19.7 17.1 2.6 15.7 17.1 ‐1.42pm 18.2 18.4 ‐0.2 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 15.0 18.4 ‐3.4 15.0 18.4 ‐3.4 16.1 18.4 ‐2.3 15.4 18.4 ‐3.0 18.4 18.4 0.0 19.0 18.4 0.6 15.3 18.4 ‐3.13pm 18.0 16.7 1.3 17.4 16.7 0.7 14.3 16.7 ‐2.4 14.3 16.7 ‐2.4 15.6 16.7 ‐1.1 15.0 16.7 ‐1.7 17.6 16.7 0.9 18.0 16.7 1.3 14.7 16.7 ‐2.04pm 17.9 16.4 1.5 16.4 16.4 0.0 13.5 16.4 ‐2.9 13.5 16.4 ‐2.9 14.2 16.4 ‐2.2 14.0 16.4 ‐2.4 15.7 16.4 ‐0.7 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 13.6 16.4 ‐2.85pm 17.6 15.3 2.3 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 12.0 15.3 ‐3.3 12.0 15.3 ‐3.3 12.2 15.3 ‐3.1 12.4 15.3 ‐2.9 12.6 15.3 ‐2.7 13.6 15.3 ‐1.7 11.9 15.3 ‐3.46pm 17.2 14.5 2.7 14.6 14.5 0.1 11.8 14.5 ‐2.7 11.8 14.5 ‐2.7 11.5 14.5 ‐3.0 11.8 14.5 ‐2.7 12.2 14.5 ‐2.3 13.2 14.5 ‐1.3 11.7 14.5 ‐2.87pm 16.8 12.6 4.2 14.0 12.6 1.4 11.2 12.6 ‐1.4 11.2 12.6 ‐1.4 11.0 12.6 ‐1.6 11.3 12.6 ‐1.3 11.4 12.6 ‐1.2 12.4 12.6 ‐0.2 11.1 12.6 ‐1.58pm 16.7 12.7 4.0 14.0 12.7 1.3 11.2 12.7 ‐1.5 11.2 12.7 ‐1.5 10.9 12.7 ‐1.8 11.1 12.7 ‐1.6 11.4 12.7 ‐1.3 12.4 12.7 ‐0.3 10.9 12.7 ‐1.89pm 16.4 11.5 4.9 13.6 11.5 2.1 10.8 11.5 ‐0.7 10.8 11.5 ‐0.7 10.5 11.5 ‐1.0 10.7 11.5 ‐0.8 10.9 11.5 ‐0.6 11.9 11.5 0.4 10.7 11.5 ‐0.810pm 16.1 9.8 6.3 13.2 9.8 3.4 10.3 9.8 0.5 10.3 9.8 0.5 10.2 9.8 0.4 10.3 9.8 0.5 10.2 9.8 0.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 10.2 9.8 0.411pm 15.9 9.3 6.6 13.0 9.3 3.7 10.1 9.3 0.8 10.1 9.3 0.8 10.0 9.3 0.7 10.1 9.3 0.8 10.0 9.3 0.7 11.0 9.3 1.7 10.0 9.3 0.7Average Temps 16.4 11.6 4.9 14.4 11.6 2.8 11.6 11.6 0.0 11.6 11.6 0.0 11.6 11.6 0.0 11.5 11.6 0.0 12.8 11.6 1.2 13.5 11.6 1.9 11.5 11.6 0.0AVERAGE THEATRE Z2 RF8.24

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 15.1 9.9 5.21am 15.0 9.5 5.52am 14.9 9.1 5.83am 14.9 8.5 6.44am 14.8 8.1 6.75am 14.6 6.8 7.86am 14.4 5.4 9.07am 14.2 6.9 7.38am 14.4 8.3 6.19am 14.6 9.4 5.210am 15.2 11.4 3.811am 16.2 13.0 3.212noon 17.0 17.0 0.01pm 18.1 17.1 1.02pm 18.5 18.4 0.13pm 18.8 16.7 2.14pm 18.2 16.4 1.85pm 17.1 15.3 1.86pm 16.8 14.5 2.37pm 16.4 12.6 3.88pm 15.8 12.7 3.19pm 15.7 11.5 4.210pm 15.4 9.8 5.611pm 15.1 9.3 5.8Average Temps 15.9 11.6 4.3AVERAGE ENTRY/LOBBY Z1 RF18.59 Z1 RF18.59 Z1 RF21.64 Z1 RF20.90 Z1 RF12.04 Z1 RF12.04 Z1 RF23.79 Z1 RF17.09 Z1 RF21.44 Z1 RF32.22 Z1 RF10.49

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 21.2 9.9 11.3 11.6 9.9 1.7 20.9 9.9 11.0 26.4 9.9 16.5 21.1 9.9 11.2 21.1 9.9 11.2 24.5 9.9 14.6 23.8 9.9 13.9 21.6 9.9 11.7 28.3 9.9 18.4 15.6 9.9 5.71am 21.1 9.5 11.6 11.5 9.5 2.0 20.8 9.5 11.3 26.3 9.5 16.8 21.0 9.5 11.5 21.0 9.5 11.5 24.4 9.5 14.9 23.7 9.5 14.2 21.6 9.5 12.1 28.2 9.5 18.7 15.5 9.5 6.02am 21.0 9.1 11.9 11.4 9.1 2.3 20.7 9.1 11.6 26.2 9.1 17.1 20.9 9.1 11.8 20.9 9.1 11.8 24.3 9.1 15.2 23.7 9.1 14.6 21.5 9.1 12.4 28.1 9.1 19.0 15.4 9.1 6.33am 20.9 8.5 12.4 11.3 8.5 2.8 20.5 8.5 12.0 26.1 8.5 17.6 20.8 8.5 12.3 20.8 8.5 12.3 24.2 8.5 15.7 23.6 8.5 15.1 21.3 8.5 12.8 28.0 8.5 19.5 15.4 8.5 6.94am 20.8 8.1 12.7 11.2 8.1 3.1 20.4 8.1 12.3 26.0 8.1 17.9 20.7 8.1 12.6 20.7 8.1 12.6 24.1 8.1 16.0 23.5 8.1 15.4 21.2 8.1 13.1 27.9 8.1 19.8 15.3 8.1 7.25am 20.6 6.8 13.8 11.0 6.8 4.2 20.2 6.8 13.4 25.8 6.8 19.0 20.5 6.8 13.7 20.5 6.8 13.7 23.9 6.8 17.1 23.3 6.8 16.5 20.9 6.8 14.1 27.7 6.8 20.9 15.1 6.8 8.36am 20.3 5.4 14.9 10.7 5.4 5.3 19.9 5.4 14.5 25.6 5.4 20.2 20.2 5.4 14.8 20.2 5.4 14.8 23.6 5.4 18.2 23.0 5.4 17.6 20.6 5.4 15.2 27.4 5.4 22.0 14.9 5.4 9.57am 20.5 6.9 13.6 10.9 6.9 4.0 20.1 6.9 13.2 25.7 6.9 18.8 20.3 6.9 13.4 20.3 6.9 13.4 23.7 6.9 16.8 23.1 6.9 16.2 20.8 6.9 13.9 27.4 6.9 20.5 14.9 6.9 8.08am 21.0 8.3 12.7 11.4 8.3 3.1 20.5 8.3 12.2 26.3 8.3 18.0 20.6 8.3 12.3 20.6 8.3 12.3 24.2 8.3 15.9 23.5 8.3 15.2 21.7 8.3 13.4 27.9 8.3 19.6 15.4 8.3 7.19am 21.6 9.4 12.2 12.0 9.4 2.6 21.0 9.4 11.6 27.0 9.4 17.6 20.9 9.4 11.5 20.9 9.4 11.5 25.2 9.4 15.8 24.3 9.4 14.9 22.8 9.4 13.4 28.6 9.4 19.2 15.8 9.4 6.410am 22.3 11.4 10.9 12.7 11.4 1.3 21.5 11.4 10.1 27.7 11.4 16.3 21.4 11.4 10.0 21.4 11.4 10.0 26.0 11.4 14.6 24.9 11.4 13.5 23.8 11.4 12.4 29.3 11.4 17.9 16.4 11.4 5.011am 22.8 13.0 9.8 13.2 13.0 0.2 22.1 13.0 9.1 28.3 13.0 15.3 22.0 13.0 9.0 22.0 13.0 9.0 26.7 13.0 13.7 25.6 13.0 12.6 24.4 13.0 11.4 30.1 13.0 17.1 16.9 13.0 3.912noon 23.6 17.0 6.6 14.0 17.0 ‐3.0 23.1 17.0 6.1 29.3 17.0 12.3 23.0 17.0 6.0 23.0 17.0 6.0 27.8 17.0 10.8 27.0 17.0 10.0 25.5 17.0 8.5 30.9 17.0 13.9 17.4 17.0 0.41pm 24.1 17.1 7.0 14.5 17.1 ‐2.6 23.5 17.1 6.4 29.8 17.1 12.7 23.4 17.1 6.3 23.4 17.1 6.3 28.5 17.1 11.4 27.7 17.1 10.6 26.4 17.1 9.3 31.8 17.1 14.7 18.0 17.1 0.92pm 24.2 18.4 5.8 14.6 18.4 ‐3.8 23.8 18.4 5.4 29.8 18.4 11.4 23.7 18.4 5.3 23.7 18.4 5.3 28.6 18.4 10.2 27.9 18.4 9.5 26.5 18.4 8.1 31.8 18.4 13.4 17.9 18.4 ‐0.53pm 24.0 16.7 7.3 14.4 16.7 ‐2.3 23.6 16.7 6.9 29.6 16.7 12.9 23.5 16.7 6.8 23.5 16.7 6.8 28.4 16.7 11.7 27.8 16.7 11.1 26.3 16.7 9.6 31.8 16.7 15.1 17.8 16.7 1.14pm 23.5 16.4 7.1 14.0 16.4 ‐2.4 23.4 16.4 7.0 29.2 16.4 12.8 23.3 16.4 6.9 23.3 16.4 6.9 27.7 16.4 11.3 27.3 16.4 10.9 25.4 16.4 9.0 31.3 16.4 14.9 17.5 16.4 1.15pm 22.7 15.3 7.4 13.1 15.3 ‐2.2 22.8 15.3 7.5 28.3 15.3 13.0 22.9 15.3 7.6 22.9 15.3 7.6 26.5 15.3 11.2 26.3 15.3 11.0 23.6 15.3 8.3 30.3 15.3 15.0 16.9 15.3 1.66pm 22.4 14.5 7.9 12.8 14.5 ‐1.7 22.6 14.5 8.1 27.9 14.5 13.4 22.6 14.5 8.1 22.6 14.5 8.1 25.9 14.5 11.4 25.7 14.5 11.2 23.2 14.5 8.7 30.1 14.5 15.6 16.7 14.5 2.27pm 21.9 12.6 9.3 12.4 12.6 ‐0.2 22.0 12.6 9.4 27.4 12.6 14.8 22.0 12.6 9.4 22.0 12.6 9.4 25.5 12.6 12.9 25.1 12.6 12.5 22.7 12.6 10.1 29.6 12.6 17.0 16.4 12.6 3.88pm 21.7 12.7 9.0 12.2 12.7 ‐0.5 21.7 12.7 9.0 27.1 12.7 14.4 21.8 12.7 9.1 21.8 12.7 9.1 25.3 12.7 12.6 24.6 12.7 11.9 22.6 12.7 9.9 29.0 12.7 16.3 16.1 12.7 3.49pm 21.6 11.5 10.1 12.0 11.5 0.5 21.4 11.5 9.9 26.9 11.5 15.4 21.6 11.5 10.1 21.6 11.5 10.1 25.0 11.5 13.5 24.4 11.5 12.9 22.2 11.5 10.7 28.9 11.5 17.4 16.0 11.5 4.510pm 21.2 9.8 11.4 11.7 9.8 1.9 21.1 9.8 11.3 26.5 9.8 16.7 21.2 9.8 11.4 21.2 9.8 11.4 24.7 9.8 14.9 24.1 9.8 14.3 21.8 9.8 12.0 28.5 9.8 18.7 15.7 9.8 5.911pm 21.1 9.3 11.8 11.5 9.3 2.2 20.9 9.3 11.6 26.4 9.3 17.1 21.1 9.3 11.8 21.1 9.3 11.8 24.5 9.3 15.2 23.9 9.3 14.6 21.6 9.3 12.3 28.3 9.3 19.0 15.5 9.3 6.2Average Temps 21.9 11.6 10.4 12.3 11.6 0.8 21.6 11.6 10.0 27.3 11.6 15.8 21.7 11.6 10.1 21.7 11.6 10.1 25.6 11.6 14.0 24.9 11.6 13.3 22.9 11.6 11.4 29.2 11.6 17.7 16.2 11.6 4.6AVERAGE CORR 1 Z5 RF60.76 INT Z1 RF4.95 Z3 RF40.62 Z4 RF4.79 Z3 RF42.21 Z7 RF44.07 Z5 RF58.14 Z7 RF26.69 Z11 RF30.58 Z6 RF72.80 Z11 RF34.18

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 10.9 9.9 1.0 17.9 9.9 8.0 10.9 9.9 1.0 12.4 9.9 2.5 11.0 9.9 1.1 10.6 9.9 0.7 10.7 9.9 0.8 10.7 9.9 0.8 10.9 9.9 1.0 10.6 9.9 0.7 10.8 9.9 0.91am 10.8 9.5 1.3 17.8 9.5 8.3 10.8 9.5 1.3 12.3 9.5 2.8 10.9 9.5 1.4 10.5 9.5 1.0 10.6 9.5 1.1 10.6 9.5 1.1 10.8 9.5 1.3 10.4 9.5 0.9 10.7 9.5 1.22am 10.7 9.1 1.6 17.6 9.1 8.5 10.7 9.1 1.6 12.2 9.1 3.1 10.8 9.1 1.7 10.5 9.1 1.4 10.5 9.1 1.4 10.5 9.1 1.4 10.7 9.1 1.6 10.3 9.1 1.2 10.6 9.1 1.53am 10.6 8.5 2.1 17.4 8.5 8.9 10.6 8.5 2.1 12.1 8.5 3.6 10.7 8.5 2.2 10.4 8.5 1.9 10.4 8.5 1.9 10.5 8.5 2.0 10.7 8.5 2.2 10.3 8.5 1.8 10.6 8.5 2.14am 10.5 8.1 2.4 17.2 8.1 9.1 10.5 8.1 2.4 12.0 8.1 3.9 10.6 8.1 2.5 10.3 8.1 2.2 10.3 8.1 2.2 10.4 8.1 2.3 10.6 8.1 2.5 10.2 8.1 2.1 10.5 8.1 2.45am 10.3 6.8 3.5 16.7 6.8 9.9 10.3 6.8 3.5 11.8 6.8 5.0 10.4 6.8 3.6 10.2 6.8 3.4 10.2 6.8 3.4 10.2 6.8 3.4 10.4 6.8 3.6 10.0 6.8 3.2 10.3 6.8 3.56am 10.0 5.4 4.6 16.0 5.4 10.6 10.0 5.4 4.6 11.6 5.4 6.2 10.1 5.4 4.7 10.1 5.4 4.7 10.0 5.4 4.6 10.0 5.4 4.6 10.3 5.4 4.9 9.7 5.4 4.3 10.1 5.4 4.77am 10.2 6.9 3.3 16.3 6.9 9.4 10.2 6.9 3.3 11.6 6.9 4.7 10.2 6.9 3.3 9.9 6.9 3.0 9.9 6.9 3.0 10.0 6.9 3.1 10.2 6.9 3.3 9.6 6.9 2.7 10.1 6.9 3.28am 10.6 8.3 2.3 17.1 8.3 8.8 10.5 8.3 2.2 12.3 8.3 4.0 10.4 8.3 2.1 9.7 8.3 1.4 10.2 8.3 1.9 10.1 8.3 1.8 10.3 8.3 2.0 10.1 8.3 1.8 10.4 8.3 2.19am 11.0 9.4 1.6 18.1 9.4 8.7 11.0 9.4 1.6 13.8 9.4 4.4 10.7 9.4 1.3 9.9 9.4 0.5 10.7 9.4 1.3 10.5 9.4 1.1 10.7 9.4 1.3 10.7 9.4 1.3 10.8 9.4 1.410am 11.6 11.4 0.2 19.4 11.4 8.0 11.5 11.4 0.1 14.7 11.4 3.3 11.1 11.4 ‐0.3 10.2 11.4 ‐1.2 11.2 11.4 ‐0.2 10.9 11.4 ‐0.5 11.1 11.4 ‐0.3 11.5 11.4 0.1 11.4 11.4 0.011am 12.1 13.0 ‐0.9 20.3 13.0 7.3 12.2 13.0 ‐0.8 15.6 13.0 2.6 11.7 13.0 ‐1.3 11.0 13.0 ‐2.0 11.9 13.0 ‐1.1 11.8 13.0 ‐1.2 11.7 13.0 ‐1.3 12.4 13.0 ‐0.6 12.0 13.0 ‐1.012noon 12.9 17.0 ‐4.1 21.8 17.0 4.8 13.3 17.0 ‐3.7 17.0 17.0 0.0 12.6 17.0 ‐4.4 12.8 17.0 ‐4.2 13.2 17.0 ‐3.8 12.9 17.0 ‐4.1 12.5 17.0 ‐4.5 14.0 17.0 ‐3.0 12.8 17.0 ‐4.21pm 13.2 17.1 ‐3.9 22.4 17.1 5.3 13.7 17.1 ‐3.4 17.4 17.1 0.3 13.0 17.1 ‐4.1 13.6 17.1 ‐3.5 14.0 17.1 ‐3.1 13.6 17.1 ‐3.5 13.1 17.1 ‐4.0 14.9 17.1 ‐2.2 13.5 17.1 ‐3.62pm 13.4 18.4 ‐5.0 22.9 18.4 4.5 14.0 18.4 ‐4.4 17.7 18.4 ‐0.7 13.2 18.4 ‐5.2 14.3 18.4 ‐4.1 14.5 18.4 ‐3.9 14.0 18.4 ‐4.4 13.5 18.4 ‐4.9 14.8 18.4 ‐3.6 13.4 18.4 ‐5.03pm 13.2 16.7 ‐3.5 22.5 16.7 5.8 13.8 16.7 ‐2.9 17.2 16.7 0.5 13.1 16.7 ‐3.6 14.6 16.7 ‐2.1 14.6 16.7 ‐2.1 14.0 16.7 ‐2.7 13.6 16.7 ‐3.1 14.8 16.7 ‐1.9 13.4 16.7 ‐3.34pm 13.0 16.4 ‐3.4 21.9 16.4 5.5 13.6 16.4 ‐2.8 15.8 16.4 ‐0.6 12.9 16.4 ‐3.5 14.3 16.4 ‐2.1 14.1 16.4 ‐2.3 13.8 16.4 ‐2.6 13.5 16.4 ‐2.9 14.2 16.4 ‐2.2 13.1 16.4 ‐3.35pm 12.4 15.3 ‐2.9 20.9 15.3 5.6 12.9 15.3 ‐2.4 14.3 15.3 ‐1.0 12.5 15.3 ‐2.8 13.7 15.3 ‐1.6 13.3 15.3 ‐2.0 13.1 15.3 ‐2.2 12.9 15.3 ‐2.4 13.3 15.3 ‐2.0 12.5 15.3 ‐2.86pm 12.2 14.5 ‐2.3 20.3 14.5 5.8 12.6 14.5 ‐1.9 13.9 14.5 ‐0.6 12.3 14.5 ‐2.2 12.8 14.5 ‐1.7 12.6 14.5 ‐1.9 12.5 14.5 ‐2.0 12.5 14.5 ‐2.0 12.8 14.5 ‐1.7 12.2 14.5 ‐2.37pm 11.7 12.6 ‐0.9 19.5 12.6 6.9 12.0 12.6 ‐0.6 13.4 12.6 0.8 11.9 12.6 ‐0.7 12.1 12.6 ‐0.5 12.0 12.6 ‐0.6 12.0 12.6 ‐0.6 12.1 12.6 ‐0.5 12.2 12.6 ‐0.4 11.8 12.6 ‐0.88pm 11.5 12.7 ‐1.2 19.3 12.7 6.6 11.7 12.7 ‐1.0 13.2 12.7 0.5 11.6 12.7 ‐1.1 11.4 12.7 ‐1.3 11.5 12.7 ‐1.2 11.5 12.7 ‐1.2 11.6 12.7 ‐1.1 11.5 12.7 ‐1.2 11.4 12.7 ‐1.39pm 11.3 11.5 ‐0.2 18.9 11.5 7.4 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 12.9 11.5 1.4 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 11.2 11.5 ‐0.3 11.2 11.5 ‐0.3 11.2 11.5 ‐0.3 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 11.3 11.5 ‐0.2 11.3 11.5 ‐0.210pm 11.0 9.8 1.2 18.1 9.8 8.3 11.1 9.8 1.3 12.7 9.8 2.9 11.1 9.8 1.3 11.0 9.8 1.2 11.0 9.8 1.2 11.0 9.8 1.2 11.2 9.8 1.4 10.9 9.8 1.1 11.0 9.8 1.211pm 10.8 9.3 1.5 17.7 9.3 8.4 10.9 9.3 1.6 12.5 9.3 3.2 10.9 9.3 1.6 10.8 9.3 1.5 10.8 9.3 1.5 10.9 9.3 1.6 11.0 9.3 1.7 10.7 9.3 1.4 10.8 9.3 1.5Average Temps 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 19.1 11.6 7.5 11.7 11.6 0.1 13.8 11.6 2.2 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 11.6 11.6 0.1 11.5 11.6 0.0 11.6 11.6 0.0 11.7 11.6 0.2 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1AVERAGE BED 1 Z2 RF3.5 Z2 RF5.46 Z2 RF5.46 Z6 RF5.48 Z3 RF4.6 Z3 RF3.59 Z7 RF8.08 Z4 RF6.73 Z4 RF6.73 Z6 RF4.77 Z5 RF5.20 Z8 RF5.27 Z7 RF4.54 Z16 RF6.00 Z8 RF4.29 Z7 RF4.27 Z6 RF5.19

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 12.8 9.9 2.9 12.9 9.9 3.0 12.9 9.9 3.0 13.1 9.9 3.2 14.0 9.9 4.1 14.0 9.9 4.1 14.3 9.9 4.4 14.9 9.9 5.0 14.9 9.9 5.0 12.9 9.9 3.0 12.9 9.9 3.0 13.2 9.9 3.3 12.9 9.9 3.0 13.8 9.9 3.9 12.3 9.9 2.4 12.6 9.9 2.7 12.9 9.9 3.01am 12.6 9.5 3.1 12.8 9.5 3.3 12.8 9.5 3.3 13.0 9.5 3.5 13.9 9.5 4.4 13.8 9.5 4.3 14.3 9.5 4.8 14.8 9.5 5.3 14.8 9.5 5.3 12.9 9.5 3.4 12.9 9.5 3.4 13.1 9.5 3.6 12.9 9.5 3.4 13.8 9.5 4.3 12.3 9.5 2.8 12.6 9.5 3.1 12.9 9.5 3.42am 12.5 9.1 3.4 12.7 9.1 3.6 12.7 9.1 3.6 12.9 9.1 3.8 13.8 9.1 4.7 13.6 9.1 4.5 14.2 9.1 5.1 14.7 9.1 5.6 14.7 9.1 5.6 12.8 9.1 3.7 12.8 9.1 3.7 13.0 9.1 3.9 12.8 9.1 3.7 13.7 9.1 4.6 12.2 9.1 3.1 12.5 9.1 3.4 12.8 9.1 3.73am 12.4 8.5 3.9 12.6 8.5 4.1 12.6 8.5 4.1 12.7 8.5 4.2 13.5 8.5 5.0 13.3 8.5 4.8 14.1 8.5 5.6 14.6 8.5 6.1 14.6 8.5 6.1 12.7 8.5 4.2 12.7 8.5 4.2 12.9 8.5 4.4 12.7 8.5 4.2 13.6 8.5 5.1 12.1 8.5 3.6 12.3 8.5 3.8 12.7 8.5 4.24am 12.3 8.1 4.2 12.5 8.1 4.4 12.5 8.1 4.4 12.6 8.1 4.5 13.3 8.1 5.2 13.0 8.1 4.9 14.0 8.1 5.9 14.4 8.1 6.3 14.4 8.1 6.3 12.6 8.1 4.5 12.5 8.1 4.4 12.8 8.1 4.7 12.6 8.1 4.5 13.6 8.1 5.5 12.0 8.1 3.9 12.2 8.1 4.1 12.6 8.1 4.55am 12.1 6.8 5.3 12.2 6.8 5.4 12.2 6.8 5.4 12.4 6.8 5.6 12.9 6.8 6.1 12.4 6.8 5.6 13.7 6.8 6.9 14.1 6.8 7.3 14.1 6.8 7.3 12.5 6.8 5.7 12.3 6.8 5.5 12.6 6.8 5.8 12.5 6.8 5.7 13.4 6.8 6.6 11.8 6.8 5.0 12.0 6.8 5.2 12.5 6.8 5.76am 12.0 5.4 6.6 11.9 5.4 6.5 11.9 5.4 6.5 12.1 5.4 6.7 12.3 5.4 6.9 11.6 5.4 6.2 13.5 5.4 8.1 13.7 5.4 8.3 13.7 5.4 8.3 12.3 5.4 6.9 12.0 5.4 6.6 12.4 5.4 7.0 12.3 5.4 6.9 13.3 5.4 7.9 11.6 5.4 6.2 11.7 5.4 6.3 12.2 5.4 6.87am 12.0 6.9 5.1 12.1 6.9 5.2 12.1 6.9 5.2 12.3 6.9 5.4 12.7 6.9 5.8 12.1 6.9 5.2 13.6 6.9 6.7 14.0 6.9 7.1 14.0 6.9 7.1 12.2 6.9 5.3 12.1 6.9 5.2 12.3 6.9 5.4 12.1 6.9 5.2 13.1 6.9 6.2 11.6 6.9 4.7 11.6 6.9 4.7 12.2 6.9 5.38am 12.6 8.3 4.3 12.5 8.3 4.2 12.5 8.3 4.2 12.6 8.3 4.3 13.3 8.3 5.0 13.1 8.3 4.8 14.2 8.3 5.9 14.6 8.3 6.3 14.6 8.3 6.3 12.3 8.3 4.0 12.6 8.3 4.3 12.2 8.3 3.9 12.1 8.3 3.8 13.3 8.3 5.0 11.7 8.3 3.4 12.0 8.3 3.7 12.6 8.3 4.39am 13.3 9.4 3.9 13.2 9.4 3.8 13.2 9.4 3.8 13.1 9.4 3.7 14.1 9.4 4.7 14.0 9.4 4.6 14.9 9.4 5.5 15.3 9.4 5.9 15.3 9.4 5.9 12.9 9.4 3.5 13.4 9.4 4.0 13.7 9.4 4.3 12.4 9.4 3.0 13.9 9.4 4.5 13.5 9.4 4.1 12.3 9.4 2.9 13.0 9.4 3.610am 13.8 11.4 2.4 13.8 11.4 2.4 13.8 11.4 2.4 13.6 11.4 2.2 15.2 11.4 3.8 15.3 11.4 3.9 15.2 11.4 3.8 16.2 11.4 4.8 16.2 11.4 4.8 13.4 11.4 2.0 14.1 11.4 2.7 14.4 11.4 3.0 12.8 11.4 1.4 14.1 11.4 2.7 13.7 11.4 2.3 13.0 11.4 1.6 13.6 11.4 2.211am 14.1 13.0 1.1 14.5 13.0 1.5 14.5 13.0 1.5 14.3 13.0 1.3 16.1 13.0 3.1 16.4 13.0 3.4 15.5 13.0 2.5 17.0 13.0 4.0 17.0 13.0 4.0 14.2 13.0 1.2 14.8 13.0 1.8 15.6 13.0 2.6 13.6 13.0 0.6 14.6 13.0 1.6 14.0 13.0 1.0 13.8 13.0 0.8 14.2 13.0 1.212noon 14.6 17.0 ‐2.4 15.4 17.0 ‐1.6 15.4 17.0 ‐1.6 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 17.7 17.0 0.7 18.4 17.0 1.4 16.2 17.0 ‐0.8 18.3 17.0 1.3 18.3 17.0 1.3 15.2 17.0 ‐1.8 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 17.2 17.0 0.2 14.7 17.0 ‐2.3 15.3 17.0 ‐1.7 14.4 17.0 ‐2.6 14.6 17.0 ‐2.4 14.9 17.0 ‐2.11pm 14.8 17.1 ‐2.3 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 18.2 17.1 1.1 19.2 17.1 2.1 16.3 17.1 ‐0.8 18.5 17.1 1.4 18.5 17.1 1.4 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 16.3 17.1 ‐0.8 17.9 17.1 0.8 15.5 17.1 ‐1.6 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 14.9 17.1 ‐2.2 15.8 17.1 ‐1.3 15.8 17.1 ‐1.32pm 14.6 18.4 ‐3.8 16.0 18.4 ‐2.4 16.0 18.4 ‐2.4 16.4 18.4 ‐2.0 18.6 18.4 0.2 20.1 18.4 1.7 16.8 18.4 ‐1.6 18.7 18.4 0.3 18.7 18.4 0.3 16.7 18.4 ‐1.7 16.4 18.4 ‐2.0 18.6 18.4 0.2 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 15.5 18.4 ‐2.9 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 16.0 18.4 ‐2.43pm 14.3 16.7 ‐2.4 15.7 16.7 ‐1.0 15.7 16.7 ‐1.0 16.3 16.7 ‐0.4 18.2 16.7 1.5 19.7 16.7 3.0 16.6 16.7 ‐0.1 18.1 16.7 1.4 18.1 16.7 1.4 16.9 16.7 0.2 16.1 16.7 ‐0.6 18.3 16.7 1.6 16.8 16.7 0.1 16.5 16.7 ‐0.2 15.3 16.7 ‐1.4 16.8 16.7 0.1 16.1 16.7 ‐0.64pm 13.7 16.4 ‐2.7 15.3 16.4 ‐1.1 15.3 16.4 ‐1.1 15.9 16.4 ‐0.5 17.5 16.4 1.1 18.8 16.4 2.4 16.5 16.4 0.1 17.5 16.4 1.1 17.5 16.4 1.1 16.2 16.4 ‐0.2 15.3 16.4 ‐1.1 17.2 16.4 0.8 16.4 16.4 0.0 16.4 16.4 0.0 15.1 16.4 ‐1.3 15.9 16.4 ‐0.5 15.3 16.4 ‐1.15pm 13.0 15.3 ‐2.3 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 16.5 15.3 1.2 17.2 15.3 1.9 16.1 15.3 0.8 16.6 15.3 1.3 16.6 15.3 1.3 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 14.5 15.3 ‐0.8 15.9 15.3 0.6 15.5 15.3 0.2 15.8 15.3 0.5 14.4 15.3 ‐0.9 14.4 15.3 ‐0.9 14.2 15.3 ‐1.16pm 13.1 14.5 ‐1.4 14.5 14.5 0.0 14.5 14.5 0.0 14.7 14.5 0.2 16.0 14.5 1.5 16.6 14.5 2.1 15.7 14.5 1.2 16.3 14.5 1.8 16.3 14.5 1.8 14.4 14.5 ‐0.1 14.3 14.5 ‐0.2 14.9 14.5 0.4 14.7 14.5 0.2 15.2 14.5 0.7 13.8 14.5 ‐0.7 14.1 14.5 ‐0.4 13.9 14.5 ‐0.67pm 13.0 12.6 0.4 14.1 12.6 1.5 14.1 12.6 1.5 14.1 12.6 1.5 15.3 12.6 2.7 15.7 12.6 3.1 15.2 12.6 2.6 15.9 12.6 3.3 15.9 12.6 3.3 14.0 12.6 1.4 13.9 12.6 1.3 14.5 12.6 1.9 14.2 12.6 1.6 14.9 12.6 2.3 13.4 12.6 0.8 13.7 12.6 1.1 13.7 12.6 1.18pm 13.1 12.7 0.4 13.8 12.7 1.1 13.8 12.7 1.1 13.9 12.7 1.2 15.2 12.7 2.5 15.5 12.7 2.8 15.1 12.7 2.4 15.8 12.7 3.1 15.8 12.7 3.1 13.8 12.7 1.1 13.6 12.7 0.9 14.2 12.7 1.5 13.8 12.7 1.1 14.6 12.7 1.9 13.2 12.7 0.5 13.4 12.7 0.7 13.5 12.7 0.89pm 13.0 11.5 1.5 13.7 11.5 2.2 13.7 11.5 2.2 13.6 11.5 2.1 14.8 11.5 3.3 15.0 11.5 3.5 14.8 11.5 3.3 15.5 11.5 4.0 15.5 11.5 4.0 13.5 11.5 2.0 13.5 11.5 2.0 13.8 11.5 2.3 13.5 11.5 2.0 14.3 11.5 2.8 12.9 11.5 1.4 13.3 11.5 1.8 13.4 11.5 1.910pm 12.8 9.8 3.0 13.2 9.8 3.4 13.2 9.8 3.4 13.2 9.8 3.4 14.2 9.8 4.4 14.1 9.8 4.3 14.5 9.8 4.7 15.0 9.8 5.2 15.0 9.8 5.2 13.3 9.8 3.5 13.1 9.8 3.3 13.6 9.8 3.8 13.4 9.8 3.6 14.2 9.8 4.4 12.7 9.8 2.9 12.9 9.8 3.1 13.1 9.8 3.311pm 12.7 9.3 3.4 12.9 9.3 3.6 12.9 9.3 3.6 13.1 9.3 3.8 13.9 9.3 4.6 13.7 9.3 4.4 14.3 9.3 5.0 14.8 9.3 5.5 14.8 9.3 5.5 13.1 9.3 3.8 12.9 9.3 3.6 13.4 9.3 4.1 13.1 9.3 3.8 14.0 9.3 4.7 12.5 9.3 3.2 12.6 9.3 3.3 12.9 9.3 3.6Average Temps 13.1 11.6 1.6 13.7 11.6 2.1 13.7 11.6 2.1 13.8 11.6 2.3 15.1 11.6 3.5 15.3 11.6 3.7 15.0 11.6 3.4 15.8 11.6 4.2 15.8 11.6 4.2 13.8 11.6 2.3 13.8 11.6 2.2 14.5 11.6 2.9 13.7 11.6 2.2 14.5 11.6 2.9 13.2 11.6 1.6 13.4 11.6 1.9 13.6 11.6 2.1AVERAGE BED 2 Z3 RF3.50 Z5 RF9.90 Z5 RF9.90 Z7 RF4.76 Z4 RF4.6 Z4 RF2.04 Z8 RF9.06 Z5 RF10.19 Z5 RF10.19 Z7 RF6.10 Z6 RF8.45 Z10 RF1.76 Z8 RF6.06 Z12 RF4.96 Z13 RF5.87 Z10 RF7.91 Z12 RF4.39

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 12.7 9.9 2.8 15.0 9.9 5.1 15.0 9.9 5.1 13.1 9.9 3.2 13.8 9.9 3.9 12.0 9.9 2.1 14.6 9.9 4.7 17.3 9.9 7.4 17.3 9.9 7.4 14.0 9.9 4.1 15.0 9.9 5.1 14.3 9.9 4.4 13.8 9.9 3.9 13.2 9.9 3.3 14.0 9.9 4.1 14.8 9.9 4.9 13.0 9.9 3.11am 12.5 9.5 3.0 14.8 9.5 5.3 14.8 9.5 5.3 13.0 9.5 3.5 13.7 9.5 4.2 11.8 9.5 2.3 14.5 9.5 5.0 17.2 9.5 7.7 17.2 9.5 7.7 14.0 9.5 4.5 14.9 9.5 5.4 14.2 9.5 4.7 13.8 9.5 4.3 13.2 9.5 3.7 14.0 9.5 4.5 14.7 9.5 5.2 13.0 9.5 3.52am 12.5 9.1 3.4 14.8 9.1 5.7 14.8 9.1 5.7 12.9 9.1 3.8 13.5 9.1 4.4 11.6 9.1 2.5 14.4 9.1 5.3 17.1 9.1 8.0 17.1 9.1 8.0 13.9 9.1 4.8 14.9 9.1 5.8 14.2 9.1 5.1 13.7 9.1 4.6 13.2 9.1 4.1 13.9 9.1 4.8 14.6 9.1 5.5 12.9 9.1 3.83am 12.4 8.5 3.9 14.6 8.5 6.1 14.6 8.5 6.1 12.8 8.5 4.3 13.3 8.5 4.8 11.3 8.5 2.8 14.3 8.5 5.8 16.9 8.5 8.4 16.9 8.5 8.4 13.8 8.5 5.3 14.8 8.5 6.3 14.1 8.5 5.6 13.6 8.5 5.1 13.1 8.5 4.6 13.8 8.5 5.3 14.5 8.5 6.0 12.8 8.5 4.34am 12.3 8.1 4.2 14.5 8.1 6.4 14.5 8.1 6.4 12.7 8.1 4.6 13.1 8.1 5.0 11.0 8.1 2.9 14.2 8.1 6.1 16.8 8.1 8.7 16.8 8.1 8.7 13.7 8.1 5.6 14.7 8.1 6.6 14.0 8.1 5.9 13.6 8.1 5.5 13.0 8.1 4.9 13.7 8.1 5.6 14.4 8.1 6.3 12.8 8.1 4.75am 12.1 6.8 5.3 14.3 6.8 7.5 14.3 6.8 7.5 12.4 6.8 5.6 12.7 6.8 5.9 10.4 6.8 3.6 14.0 6.8 7.2 16.5 6.8 9.7 16.5 6.8 9.7 13.6 6.8 6.8 14.5 6.8 7.7 13.8 6.8 7.0 13.4 6.8 6.6 12.8 6.8 6.0 13.5 6.8 6.7 14.3 6.8 7.5 12.6 6.8 5.86am 11.9 5.4 6.5 14.1 5.4 8.7 14.1 5.4 8.7 12.2 5.4 6.8 12.1 5.4 6.7 9.6 5.4 4.2 13.7 5.4 8.3 16.1 5.4 10.7 16.1 5.4 10.7 13.4 5.4 8.0 14.2 5.4 8.8 13.6 5.4 8.2 13.3 5.4 7.9 12.7 5.4 7.3 13.4 5.4 8.0 14.0 5.4 8.6 12.4 5.4 7.07am 12.0 6.9 5.1 14.2 6.9 7.3 14.2 6.9 7.3 12.3 6.9 5.4 12.4 6.9 5.5 10.0 6.9 3.1 13.9 6.9 7.0 16.3 6.9 9.4 16.3 6.9 9.4 13.3 6.9 6.4 14.2 6.9 7.3 13.5 6.9 6.6 13.1 6.9 6.2 12.6 6.9 5.7 13.3 6.9 6.4 13.8 6.9 6.9 12.3 6.9 5.48am 12.6 8.3 4.3 14.5 8.3 6.2 14.5 8.3 6.2 12.6 8.3 4.3 13.0 8.3 4.7 11.0 8.3 2.7 14.3 8.3 6.0 16.9 8.3 8.6 16.9 8.3 8.6 13.3 8.3 5.0 14.6 8.3 6.3 13.5 8.3 5.2 13.1 8.3 4.8 12.8 8.3 4.5 13.2 8.3 4.9 14.1 8.3 5.8 12.6 8.3 4.39am 13.4 9.4 4.0 14.9 9.4 5.5 14.9 9.4 5.5 12.8 9.4 3.4 13.9 9.4 4.5 12.0 9.4 2.6 15.1 9.4 5.7 17.5 9.4 8.1 17.5 9.4 8.1 13.5 9.4 4.1 15.2 9.4 5.8 13.8 9.4 4.4 14.0 9.4 4.6 13.7 9.4 4.3 13.4 9.4 4.0 14.3 9.4 4.9 12.8 9.4 3.410am 13.9 11.4 2.5 15.5 11.4 4.1 15.5 11.4 4.1 13.3 11.4 1.9 14.9 11.4 3.5 13.3 11.4 1.9 15.8 11.4 4.4 18.1 11.4 6.7 18.1 11.4 6.7 13.9 11.4 2.5 15.7 11.4 4.3 14.1 11.4 2.7 14.5 11.4 3.1 14.2 11.4 2.8 13.8 11.4 2.4 15.0 11.4 3.6 13.4 11.4 2.011am 14.2 13.0 1.2 16.1 13.0 3.1 16.1 13.0 3.1 13.9 13.0 0.9 15.8 13.0 2.8 14.4 13.0 1.4 16.6 13.0 3.6 18.7 13.0 5.7 18.7 13.0 5.7 14.5 13.0 1.5 16.5 13.0 3.5 14.9 13.0 1.9 15.3 13.0 2.3 15.0 13.0 2.0 14.5 13.0 1.5 15.9 13.0 2.9 14.0 13.0 1.012noon 14.7 17.0 ‐2.3 17.0 17.0 0.0 17.0 17.0 0.0 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 17.3 17.0 0.3 16.4 17.0 ‐0.6 17.8 17.0 0.8 19.8 17.0 2.8 19.8 17.0 2.8 15.3 17.0 ‐1.7 17.5 17.0 0.5 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 16.6 17.0 ‐0.4 16.1 17.0 ‐0.9 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 16.7 17.0 ‐0.3 14.5 17.0 ‐2.51pm 14.9 17.1 ‐2.2 17.3 17.1 0.2 17.3 17.1 0.2 15.1 17.1 ‐2.0 17.8 17.1 0.7 17.3 17.1 0.2 17.9 17.1 0.8 20.3 17.1 3.2 20.3 17.1 3.2 15.9 17.1 ‐1.2 17.9 17.1 0.8 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 17.2 17.1 0.1 16.6 17.1 ‐0.5 16.1 17.1 ‐1.0 17.6 17.1 0.5 15.4 17.1 ‐1.72pm 14.7 18.4 ‐3.7 17.5 18.4 ‐0.9 17.5 18.4 ‐0.9 15.8 18.4 ‐2.6 18.3 18.4 ‐0.1 18.1 18.4 ‐0.3 18.2 18.4 ‐0.2 20.7 18.4 2.3 20.7 18.4 2.3 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 18.0 18.4 ‐0.4 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 17.2 18.4 ‐1.2 16.8 18.4 ‐1.6 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 15.9 18.4 ‐2.5

Table 4.4




20091980s 1986 1995 1996 200219621860 1920est 1925 1931 1932

1980 1990 2000‐2010

1950 1957 1960D‐1 ALT TEST

1830‐1890 1915‐1929 1950 1960

1956

3pm 14.4 16.7 ‐2.3 17.4 16.7 0.7 17.4 16.7 0.7 15.7 16.7 ‐1.0 17.8 16.7 1.1 17.6 16.7 0.9 17.8 16.7 1.1 20.4 16.7 3.7 20.4 16.7 3.7 16.6 16.7 ‐0.1 17.9 16.7 1.2 17.4 16.7 0.7 17.7 16.7 1.0 17.0 16.7 0.3 16.8 16.7 0.1 17.9 16.7 1.2 16.1 16.7 ‐0.64pm 13.8 16.4 ‐2.6 17.1 16.4 0.7 17.1 16.4 0.7 15.4 16.4 ‐1.0 17.3 16.4 0.9 16.9 16.4 0.5 17.1 16.4 0.7 20.1 16.4 3.7 20.1 16.4 3.7 16.5 16.4 0.1 17.3 16.4 0.9 17.2 16.4 0.8 17.1 16.4 0.7 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 16.8 16.4 0.4 17.5 16.4 1.1 15.4 16.4 ‐1.05pm 13.0 15.3 ‐2.3 16.6 15.3 1.3 16.6 15.3 1.3 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 16.4 15.3 1.1 15.4 15.3 0.1 16.2 15.3 0.9 19.4 15.3 4.1 19.4 15.3 4.1 16.1 15.3 0.8 16.8 15.3 1.5 16.7 15.3 1.4 16.3 15.3 1.0 15.2 15.3 ‐0.1 16.3 15.3 1.0 16.9 15.3 1.6 14.2 15.3 ‐1.16pm 13.1 14.5 ‐1.4 16.4 14.5 1.9 16.4 14.5 1.9 14.4 14.5 ‐0.1 15.9 14.5 1.4 14.7 14.5 0.2 15.8 14.5 1.3 19.0 14.5 4.5 19.0 14.5 4.5 15.6 14.5 1.1 16.5 14.5 2.0 15.8 14.5 1.3 15.6 14.5 1.1 14.6 14.5 0.1 15.7 14.5 1.2 16.5 14.5 2.0 14.0 14.5 ‐0.57pm 13.0 12.6 0.4 16.0 12.6 3.4 16.0 12.6 3.4 13.9 12.6 1.3 15.2 12.6 2.6 13.8 12.6 1.2 15.4 12.6 2.8 18.4 12.6 5.8 18.4 12.6 5.8 15.1 12.6 2.5 16.0 12.6 3.4 15.4 12.6 2.8 15.1 12.6 2.5 14.3 12.6 1.7 15.2 12.6 2.6 16.1 12.6 3.5 13.8 12.6 1.28pm 13.1 12.7 0.4 15.7 12.7 3.0 15.7 12.7 3.0 13.9 12.7 1.2 15.0 12.7 2.3 13.6 12.7 0.9 15.3 12.7 2.6 18.2 12.7 5.5 18.2 12.7 5.5 14.8 12.7 2.1 15.7 12.7 3.0 15.2 12.7 2.5 14.6 12.7 1.9 14.1 12.7 1.4 15.0 12.7 2.3 15.6 12.7 2.9 13.5 12.7 0.89pm 13.0 11.5 1.5 15.5 11.5 4.0 15.5 11.5 4.0 13.6 11.5 2.1 14.6 11.5 3.1 13.1 11.5 1.6 15.0 11.5 3.5 17.9 11.5 6.4 17.9 11.5 6.4 14.5 11.5 3.0 15.5 11.5 4.0 14.9 11.5 3.4 14.4 11.5 2.9 13.8 11.5 2.3 14.6 11.5 3.1 15.5 11.5 4.0 13.5 11.5 2.010pm 12.8 9.8 3.0 15.1 9.8 5.3 15.1 9.8 5.3 13.3 9.8 3.5 14.0 9.8 4.2 12.2 9.8 2.4 14.7 9.8 4.9 17.4 9.8 7.6 17.4 9.8 7.6 14.4 9.8 4.6 15.2 9.8 5.4 14.7 9.8 4.9 14.2 9.8 4.4 13.6 9.8 3.8 14.4 9.8 4.6 15.1 9.8 5.3 13.2 9.8 3.411pm 12.7 9.3 3.4 14.9 9.3 5.6 14.9 9.3 5.6 13.1 9.3 3.8 13.6 9.3 4.3 11.7 9.3 2.4 14.6 9.3 5.3 17.2 9.3 7.9 17.2 9.3 7.9 14.2 9.3 4.9 15.0 9.3 5.7 14.5 9.3 5.2 14.0 9.3 4.7 13.4 9.3 4.1 14.2 9.3 4.9 14.8 9.3 5.5 13.0 9.3 3.7Average Temps 13.2 11.6 1.6 15.6 11.6 4.0 15.6 11.6 4.0 13.7 11.6 2.1 14.8 11.6 3.2 13.3 11.6 1.7 15.5 11.6 3.9 18.1 11.6 6.5 18.1 11.6 6.5 14.6 11.6 3.0 15.8 11.6 4.2 15.0 11.6 3.4 14.8 11.6 3.3 14.2 11.6 2.7 14.7 11.6 3.1 15.5 11.6 4.0 13.6 11.6 2.1AVERAGE BED 3 Z4 RF5.48 Z8 RF49.41 INT Z8 RF9.20 Z7 RF8.58 Z12 RF7.22 Z9 RF5.88 Z14 RF4.90 Z14 RF6.22 Z11 RF4.88 Z14 RF6.89

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 14.3 9.9 4.4 11.0 9.9 1.1 15.7 9.9 5.8 15.2 9.9 5.3 14.8 9.9 4.9 13.9 9.9 4.0 13.7 9.9 3.8 13.8 9.9 3.9 13.2 9.9 3.3 14.5 9.9 4.61am 14.2 9.5 4.7 10.9 9.5 1.4 15.7 9.5 6.2 15.1 9.5 5.6 14.7 9.5 5.2 13.8 9.5 4.3 13.7 9.5 4.2 13.6 9.5 4.1 13.2 9.5 3.7 14.4 9.5 4.92am 14.1 9.1 5.0 10.8 9.1 1.7 15.6 9.1 6.5 15.0 9.1 5.9 14.7 9.1 5.6 13.8 9.1 4.7 13.6 9.1 4.5 13.6 9.1 4.5 13.1 9.1 4.0 14.4 9.1 5.33am 14.1 8.5 5.6 10.7 8.5 2.2 15.5 8.5 7.0 14.9 8.5 6.4 14.6 8.5 6.1 13.7 8.5 5.2 13.5 8.5 5.0 13.5 8.5 5.0 13.0 8.5 4.5 14.3 8.5 5.84am 14.0 8.1 5.9 10.6 8.1 2.5 15.5 8.1 7.4 14.8 8.1 6.7 14.5 8.1 6.4 13.6 8.1 5.5 13.5 8.1 5.4 13.4 8.1 5.3 12.9 8.1 4.8 14.2 8.1 6.15am 14.0 6.8 7.2 10.4 6.8 3.6 15.3 6.8 8.5 14.6 6.8 7.8 14.3 6.8 7.5 13.5 6.8 6.7 13.3 6.8 6.5 13.2 6.8 6.4 12.7 6.8 5.9 14.1 6.8 7.36am 13.9 5.4 8.5 10.2 5.4 4.8 15.2 5.4 9.8 14.3 5.4 8.9 14.2 5.4 8.8 13.3 5.4 7.9 13.2 5.4 7.8 13.0 5.4 7.6 12.4 5.4 7.0 13.9 5.4 8.57am 13.9 6.9 7.0 10.3 6.9 3.4 15.0 6.9 8.1 14.3 6.9 7.4 14.0 6.9 7.1 13.2 6.9 6.3 13.1 6.9 6.2 12.9 6.9 6.0 12.3 6.9 5.4 13.8 6.9 6.98am 13.9 8.3 5.6 10.5 8.3 2.2 14.9 8.3 6.6 14.6 8.3 6.3 14.0 8.3 5.7 13.1 8.3 4.8 13.0 8.3 4.7 12.8 8.3 4.5 12.5 8.3 4.2 14.0 8.3 5.79am 14.0 9.4 4.6 10.7 9.4 1.3 15.2 9.4 5.8 14.8 9.4 5.4 14.2 9.4 4.8 13.3 9.4 3.9 13.3 9.4 3.9 13.0 9.4 3.6 14.0 9.4 4.6 14.2 9.4 4.810am 14.1 11.4 2.7 11.2 11.4 ‐0.2 15.5 11.4 4.1 15.3 11.4 3.9 14.5 11.4 3.1 13.6 11.4 2.2 13.6 11.4 2.2 13.4 11.4 2.0 14.5 11.4 3.1 14.7 11.4 3.311am 14.1 13.0 1.1 11.7 13.0 ‐1.3 16.2 13.0 3.2 15.8 13.0 2.8 15.4 13.0 2.4 14.4 13.0 1.4 14.1 13.0 1.1 14.3 13.0 1.3 14.9 13.0 1.9 15.3 13.0 2.312noon 14.2 17.0 ‐2.8 12.5 17.0 ‐4.5 17.1 17.0 0.1 16.6 17.0 ‐0.4 16.7 17.0 ‐0.3 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 15.0 17.0 ‐2.0 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 15.2 17.0 ‐1.8 15.9 17.0 ‐1.11pm 14.3 17.1 ‐2.8 12.7 17.1 ‐4.4 17.8 17.1 0.7 17.2 17.1 0.1 17.6 17.1 0.5 16.3 17.1 ‐0.8 15.5 17.1 ‐1.6 17.0 17.1 ‐0.1 15.7 17.1 ‐1.4 16.5 17.1 ‐0.62pm 14.5 18.4 ‐3.9 13.1 18.4 ‐5.3 18.4 18.4 0.0 17.6 18.4 ‐0.8 18.3 18.4 ‐0.1 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 16.1 18.4 ‐2.3 18.3 18.4 ‐0.1 15.9 18.4 ‐2.5 16.6 18.4 ‐1.83pm 14.5 16.7 ‐2.2 12.9 16.7 ‐3.8 18.6 16.7 1.9 17.7 16.7 1.0 18.5 16.7 1.8 17.9 16.7 1.2 16.1 16.7 ‐0.6 19.0 16.7 2.3 15.9 16.7 ‐0.8 16.5 16.7 ‐0.24pm 14.4 16.4 ‐2.0 12.9 16.4 ‐3.5 18.5 16.4 2.1 17.3 16.4 0.9 18.3 16.4 1.9 17.5 16.4 1.1 16.0 16.4 ‐0.4 18.6 16.4 2.2 15.5 16.4 ‐0.9 16.2 16.4 ‐0.25pm 14.1 15.3 ‐1.2 12.6 15.3 ‐2.7 18.1 15.3 2.8 16.7 15.3 1.4 17.7 15.3 2.4 16.5 15.3 1.2 15.5 15.3 0.2 17.2 15.3 1.9 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 15.7 15.3 0.46pm 14.2 14.5 ‐0.3 12.3 14.5 ‐2.2 17.6 14.5 3.1 16.5 14.5 2.0 16.8 14.5 2.3 15.8 14.5 1.3 15.0 14.5 0.5 16.6 14.5 2.1 14.6 14.5 0.1 15.5 14.5 1.07pm 14.2 12.6 1.6 11.9 12.6 ‐0.7 17.0 12.6 4.4 16.1 12.6 3.5 16.3 12.6 3.7 15.3 12.6 2.7 14.6 12.6 2.0 15.8 12.6 3.2 14.3 12.6 1.7 15.3 12.6 2.78pm 14.2 12.7 1.5 11.7 12.7 ‐1.0 16.5 12.7 3.8 15.8 12.7 3.1 15.8 12.7 3.1 14.7 12.7 2.0 14.4 12.7 1.7 14.9 12.7 2.2 13.9 12.7 1.2 15.0 12.7 2.39pm 14.2 11.5 2.7 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 16.3 11.5 4.8 15.7 11.5 4.2 15.5 11.5 4.0 14.5 11.5 3.0 14.2 11.5 2.7 14.5 11.5 3.0 13.9 11.5 2.4 14.9 11.5 3.410pm 14.2 9.8 4.4 11.1 9.8 1.3 16.1 9.8 6.3 15.3 9.8 5.5 15.3 9.8 5.5 14.3 9.8 4.5 14.0 9.8 4.2 14.2 9.8 4.4 13.5 9.8 3.7 14.7 9.8 4.911pm 14.2 9.3 4.9 11.0 9.3 1.7 15.9 9.3 6.6 15.1 9.3 5.8 15.0 9.3 5.7 14.1 9.3 4.8 13.8 9.3 4.5 14.0 9.3 4.7 13.2 9.3 3.9 14.5 9.3 5.2Average Temps 14.2 11.6 2.6 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 16.4 11.6 4.8 15.7 11.6 4.1 15.7 11.6 4.1 14.7 11.6 3.1 14.2 11.6 2.7 14.8 11.6 3.3 14.0 11.6 2.4 15.0 11.6 3.4AVERAGE STUDY/BED4 Z12 RF6.96 Z12 RF7.40 Z16 RF7.20

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 14.7 9.9 4.8 14.9 9.9 5.0 14.6 9.9 4.71am 14.6 9.5 5.1 14.8 9.5 5.3 14.5 9.5 5.02am 14.5 9.1 5.4 14.7 9.1 5.6 14.4 9.1 5.33am 14.5 8.5 6.0 14.7 8.5 6.2 14.4 8.5 5.94am 14.4 8.1 6.3 14.5 8.1 6.4 14.3 8.1 6.25am 14.2 6.8 7.4 14.4 6.8 7.6 14.2 6.8 7.46am 14.1 5.4 8.7 14.1 5.4 8.7 13.9 5.4 8.57am 14.0 6.9 7.1 13.9 6.9 7.0 13.8 6.9 6.98am 13.9 8.3 5.6 14.2 8.3 5.9 14.0 8.3 5.79am 14.1 9.4 4.7 14.5 9.4 5.1 14.2 9.4 4.810am 14.4 11.4 3.0 15.1 11.4 3.7 14.8 11.4 3.411am 15.1 13.0 2.1 15.9 13.0 2.9 15.5 13.0 2.512noon 16.1 17.0 ‐0.9 16.6 17.0 ‐0.4 16.3 17.0 ‐0.71pm 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 17.5 17.1 0.4 17.0 17.1 ‐0.12pm 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 17.6 18.4 ‐0.8 17.1 18.4 ‐1.33pm 17.4 16.7 0.7 17.6 16.7 0.9 17.0 16.7 0.34pm 17.4 16.4 1.0 17.2 16.4 0.8 16.6 16.4 0.25pm 16.9 15.3 1.6 16.7 15.3 1.4 16.1 15.3 0.86pm 16.3 14.5 1.8 16.3 14.5 1.8 15.8 14.5 1.37pm 15.9 12.6 3.3 16.0 12.6 3.4 15.5 12.6 2.98pm 15.6 12.7 2.9 15.6 12.7 2.9 15.2 12.7 2.59pm 15.3 11.5 3.8 15.6 11.5 4.1 15.1 11.5 3.610pm 15.1 9.8 5.3 15.2 9.8 5.4 14.8 9.8 5.011pm 14.9 9.3 5.6 14.9 9.3 5.6 14.6 9.3 5.3Average Temps 15.3 11.6 3.7 15.5 11.6 4.0 15.2 11.6 3.6AVERAGE BATH Z6 RF2.79 Z12 RF6.5 Z12 RF6.5 Z9 RF68.81 Z6 RF1.61 Z9 RF53.18 Z11 RF52.17 Z11 RF52.17 Z9 RF10.86 Z8 RF11.44 Z14 RF9.41 Z10 RF9.05 Z9 RF9.64 Z17 RF6.26 Z13 RF10.22 Z18 RF9.29

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 13.8 9.9 3.9 15.1 9.9 5.2 15.1 9.9 5.2 11.1 9.9 1.2 12.8 9.9 2.9 11.1 9.9 1.2 11.1 9.9 1.2 11.1 9.9 1.2 17.4 9.9 7.5 18.5 9.9 8.6 16.5 9.9 6.6 16.4 9.9 6.5 16.7 9.9 6.8 14.7 9.9 4.8 17.0 9.9 7.1 16.1 9.9 6.21am 13.8 9.5 4.3 15.0 9.5 5.5 15.0 9.5 5.5 11.0 9.5 1.5 12.7 9.5 3.2 11.1 9.5 1.6 11.0 9.5 1.5 11.0 9.5 1.5 17.4 9.5 7.9 18.4 9.5 8.9 16.5 9.5 7.0 16.3 9.5 6.8 16.6 9.5 7.1 14.6 9.5 5.1 16.9 9.5 7.4 16.0 9.5 6.52am 13.7 9.1 4.6 15.0 9.1 5.9 15.0 9.1 5.9 11.0 9.1 1.9 12.5 9.1 3.4 11.0 9.1 1.9 10.9 9.1 1.8 10.9 9.1 1.8 17.3 9.1 8.2 18.4 9.1 9.3 16.5 9.1 7.4 16.2 9.1 7.1 16.6 9.1 7.5 14.6 9.1 5.5 16.8 9.1 7.7 16.0 9.1 6.93am 13.6 8.5 5.1 14.9 8.5 6.4 14.9 8.5 6.4 10.9 8.5 2.4 12.2 8.5 3.7 11.0 8.5 2.5 10.8 8.5 2.3 10.8 8.5 2.3 17.3 8.5 8.8 18.3 8.5 9.8 16.4 8.5 7.9 16.2 8.5 7.7 16.6 8.5 8.1 14.5 8.5 6.0 16.8 8.5 8.3 15.9 8.5 7.44am 13.4 8.1 5.3 14.8 8.1 6.7 14.8 8.1 6.7 10.9 8.1 2.8 12.0 8.1 3.9 10.9 8.1 2.8 10.7 8.1 2.6 10.7 8.1 2.6 17.2 8.1 9.1 18.2 8.1 10.1 16.3 8.1 8.2 16.1 8.1 8.0 16.5 8.1 8.4 14.4 8.1 6.3 16.7 8.1 8.6 15.8 8.1 7.75am 13.3 6.8 6.5 14.7 6.8 7.9 14.7 6.8 7.9 10.7 6.8 3.9 11.4 6.8 4.6 10.7 6.8 3.9 10.5 6.8 3.7 10.5 6.8 3.7 17.2 6.8 10.4 18.1 6.8 11.3 16.2 6.8 9.4 16.0 6.8 9.2 16.4 6.8 9.6 14.3 6.8 7.5 16.6 6.8 9.8 15.8 6.8 9.06am 12.9 5.4 7.5 14.5 5.4 9.1 14.5 5.4 9.1 10.5 5.4 5.1 10.7 5.4 5.3 10.6 5.4 5.2 10.3 5.4 4.9 10.3 5.4 4.9 17.1 5.4 11.7 17.9 5.4 12.5 16.0 5.4 10.6 15.8 5.4 10.4 16.2 5.4 10.8 14.1 5.4 8.7 16.4 5.4 11.0 15.6 5.4 10.27am 12.7 6.9 5.8 14.6 6.9 7.7 14.6 6.9 7.7 10.6 6.9 3.7 11.1 6.9 4.2 10.7 6.9 3.8 10.4 6.9 3.5 10.4 6.9 3.5 17.0 6.9 10.1 17.9 6.9 11.0 15.9 6.9 9.0 15.8 6.9 8.9 16.1 6.9 9.2 14.1 6.9 7.2 16.3 6.9 9.4 15.5 6.9 8.68am 13.1 8.3 4.8 14.8 8.3 6.5 14.8 8.3 6.5 10.8 8.3 2.5 12.4 8.3 4.1 10.7 8.3 2.4 10.6 8.3 2.3 10.6 8.3 2.3 16.9 8.3 8.6 18.1 8.3 9.8 15.9 8.3 7.6 15.7 8.3 7.4 16.1 8.3 7.8 14.0 8.3 5.7 16.5 8.3 8.2 15.7 8.3 7.49am 13.6 9.4 4.2 14.9 9.4 5.5 14.9 9.4 5.5 11.0 9.4 1.6 13.7 9.4 4.3 10.9 9.4 1.5 10.7 9.4 1.3 10.7 9.4 1.3 17.0 9.4 7.6 18.2 9.4 8.8 16.8 9.4 7.4 15.9 9.4 6.5 16.5 9.4 7.1 14.2 9.4 4.8 16.7 9.4 7.3 15.8 9.4 6.410am 14.2 11.4 2.8 15.2 11.4 3.8 15.2 11.4 3.8 11.3 11.4 ‐0.1 14.7 11.4 3.3 11.1 11.4 ‐0.3 11.1 11.4 ‐0.3 11.1 11.4 ‐0.3 17.3 11.4 5.9 18.5 11.4 7.1 17.0 11.4 5.6 16.2 11.4 4.8 16.9 11.4 5.5 14.5 11.4 3.1 17.1 11.4 5.7 16.2 11.4 4.811am 14.7 13.0 1.7 15.6 13.0 2.6 15.6 13.0 2.6 11.6 13.0 ‐1.4 15.4 13.0 2.4 11.6 13.0 ‐1.4 11.6 13.0 ‐1.4 11.6 13.0 ‐1.4 17.7 13.0 4.7 18.9 13.0 5.9 17.3 13.0 4.3 16.8 13.0 3.8 17.6 13.0 4.6 15.0 13.0 2.0 17.7 13.0 4.7 16.7 13.0 3.712noon 15.0 17.0 ‐2.0 16.1 17.0 ‐0.9 16.1 17.0 ‐0.9 12.2 17.0 ‐4.8 16.8 17.0 ‐0.2 12.3 17.0 ‐4.7 12.4 17.0 ‐4.6 12.4 17.0 ‐4.6 18.2 17.0 1.2 19.5 17.0 2.5 18.1 17.0 1.1 17.6 17.0 0.6 18.8 17.0 1.8 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 18.2 17.0 1.2 17.1 17.0 0.11pm 15.9 17.1 ‐1.2 16.4 17.1 ‐0.7 16.4 17.1 ‐0.7 12.4 17.1 ‐4.7 17.4 17.1 0.3 12.4 17.1 ‐4.7 12.7 17.1 ‐4.4 12.7 17.1 ‐4.4 18.6 17.1 1.5 19.7 17.1 2.6 18.7 17.1 1.6 18.3 17.1 1.2 19.4 17.1 2.3 16.5 17.1 ‐0.6 18.8 17.1 1.7 17.6 17.1 0.52pm 16.2 18.4 ‐2.2 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 16.5 18.4 ‐1.9 12.7 18.4 ‐5.7 17.9 18.4 ‐0.5 12.7 18.4 ‐5.7 12.9 18.4 ‐5.5 12.9 18.4 ‐5.5 19.1 18.4 0.7 19.9 18.4 1.5 19.3 18.4 0.9 19.2 18.4 0.8 20.0 18.4 1.6 17.5 18.4 ‐0.9 18.9 18.4 0.5 17.7 18.4 ‐0.73pm 16.8 16.7 0.1 16.4 16.7 ‐0.3 16.4 16.7 ‐0.3 12.6 16.7 ‐4.1 17.3 16.7 0.6 12.5 16.7 ‐4.2 12.9 16.7 ‐3.8 12.9 16.7 ‐3.8 19.2 16.7 2.5 19.8 16.7 3.1 19.4 16.7 2.7 19.6 16.7 2.9 20.1 16.7 3.4 18.0 16.7 1.3 18.9 16.7 2.2 17.7 16.7 1.04pm 16.4 16.4 0.0 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 12.5 16.4 ‐3.9 16.7 16.4 0.3 12.5 16.4 ‐3.9 12.8 16.4 ‐3.6 12.8 16.4 ‐3.6 19.1 16.4 2.7 19.7 16.4 3.3 19.1 16.4 2.7 19.2 16.4 2.8 19.8 16.4 3.4 17.6 16.4 1.2 18.6 16.4 2.2 17.4 16.4 1.05pm 15.7 15.3 0.4 16.1 15.3 0.8 16.1 15.3 0.8 12.2 15.3 ‐3.1 15.8 15.3 0.5 12.3 15.3 ‐3.0 12.5 15.3 ‐2.8 12.5 15.3 ‐2.8 18.9 15.3 3.6 19.5 15.3 4.2 18.7 15.3 3.4 18.3 15.3 3.0 19.2 15.3 3.9 16.6 15.3 1.3 18.3 15.3 3.0 17.1 15.3 1.86pm 15.1 14.5 0.6 15.9 14.5 1.4 15.9 14.5 1.4 12.0 14.5 ‐2.5 15.2 14.5 0.7 12.0 14.5 ‐2.5 12.3 14.5 ‐2.2 12.3 14.5 ‐2.2 18.5 14.5 4.0 19.4 14.5 4.9 17.9 14.5 3.4 17.8 14.5 3.3 18.6 14.5 4.1 16.2 14.5 1.7 18.0 14.5 3.5 16.8 14.5 2.37pm 14.9 12.6 2.3 15.7 12.6 3.1 15.7 12.6 3.1 11.7 12.6 ‐0.9 14.4 12.6 1.8 11.7 12.6 ‐0.9 12.0 12.6 ‐0.6 12.0 12.6 ‐0.6 18.2 12.6 5.6 19.2 12.6 6.6 17.5 12.6 4.9 17.4 12.6 4.8 18.0 12.6 5.4 15.8 12.6 3.2 17.8 12.6 5.2 16.7 12.6 4.18pm 14.5 12.7 1.8 15.6 12.7 2.9 15.6 12.7 2.9 11.6 12.7 ‐1.1 14.2 12.7 1.5 11.6 12.7 ‐1.1 11.7 12.7 ‐1.0 11.7 12.7 ‐1.0 18.0 12.7 5.3 19.0 12.7 6.3 17.3 12.7 4.6 17.0 12.7 4.3 17.4 12.7 4.7 15.4 12.7 2.7 17.5 12.7 4.8 16.5 12.7 3.89pm 14.5 11.5 3.0 15.4 11.5 3.9 15.4 11.5 3.9 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 13.8 11.5 2.3 11.4 11.5 ‐0.1 11.5 11.5 0.0 11.5 11.5 0.0 17.8 11.5 6.3 18.9 11.5 7.4 17.0 11.5 5.5 16.8 11.5 5.3 17.2 11.5 5.7 15.2 11.5 3.7 17.4 11.5 5.9 16.4 11.5 4.910pm 14.1 9.8 4.3 15.2 9.8 5.4 15.2 9.8 5.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 13.0 9.8 3.2 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 17.7 9.8 7.9 18.6 9.8 8.8 16.9 9.8 7.1 16.7 9.8 6.9 17.1 9.8 7.3 15.0 9.8 5.2 17.2 9.8 7.4 16.2 9.8 6.411pm 13.8 9.3 4.5 15.1 9.3 5.8 15.1 9.3 5.8 11.1 9.3 1.8 12.6 9.3 3.3 11.2 9.3 1.9 11.1 9.3 1.8 11.1 9.3 1.8 17.5 9.3 8.2 18.5 9.3 9.2 16.7 9.3 7.4 16.5 9.3 7.2 16.9 9.3 7.6 14.9 9.3 5.6 17.0 9.3 7.7 16.1 9.3 6.8Average Temps 14.4 11.6 2.8 15.4 11.6 3.8 15.4 11.6 3.8 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 14.0 11.6 2.5 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1 17.8 11.6 6.3 18.8 11.6 7.2 17.2 11.6 5.7 17.0 11.6 5.4 17.6 11.6 6.0 15.3 11.6 3.7 17.4 11.6 5.9 16.4 11.6 4.9AVERAGE ENSUITE Z18 RF9.30 Z10 RF9.46 Z9 RF11.61 Z9 RF36.74

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 17.2 9.9 7.3 17.3 9.9 7.4 19.1 9.9 9.2 10.8 9.9 0.91am 17.1 9.5 7.6 17.2 9.5 7.7 19.0 9.5 9.5 10.7 9.5 1.22am 17.1 9.1 8.0 17.2 9.1 8.1 18.9 9.1 9.8 10.7 9.1 1.63am 17.0 8.5 8.5 17.2 8.5 8.7 18.9 8.5 10.4 10.6 8.5 2.14am 17.0 8.1 8.9 17.1 8.1 9.0 18.8 8.1 10.7 10.5 8.1 2.45am 16.9 6.8 10.1 17.0 6.8 10.2 18.7 6.8 11.9 10.4 6.8 3.66am 16.8 5.4 11.4 16.9 5.4 11.5 18.5 5.4 13.1 10.2 5.4 4.87am 16.7 6.9 9.8 16.8 6.9 9.9 18.4 6.9 11.5 10.2 6.9 3.38am 16.6 8.3 8.3 16.7 8.3 8.4 18.6 8.3 10.3 10.5 8.3 2.29am 16.7 9.4 7.3 16.8 9.4 7.4 18.7 9.4 9.3 10.8 9.4 1.410am 16.9 11.4 5.5 17.1 11.4 5.7 19.1 11.4 7.7 11.3 11.4 ‐0.111am 17.4 13.0 4.4 17.5 13.0 4.5 19.6 13.0 6.6 11.9 13.0 ‐1.112noon 18.1 17.0 1.1 18.5 17.0 1.5 20.0 17.0 3.0 12.7 17.0 ‐4.31pm 18.5 17.1 1.4 18.9 17.1 1.8 20.5 17.1 3.4 13.4 17.1 ‐3.72pm 19.0 18.4 0.6 19.3 18.4 0.9 20.6 18.4 2.2 13.4 18.4 ‐5.03pm 19.0 16.7 2.3 19.3 16.7 2.6 20.7 16.7 4.0 13.5 16.7 ‐3.24pm 19.0 16.4 2.6 19.3 16.4 2.9 20.5 16.4 4.1 13.1 16.4 ‐3.35pm 18.7 15.3 3.4 18.9 15.3 3.6 20.3 15.3 5.0 12.4 15.3 ‐2.96pm 18.4 14.5 3.9 18.5 14.5 4.0 20.2 14.5 5.7 12.1 14.5 ‐2.47pm 18.1 12.6 5.5 18.2 12.6 5.6 19.9 12.6 7.3 11.8 12.6 ‐0.88pm 17.8 12.7 5.1 18.0 12.7 5.3 19.5 12.7 6.8 11.3 12.7 ‐1.49pm 17.6 11.5 6.1 17.8 11.5 6.3 19.5 11.5 8.0 11.3 11.5 ‐0.210pm 17.5 9.8 7.7 17.6 9.8 7.8 19.2 9.8 9.4 11.0 9.8 1.211pm 17.3 9.3 8.0 17.5 9.3 8.2 19.1 9.3 9.8 10.8 9.3 1.5Average Temps 17.6 11.6 6.0 17.8 11.6 6.2 19.4 11.6 7.9 11.5 11.6 ‐0.1AVERAGE LAUNDRY Z9 RF1.67 Z10 RF7.44 Z9 RF3.76 Z9 RF3.76 Z10 RF2.37 Z11 RF2.62 Z15 RF10.44 Z12 RF5.45 Z11 RF5.66 Z15 RF7.42 Z15 RF8.07 Z20 RF7.72

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 13.1 9.9 3.2 15.4 9.9 5.5 14.7 9.9 4.8 14.7 9.9 4.8 13.3 9.9 3.4 13.0 9.9 3.1 18.3 9.9 8.4 14.5 9.9 4.6 14.8 9.9 4.9 15.2 9.9 5.3 15.7 9.9 5.8 15.1 9.9 5.21am 12.9 9.5 3.4 15.3 9.5 5.8 14.5 9.5 5.0 14.5 9.5 5.0 13.0 9.5 3.5 12.8 9.5 3.3 18.3 9.5 8.8 14.4 9.5 4.9 14.8 9.5 5.3 15.1 9.5 5.6 15.6 9.5 6.1 15.0 9.5 5.52am 13.0 9.1 3.9 15.2 9.1 6.1 14.4 9.1 5.3 14.4 9.1 5.3 13.0 9.1 3.9 12.7 9.1 3.6 18.2 9.1 9.1 14.3 9.1 5.2 14.7 9.1 5.6 15.1 9.1 6.0 15.5 9.1 6.4 15.0 9.1 5.93am 12.9 8.5 4.4 15.2 8.5 6.7 14.4 8.5 5.9 14.4 8.5 5.9 13.0 8.5 4.5 12.6 8.5 4.1 18.2 8.5 9.7 14.2 8.5 5.7 14.6 8.5 6.1 15.0 8.5 6.5 15.4 8.5 6.9 14.9 8.5 6.44am 12.7 8.1 4.6 15.1 8.1 7.0 14.3 8.1 6.2 14.3 8.1 6.2 12.8 8.1 4.7 12.4 8.1 4.3 18.1 8.1 10.0 14.1 8.1 6.0 14.5 8.1 6.4 14.9 8.1 6.8 15.3 8.1 7.2 14.8 8.1 6.75am 12.5 6.8 5.7 14.9 6.8 8.1 14.2 6.8 7.4 14.2 6.8 7.4 12.7 6.8 5.9 12.2 6.8 5.4 18.0 6.8 11.2 13.9 6.8 7.1 14.3 6.8 7.5 14.7 6.8 7.9 15.2 6.8 8.4 14.7 6.8 7.96am 12.3 5.4 6.9 14.8 5.4 9.4 14.1 5.4 8.7 14.1 5.4 8.7 12.5 5.4 7.1 11.8 5.4 6.4 17.8 5.4 12.4 13.6 5.4 8.2 14.0 5.4 8.6 14.5 5.4 9.1 14.9 5.4 9.5 14.5 5.4 9.17am 11.9 6.9 5.0 14.9 6.9 8.0 14.1 6.9 7.2 14.1 6.9 7.2 12.5 6.9 5.6 11.9 6.9 5.0 17.7 6.9 10.8 13.7 6.9 6.8 14.1 6.9 7.2 14.6 6.9 7.7 14.9 6.9 8.0 14.4 6.9 7.58am 12.2 8.3 3.9 15.0 8.3 6.7 14.1 8.3 5.8 14.1 8.3 5.8 12.3 8.3 4.0 11.9 8.3 3.6 17.6 8.3 9.3 14.1 8.3 5.8 14.5 8.3 6.2 14.8 8.3 6.5 15.3 8.3 7.0 14.7 8.3 6.49am 13.2 9.4 3.8 15.1 9.4 5.7 14.1 9.4 4.7 14.1 9.4 4.7 12.1 9.4 2.7 12.0 9.4 2.6 18.1 9.4 8.7 14.6 9.4 5.2 15.0 9.4 5.6 15.3 9.4 5.9 15.7 9.4 6.3 14.9 9.4 5.510am 13.8 11.4 2.4 15.3 11.4 3.9 14.1 11.4 2.7 14.1 11.4 2.7 12.5 11.4 1.1 12.6 11.4 1.2 18.4 11.4 7.0 15.2 11.4 3.8 15.5 11.4 4.1 15.7 11.4 4.3 16.4 11.4 5.0 15.3 11.4 3.911am 14.3 13.0 1.3 15.6 13.0 2.6 14.3 13.0 1.3 14.3 13.0 1.3 13.3 13.0 0.3 13.5 13.0 0.5 19.1 13.0 6.1 15.8 13.0 2.8 16.0 13.0 3.0 16.2 13.0 3.2 17.0 13.0 4.0 15.9 13.0 2.912noon 14.7 17.0 ‐2.3 16.0 17.0 ‐1.0 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 14.6 17.0 ‐2.4 14.5 17.0 ‐2.5 20.3 17.0 3.3 16.8 17.0 ‐0.2 16.9 17.0 ‐0.1 17.0 17.0 0.0 18.0 17.0 1.0 16.4 17.0 ‐0.61pm 15.3 17.1 ‐1.8 16.2 17.1 ‐0.9 15.2 17.1 ‐1.9 15.2 17.1 ‐1.9 14.9 17.1 ‐2.2 15.2 17.1 ‐1.9 21.0 17.1 3.9 17.9 17.1 0.8 17.4 17.1 0.3 17.5 17.1 0.4 18.6 17.1 1.5 16.9 17.1 ‐0.22pm 16.3 18.4 ‐2.1 16.7 18.4 ‐1.7 15.4 18.4 ‐3.0 15.4 18.4 ‐3.0 14.8 18.4 ‐3.6 15.4 18.4 ‐3.0 21.6 18.4 3.2 19.2 18.4 0.8 17.7 18.4 ‐0.7 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 18.5 18.4 0.1 17.0 18.4 ‐1.43pm 16.4 16.7 ‐0.3 16.8 16.7 0.1 15.4 16.7 ‐1.3 15.4 16.7 ‐1.3 15.1 16.7 ‐1.6 15.7 16.7 ‐1.0 21.8 16.7 5.1 19.9 16.7 3.2 17.5 16.7 0.8 17.7 16.7 1.0 18.3 16.7 1.6 16.9 16.7 0.24pm 16.7 16.4 0.3 16.6 16.4 0.2 15.6 16.4 ‐0.8 15.6 16.4 ‐0.8 15.2 16.4 ‐1.2 15.6 16.4 ‐0.8 21.4 16.4 5.0 18.8 16.4 2.4 17.2 16.4 0.8 17.5 16.4 1.1 17.8 16.4 1.4 16.6 16.4 0.25pm 16.2 15.3 0.9 16.1 15.3 0.8 15.5 15.3 0.2 15.5 15.3 0.2 15.6 15.3 0.3 15.6 15.3 0.3 20.9 15.3 5.6 16.6 15.3 1.3 16.5 15.3 1.2 17.0 15.3 1.7 17.2 15.3 1.9 16.2 15.3 0.96pm 15.7 14.5 1.2 16.0 14.5 1.5 15.5 14.5 1.0 15.5 14.5 1.0 15.5 14.5 1.0 15.4 14.5 0.9 20.2 14.5 5.7 16.2 14.5 1.7 16.1 14.5 1.6 16.7 14.5 2.2 16.9 14.5 2.4 16.0 14.5 1.57pm 14.9 12.6 2.3 15.8 12.6 3.2 15.3 12.6 2.7 15.3 12.6 2.7 15.2 12.6 2.6 14.9 12.6 2.3 19.6 12.6 7.0 15.7 12.6 3.1 15.7 12.6 3.1 16.2 12.6 3.6 16.6 12.6 4.0 15.8 12.6 3.28pm 14.6 12.7 1.9 15.8 12.7 3.1 15.2 12.7 2.5 15.2 12.7 2.5 14.6 12.7 1.9 14.4 12.7 1.7 19.1 12.7 6.4 15.3 12.7 2.6 15.6 12.7 2.9 16.0 12.7 3.3 16.3 12.7 3.6 15.6 12.7 2.99pm 14.0 11.5 2.5 15.7 11.5 4.2 15.1 11.5 3.6 15.1 11.5 3.6 14.4 11.5 2.9 14.1 11.5 2.6 18.8 11.5 7.3 15.0 11.5 3.5 15.3 11.5 3.8 15.7 11.5 4.2 16.2 11.5 4.7 15.5 11.5 4.010pm 13.9 9.8 4.1 15.5 9.8 5.7 14.9 9.8 5.1 14.9 9.8 5.1 13.9 9.8 4.1 13.5 9.8 3.7 18.7 9.8 8.9 14.7 9.8 4.9 15.0 9.8 5.2 15.5 9.8 5.7 15.9 9.8 6.1 15.2 9.8 5.411pm 13.5 9.3 4.2 15.4 9.3 6.1 14.7 9.3 5.4 14.7 9.3 5.4 13.7 9.3 4.4 13.3 9.3 4.0 18.5 9.3 9.2 14.5 9.3 5.2 14.9 9.3 5.6 15.3 9.3 6.0 15.7 9.3 6.4 15.1 9.3 5.8Average Temps 14.0 11.6 2.5 15.6 11.6 4.0 14.7 11.6 3.2 14.7 11.6 3.2 13.8 11.6 2.2 13.6 11.6 2.1 19.2 11.6 7.6 15.5 11.6 4.0 15.5 11.6 4.0 15.9 11.6 4.3 16.4 11.6 4.8 15.5 11.6 4.0AVERAGE TOILET1 Z11 RF2.54 Z12 RF6.02 Z12 RF6.02 Z11 RF2.25 Z10 RF1.94 Z13 RF12.17 Z11 RF10.00 Z10 RF10.68 Z18 RF5.53 Z14 RF10.79 Z10 RF7.09

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 14.2 9.9 4.3 20.4 9.9 10.5 20.4 9.9 10.5 14.9 9.9 5.0 14.0 9.9 4.1 23.8 9.9 13.9 21.4 9.9 11.5 22.4 9.9 12.5 16.3 9.9 6.4 22.5 9.9 12.6 18.2 9.9 8.31am 13.9 9.5 4.4 20.3 9.5 10.8 20.3 9.5 10.8 14.5 9.5 5.0 13.6 9.5 4.1 23.7 9.5 14.2 21.3 9.5 11.8 22.2 9.5 12.7 16.2 9.5 6.7 22.4 9.5 12.9 18.1 9.5 8.62am 13.7 9.1 4.6 20.1 9.1 11.0 20.1 9.1 11.0 14.5 9.1 5.4 13.6 9.1 4.5 23.7 9.1 14.6 21.2 9.1 12.1 22.2 9.1 13.1 16.1 9.1 7.0 22.3 9.1 13.2 18.0 9.1 8.93am 13.7 8.5 5.2 20.1 8.5 11.6 20.1 8.5 11.6 14.4 8.5 5.9 13.5 8.5 5.0 23.7 8.5 15.2 21.2 8.5 12.7 22.2 8.5 13.7 16.1 8.5 7.6 22.3 8.5 13.8 18.0 8.5 9.54am 13.6 8.1 5.5 20.1 8.1 12.0 20.1 8.1 12.0 14.3 8.1 6.2 13.3 8.1 5.2 23.6 8.1 15.5 21.1 8.1 13.0 22.1 8.1 14.0 16.0 8.1 7.9 22.3 8.1 14.2 17.9 8.1 9.85am 13.5 6.8 6.7 20.0 6.8 13.2 20.0 6.8 13.2 14.1 6.8 7.3 13.1 6.8 6.3 23.5 6.8 16.7 21.0 6.8 14.2 22.0 6.8 15.2 15.9 6.8 9.1 22.2 6.8 15.4 17.9 6.8 11.16am 13.4 5.4 8.0 19.9 5.4 14.5 19.9 5.4 14.5 14.0 5.4 8.6 12.7 5.4 7.3 23.4 5.4 18.0 20.9 5.4 15.5 21.9 5.4 16.5 15.8 5.4 10.4 22.0 5.4 16.6 17.7 5.4 12.37am 13.3 6.9 6.4 19.9 6.9 13.0 19.9 6.9 13.0 13.9 6.9 7.0 12.7 6.9 5.8 23.3 6.9 16.4 20.8 6.9 13.9 21.8 6.9 14.9 15.7 6.9 8.8 21.9 6.9 15.0 17.7 6.9 10.88am 13.3 8.3 5.0 19.9 8.3 11.6 19.9 8.3 11.6 13.7 8.3 5.4 12.5 8.3 4.2 23.3 8.3 15.0 20.8 8.3 12.5 21.7 8.3 13.4 15.7 8.3 7.4 22.0 8.3 13.7 17.8 8.3 9.5

Table 4.4




20091980s 1986 1995 1996 200219621860 1920est 1925 1931 1932

1980 1990 2000‐2010

1950 1957 1960D‐1 ALT TEST

1830‐1890 1915‐1929 1950 1960

1956

9am 13.1 9.4 3.7 19.9 9.4 10.5 19.9 9.4 10.5 13.4 9.4 4.0 12.3 9.4 2.9 23.7 9.4 14.3 20.8 9.4 11.4 21.8 9.4 12.4 15.8 9.4 6.4 22.1 9.4 12.7 18.5 9.4 9.110am 13.0 11.4 1.6 19.9 11.4 8.5 19.9 11.4 8.5 13.8 11.4 2.4 13.0 11.4 1.6 23.8 11.4 12.4 21.1 11.4 9.7 22.0 11.4 10.6 16.0 11.4 4.6 22.5 11.4 11.1 19.0 11.4 7.611am 13.3 13.0 0.3 20.0 13.0 7.0 20.0 13.0 7.0 14.1 13.0 1.1 13.7 13.0 0.7 24.1 13.0 11.1 21.6 13.0 8.6 22.6 13.0 9.6 16.4 13.0 3.4 22.9 13.0 9.9 19.7 13.0 6.712noon 13.7 17.0 ‐3.3 20.2 17.0 3.2 20.2 17.0 3.2 14.5 17.0 ‐2.5 14.7 17.0 ‐2.3 24.8 17.0 7.8 22.2 17.0 5.2 23.3 17.0 6.3 16.9 17.0 ‐0.1 23.3 17.0 6.3 20.4 17.0 3.41pm 14.0 17.1 ‐3.1 20.4 17.1 3.3 20.4 17.1 3.3 15.3 17.1 ‐1.8 15.7 17.1 ‐1.4 25.1 17.1 8.0 22.8 17.1 5.7 23.7 17.1 6.6 17.3 17.1 0.2 23.8 17.1 6.7 20.8 17.1 3.72pm 14.4 18.4 ‐4.0 20.6 18.4 2.2 20.6 18.4 2.2 16.3 18.4 ‐2.1 16.4 18.4 ‐2.0 25.4 18.4 7.0 23.5 18.4 5.1 24.0 18.4 5.6 17.7 18.4 ‐0.7 23.9 18.4 5.5 20.8 18.4 2.43pm 14.7 16.7 ‐2.0 20.8 16.7 4.1 20.8 16.7 4.1 17.7 16.7 1.0 17.6 16.7 0.9 25.5 16.7 8.8 24.0 16.7 7.3 24.2 16.7 7.5 17.8 16.7 1.1 24.0 16.7 7.3 20.7 16.7 4.04pm 15.4 16.4 ‐1.0 21.0 16.4 4.6 21.0 16.4 4.6 18.2 16.4 1.8 17.6 16.4 1.2 25.4 16.4 9.0 24.0 16.4 7.6 24.1 16.4 7.7 18.0 16.4 1.6 23.9 16.4 7.5 20.1 16.4 3.75pm 15.6 15.3 0.3 21.0 15.3 5.7 21.0 15.3 5.7 18.5 15.3 3.2 17.9 15.3 2.6 25.1 15.3 9.8 23.7 15.3 8.4 23.9 15.3 8.6 17.8 15.3 2.5 23.7 15.3 8.4 19.4 15.3 4.16pm 16.0 14.5 1.5 21.0 14.5 6.5 21.0 14.5 6.5 19.0 14.5 4.5 17.5 14.5 3.0 24.7 14.5 10.2 23.7 14.5 9.2 23.5 14.5 9.0 17.6 14.5 3.1 23.4 14.5 8.9 19.2 14.5 4.77pm 15.8 12.6 3.2 20.9 12.6 8.3 20.9 12.6 8.3 17.8 12.6 5.2 16.5 12.6 3.9 24.5 12.6 11.9 23.0 12.6 10.4 23.2 12.6 10.6 17.2 12.6 4.6 23.2 12.6 10.6 18.9 12.6 6.38pm 15.4 12.7 2.7 20.8 12.7 8.1 20.8 12.7 8.1 16.2 12.7 3.5 15.7 12.7 3.0 24.3 12.7 11.6 22.0 12.7 9.3 23.0 12.7 10.3 16.8 12.7 4.1 23.0 12.7 10.3 18.6 12.7 5.99pm 14.7 11.5 3.2 20.7 11.5 9.2 20.7 11.5 9.2 16.0 11.5 4.5 15.4 11.5 3.9 24.1 11.5 12.6 21.8 11.5 10.3 22.8 11.5 11.3 16.6 11.5 5.1 22.9 11.5 11.4 18.5 11.5 7.010pm 14.5 9.8 4.7 20.6 9.8 10.8 20.6 9.8 10.8 15.4 9.8 5.6 14.6 9.8 4.8 24.0 9.8 14.2 21.6 9.8 11.8 22.6 9.8 12.8 16.5 9.8 6.7 22.7 9.8 12.9 18.3 9.8 8.511pm 14.2 9.3 4.9 20.4 9.3 11.1 20.4 9.3 11.1 15.3 9.3 6.0 14.5 9.3 5.2 23.9 9.3 14.6 21.5 9.3 12.2 22.5 9.3 13.2 16.4 9.3 7.1 22.5 9.3 13.2 18.2 9.3 8.9Average Temps 14.2 11.6 2.6 20.4 11.6 8.8 20.4 11.6 8.8 15.4 11.6 3.8 14.7 11.6 3.1 24.2 11.6 12.6 22.0 11.6 10.4 22.7 11.6 11.2 16.6 11.6 5.0 22.8 11.6 11.3 18.9 11.6 7.3AVERAGE TOILET 2 Z19 RF10.91

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 21.0 9.9 11.11am 20.9 9.5 11.42am 20.9 9.1 11.83am 20.9 8.5 12.44am 20.8 8.1 12.75am 20.7 6.8 13.96am 20.6 5.4 15.27am 20.5 6.9 13.68am 20.6 8.3 12.39am 20.7 9.4 11.310am 21.0 11.4 9.611am 21.4 13.0 8.412noon 21.7 17.0 4.71pm 22.0 17.1 4.92pm 22.1 18.4 3.73pm 22.2 16.7 5.54pm 22.0 16.4 5.65pm 21.8 15.3 6.56pm 21.6 14.5 7.17pm 21.5 12.6 8.98pm 21.4 12.7 8.79pm 21.3 11.5 9.810pm 21.1 9.8 11.311pm 21.0 9.3 11.7Average Temps 21.2 11.6 9.7AVERAGE S/OUT1 Z9 RF2.20 Z9 RF2.20 Z10 RF1.30 Z14 RF5.97 Z13 RF1.56 Z13 RF1.56 Z9 RF2.58

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 12.7 9.9 2.8 12.7 9.9 2.8 12.1 9.9 2.2 14.2 9.9 4.3 12.3 9.9 2.4 12.3 9.9 2.4 12.6 9.9 2.71am 12.6 9.5 3.1 12.6 9.5 3.1 12.0 9.5 2.5 14.2 9.5 4.7 12.3 9.5 2.8 12.3 9.5 2.8 12.4 9.5 2.92am 12.6 9.1 3.5 12.6 9.1 3.5 12.0 9.1 2.9 14.1 9.1 5.0 12.2 9.1 3.1 12.2 9.1 3.1 12.3 9.1 3.23am 12.5 8.5 4.0 12.5 8.5 4.0 11.9 8.5 3.4 14.0 8.5 5.5 12.1 8.5 3.6 12.1 8.5 3.6 12.2 8.5 3.74am 12.5 8.1 4.4 12.5 8.1 4.4 11.8 8.1 3.7 13.9 8.1 5.8 12.0 8.1 3.9 12.0 8.1 3.9 12.0 8.1 3.95am 12.3 6.8 5.5 12.3 6.8 5.5 11.6 6.8 4.8 13.6 6.8 6.8 11.8 6.8 5.0 11.8 6.8 5.0 11.7 6.8 4.96am 12.1 5.4 6.7 12.1 5.4 6.7 11.4 5.4 6.0 13.3 5.4 7.9 11.6 5.4 6.2 11.6 5.4 6.2 11.3 5.4 5.97am 12.2 6.9 5.3 12.2 6.9 5.3 11.5 6.9 4.6 13.5 6.9 6.6 11.8 6.9 4.9 11.8 6.9 4.9 11.3 6.9 4.48am 12.5 8.3 4.2 12.5 8.3 4.2 12.0 8.3 3.7 13.7 8.3 5.4 12.3 8.3 4.0 12.3 8.3 4.0 11.5 8.3 3.29am 12.7 9.4 3.3 12.7 9.4 3.3 12.6 9.4 3.2 14.0 9.4 4.6 12.8 9.4 3.4 12.8 9.4 3.4 11.6 9.4 2.210am 13.1 11.4 1.7 13.1 11.4 1.7 13.0 11.4 1.6 14.5 11.4 3.1 13.3 11.4 1.9 13.3 11.4 1.9 12.4 11.4 1.011am 13.3 13.0 0.3 13.3 13.0 0.3 13.3 13.0 0.3 15.0 13.0 2.0 13.6 13.0 0.6 13.6 13.0 0.6 13.4 13.0 0.412noon 13.8 17.0 ‐3.2 13.8 17.0 ‐3.2 13.9 17.0 ‐3.1 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 14.3 17.0 ‐2.7 14.3 17.0 ‐2.7 14.7 17.0 ‐2.31pm 14.0 17.1 ‐3.1 14.0 17.1 ‐3.1 14.2 17.1 ‐2.9 16.2 17.1 ‐0.9 15.6 17.1 ‐1.5 15.6 17.1 ‐1.5 15.3 17.1 ‐1.82pm 14.2 18.4 ‐4.2 14.2 18.4 ‐4.2 14.1 18.4 ‐4.3 16.6 18.4 ‐1.8 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 15.6 18.4 ‐2.83pm 14.2 16.7 ‐2.5 14.2 16.7 ‐2.5 13.9 16.7 ‐2.8 16.3 16.7 ‐0.4 18.8 16.7 2.1 18.8 16.7 2.1 15.8 16.7 ‐0.94pm 13.9 16.4 ‐2.5 13.9 16.4 ‐2.5 13.6 16.4 ‐2.8 16.2 16.4 ‐0.2 17.0 16.4 0.6 17.0 16.4 0.6 15.7 16.4 ‐0.75pm 13.5 15.3 ‐1.8 13.5 15.3 ‐1.8 13.0 15.3 ‐2.3 15.8 15.3 0.5 13.5 15.3 ‐1.8 13.5 15.3 ‐1.8 15.7 15.3 0.46pm 13.3 14.5 ‐1.2 13.3 14.5 ‐1.2 12.8 14.5 ‐1.7 15.4 14.5 0.9 13.2 14.5 ‐1.3 13.2 14.5 ‐1.3 15.4 14.5 0.97pm 13.1 12.6 0.5 13.1 12.6 0.5 12.6 12.6 0.0 15.0 12.6 2.4 12.9 12.6 0.3 12.9 12.6 0.3 14.7 12.6 2.18pm 13.1 12.7 0.4 13.1 12.7 0.4 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 15.0 12.7 2.3 12.9 12.7 0.2 12.9 12.7 0.2 14.1 12.7 1.49pm 13.0 11.5 1.5 13.0 11.5 1.5 12.4 11.5 0.9 14.7 11.5 3.2 12.7 11.5 1.2 12.7 11.5 1.2 13.7 11.5 2.210pm 12.8 9.8 3.0 12.8 9.8 3.0 12.1 9.8 2.3 14.4 9.8 4.6 12.4 9.8 2.6 12.4 9.8 2.6 13.0 9.8 3.211pm 12.7 9.3 3.4 12.7 9.3 3.4 12.0 9.3 2.7 14.2 9.3 4.9 12.3 9.3 3.0 12.3 9.3 3.0 12.9 9.3 3.6Average Temps 13.0 11.6 1.5 13.0 11.6 1.5 12.6 11.6 1.0 14.7 11.6 3.2 13.4 11.6 1.8 13.4 11.6 1.8 13.4 11.6 1.8AVERAGE S/OUT2 Z13 RF0.97 Z13 RF0.97 Z13 RF4.20 Z14 RF0.95 Z14 RF0.95

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 11.8 9.9 1.9 11.8 9.9 1.9 13.8 9.9 3.9 13.5 9.9 3.6 13.5 9.9 3.61am 11.8 9.5 2.3 11.8 9.5 2.3 13.8 9.5 4.3 13.5 9.5 4.0 13.5 9.5 4.02am 11.7 9.1 2.6 11.7 9.1 2.6 13.7 9.1 4.6 13.4 9.1 4.3 13.4 9.1 4.33am 11.5 8.5 3.0 11.5 8.5 3.0 13.6 8.5 5.1 13.4 8.5 4.9 13.4 8.5 4.94am 11.4 8.1 3.3 11.4 8.1 3.3 13.6 8.1 5.5 13.3 8.1 5.2 13.3 8.1 5.25am 11.2 6.8 4.4 11.2 6.8 4.4 13.4 6.8 6.6 13.2 6.8 6.4 13.2 6.8 6.46am 11.0 5.4 5.6 11.0 5.4 5.6 13.2 5.4 7.8 13.1 5.4 7.7 13.1 5.4 7.77am 11.0 6.9 4.1 11.0 6.9 4.1 13.3 6.9 6.4 13.1 6.9 6.2 13.1 6.9 6.28am 12.7 8.3 4.4 12.7 8.3 4.4 13.6 8.3 5.3 13.2 8.3 4.9 13.2 8.3 4.99am 14.5 9.4 5.1 14.5 9.4 5.1 13.9 9.4 4.5 13.4 9.4 4.0 13.4 9.4 4.010am 14.6 11.4 3.2 14.6 11.4 3.2 14.2 11.4 2.8 13.5 11.4 2.1 13.5 11.4 2.111am 14.0 13.0 1.0 14.0 13.0 1.0 14.5 13.0 1.5 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.7 13.0 0.712noon 13.6 17.0 ‐3.4 13.6 17.0 ‐3.4 15.1 17.0 ‐1.9 14.1 17.0 ‐2.9 14.1 17.0 ‐2.91pm 13.7 17.1 ‐3.4 13.7 17.1 ‐3.4 15.2 17.1 ‐1.9 14.4 17.1 ‐2.7 14.4 17.1 ‐2.72pm 13.9 18.4 ‐4.5 13.9 18.4 ‐4.5 15.4 18.4 ‐3.0 14.6 18.4 ‐3.8 14.6 18.4 ‐3.83pm 13.9 16.7 ‐2.8 13.9 16.7 ‐2.8 15.3 16.7 ‐1.4 14.7 16.7 ‐2.0 14.7 16.7 ‐2.04pm 13.7 16.4 ‐2.7 13.7 16.4 ‐2.7 15.1 16.4 ‐1.3 14.6 16.4 ‐1.8 14.6 16.4 ‐1.85pm 13.3 15.3 ‐2.0 13.3 15.3 ‐2.0 14.8 15.3 ‐0.5 14.3 15.3 ‐1.0 14.3 15.3 ‐1.06pm 13.0 14.5 ‐1.5 13.0 14.5 ‐1.5 14.6 14.5 0.1 14.1 14.5 ‐0.4 14.1 14.5 ‐0.47pm 12.7 12.6 0.1 12.7 12.6 0.1 14.4 12.6 1.8 14.0 12.6 1.4 14.0 12.6 1.48pm 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 14.3 12.7 1.6 13.9 12.7 1.2 13.9 12.7 1.29pm 12.3 11.5 0.8 12.3 11.5 0.8 14.2 11.5 2.7 13.8 11.5 2.3 13.8 11.5 2.310pm 12.0 9.8 2.2 12.0 9.8 2.2 14.0 9.8 4.2 13.7 9.8 3.9 13.7 9.8 3.911pm 11.8 9.3 2.5 11.8 9.3 2.5 13.9 9.3 4.6 13.5 9.3 4.2 13.5 9.3 4.2Average Temps 12.7 11.6 1.1 12.7 11.6 1.1 14.2 11.6 2.6 13.8 11.6 2.2 13.8 11.6 2.2AVERAGE ROOF V Z14 RF1.28 Z14 RF1.28 Z19 RF1.15 Z6 RF1.26 Z11 RF0.82 Z21 RF0.79 Z23 RF1.45 Z23 RF1.45 Z20 RF1.5 Z13 RF0.64 Z17 RF1.46 Z13 RF1.55 Z20 RF0.09 Z20 RF1.68 Z17 RF0.08 Z22 RF1.77

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 10.9 9.9 1.0 10.9 9.9 1.0 10.7 9.9 0.8 10.9 9.9 1.0 10.6 9.9 0.7 10.7 9.9 0.8 11.1 9.9 1.2 11.1 9.9 1.2 12.0 9.9 2.1 10.6 9.9 0.7 12.8 9.9 2.9 12.9 9.9 3.0 10.9 9.9 1.0 12.4 9.9 2.5 10.8 9.9 0.9 12.4 9.9 2.51am 10.7 9.5 1.2 10.7 9.5 1.2 10.5 9.5 1.0 10.7 9.5 1.2 10.4 9.5 0.9 10.6 9.5 1.1 10.9 9.5 1.4 10.9 9.5 1.4 12.0 9.5 2.5 10.4 9.5 0.9 12.8 9.5 3.3 12.9 9.5 3.4 10.9 9.5 1.4 12.4 9.5 2.9 10.8 9.5 1.3 12.4 9.5 2.92am 10.5 9.1 1.4 10.5 9.1 1.4 10.2 9.1 1.1 10.4 9.1 1.3 10.1 9.1 1.0 10.4 9.1 1.3 10.7 9.1 1.6 10.7 9.1 1.6 12.0 9.1 2.9 10.2 9.1 1.1 12.7 9.1 3.6 12.9 9.1 3.8 10.9 9.1 1.8 12.4 9.1 3.3 10.6 9.1 1.5 12.2 9.1 3.13am 10.1 8.5 1.6 10.1 8.5 1.6 9.8 8.5 1.3 10.1 8.5 1.6 9.8 8.5 1.3 10.0 8.5 1.5 10.4 8.5 1.9 10.4 8.5 1.9 11.8 8.5 3.3 9.8 8.5 1.3 12.5 8.5 4.0 12.7 8.5 4.2 10.7 8.5 2.2 12.2 8.5 3.7 10.4 8.5 1.9 12.1 8.5 3.64am 9.8 8.1 1.7 9.8 8.1 1.7 9.5 8.1 1.4 9.8 8.1 1.7 9.4 8.1 1.3 9.8 8.1 1.7 10.2 8.1 2.1 10.2 8.1 2.1 11.5 8.1 3.4 9.4 8.1 1.3 12.3 8.1 4.2 12.5 8.1 4.4 10.5 8.1 2.4 12.0 8.1 3.9 10.1 8.1 2.0 11.8 8.1 3.75am 9.2 6.8 2.4 9.2 6.8 2.4 8.6 6.8 1.8 9.1 6.8 2.3 8.7 6.8 1.9 9.1 6.8 2.3 9.6 6.8 2.8 9.6 6.8 2.8 11.2 6.8 4.4 8.8 6.8 2.0 12.0 6.8 5.2 12.2 6.8 5.4 10.2 6.8 3.4 11.7 6.8 4.9 9.9 6.8 3.1 11.6 6.8 4.86am 8.4 5.4 3.0 8.4 5.4 3.0 7.8 5.4 2.4 8.2 5.4 2.8 7.8 5.4 2.4 8.3 5.4 2.9 8.9 5.4 3.5 8.9 5.4 3.5 10.9 5.4 5.5 7.8 5.4 2.4 11.6 5.4 6.2 11.8 5.4 6.4 9.9 5.4 4.5 11.4 5.4 6.0 9.2 5.4 3.8 11.1 5.4 5.77am 8.7 6.9 1.8 8.7 6.9 1.8 8.3 6.9 1.4 8.6 6.9 1.7 8.2 6.9 1.3 8.8 6.9 1.9 9.3 6.9 2.4 9.3 6.9 2.4 10.3 6.9 3.4 8.0 6.9 1.1 11.1 6.9 4.2 11.4 6.9 4.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 11.0 6.9 4.1 8.6 6.9 1.7 10.7 6.9 3.88am 9.6 8.3 1.3 9.6 8.3 1.3 8.9 8.3 0.6 9.5 8.3 1.2 9.4 8.3 1.1 9.3 8.3 1.0 10.2 8.3 1.9 10.2 8.3 1.9 10.2 8.3 1.9 9.0 8.3 0.7 10.9 8.3 2.6 11.2 8.3 2.9 9.3 8.3 1.0 10.8 8.3 2.5 9.4 8.3 1.1 11.4 8.3 3.19am 10.5 9.4 1.1 10.5 9.4 1.1 9.9 9.4 0.5 10.5 9.4 1.1 10.5 9.4 1.1 10.2 9.4 0.8 11.1 9.4 1.7 11.1 9.4 1.7 11.2 9.4 1.8 10.0 9.4 0.6 12.0 9.4 2.6 12.3 9.4 2.9 10.2 9.4 0.8 11.8 9.4 2.4 10.2 9.4 0.8 12.3 9.4 2.910am 12.1 11.4 0.7 12.1 11.4 0.7 11.4 11.4 0.0 12.1 11.4 0.7 12.2 11.4 0.8 11.4 11.4 0.0 12.4 11.4 1.0 12.4 11.4 1.0 12.0 11.4 0.6 11.6 11.4 0.2 12.8 11.4 1.4 13.0 11.4 1.6 11.0 11.4 ‐0.4 12.6 11.4 1.2 11.7 11.4 0.3 13.7 11.4 2.311am 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.1 13.0 0.1 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.0 13.0 0.0 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.7 13.0 0.7 13.4 13.0 0.4 14.9 13.0 1.9 15.0 13.0 2.0 12.5 13.0 ‐0.5 13.9 13.0 0.9 13.7 13.0 0.7 15.2 13.0 2.212noon 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 16.0 17.0 ‐1.0 16.0 17.0 ‐1.0 15.9 17.0 ‐1.1 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 15.5 17.0 ‐1.5 15.6 17.0 ‐1.4 15.8 17.0 ‐1.2 17.5 17.0 0.5 17.4 17.0 0.4 14.6 17.0 ‐2.4 15.7 17.0 ‐1.3 15.1 17.0 ‐1.9 16.5 17.0 ‐0.51pm 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 16.9 17.1 ‐0.2 17.0 17.1 ‐0.1 16.4 17.1 ‐0.7 16.1 17.1 ‐1.0 16.1 17.1 ‐1.0 17.2 17.1 0.1 17.3 17.1 0.2 19.4 17.1 2.3 19.1 17.1 2.0 16.1 17.1 ‐1.0 17.0 17.1 ‐0.1 17.2 17.1 0.1 18.2 17.1 1.12pm 17.3 18.4 ‐1.1 17.3 18.4 ‐1.1 18.3 18.4 ‐0.1 17.5 18.4 ‐0.9 17.6 18.4 ‐0.8 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 16.6 18.4 ‐1.8 16.6 18.4 ‐1.8 19.0 18.4 0.6 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 21.2 18.4 2.8 20.9 18.4 2.5 17.8 18.4 ‐0.6 18.6 18.4 0.2 17.4 18.4 ‐1.0 18.2 18.4 ‐0.23pm 16.6 16.7 ‐0.1 16.6 16.7 ‐0.1 17.4 16.7 0.7 16.8 16.7 0.1 16.8 16.7 0.1 17.0 16.7 0.3 15.8 16.7 ‐0.9 15.8 16.7 ‐0.9 19.1 16.7 2.4 17.3 16.7 0.6 21.3 16.7 4.6 20.8 16.7 4.1 17.7 16.7 1.0 18.7 16.7 2.0 17.3 16.7 0.6 18.0 16.7 1.34pm 15.9 16.4 ‐0.5 15.9 16.4 ‐0.5 17.1 16.4 0.7 16.1 16.4 ‐0.3 16.0 16.4 ‐0.4 16.7 16.4 0.3 15.1 16.4 ‐1.3 15.1 16.4 ‐1.3 18.5 16.4 2.1 16.3 16.4 ‐0.1 20.2 16.4 3.8 19.8 16.4 3.4 17.1 16.4 0.7 18.2 16.4 1.8 16.0 16.4 ‐0.4 16.8 16.4 0.45pm 14.8 15.3 ‐0.5 14.8 15.3 ‐0.5 16.0 15.3 0.7 14.8 15.3 ‐0.5 14.7 15.3 ‐0.6 15.4 15.3 0.1 14.0 15.3 ‐1.3 14.0 15.3 ‐1.3 17.1 15.3 1.8 15.0 15.3 ‐0.3 18.4 15.3 3.1 18.1 15.3 2.8 15.6 15.3 0.3 16.8 15.3 1.5 14.6 15.3 ‐0.7 15.2 15.3 ‐0.16pm 14.0 14.5 ‐0.5 14.0 14.5 ‐0.5 14.8 14.5 0.3 14.1 14.5 ‐0.4 13.9 14.5 ‐0.6 14.3 14.5 ‐0.2 13.5 14.5 ‐1.0 13.5 14.5 ‐1.0 15.5 14.5 1.0 14.3 14.5 ‐0.2 16.1 14.5 1.6 16.0 14.5 1.5 14.0 14.5 ‐0.5 15.4 14.5 0.9 13.7 14.5 ‐0.8 14.6 14.5 0.17pm 13.1 12.6 0.5 13.1 12.6 0.5 13.3 12.6 0.7 13.0 12.6 0.4 12.8 12.6 0.2 13.0 12.6 0.4 12.7 12.6 0.1 12.7 12.6 0.1 14.6 12.6 2.0 13.2 12.6 0.6 15.3 12.6 2.7 15.2 12.6 2.6 13.3 12.6 0.7 14.6 12.6 2.0 13.1 12.6 0.5 14.2 12.6 1.68pm 12.7 12.7 0.0 12.7 12.7 0.0 13.2 12.7 0.5 12.7 12.7 0.0 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 12.9 12.7 0.2 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 12.5 12.7 ‐0.2 14.1 12.7 1.4 12.6 12.7 ‐0.1 14.8 12.7 2.1 14.8 12.7 2.1 12.9 12.7 0.2 14.2 12.7 1.5 12.3 12.7 ‐0.4 13.6 12.7 0.99pm 12.2 11.5 0.7 12.2 11.5 0.7 12.1 11.5 0.6 12.2 11.5 0.7 11.9 11.5 0.4 12.0 11.5 0.5 12.0 11.5 0.5 12.0 11.5 0.5 13.4 11.5 1.9 12.2 11.5 0.7 14.1 11.5 2.6 14.1 11.5 2.6 12.2 11.5 0.7 13.6 11.5 2.1 12.2 11.5 0.7 13.5 11.5 2.010pm 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.1 9.8 1.3 10.9 9.8 1.1 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 11.2 9.8 1.4 13.2 9.8 3.4 11.1 9.8 1.3 13.9 9.8 4.1 14.0 9.8 4.2 12.0 9.8 2.2 13.4 9.8 3.6 11.6 9.8 1.8 13.0 9.8 3.211pm 10.6 9.3 1.3 10.6 9.3 1.3 10.6 9.3 1.3 10.6 9.3 1.3 10.3 9.3 1.0 10.8 9.3 1.5 10.8 9.3 1.5 10.8 9.3 1.5 12.6 9.3 3.3 10.4 9.3 1.1 13.3 9.3 4.0 13.4 9.3 4.1 11.5 9.3 2.2 12.9 9.3 3.6 10.8 9.3 1.5 12.4 9.3 3.1Average Temps 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.1 11.6 0.6 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.3 11.6 0.7 12.3 11.6 0.7 13.7 11.6 2.1 12.2 11.6 0.6 14.7 11.6 3.2 14.8 11.6 3.2 12.6 11.6 1.0 13.9 11.6 2.3 12.4 11.6 0.8 13.8 11.6 2.2AVERAGE CARPORT Z12 RF2.08 Z15 RF2.22 Z15 RF2.22 Z19 RF2.94 Z21 RF2.84

I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V I O V12midnight 12.4 9.9 2.5 12.2 9.9 2.3 13.4 9.9 3.5 11.6 9.9 1.7 11.7 9.9 1.81am 12.2 9.5 2.7 12.1 9.5 2.6 13.2 9.5 3.7 11.5 9.5 2.0 11.6 9.5 2.12am 12.0 9.1 2.9 11.9 9.1 2.8 13.0 9.1 3.9 11.5 9.1 2.4 11.5 9.1 2.43am 11.8 8.5 3.3 11.8 8.5 3.3 12.9 8.5 4.4 11.3 8.5 2.8 11.4 8.5 2.94am 11.6 8.1 3.5 11.6 8.1 3.5 12.7 8.1 4.6 11.2 8.1 3.1 11.2 8.1 3.15am 11.4 6.8 4.6 11.4 6.8 4.6 12.5 6.8 5.7 11.0 6.8 4.2 11.1 6.8 4.36am 11.0 5.4 5.6 10.9 5.4 5.5 12.0 5.4 6.6 10.6 5.4 5.2 10.7 5.4 5.37am 10.6 6.9 3.7 10.4 6.9 3.5 11.5 6.9 4.6 10.3 6.9 3.4 10.4 6.9 3.58am 11.0 8.3 2.7 10.9 8.3 2.6 12.0 8.3 3.7 10.3 8.3 2.0 10.6 8.3 2.39am 11.3 9.4 1.9 11.3 9.4 1.9 12.4 9.4 3.0 10.6 9.4 1.2 10.6 9.4 1.210am 12.1 11.4 0.7 12.3 11.4 0.9 13.4 11.4 2.0 11.7 11.4 0.3 11.5 11.4 0.111am 13.5 13.0 0.5 13.8 13.0 0.8 14.9 13.0 1.9 12.3 13.0 ‐0.7 12.3 13.0 ‐0.712noon 14.8 17.0 ‐2.2 15.0 17.0 ‐2.0 16.1 17.0 ‐0.9 13.4 17.0 ‐3.6 13.6 17.0 ‐3.41pm 16.9 17.1 ‐0.2 16.7 17.1 ‐0.4 17.8 17.1 0.7 14.3 17.1 ‐2.8 14.8 17.1 ‐2.32pm 17.1 18.4 ‐1.3 16.8 18.4 ‐1.6 18.0 18.4 ‐0.4 15.1 18.4 ‐3.3 15.0 18.4 ‐3.43pm 17.0 16.7 0.3 16.8 16.7 0.1 18.0 16.7 1.3 15.8 16.7 ‐0.9 15.6 16.7 ‐1.14pm 16.4 16.4 0.0 16.2 16.4 ‐0.2 17.3 16.4 0.9 15.6 16.4 ‐0.8 15.0 16.4 ‐1.45pm 15.1 15.3 ‐0.2 15.1 15.3 ‐0.2 16.2 15.3 0.9 15.2 15.3 ‐0.1 14.6 15.3 ‐0.76pm 14.9 14.5 0.4 14.9 14.5 0.4 16.0 14.5 1.5 14.2 14.5 ‐0.3 14.0 14.5 ‐0.57pm 14.4 12.6 1.8 14.6 12.6 2.0 15.7 12.6 3.1 13.5 12.6 0.9 13.5 12.6 0.98pm 13.8 12.7 1.1 13.7 12.7 1.0 14.8 12.7 2.1 13.0 12.7 0.3 12.9 12.7 0.29pm 13.6 11.5 2.1 13.4 11.5 1.9 14.5 11.5 3.0 12.7 11.5 1.2 12.8 11.5 1.310pm 13.1 9.8 3.3 12.9 9.8 3.1 14.0 9.8 4.2 12.3 9.8 2.5 12.3 9.8 2.511pm 12.4 9.3 3.1 12.2 9.3 2.9 13.3 9.3 4.0 11.9 9.3 2.6 12.0 9.3 2.7Average Temps 13.4 11.6 1.8 13.3 11.6 1.7 14.4 11.6 2.8 12.5 11.6 1.0 12.5 11.6 1.0

SHADED = zones indicate minor and non‐habitable rooms and spaces and have not been included in averages. These include: Store, Pantry, Linen, SubFloor; RED = figures removed from highest and lowest temperature calculations; YELLOW highlight=highest calculated temperature in zone; BLUE highlight=lowest calculated temperature in zone; ZONES = Spatial zones as allocated in Ecotect models; INT = Internalised zones, excluded from calculations TEMP=Temperature ('C); TEMP VAR=Temperature Variance ('C); RF=Response Factor (Ecotect); AVRF=Average Response Factor (Ecotect); S.LIVING=Subfloor Living (or equivalent room/space); I= Inside temperature ('C); O=Outside Temperature ('C); V=Temperature Variance ('C)

Table 4.4


Check and Verification Sheet

ECOTECT CHECK LIST 1929-1950 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000-2010

Building key B-1 B-1Alt D-1 D-2 E-1 E-1Alt E-2 F-1 F-1 Alt F-2 F-2 Alt1 F-2 Alt2a F-2 Alt2b F-2 Alt 3 F-2 Alt 4 G-1 G-1 Alt G-1 Alt G-2 G-2Alt I-1 I-1 ALT I-2 J-1 J-3 K-1 K-2 K-2 Alt

Date 1860 1920est 1925 1931 1932 1950 1957 1960 1962 1980s 1986 1995 1996 2002 2009

LocationCockman House

Wanneroo West Leederville Burswood

Settlers Cottage

Herdsman Lake Bassendean Wembley Bayswater Innaloo East Cannington Munster Bibra Lake Bibra Lake Orelia Orelia Rivervale

Summer ach calculated 20.0ach 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach 21.0ach

Winter ach calculated 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach Ceiling Vents Ceiling Vents 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach 00.5ach

Baseline Parameters Comparative Rural Comparative Comparative Comparative Rural Comparative Comparative Or. plaster Comparative Or. plaster Or.ACH Leaky Roof Colour Floor Ins. Comparative Or. plaster Roof leaky Comparative Or. plaster Comparative Or. plaster Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative 23.5lag conc

Recheck materials to original y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y Y Y y y y y y y y y y

Project title correct (Date Suburb) Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Site location & time for Perth nominated Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Comparison site context correctly nominated (suburban) Suburban Rural Suburban Suburban Suburban Rural Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban

Perth weather data nominated Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Insitu orientation correct -32' -32' 0' -45' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' -10' -10' n/a n/a n/a n/a 0' 0' 0' -45.5' -45.5' 0' 0' -26' 0' 0' 0' -46' -46'

Rectified orientation nominated 0' 0' 90' 0' -90' n/a 90' 0' 0' 180' n/a 180' 180' 180' 180' 180' n/a n/a 180' n/a -90' n/a -90' -60.5' -60.5' -90' -90' n/a

Baseline MonthlyLoads/Discomfort

Monthly Loads/Discomfort Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Inter-Zonal Gains and Solar Radiation ticked Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Flat Comfort Bands Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Percentage of Time Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All Visible Zones Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Zone Settings - Baseline

Local air speed 0.70m/s (light breeze) Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Internal lighting load 300lux Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Occupancy assume: 1 person per zone typ Y Y y Y Y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Occupant energy: sedentary 70W Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y

No schedule used (assume standardised round clock occupancy patterns

as a baseline)Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Internal gains as default (Sensible 5 and Latent 2), with no applied

schedule Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Site wind sensitivity of: 0.5 (somewhat sensitive), no applied scheduleY Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y (2.0ach leaky) y y y y y y y y y y

Roof Zone allocated 0 occ 0 lux ACH 0-100 n/a n/a 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 1 1 5 as tiles 50 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Subfloor Zone allocated 0 occ 0 lux ACH 0-100 1ach 1ach 1 1 90 90 90 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Shaded zone to same details as rooms, ticked non thermal Y Y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y n/a n/a y y y y n/a y y y y y

Comfort band of: 18-26 degrees Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

No SBEM Profile applied Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Hours of Operation applied as on 0 off 24hours Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

No operational schedule applied y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Medium Precision Zone volume calculation about Z axis Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Interzonal - Wizard

Grid Accuracy 250 Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y Y

Use specified value (1.0) Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y Y

Check object surface normals (tag to auto correct) Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y Y

Perform detailed shading calcs (meduim 5x5, no to fast calc) Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y Y

Recalculate Zone volumes Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y Y

TYPE IS Summer Insitu -32 -32 0 -45 0 0 0 0 -10 -10 0 0 0 -45.5 -45.5 0 0 -26 0 0 0 -46 -46

All thermal zones selected Y y y Y Y Y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Y

Insitu orientation checked Y/s y/r y Y Y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Y

Rel. humidity 46.5% (BOMA summer av. for Perth Metro) 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5

Air change summer rate applied (exc subfloor/roof) 20 20ach 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 37.6 ach 37.6 ach 51.0ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1 ach 21.0ach 21.0ach

SUB/ROOF Recheck floor/roof spaces 0 lux,occupancy & gains F1/Rna F1/Rna F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R1 F1/R5 F1/R50 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH y y 100ach 100ach y Y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a n/a 28.4ach 28.3ach n/a n/a Y 22.2ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 37.6ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach 21.0ach

Clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Active system: Natural Ventilation Y y NV NV Y Y y NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV

TYPE IW Winter Insitu -32 -32 0 -45 0 0 0 0 -10 -10 0 0 0 -45.5 -45.5 0 0 -26 0 0 0 -46 -46

Materials returned y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All thermal zones selected y Y y y y y y y y y y Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y

Insitu orientation checked y rural y y y rural y y y Y y Y Y y Y y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 64.2% (BOMA winter av. for Perth Metro) 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Air change rate applied: well sealed, 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0 Lux to subfloor and roof y y y y y y y y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH y y 100ach 100ach y y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a n/a 0.5ach 0.5ach n/a n/a y 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Active system: None none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none

Recheck ach sub floor and roof spaces F1/Rna F1/Rna F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R1 F1/R5 F1/R50 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

TYPE AS Summer Alternate 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

All thermal zones selected Y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked and suburban y y y y/s y/s y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 46.5% (BOMA summer av. for Perth Metro) 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5

Air change summer rate applied 20ach 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

Leaky (PLUS 2.0ach) to Lounge, Bed 1, Bed 2 and Kitchen 41.8ach

Clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Active system: Natural Ventilation y NV NV y y NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV

Recheck sub floor and roof spaces F1/Rna F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH y 100ach 100ach y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 28.4ach 28.3ach y Y 22.2ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

Hourly Temperature Profile y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All parameters rechecked y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

21st December nominated y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

TYPE AW Winter Alternate 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned y y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y

All thermal zones selected y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 64.2% (BOMA winter av. for Perth Metro) 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Air change rate applied: well sealed, 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

1830-1890 1915-1929

Table 4.5


Check and Verification Sheet

ECOTECT CHECK LIST 1929-1950 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000-2010

Building key B-1 B-1Alt D-1 D-2 E-1 E-1Alt E-2 F-1 F-1 Alt F-2 F-2 Alt1 F-2 Alt2a F-2 Alt2b F-2 Alt 3 F-2 Alt 4 G-1 G-1 Alt G-1 Alt G-2 G-2Alt I-1 I-1 ALT I-2 J-1 J-3 K-1 K-2 K-2 Alt

Date 1860 1920est 1925 1931 1932 1950 1957 1960 1962 1980s 1986 1995 1996 2002 2009

1830-1890 1915-1929

Active system: None none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none

0 Lux to subfloor and roof y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Y y

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH y 100ach 100ach y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 0.5ach 0.5ach n/a y 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Leaky (2.0ach) to Lounge, Bed 1, Bed 2 and Kitchen 2.0ach

Recheck sub floor and roof spaces F1/Rna F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

Hourly Temperature Profile y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All parameters rechecked y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

21st June nominated y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

TYPE AS-DG Summer Alternate with Double Glazed Thermal Break 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Windows to 0000_DGALT_DoubleGlazed_TimberFrame y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All thermal zones selected y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked y/s y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 46.5% (BOMA summer av. for Perth Metro) 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5

Air change summer rate applied 20 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

0 Lux to subfloor and roof y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH y 100ach 100ach y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 28.4ach 28.3ach y Y 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

Recheck sub floor and roof spaces F1/Rna F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

Clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Active system: Natural Ventilation y NV NV y y NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV

TYPE AW-DG Winter Alternate with Double Glazed Thermal Break 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned y y y y y y Y Y y y y y y y y

Windows to 0000_DGALT_DoubleGlazed_TimberFrame y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

All thermal zones selected y y y y y y y Y y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 64.2% (BOMA winter av. for Perth Metro) 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Air change rate applied: well sealed, 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

0 Lux to subfloor and roof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 0.5ach 0.5ach y y 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach


Clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Active system: None y none none y none none none none none none none none none none none

TYPE AS-INSR Summer Alternate with Roof Insulation 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned y y y y y y y y y Y y y y y y

Roof changed to insulated 75mm glass fibre blanket y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y y y

All thermal zones selected y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y y y

Living to north orientation checked y y y y y y y y Y y y y Y y y

Rel. humidity 46.5% (BOMA summer av. for Perth Metro) 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5

Air change summer rate applied 20 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

0 Lux to subfloor and roof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 28.4ach 28.3ach n/a y 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach


Clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Active system: Natural Ventilation y NV NV y y NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV

TYPE AW-INSR Winter Alternate with Roof Insulation 0 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned y Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Roof changed to insulated 75mm glass fibre blanket y y y y y y y Y y y y y y y y

All thermal zones selected y y y y y y y Y Y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked y y y y y y y Y y y y y y y y

Rel. humidity 64.2% (BOMA winter av. for Perth Metro) 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Air change rate applied: well sealed, 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

0 Lux to subfloor and roof y y y y y y y y y y y y 0 0 0


INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH n/a 0.5ach 0.5ach n/a y 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach


Clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Active system: None y none none y y none none none none none none none none none none

TYPE AS-INSC Summer Alternate with Ceiling Insulation 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned Y y y y y Y y y y y y y y Y

Ceiling/skillion to insulated 75mm glass fibre blanket Y y y y y Y y y y y Y Y y Y

All thermal zones selected Y y y y y Y y y y y Y Y y Y

Living to north orientation checked Y y y y y Y y y y y Y Y y Y

Rel. humidity 46.5% (BOMA summer av. for Perth Metro) 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5

Air change summer rate applied 28.4ach 28.3ach 37.8ach 41.6ach 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

0 Lux to subfloor and roof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 0 0

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH 100ach 100ach y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH 28.4ach 28.3ach n/a y 22.2ach 39.8ach 37.6ach 51.0ach 25.5ach 32.1ach 26.6ach 24.6ach 34.1ach 21.0ach

Recheck sub floor and roof spaces F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R50 y y Y Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

Clothing rate of 0.4 (shorts and t shirt) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Active system: Natural Ventilation NV NV y y NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV

TYPE AW-INSC Winter Alternate with Ceiling Insulation 90 0 -90 90 0 180 180 180 -90 -90 57 -60.5 -90 -90

Materials returned y y y y Y y y y y y y Y y y

Ceiling/skillion to insulated 75mm glass fibre blanket y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y

All thermal zones selected Y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y

Living to north orientation checked Y y y y Y y y y y y y y y y

0 Lux to subfloor and roof Y y y y Y y y y y y y 0 0 0

EXT0 Out/shade - 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains 100 ACH 100ach 100ach y y 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach 100ach

INT0 Cupboards/fireplaces- 0 occ 0 lux 0 gains intACH 0.5ach 0.5ach n/a y 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Rel. humidity 64.2% (BOMA winter av. for Perth Metro) 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Air change rate applied: well sealed, 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach 0.5ach

Recheck sub floor and roof spaces F1/R50 F1/R50 F90/R50 F90/R50 F1/R50 F1/R50 F1/R1 F1/R50 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1 Fna/R1

Clothing rate of 1.5 (business suit and thermals) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Active system: None none none none none none none none none none none none none none none

Table 4.5

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CHAPTER 5

SUSTAINABLE HOUSING MARKERS FOR PERTH

Climatically responsive and sustainable design is achievable in Perth and undoubtedly many of the

principles discussed have been used to varying extent in its early domestic typologies. The evolution of

Perth’s domestic form appears not only to have responded to the historical change which shaped Perth

as a city, but also to cultural change in the value placed in the native ecology. Perth’s historical

development is unique,1 and it stems from Perth’s growth within a rapidly developing global economy,

influencing it from its colonial outset.

Many cultures interpret landscapes, and their positions within, from a combination of religion, culture

and memory. Traditional Japanese and Chinese architecture, for example, capture and respond to

memories of landscape and its cultural value, in their traditional building designs. Indigenous Australians

also have strong links with the landscape of their family and birth. Colonial Perth’s relationship with its

landscape has been no less intrinsic, even if the value Perth placed in it has fluxed and waned

throughout Perth’s short history. Perth’s association with the landscape has shifted from cautious

avoidance in the first few years of the colony, when life was difficult and home remained Britain; to

acceptance as the economy grew and the first born colonists began to embrace the landscape and value

it as precious in the face of a rapidly globalising economy.2 However, with globalisation and the

immediacy of ideas and technologies it proffers, Perth’s domestic form seems to have isolated itself

from its native landscape, despite valuing it as precious and worthy of preservation.

The evolution of the historical type’s performance

With many of Perth’s first colonial homes referencing colder British climates, Perth’s first domestic

response undoubtedly had limited climatic success. Combining the type’s direct translation of a colder

European context with poor build quality (resulting from a lack of affluence, tradespersons and

understanding of local materials), it is not surprising that so few of these original homes have survived.

Even the comparatively grander homes were simple and essentially Georgian in appearance. Walls were

constructed from local stone, roofs shingle or thatch, windows small and floors often dirt. They would

have been hot in summer and damp and cold in winter.

1 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - THE PERTH EXPERIENCE, The evolution of the Perth domestic

typology as distinct from the rest of Australia, for discussion on Perth’s unique development and its part in the broader Australian domestic history.

2 Historically, Australian suburbia has had a well documented love of its wide open spaces, and by virtue its landscape. In Perth, as in other early

Australian colonies, this value would have no doubt originated from the sense of space and freedom felt when compared to British lives left behind.

Despite the hardships they were to experience, the air and water were clean and the landscape green. Australia has become culturally identified with

these wide open spaces and landscapes, values which have been reinforced to locals and tourists alike over the decades. It seems that Australian’s

both new and old, have grown to appreciate and expect open space as an Australian right, as the ‘Great Australian Dream’. This romanticised

landscape is a flat, open land, arid and unending and free to the sky on all sides. Even when the necessity of food production meant that the

backyard was produce based, the front yard replicated this Australian ideal; the home isolated in its expanse of manicured lawn. The exception to the

rule, and a telling comparison, belongs to the suburban gardens of typical European immigrants. The landscaped gardens of Italian migrants, such as

my own family, are by comparison, the result of their own specific cultural memory. They are reflections of a landscape and life that was left behind

because of economy, not for the reasons of freedom and space valued by the earliest Perth colonists. Even today, despite the ready range of

available produce, the Italian garden remains produce based and reflects a culture of food and the value placed on providing for family.

122

Although slightly later, the 1860 Cockman House exemplifies this approach. Cockman House was built to

a compact plan with small penetrations, thick walls and an open structured, shingled roof. Being almost

cave-like, it was designed to protect from the heat as well as the cold. Although in principle, the small

windows and the thermal mass in its walls should stabilise temperatures (and retain the heat from its

large, centralised hearths in winter) overall the house rated only moderately in winter and poorly in

summer. Failing, it would seem, because of inadequate ventilation and heat loss through the open roof

structure.

Even though Cockman House performs poorly overall, it does show evidence of an attempt to adapt.

The floor has been lifted and timber placed under foot, improving heat retention and perceptive

thermal comfort. Verandahs have also been included front and rear, providing summer shade and

ventilated outdoor working areas. Despite the type not having been oriented optimally, the addition of

verandahs have aided by reducing heat gain to the limestone walls as well as providing an alternative

living zone. Although this also reduced the capacity of the walls to store and absorb solar gain in winter,

given the heavy and full clothing customary at the time and the use of centralised heating, it would

seem winter performance was almost acceptable and that improving summer performance was of

greater priority.

By 1890, with greater affluence, a greater range of locally produced materials and the local knowledge

and tradesmen to make use of them, house build quality was substantially improved. Although the

verandah and sub-floor was retained, walls developed insulating air gaps, ceilings were installed, roofs

ventilated and windows and doors provided more natural light and ventilation. Sleep-outs began to

appear and the ventilation capacity of plans seems to improve. Even though the changes may have been

partly in response to affluence and may have provided benefit only fortuitously,3 each modification to

the type improved the thermal and responsive comfort of the Perth dwelling.

With new hardships created by global and national economic failure and World Wars I and II, new types

emerged. The domestic form of the 1930s through 50s was primarily concerned with economy.

However, even with these types, certain critical elements were preserved. In the lightweight structures

of the 1930s, verandahs were included, roofs vented and the plans and openings considered ventilation.

The sleep-out was also retained, either as a future dream or an essential inclusion. The 30s lightweight

styles also possessed, perhaps unwillingly, the material economy valued by a sustainable approach.

The lightweight 1932 Bassendean house in fact responds well to the more moderate seasons. Its

uninsulated lightweight structure and raised, open timber floor (reflective of the lightweight structures

of more tropical climates) facilitates rapid heat transfer and prevents the internal accumulation of heat

that is prevalent in many of the other comparative types. This also allows the house to cool rapidly on

3 The air gap in brick work was, for example, intended to prevent moisture transfer, but also created a layer of still air which acts as a good insulator.

Hollo, N. (1995). Warm house cool house : inspirational designs for low-energy housing. Marrickville, N.S.W., Choice Books. p 36

123

summer evenings. On balance however, the form is too adaptive and provides insufficient buffer to

modulate Perth’s climatic range.

Although by the 50s the lightweight structure had already found disfavour in Perth, economy and

frugality remained and was evidenced in those designs which planned for future addition, as well as in

the scarcity of decoration.

The 50s also saw the renewed investigation into materials and technologies, evidenced by the use of

concrete block walls, concrete roof tiles and precast elements in the modestly performing Bayswater

residence. Bayswater in fact proved to be one of the better performing houses in the comparative set,

both in regard to thermal as well as consumptive performance. Its future proof L-shaped plan proving

effective both for winter solar gain as well as for summer ventilation capacity. Its compact size (a factor

of economic frugality) also ranking it well, even despite its low modern occupancy potential.

Although there was some intellectual discussion through the 30s about the appropriateness of climate

responsive design, with the impact of war and The Great Depression, it was not until the 60s that the

use of climate responsive design becomes evident in the type cases.

Through the 1960s the architectural community began to engage the public more readily in intellectual

debate about the function of the domestic form and its capacity to adapt to climate. Although many of

the now traditional (and perhaps proven) construction techniques were still utilised, forms begin to

experiment, windows and eaves become more generous and ventilation more deliberate. This is

evidenced by the apparently deliberate placement of casement windows in the 1962 East Cannington

house. The overall performance of the dwellings from this era is also reflective of those discussions.

Around this time, the project home industry also emerged, opening the housing market to consumption

driven marketing. Up to this point, even the standard home had been almost the exclusive intellectual

realm of architects and engineers, which had fostered experimentation and adaptation of methods,

tools and ideas to improve the provision of human comfort. The project home developers were now

able to offer potential home owners a virtually ready-made product and provide them with exactly what

they thought they wanted, at an apparently economic rate. Their use of display homes aided the

marketing of these housing ‘dreams’.

With value for money becoming increasingly important in the growing housing market and with the

recent experience of the 60s, the 1980s produced the highest ratings of the evaluated Perth types. This

is evidenced by both the Munster and Bibra Lake houses. By designing for economy, ceilings (and

therefore materials) reduced and windows increased for ease of construction. The use of the outdoors

encouraged in the designs of the 60s, still remained popular, particularly as social freedom and affluence

improved. Swimming pools and open plan living become popular and improved this association with the

outdoors.

124

However, the 80s type was already being driven by economy and profit margins, which began shifting

the type towards greater consumption. Concrete slabs now appeared, removing the need to consider

natural ground levels, and planning density and complexity begin to increase, reducing the capacity for

cross ventilation.

By the 90s and early 2000s, value for money drives the standard Perth type, now ubiquitously the

project home type. Although materials and technology have improved, eaves continue to reduce, plan

density increases, lots become smaller, house larger and occupancy rates fall. As a result, overall

sustainable performance clearly slips, as is evidenced by the typically poor ratings and performance of

the houses from this era.

The density of these homes not only dramatically reduced the capacity for ventilation, it also reduced

the potential benefit of solar winter gain. The density of planning on reduced lot sizes reduced the

opportunity for microclimatic and spatial planning, further contributing to the inability of the home to

passively provide benefit. Although with density there is the potential for temperature stabilisation, the

types clearly require mechanical manipulation of temperature and ventilation.

By 2009, the dramatic increase in the average Australian house size prompted the following comment

from Dr. Elizabeth Karol; “The size of our homes is totally unsustainable. We’re living in what we created

– homes that are inefficient, totally oversized and no room to grow food even if we wanted to.”4

With increased awareness and debate around climate change in the 2000s, there was a push for

improved performance. However, it was broadly in respect to energy saving and has become, arguably,

about minimising the impact of mechanical heating and cooling.

With the increased prevalence of air conditioning use and (to a lesser extent) electric heating, Australian

legislation has responded, now requiring the improved thermal performance of all new domestic builds.

This includes the required use of insulation in roofs, improved building seal and minimum ventilation

requirements. Although minimum provisions of natural light and ventilation are required, windows and

openings are also further regulated in order to protect against heat loss.5 However, even with the

application of this legislation, the overall performance of the housing type has not markedly improved

on previous types. The 2009 Rivervale house is in fact one of the worst performing types in the

comparative set.

With comfort control now a measure of technology, climate has been ignored and the current domestic

type has, in many ways reverted back to a version of the colonial type, in that it is built for thermal

retention. In a technology driven market where internal climate can be controlled by remote and be

4 Karol, E. quoted in Walsh, G. (2009). 'Green Dream' Insite, Scoop: Home and Design Series. Subiaco, Western Australia, Scoop Publishing. Autumn

2009: 98-104. pp 100-102, punctuation theirs.

5 Glazing provisions can in some instance also reduce natural light provisions and solar gain potential.

125

adapted to any situation, the contemporary Perth house can now provide the same degree of comfort if

it was positioned anywhere in the world, as long as it has adequate power provision.

Impact of technology

It is apparent even from this small comparative collection of Perth’s historical domestic types, that

technological change has altered the evolutionary course of Perth’s domestic vernacular. Technology

has allowed Perth’s houses to provide ultimate comfort and convenience with increasing efficiency. The

outside world can now easily be tempered and modulated. The Perth home has adjusted its form to

accommodate and ensure that every human desire can be provided with the greatest possible efficiency

and economy.6

However, can this incorporation of technology into domestic form and its ability to isolate domestic

space from locale specific natural cycles, even be considered part of a vernacular development?7

Modification of climatic conditions is the base role of shelter. Traditional domestic vernacular models

developed over time in order to provide comfort by manipulating humidity, temperature, air and light,

by use of the best available materials and technologies. The success of those technologies was

evidenced by their reuse and their adoption in vernacular form. With a developed global economy,

there is now a range of internationally focused products providing apparently practical solutions

regardless of climate or culture. As the domestic form has itself assumed a global currency, the use of

available technologies to accommodate a universally acceptable comfort could therefore be considered

a vernacular adaptation, regardless of whether it is in fact sustainable or even local.

Modern developments in technology are largely unavoidable but can be valuable and in the move

towards greater sustainability in domestic design. However, the question this study raises is, even in

those instances where the intent is sustainable, is its use appropriate and does it in fact result in a

sustainable outcome? Is technology removing the impetus to appreciate and value the environment? Is

technology removing personal responsibility and the capacity to comprehend true impact and therefore

also the capacity to modulate personal impact on the environment? By relying on technology, are we

just installing gadgets that can fail? There is no doubt technology has significantly improved human

living standards as well as having advanced sustainability.8 Technology’s recent impact and influence on

sustainable goals has in fact been extraordinary. However as equally amazing is the human brain and the

body’s capacity to understand, adapt and modulate. Based on the results of this study, the question

needs to be asked; have we made ourselves and our capacity to adapt part of the sustainable equation?

Despite technology’s value and importance, are there instance when humans can better service their

own needs and provide a better sustainable outcome?

6 ...efficient and economic whilst still providing for the desires and comforts that are perhaps not so attuned.

7 Refer also INTRODUCTION: Vernacular.

8 Technology has, for example, developed an alternative for thermal mass, which can perform the same function for a fraction of the material. ‘A

layer of PCM (Phase Change Material) only a few centimetres thick can store as much heat as a thick brick wall and release it over night.’ 2cm of

PCM=24cm of concrete=36cm of masonry=38cm of wood=226cm of lightweight construction. Reference: Hausladen, G., M. de Saldanha, et al.

(2005). Climate Design: Solutions for Buildings that Can Do More with less technology (original title: 'ClimaDesign'). Munich Birkhauser. p 143

126

Humans are able to learn from their environment, sense if they are hot, cold or too humid, in response

to a complex set of perceptive parameters. Technology, by necessity, standardises and controls those

parameters to meet broad, predetermined ranges. Inevitably the range is limited to previously defined

conditions. The use of intelligent facades, for example, can work on a complex set of predetermined,

pre-assumed parameters to open and close vents or control light. Some systems simply assume that

occupants will not close blinds and curtains if they are losing too much heat, or open doors and windows

if there is too much. By removing the need for human effort or though, important human measures of

control and environmental perception are lost. Human connections with the natural environment are

also removed and the value that is placed in the natural environment and its importance to the human

world is concealed or diluted.

Smart systems can also be too sensitive for the human experience and disallow the natural ability of the

human body to adapt themselves or their space appropriately. This is exemplified by an antidote related

by Professor Stephen Heppell at the one day ‘Learning Space Design’ workshop in Perth, 2012.9 He

recalled the story of school lecture hall which had been designed with fully automated louvers. The

installation was so sensitively controlled that it repeatedly opened and shut during presentations. The

students took it upon themselves to ‘adapt’ and had learnt to use a shoe jammed into the system to

stop the interruption. This antidote illustrates how the use of humans in environmental control needs to

assume that they CAN be responsible for their own comfort and they ARE smart enough to make

connections with natural systems. Removing humans from the climate control equation can cost both

them and the environment so much more.

Changes and improvements in technology for human convenience also have the potential to hide and

therefore limit cause and effect. Technology and the complexity of its production chains can conceal the

impact on origin ecologies. With increasingly lengthening supply chains for many modern products, both

the product source as well as any damage caused becomes increasingly difficult to trace. Without

consumer monitor and thereby supplier accountability, waste production and damage to source can

therefore go unchecked. The true environmental value of products therefore remains unacknowledged

by consumers, which can also lead to wasteful consumption. This was clearly shown by Morgan in

discussion of water consumption trends and patterns in Perth. Perth domestic water use increased

markedly when water was reticulated from a main supply. As the source was effectively hidden and had

become apparently readily (and endlessly) available, consumptive habits became less precious.10

The success and range of more recent technological developments with the sole motive of improving

the comfort of the domestic form, clearly illustrates the impact technology has had on the domestic

form, and in many instances could be seen to be in conflict with base sustainable principles. The

9 Heppell, S. (15th May 2012). Learning Space Design The University Club, University of Western Australia

10 Morgan, R. (2011). exploring Western Australian responses to climate (reflected in gardens). 'Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape',

University Club, Crawley, Western Australia.

127

development and increased availability of the air conditioner and the effect it has had on the typical

Perth home is clearly illustrated by even the small sample of houses in this study.

Air conditioning

Despite claims of efficiency and thereby a more sustainable solution, the modern air conditioner

consumes more power and produces more waste than could be considered reasonably sustainable. It

has also altered internal climate so dramatically and so effectively, that it has also altered expectations

of comfort, thereby reinforcing its use. Yet more significantly, the greatest impact comes from the fact

that technology has also made it affordable. According to Wheeler, heating and cooling accounts for

39% of residential energy consumption, followed by 27% for water heating.11 According to recent

reports, there are now over 9.2 million household units in use in Australian homes, up almost 750,000

cooling units in just the previous 18 months and by about 2 million units over the previous 4 years.12

This proliferation and acceptance of its use acts to reinforce and shape social expectations of comfort. In

turn this triggers adaptive response in the domestic typology to service the requirement for optimal

performance. Air conditioning is changing the way houses respond to climatic conditions, by summarily

blocking climate out. Not only has housing style changed to accommodate it, human comfort levels have

also responded, becoming less tolerant, less adaptive and more reliant on a constant 22’C. It is now

expected that one can sit in their home in a t-shirt in winter, yet sleep under a doona in summer. Given

response to rising power costs (and thereby the cost to run these climatic modifiers) or the reaction to

summer power outages which have in part been blamed on record air conditioning use,13 this level of

unseasonal comfort has become a hotly protected right.

Studies conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2006 indicated that almost 75% of all (new

and old) Western Australian households made use of either evaporative or reverse cycle air

conditioning,14 making the technology a standard method of climatic control. In response, Australian

11 Wheeler, T. (2008). 'Real Green Design' 'Refuel' National Seminar Series Broadway, Nedlands, Western Australia, The Royal Australian Institue of

Architects.

12 Johnston, M. (15th December 2012). 'Risk of blackouts in heatwaves up due to air conditioner numbers'. Perthnow.com.au, News Limited

Network.; referencing the Energy Supply Association of Australia.

13 Ibid.

14 The ABS states that; ‘At the time of the survey almost three-quarters of WA households used an air conditioner or evaporative cooling (567,600 or

71%). Of the different cooler types and positions the most common units used in WA homes were ducted evaporative coolers (32%) followed by

reverse cycle split system air conditioners (25%). By the type of unit, around half of WA households reported that their main cooling unit was a

reverse-cycle air conditioner (49%) and another 35% used evaporative cooling. Almost half of WA households reported that the position of their

cooling unit was ducted (45%), a further 28% used a split system. Similar proportions of households with five or more persons had reverse cycle air

conditioners (46%) and evaporative cooling (42%). Whereas in smaller households, reverse cycle air conditioners were more common. Most

evaporative cooling was ducted through the home (92%). Reverse cycle air conditioners were more likely to be split systems (52%). Of those WA

homes with cooling, almost three-quarters had some type of ceiling insulation. The proportion with ceiling insulation was highest for those homes

with ducted cooling (84%).’

Furthermore, the same study suggests that in respect to heating; ‘An estimated 709,800 WA households reported having some form of heating

(89%). Almost half of these households reported that their main heater was a gas heater (46%). One in five households used a reverse-cycle air

conditioner as their main heater (21%), 17% used wood and a further 14% used an electric heater. Gas was the most popular form of heating across

all household sizes. However one person households were more likely than other households to use electric heaters as their main form of heating

(20% compared with around 10% for other household sizes) and less likely to use wood (10% compared with around 20% for other household

sizes).In double brick and brick veneer houses, gas heaters were more commonly used as the main type of heating (50% and 42% respectively),

128

Building Codes have been modified to ensure thermal efficiency and energy use, resulting in significant

changes to the material requirements of new built, contemporary Perth home. The effect on the

physical form and shape of the contemporary Perth type is also marked and is clearly evident in the

types included in this study. Insulation is now required, ensuring internal, mechanically controlled

temperatures can be maintained with the greatest efficiency. Despite the Code’s intent, the ability of

the building to provide for natural ventilation now seems to be largely ignored, evidenced by the few

and narrow, non-directionally operable windows typical used, as well as the lack of clear ventilation flow

paths. Essentially, the form has developed to maintain internalised thermal temperatures, based on the

assumption that mechanical control will always and universally be applied. The data from this research

also suggests that this use is reinforced by the modern Perth house’s inability to function under normal

climatic conditions. When the power goes out, the inability of the modern Perth home to provide

comfort without mechanical modulation becomes evident.

By adapting for air conditioned space, Australia Building Codes also require buildings to be effectively

sealed, so as to contain the thermal conditions and therefore ensuring energy efficiency. This change

also has the potential to impact on wellbeing. Perth air quality is reasonable. Excluding this air, its

natural smells, sounds and temperatures, isolates the user from the natural world and cycles. Closing a

building in this manner may also cause physical harm. Sick building syndrome (SBS) commonly occurs in

enclosed and sealed environments such as offices. With the push to fully enclose and seal residential

buildings to service controlled temperature micro-environments, it would seem likely that there may

also be a domestic cause for reducing tolerance to natural irritants such as grasses or general SBS

related illness. With the additional push to more hygienic environments and the increase use of

chemicals and plastics, it could be expected that these hermetically sealed boxes would lead, in some

way, to increased health issues.

Standard modern Perth housing types no longer seem responsive to external climate, but are instead

designed to meet a global vernacular, providing internalised conditions and parameters which could be

replicated anywhere. It could in fact be said that air conditioners have become the global currency of

modern residential housing.

How improvements can be made

Each of the types studied was a product of culture, knowledge, affluence and circumstance. Adding to

this mix, shifting priorities and standards, which are reinforced by consumer culture and legislation and

the result is a form that is typical to that time and place. Demolishing all the poorly performing types

and starting again is obviously not sustainable. We can, however, apply lessons and knowledge to

whereas in fibro cement houses, wood heaters were more commonly used (46%). Of the estimated 324,000 WA households who reported using gas

for their main heater, 79% used a portable unflued gas heater. This accounted for approximately one-third of all WA households with heating (36%).

Most of these households used only one portable unflued gas heater (75%) in their homes with a further 22,200 WA households using a portable

unflued gas heater as their secondary heater.’ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007). 'Domestic Use of Water and Energy, WA Oct, 2006'. Cat. No.

4652.5.

129

improve our existing stock as well as work toward an improved type. As suggested by data collected

against the varying type permutations, selective retrofit of building features can improve performance

markedly.

The main feature that has in fact been assumed in the comparisons presented is ensuring a building is

adequately sealed.15 If a building is not adequately sealed (as opposed to FULLY sealed, refer above) and

a large volume of air is allowed to leak around doors, windows or even between floor boards, the

capacity to control and manipulate the space can be dramatically reduced. This fault is common in many

of the older types and generally is simply the result of old age or poor construction. It is however easily

remedied for great affect.

Retro-fitting insulation can also improve a type’s overall performance, particularly when mechanical

heating and cooling are applied (even if sparingly). It does however need to be located appropriately

and to suit purpose. For example, ceiling insulation which is applied to ‘cap’ heated or cooled space can

prevent thermal loss more effectively than roof insulation. However, if no heating or cooling is applied,

roof insulation can provide a better affect, assuming the roof is appropriately ventilated.

Improving wall insulation will also be of benefit, but again, only if located properly. Historical Perth

housing types predominately used cavity clay brick construction, with a foray into uninsulated

lightweight framing. Although brick historically provided a good thermal solution (given the availability

of materials and technology employed at the time) there remains room for improvement. Reverse brick

veneer construction is generally considered a good solution for Perth’s climate. This allows the internal

leaf to act as a thermal mass (for both warmth and coolth) which can then be insulated from a

lightweight skin which itself is designed to reflect heat. With some effort, brick work can be improved to

replicate this construction method, by installing insulating board to the cavity face of the inside leaf. A

minimum 25mm air gap must be retained, however, to prevent moisture transfer.16 Retro-fitting

insulation into a lightweight structure is obviously a lot simpler.

The application of suitable floor coverings can also markedly improve a type’s function. Installing

insulating surfaces such as carpet, timber or natural fibres as an overlay on surfaces such as concrete

(where not suitable for use as thermal mass, solar collector) can substantially improve perceptive

comfort. Likewise, removing insulating surfaces from thermal mass elements in appropriate locations,

and replacing them with tiles or polishing could improve winter solar heat gain.

Windows can also be retrofitted to substantially improve the overall thermal performance of a type. For

example, the 2002 Orelia residence made use of large areas of glazing in order to capture solar radiation

15 The comparison types were tested as if well sealed. They were not tested with air tight seals as, not only is this impractical to construct, it has been

linked to incidents of SBS (sick building syndrome) in office typologies. Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Sick

Building Syndrome.

16 Hollo, N. (1995). Warm house cool house : inspirational designs for low-energy housing. Marrickville, N.S.W., Choice Books. p 36

130

(albeit by good fortune as opposed to design and only if orientated more appropriately). This glazing is

also, however, responsible for substantial heat loss in winter. The retrofitted use of improved glazing

with lower conductive transfer could therefore improve the building’s performance. The comparison

data suggests that the use of double glazing could improve the house’s winter performance by 7.3% and

summer marginally by 1%.17 Consideration must however be made for the ecological cost of any

substitute system. Installing double glazing (and effectively doubling the glass used, triple if the original

glazing is taken into account) may be more ecologically damaging than simply installing and correctly

operating closed topped, insulating curtains. Double glazing also reduces solar radiant gain which is

desirable in winter.18 Any substitution that is used must be holistically considered in respect to the real

benefit and actual ecological cost.

One of perhaps the simplest methods of improving a type’s built performance is by improving its site

microclimate. By shading, directing and capture feeding breezes, improving or reducing humidity and

providing additional thermal mass in appropriate locations, a type’s built performance capacity can be

stretched.

When it comes to improving the contemporary home type, it too is subject to the same raft of cultural

determinates, trends and habits as seen to effect the historical type comparisons. Encouraging and

directing typological change in such a predefined and tightly marketed industry as the Perth project

home market, will therefore be challenging. In the case of the standard, off the shelf project home,

individuals can however make selection decisions and small changes to improve overall sustainability.

These may include:

- Choosing a lot that would benefit from ecological improvement.

- Valuing and preserving/reinstating native ecologies and systems.

- Understanding the lot’s microclimate and adapting it to supplement the building form by

provide or restricting shelter, providing wind breaks or controls, locating beneficial

vegetation and thermal mass, making use of reflection, colour, planting and water bodies

to supplement base-line building parameters and performance.

- Locating a design on a lot to ensure good microclimatic conditions can be developed.

- Ensuring the design is orientated to optimum and typically to locate all major glazing

within 20’ of true north.19

- Choosing a design that locates space as appropriate to the preferred patterns of

ventilation, solar gain or exclusion as well as lot use.

17 Refer Table 4.1: Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary Sheet.

18 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY.

19 Although Kirby claims that north facing is easier to ‘manage’, the ‘(t)hermal simulation computer programs show that a building’s orientation has

only a limited effect on the internal temperatures, with maximum temperature difference of less than 4’C between a good orientation and a bad

one.’ Kirby, B. R. (1992). 'Energy Efficient Housing in Perth'. Nedlands, WA, School of Architecture, UWA. Master of Building Science: Xii, 257 leaves

p 208. Despite this, small changes are accumulative and correct orientation does have perceptive benefit, as well as real benefit to appropriately

located space.

131

- Choosing a design that ventilates well and can make the most of prevailing winds.

- Choosing a design that meets immediate needs and can be adapted to future needs, but

no more.

- Choosing a design that is not too dense.

- Ensuring 20% of the floor area is northern aspect glazing, of which living spaces should

benefit the most.

- Ensuring the design restricts northern solar ingress for winter only, by the use of correctly

shaded protections. Broadly, an eave/overhang that allows a nominal solar angle of

penetration of 60’ will exclude sun from the start of October through to the start of March

and allows graded solar entry for the remainder of the year, peaking on the June 21st, the

winter Solstice.

- Ensuring appropriate use of insulation, by understanding where heat loss or gain is

desirable.

- Choosing appropriate floor treatments in appropriate locations to not only enhance

thermal gain, but improve perceptive comfort.

- Choosing appropriate window treatments with closed tops and good insulation qualities.

- Selecting window frames that are timber or thermally broken to reduce conductive heat

transfer.

- Be selective of materials and have an understanding of their source and production ethics,

maintenance requirements, as well as their capacity for, and waste associated with, their

reuse, recycle or disposal.

- Consciously avoiding those materials that have been known to cause health issues either

in manufacture or in use.

- Supplementing the home with energy and water saving devices, but only after detailed

consideration of their appropriateness and true sustainable value, as relevant to the

expected use, house design and locale. These may include, solar hot water systems, photo

voltaics, water saving devices, underfloor heating or rainwater tanks. Reject all those

technologies which are superfluous or their true credentials are unclear.

- Develop a building hydrological cycle,20 by providing and allowing for water table recharge

and a closed loop site. All water should be used and reused where possible.

- Choosing a design that is understood and can be manipulated to reduce the need for

applied heating and cooling.

- Ensuring those manipulations are adhered to be everyone and that the home is treated as

a living entity.

- Be adaptable in the building’s use, stretch comfort boundaries and use alternate spaces or

solutions wherever possible to avoid the use of mechanical heating or cooling.

20 Refer also; Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp 247-248

132

- Ensuring the building is adaptable, as well as beautiful and inspiring, so that it will be

enjoyed, respected and therefore maintained and sustained. Make the material used

matter.

Adaptability and future proofing is an important parameter and one that the new idealised type will

need to embrace, particularly in a changing climate. Even if every single one of the other parameters has

been accommodated, the type will not be sustainable if it cannot accommodate predicted climatic

change,21 and therefore remain a suitable response for Perth. Ensuring adaptability is, without doubt,

one of the most challenging of all parameters. The range of considerations a type may need to

accommodate includes; reduced rainfall, greater temperature extremes, increased sea level or greater

extremity of weather. The tools and options available to a type to achieve appropriate and adaptable

response are extensive, and although beyond the scope of this study, do need to be considered.

This list is by no means exhaustive and in many instances may be difficult to achieve in entirety,

however it does suggest a number of changes achievable even in the standard contemporary Perth

‘project home’ type. Although modern building codes require that new homes must achieve a 6 star

energy rating, based on current trends in Perth’s electricity consumption, a 6 star rating is not, in itself,

sustainable and has not encouraged a sustainable type.22 If it can be assumed that the project home

market continues to develop Perth’s housing type and this continues to be driven by market force, then

theoretically, if enough people are requesting such modifications, then the type will begin to shift

accordingly. Perhaps if there is enough saturation of basic sustainable principles, intellectual and market

driven change may be affected.

An architectural response

However, perhaps changing the basic premise of this type should once again become the role of the

architect, designer or engineer, roles which, since as early as the 1970s have almost exclusively been

restricted to the realm of boutique developments. How, or even if, these roles could be more effectual,

is worthy of future research. The architecturally designed Kalamunda house exemplifies what can be

achieved with the appropriate application of even the most basic of sustainable principles.23

The 2007 Kalamunda house was architecturally designed by Paradigm Architects,24 to meet a brief with

high sustainable priorities but a restrictive budget. Being part of the small design team,25 our main goal

with this home was to design a flexible, adaptable and beautiful home, with good sustainable ‘bones’,

21 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY - CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN; Site and microclimate, Microclimate and

climate change.

22 Refer: Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP Environment Design Guide

23 Various built records were supplied by and reproduced with the permission of Paradigm Architects. Such available records were also supplemented

by owner-builder recollection as well as with the author‘s own records and in design experience, having been part of the design team.

24 Paradigm Architects (2007). 'Original construction drawings for xx *(address and name withheld)* '. Kalamunda.

25 The home was designed by Fiona Hogg (Director) and Chantelle Beckett (Architect) and documented by the Paradigm team including work by Riya

Achamma Mathai, Alice Ostrowski and Jade Menzies. It was built by the owner.

133

that the client was able to supplement and adapt as funding permitted, as well as to suit their changing

spatial needs.

The home was planned to best accommodate the lot as well as the microclimatic and solar conditions it

offered. Living spaces were allocated to the rear of the block, allowing the backyard to become the main

entertaining space. This also provided access for winter solar gain to the concrete slab floor, which

extends across the north section of the house. Summer heat gain was however, excluded by means of a

deliberately angled pergola to the north facade, thereby also enabling the slab to store summer coolth.

Bedrooms were allocated to the front, south face of the house, being those spaces agreed as least

requiring of winter solar warmth and most benefiting from full summer solar exclusion. Although the

primary spatial intent of the bedrooms was to ensure they stayed cool in summer, winter comfort was

also accommodated by the use of low ceilings and

raised timber floors, making the rooms easily

warmed and providing of good thermal perception

underfoot.

A southern guest room/second lounge was also

incorporated into the design’s planning. This gave

the owners not only a third bedroom when needed,

but also a summer ‘living retreat’, allowing greater

flexibility in the use of the house and allowing their

use of it to adapt to climate extremes more readily.

A central, internalised spine of rammed recycled

concrete also provides good thermal mass and

heat/coolth storage through the centre of the

home. Heated in winter by the entry of solar gain

through high level, north windows, the wall radiates

heat to both the centralised ‘heart’ (being the

kitchen) as well as the bedrooms to the south.

Again, eaves were deliberately designed to exclude

this solar gain in summer.

The use of lot microclimatic conditions is also

evident in the manipulation of ventilation. Unlike the

coastal zones, the Kalamunda area benefits most

from early morning, cool to warm but dry, easterly

breezes. The afternoon sea breezes contribute only

marginally to ventilation capacity, the location being

Image 5.1:

(top) south east elevation

Image 5.2:

(centre) north elevation

Image 5.3:

(bottom) east green wall

134

too far inland to receive the full effect. As such, the house was designed to capture the easterlies, cool

and humidify them slightly (through a green wall) and direct them through the spine of the house. On

those afternoons where a good afternoon breeze allows, this venting process can be manipulated in

reverse.

The home was sized to suit the immediate needs of the client, who at the time were a professional

couple, with the occasionally guest occupant. When the time came to grow their immediate family, the

house was designed to allow a second storey atop the southern bedroom wing, accessible from the

southern lounge. With efficient and flexible planning, the home was intended to grow with the needs of

the client and their family, whilst still providing a space of adequate inspiration and beauty that it would

be cherished and maintained.

As the client intended to build the home themselves, construction and detail needed to be kept simple,

achievable and adaptable. On this basis, many of the techniques described and materials used were

standardised and common, but manipulated to suit purpose. For example, although concrete flooring

was used in the main, northern living space in order maximise thermal capacity, elsewhere, simple

stumped construction was used. Whilst still ensuring the best use of solar gain, this mixed construction

also allowed for greater site flexibility and less cut and fill. In a rocky and sloping site this kept costs low

and reduced the impact on the native landscape.

The owner was also active in the final selection of materials and technologies to best suit their needs

and sustainable goals. All the materials used in this house were chosen to minimise environmental

impact, but in full consideration of purpose, a goal the owner builder was able to closely manage.

Recycled waste concrete was used in the rammed spine walls, earth and rock were reused on site, waste

was kept to a minimum, insulation was selected on the basis of both longevity as well as ecological

impact and timber was monitored for FSC26 compliance. Technologies were also used, albeit sparingly.

Evaporated tube, solar hot water technology was installed for all hot water needs, a grey/black water

system installed for all waste water treatment (reused in irrigation) and all roof water (the roof carefully

designed to facilitate) was designed to be collected, treated and used by the household (mains used in

backup).

Most importantly, however, the home was designed to be living. Its capacity to provide for human

comfort relies on the occupant’s understanding and manipulation of its various elements. Windows

must be opened, curtains must be closed and ventilation enhanced and drawn through at appropriate

times. In providing a low tech solution, the building's success is integrally linked to the occupant and the

responsibility they assume in the space provided. Ultimately, it was the creation of this relationship

which ensures the building's ongoing success.

26 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART A: GLOSSARY OF ORGANISATIONS AND TOOLS, Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC).

chantelle

Typewritten Text

Plate 5.1

135

Where to from here?

Perth’s housing typologies have changed and adapted, and it could be said, developed into a vernacular

response. It is however a vernacular that, although fleetingly began the move towards positive climatic

response, instead shifted to a global and technological adaptation. Perth’s contemporary housing types

seem to have shifted towards an increasing reliance on technology and governmental legislation in

order to maintain the Australian dream and accommodate our narrowing comfort ranges. The occupant

is taking less and less responsibility for their own comfort and (perhaps harshly) is becoming lazy about

it. However the technology is not needed simply because of laziness. It is just the way houses have

evolved in response to a chain of developments. Technology was, and is always, the corner-stone of any

built form, with even the standard brick being a form of technological development. The crucial

difference with the way technology has been applied in the contemporary form, is the extent to which it

overbears and removes human control. Less and less is the occupant now responsible for the

manipulation and maintenance of comfort, almost as if they are assumed too inept to control their own

environment. Providing human’s with the responsibility, knowledge and tools to understand and work

with natural systems is one of the base premises behind sustainable and passive design. Removing this

ownership and taking away the need to have understanding and responsibility for one’s own comfort,

undermines the whole ideal.

It is unfortunately also this technological control of comfort which is encouraging isolation from natural

systems and perpetuates the devaluing of those systems. By providing internalised, ‘bubbled’ climatic

control with no real effort by the occupant, a divide is positioned between the occupant and the

endemic ecology. By isolating the occupant from changes, shifts or damage occurring in natural systems

and making those impacts invisible, the natural system is no longer registered as an essential part of

daily experience, thereby effectively devaluing it.

It is important that the development of technology in smart systems and in new products should

continue. They should, however, be supplementing what we have in a reasonable manner and not

replacing simple working principles with complex ones. Simple solutions often seem to get lost in all

arguments and debates, all the regulating and code-making in the name of sustainability. The authors of

Climate Design even suggests that; ‘Many technical systems can be dispensed with provided the facade

is matched to the building use and is equipped with all the required functional elements.’27 The less

‘stuff’ that is needed to make a building function, the less embodied energy will be consumed.

However, significant change cannot be made without reaching a critical mass. It is only then human

beings act and enforce change. We unfortunately need to see our comfort zone is compromised, see it

may be threatened, before substantial action will be taken and habits broken.


'ClimaDesign'). Munich Birkhauser. Foreword, p 8

136

There does however seem to be a shift in community attitude and in the demands made on government

to return control and independence. Citizens are seeking the return of their tax dollars by way of

rebates for such things as solar hot water and photo voltaic panels, thereby taking back some control of

energy provisions. There also seems to be a definite explosion in community groups and NGOs seeking

to ‘make a difference’ in regards to urban planning. The burgeoning interest in urban food bowls, such

as the reforestation project in Melbourne by Future Canvas, exemplifies this and points to a growing

community urgency to change our ways. Perhaps society is on the verge of another tipping point in

typological change and perhaps this change will be global, given the globalised nature of the present

typology.

What can generate effective change?

Despite positive intent, how can real change in the Perth domestic type actively be affected?

It seems that the greatest impediment to an improved modern housing type is the domination of the

project home market and the legislated reinforcement of its parameters. The project home market

clearly dominates the contemporary market for new built detached homes in Perth. Of these homes,

there seems to be a clear lapse of achieved sustainable principles, regardless of the verbalisation of

goals and the legislative push for green house gas reduction. As reinforced by the 2007 study by Karol on

the actual performance of new project homes within the ‘green’ estate of Harvest Lakes, Perth, ‘...new

homes do not appear to be using less energy than older homes and….sub-optimal designs can readily

comply with BCA (2006).’28 This is even despite the Harvest Lakes Development having been praised as

‘...a multi-award winning estate recognized for its sustainable development practices,’29 and the BCA

(even in this earlier version) requiring green house gas reduction through energy efficiency.30

Karol’s paper looked into the actual ‘...energy consumption performance in new project homes in a new

Landcorp subdivision in Perth…’, through the evaluation of the actual features, performance and

consumptions of new homes in the development, and the assessment of one of those homes using First

Rate.31 The research aimed to ‘...demonstrate the poor relationship between the aim of the BCA to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions and compliance with the current energy efficiency requirements in

the BCA (ABCB, 2006).32 Karol’s paper found that even when orientated unfavourably, the tested house

complied with the minimum 5-star energy rating required by the 2006 BCA.33 This rating was achieved

even despite the actual average electricity or gas consumption of those houses studied in the area


29 Ibid. p 2

30 It should also be noted that there have been several subsequent releases of the BCA since Karol’s study was conducted, including a minimum 6 star

or equivalent energy rating, in force since the 2010 release of the BCA.

31 BCA 2006 required an energy rating of 5 stars or more, with First Rate (version 4.0) being an approved Rating software method. Although this

paper utilised Ecotect on the basis of its efficiency and capacity for comparison, the use of approved ABCB software and the findings by Karol

reinforces and validates this paper’s findings.


33 Ibid. p 5

137

ranking ‘...in the highest percentile of consumption.’34 Reinforcing the findings of this project, Karol

identified housing size, density, lack of microclimatic development, poor ventilation and reliance on

mechanical heating and cooling, as contributing factors. The report also identified that many of the

estate ‘building design requirements’,35 were actively ignored or not achievable by the basic type

provisions,36 suggestive of possible industry ‘green-wash’.

Karol’s work goes a way to reinforcing this paper’s identification of the underlying failure of the modern

type to improve on the sustainability of previous stylistic variations. Although modern building codes

would certainly go a way to reducing the impact of inherent stylistic issues (such as by improving

mechanical control performance) they seem to focus on minimising the damage of non sustainable

practice and thereby reinforce the use of such practice.

Without change in the styles and types that are provided by the dominate project home market, or

change in the way in which housing types are produced, there seems little impetus to encourage

meaningful stylistic change.

Methods for achieving industry change were identified by a report prepared by The Grattan Institute in

2011, entitled Getting the housing we want.37 The intent of this report was to outline ‘...a new approach

to city development that involves residents and makes the housing market work better for all parties.’38

The report identified a gap between what the contemporary housing industry provided and the actual

preferences of the Australian domestic housing market. Although the report was primarily concerned

with the type of housing and locations available, and was particular to Sydney and Melbourne, it did

identify that the current housing market was primarily determined by the achievable profit margins of

developers. It was discovered that, in an attempt to balance cost with development controls and

legislation, there was a short fall in the achievement of community desires, quality and innovation,

including in respect to sustainability. Although this report was more focused on achieving more

economic solutions to encourage improved developments and varieties of housing types, the

methodologies suggested may also go a way toward providing a more sustainable type solution.

The use of NDCs (Neighbourhood Development Corporations) was suggested as a method that had

previously proven successful in overcoming the short-term planning controls resulting from short-term

political turn over. NDCs (like the East Perth Redevelopment Authority) effectively act as a panel of

experts for the duration of a development, which in many cases exceeds the governing term of the party

34 Ibid. p 5

35 The ‘building design requirements’ included ‘...roof ventilation, indoor cross ventilation, north facing living areas, door and window seals or

additional wall insulation, minimum east and west facing glazing or energy efficient fixtures.’ (Ibid. p 2) Karol suggested that few of these features

were identifiable in the houses evaluated. (Karol, E. (February 2007). 'Energy Performance of New Project Homes, Perth, Western Australia'. BDP

Environment Design Guide pp 3-4)


37 Kelly, J.-F., P. Breadon, et al. (2011). Getting the housing we want. Melbourne, Grattan Institute.

38 Ibid. p 30

138

officials. By facilitating community and government consultation and implementing strategy and

guidelines, what can be an independent and representative body can achieve a much more successful

and long term development. Kelly suggests that; ‘Most importantly, NDCs should provide a large

amount of diverse new housing. In addition, they should feature good urban design and might achieve

other objectives, such as high standards of environmental sustainability and a mix of affordability.’39

Interestingly, one of the methods suggested by the Grafftan Institute’s report was the implementation

of a ‘modern day version’ of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects’ Small Home Service, originally

directed by Robin Boyd in the 1960s. This very service was to be a pre-cursor to the current project

home market. Kelly suggests that; ‘A modern-day version could be an association of small-scale

developers, suppliers, universities and architects. It would promote innovation for multi-unit

developments in established areas, and could jointly develop and promote new designs, processes and

construction technologies.’40 Although ideal in theory, with little detail offered by the report as to how

this might work, the principle seems to reflect the design-construct style of contracting becoming

increasingly popular in the contemporary construction industry. How this would promote innovation

remains to be tested and would be very much reliant on manipulating the traditional roles of architects,

builders and developers, as well establishing strict guidelines and parameters to govern the decision

making process. Present design-construct contracts tend to fall short in respect to these roles.

Perhaps, more simply, the solution is the revaluation of the domestic form as a design tool for climate

control and one which assumes its value from good design and not simply from compliance with codes

and legislation, or that provides immediate economy and perceived ‘value for money’ or ‘bang for your

buck’. In the strive for true sustainable principles, perhaps this is also where the architectural industry

needs to step-up and reinstate the profession as valued and valuable and engage in public discussion,

just as it did in the 1960s. Perhaps it is this design leadership which is what is missing from the equation.

In her conclusion, Kelly makes the case that; ‘Before we change our cities, we must first change our

conversation. We need a discussion that makes it clear that while change is hard, maintaining the status

quo also carries heavy costs, not just for ourselves but for our parents and our children.’41 Although

specifically referencing housing type availability, the same can certainly reflect the impact of the

continuation of non sustainable provisions in Perth’s domestic housing.

39 Ibid. p 21

40 Ibid. p 29

41 Ibid. p 30

139

This project sought to understand how the Perth domestic building type has evolved, to what extent

that evolution has embodied sustainable principles and what lessons could be learnt for future models.

However, perhaps that alone is not enough. Change in attitude is perhaps what is more critical. The

most important lesson I believe is remembering what we need sustainability to be, how it needs to

evolve and what responsibility we have in ensuring it. Perhaps Sorvig has the answer?

‘Sustainability is about integrating constructed and living systems. To integrate two

different processes or entities, each must be clearly understood in its own right. I am

convinced that deepening our understanding, not only of technology, but also of building,

is an essential evolution of sustainable design...The future of sustainable design may lie

less in technical innovation than in whether designers can work out the conflicts between

the core qualities of natural systems, and those of human development.’42

42 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. Kim Sorvig quoted in Kibert

p 422 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

141

REFERENCE APPENDIX A

THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE

By international standards, the Australian domestic type has had a brief but rapid history. What started

as borrowed form has emerged into something that is unique and at times, nostalgic. It is best described

by Robin Boyd in his 1968 Australia’s home: ‘Australia is the small house. Ownership of one in a fenced

allotment is an inevitable and unquestionable a goal of the average Australian as marriage.’1 Boyd goes

further to claim that ‘...the small house, probably more than anything else that man has done, has made

the face of Australia and to an extent the faces of Australians.’2 Although times have changed since Boyd

wrote what was to be a mainstay in every discussion on Australia’s domestic and architectural identity,

his underlying descriptions are no less true today.

The suburban block is iconic of the Australian domestic experience, and owning land has been the

Australian dream since British colonisation. From early on, each house has had a garden, was fenced and

made into a personalised reflection of the individual. The landscape was changed to suit the house,

allowing it to be private and guarded sanctuary for the occupant.

This idealism is shifting as Australia begins to deal with housing a rapidly growing population,3 however

the Australian home is still typified by the detached, single family residence on a suburban block.

Although part of the broader Australian mix, Perth is however quite distinct. Perth’s development has

followed a unique path typified by its origins, fortunes and its rapid shift from isolation to a place within

a global economy. The evolution of the Perth housing style4 and its context provides important markers

in a discussion about a style’s response to climatic conditions and the possible evolution of a vernacular.

THE PERTH EXPERIENCE

The evolution of the Perth domestic typology as distinct from the rest of Australia

Many writers of Australian architectural history, particularly of Eastern Australian origin, claim that

Perth’s architectural heritage developed in direct, if not delayed, response to occurrences in the East.5

Even Boyd claimed that; ‘The basic stuff of the plan and of contemporary stylistic fashion was the same

in every state at much the same time, with regional variations worked into it.’ He went further to say

that any variation was either the result of superficial style, trade practices or geology.6 Despite this,

Perth has its own very unique set of conditions which contradict these broader assumptions.

1 Boyd, R. (1968). Australia's Home, Pelican ‘Preface’ (no page numbers supplied)

2 Ibid. ‘Preface’ (no page numbers supplied)

3 Refer Weller, R., Ed. (2009). Boomtown 2050. Scenarios for a Rapidly Growing City Crawley, Western Australia, UWA Publishing.

4 According to Stapleton; ‘The word style is used as shorthand for the variety of influences which determine the physical form of a building... the

notion of style includes not only the decorative elements but the layout, materials and even the social and historical context for the architectural

form that evolved.’ Stapleton, M. and I. Stapleton (1997). Australian House Styles Mullumbimby NSW, The Flannel Flower Press. p 6

5 For example both the works of Freeland and Johnson

6 Boyd, R. (1968). Australia's Home, Pelican p 22

142

The case for Perth’s unique historical development has been argued since the 1970s by various authors

writing on Western Australian historical architecture, including Pitt Morison and White,7 Molyneux,8 and

more recently Anderson, London and Richards.9 Pitt Morison and White claim that ‘...what we have is

significant to Western Australia with an architectural identity which must be assessed in its own right,

and in the light of the historical circumstances which shaped it.’10 Modern Houses argues that; ‘England,

especially, together with other European countries, provided a significant source for the development of

modern architecture in Western Australia during the 1950s, more evident than the lessons that could

have been received from across the Nullarbor. This led to a certain distance and independence from

other modernist work in Australia which was more than geographic.’ This is evidenced by London with

the example of post-war English architecture and the development of the first architecture school in

Perth.11

Perth’s historical development, in its isolation, its entrepreneurial beginnings as well as its later

fortunes, has created a city in contrast to many others in Australia. It is of course part of the national

context, yet it is particularly individual in its vernacular response. Perth’s history, cultural growth and its

response to climate, has generated its own unique procession of domestic built form.

1829 Utopia and Georgian styling

Site and establishment

Unlike the predominately penal and male established colonies in the East, the Swan River Colony was

one of private enterprise, and this shaped the town and its cultural growth. It was created with the

hopes and dreams of British entrepreneurs hoping to take advantage of the virgin, isolated landscape,12

as they attempted to escape from the misery of crowded and poverty stricken England. It was therefore

a colony that was largely unskilled in manual labour and resources, but was one that was geared to

making opportunity and creating a better lifestyle. However, according to Pitt Morison; ‘It was perhaps

unlucky that the ‘Swan River Colony’ had its genesis at this particular period; caught at a time of change

between the eighteenth century and the great surge of nineteenth century industrialism, it was the first

7 Pitt Morison, M., J. White, et al., Eds. (1979). Western Towns and Buildings. Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for

the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations

8 Molyneux, I. (1981). Looking around Perth: A guide to the architecture of Perth and surrounding towns East Fremantle, Western Australia

Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA).

9 London, G. (1997). 'Modern Houses - Architect Designed Houses in Western Australia from 1950-1965'. Modern houses : architect-designed houses

in Western Australia from 1950 to 1960 - An exhibition held at the Cullity Gallery from 1-20 Sept. 1997. G. London and D. Richards, (Eds). Nedlands,

W.A., School of Architecture and Fine Arts. p 2

10 Pitt Morison, M. and J. White (1979). 'Introduction'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison, J. White and et.al. Nedlands, Western Australia

University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations p xvii

11 London, G. (1997). 'Modern Houses - Architect Designed Houses in Western Australia from 1950-1965'. Modern houses : architect-designed houses

in Western Australia from 1950 to 1960 - An exhibition held at the Cullity Gallery from 1-20 Sept. 1997. G. London and D. Richards, (Eds). Nedlands,

W.A., School of Architecture and Fine Arts. p 3

12 London, G. and P. Bingham-Hall (2002). A Short History of Perth Architecture Sydney, NSW, Pesaro Publishing p 4

143

colony in Australia to be inaugurated by free settlers, for which no precedent then existed.’13 This set

the colony up for a uniquely West Australian history.

By the 1820s, land in the Eastern colonies was rapidly being acquired by private investment. Such a shift

in investment encouraged interest into the potential of greater Australia. The British government

therefore rushed to solidify their own land claims throughout the continent, including in Western

Australia.14 Perth was, however, not the first location to be colonised in the vicinity of Western

Australia’s Swan River, following from previous failed attempts at both Melville Island and King George’s

Sound.15

Partly in response to those previous failures, and on reflection of his earlier, exploratory visit to the

region, Captain James Stirling petitioned the British government in 1827 for permission to establish a

colony on the Swan River. Despite initial rejection on the grounds of expense, Stirling continued to lobby

the government, glorifying the potential, ‘...until at last the government, being persuaded that as the

empty land of New Holland had been claimed with Frederick Town, it might as well be peopled.’16 The

colony was proclaimed officially in August 1828, and by December circulars to prospective settlers were

already being issued. Reflective of the government’s ongoing reluctance, prospective settlers were

required to cover their own transport and establishment costs, but were initially to be granted 40 acres

for every 3 pounds of transported goods or human labour. This was conditioned on the requirement

that the land was to be improved or cultivated within 21 years. By January 1829, however, these

conditions tightened, with improvement periods reduced to 10 years and land rights reduced to

occupancy licenses only. Despite this, the first settlers were not dissuaded and the first boat loads of

settlers departed England on the 6th of February 1829.17 This speedy dispatch resulted in inadequate

preparation and would later prove as reflective of the British government’s reluctant investment,

effectively setting Perth up for a history that would be guided by Imperial neglect.

In 1829 Stirling sailed into what was to become Perth waters on the Parmelia, establishing the Swan

River Colony. The town surveyor was John Septimus Roe.18

The original colony was established and planned in haste, with officials arriving only weeks prior to the

first settlers. The planning guidelines for the colony therefore prioritised ease and convenience of

establishment. Speed and economy were favoured above all, with common contemporary practices

transposed directly onto the landscape. As the colony grew; ‘The territory was regularly divided into

counties, hundreds, town (sic) and sections, with boundaries aligned with the cardinal compass points,

13 Pitt Morison, M. (1979). 'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al.

(Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 1-73. p 6

14 Ibid. p 1

15 Ibid. p 1

16 Ibid. p 2, Frederick Town was renamed Albany and officially made part of the colony in 1831. (Reference: ibid. p 9)

17 Ibid. pp 2-3


144

in a systematic rectangular grids according to American practice’19 and higher areas being designated for

civic and religious use. This was in keeping with what was originally followed in New South Wales,

however even by this time the practice was considered outdated.20 In response to the situation left

behind in London, planning did, however, make due consideration for health and amenity and most

importantly the provision of space.

The colony was isolated and water transport was initially the only feasible way in or out of the colony.

On the 12th August 1829, the official townships of Perth and Fremantle were proclaimed,21 (rushed to

coincide with King George the IV’s birthday).22 The town of Guildford followed soon after. This

immediately gave the town three main hubs along the banks of the Swan River, creating a direct river

link which, as described by Molyneux, was very much in keeping with European colonial traditions.23

The colony continued to grow and spread from these three nodes. Perth was designated the civic

centre, Fremantle the ocean port and Guildford the link to the rural and producing areas east and

inland. The Swan River became the main commercial communication and transport conduit between

them and remained so until the introduction of the rail and road service during the second half of the

19th century.

Fremantle

Even after the establishment of roads, the colony’s isolation meant that the vast majority of goods and

persons arrived by sea. This established Fremantle as the gateway to the colony.24 Its early functional

importance and the lack of prior planning required the port town to be established in haste; ‘The early

plan of the townsite had clearly been the result of the nature of the terrain and the first use to which it

was put.’25 The port town was located on the coast, south of the river mouth. With the original mouth of

the Swan barred by rock, ocean port access to the upstream towns was initially overland, via a track

later known as Cliff Street.26 Until the river mouth was freed and first opened as a working harbour in

1827 (under the direction of C.Y. O’Connor),27 this track remained the main transport route between the

river and the sea. It therefore also formed the line along which the town grew.28


Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p xiii








Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p vii



25 Ibid. p 11


27Wikipedia Fremantle Harbour, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour>, Retrieved 1st March 2013.


145

Fremantle was very much the typical port town. As described by London, it was ‘...a sand-swept,

inhospitable shanty-town which attracted not only optimistic settlers, but roughnecks and drunkards for

who it was necessary to build a small gaol.’29 The 1831 Round House jail was the first permanent30 and

oldest remaining building of the colony.

Both the town and the inhabitants it sheltered, became indicative of the colony’s rough start and broken

dreams. The more civic Perth, on the other hand, fared a marginally better start.

Perth

Perth was originally located on the banks of the Swan, just beyond the naturally occurring ‘Narrows’ and

below an outcrop to be named Mt Eliza (later also the site of Kings Park). Positioned on a limestone

ridge between the Swan’s marshland and a collection of fresh water lakes to the north, the site of Perth

was selected for defence, as well as for ease of access to the inland, fresh water and building material.31

Perth originally formed a linear plan, with the main street, St Georges Terrace, following the ridge line.

Further streets ran parallel to the river, with minor streets connecting them in grid.32

Perth was and remains the civic and administrative centre of the greater colony. With its own jetty and

later rail links, it provided the administrative link between Guildford and Fremantle as well as the spread

of inland settlements.

Swan Districts

By September 1829, not long after Perth and Fremantle were established, an area further up the Swan

was opened for settlement with the allocation of narrow, river fronted lots and the establishment of the

town of Guildford. The land allocation still remains visible in the layout of the current suburbs of

Maylands, Mount Lawley and Belmont. With Stirling (now Governor) himself having land in the town,33

it became an important hub along the riverine transport system.34

29 Ibid. p 5



31 Ibid. pp 11-12


The Barracks gate was preserved in the 60s in response to public outcry at the proposed redevelopment to create a vista through to the new

government chambers up the Terrace.



34 There were several other colonies established in Western Australia around the time including; Pinjarra, Augusta, York, Williamsburg, Vasse, Avon

Valley and Beverley. (Reference: Pitt Morison, M. (1979). 'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt

Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th

Anniversary Celebrations 1-73. p 9) The small monastic town of New Norcia was also established in 1847 by the Benedictine Order. (ibid. p 25) In

keeping with contemporary colonial concern regarding the Indigenous population’s spiritual welfare, this group of Spanish Benedictine missionaries

established New Norcia specifically for the purpose. The town’s buildings were constructed in the Spanish mission style, using local materials. It is still

in use as a Monastic mission today. Reference: London, G. and P. Bingham-Hall (2002). A Short History of Perth Architecture Sydney, NSW, Pesaro

Publishing p 6

146

Early life in the colony was difficult. The terrain and conditions proved more challenging than expected

and agriculture proved difficult to establish. By 1830 the change of British government triggered policy

change and the rules regarding land ownership and occupation in the colony were once again restricted.

This made life in the colony even harder and if possible, even less desirable. With few sources of income

and difficult conditions, unemployment soared and British immigrant arrivals dropped to zero by 1831.35

Over the coming years the goal-posts continued to shift, so that by 1834, Crown land was only available

by public auction, with pre-determined price reserves.36

Early response

Very few building materials were brought in the first shipments to the colony, with the first settlers

incorrectly believing that materials would be affordable and readily available for purchase.37 Although

the colony’s immediate shelter needs were typically provided by tents and ‘v huts’ made from local

brush-wood and sail cloth,38 there were some instances, afforded by affluence, of the use of English39

and Swedish40 prefabricated houses. As more permanent dwellings were established, the first building

materials were primarily indigenous out of necessity. Despite the import of some materials from both

the Eastern colony’s and Britain, including bricks, shingles, slate, paving, marble, plaster, sashes and

locks,41 much was beyond the early colonist’s price range. Even glass, when available, was expensive and

only available in small panes.42 Local and freely available materials were instead relied on and included

limestone and native hardwoods including jarrah and she-oak. Although by 1830 small volumes of brick

were being manufactured locally from foreshore and lake clay,43 wall construction remained primarily of

wattle and daub or split-log, with some instances of home-made mud-block.44 The roofs of these

modest dwellings were often thatched in native grasses or shingled and the floors typically remained

dirt.

With few labourers and high costs, many colonists had no alternative but to build their own homes. This

was not class exclusive; ‘Civil officers were treated in the same way as free settlers, being expected to

provide their own homes, but on their very low salaries this proved difficult for those of them without

private incomes.’45


(Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 1-73. pp

18-19

36 Ibid. pp 17-18

37 White, J. Ibid.'Building in Western Australia 1829-1850'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 74-89. p 77

38 Pitt Morison, M. Ibid.'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 1-73. p 10

39 The ‘Manning’ was popular and was used to create ‘Mona’ cottage, of which a c.1860 photograph remains. It was constructed of slotted timber

posts and wood panels. Reference; White, J. Ibid.'The Urban House during the Nineteenth Century'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 162-

179. Fig. 6.1, p 164

40 Ibid. p 165


42 White, J. Ibid.'The Urban House during the Nineteenth Century'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 162-179. p 166

43 Ibid. pp 162-163


45 Ibid. p 77

147

Houses and public buildings alike were crafted with techniques and to forms reminiscent of British style.

Yet the style that was replicated reflected more the simplest of traditional British housing than new

trends. Under extreme conditions, the colonists fell back on what they knew and constructed within the

capacity of their skills to meet immediate necessity. According to White; ‘Adaptation to new

circumstances, based on traditional building methods was the inevitable first stage of colonial town

housing, the results of which were to last for half a century....The houses, therefore, that were built on

the Swan River carried on the tradition of simplicity and symmetry that was passing out of style in

England because there was insufficient wealth in the colony to allow other than the simplest

experiments.’46

Fremantle’s 1830 Round House jail is a good example of the methods and styling employed in the

earliest of Perth’s buildings.47 Built on a high limestone bluff overlooking the bay, it was designed by the

colony’s first appointed Civil Engineer, Henry Willey Reveley. Reveley, who was responsible for most of

the colony’s first public buildings, used local limestone and ‘Swan River Mahogany’ (later known as

jarrah) in its construction. With limited skilled labour, its construction was slow and basic comforts were

not forthcoming, which was synonymous with many of the other colony buildings at the time.

Almost immediately, the colony of Perth began to fail as construction and agriculture were unable to

accommodate the needs of the new settlers. Agriculture was impeded by inadequate consideration of

land allotted for food production. Construction was slowed by the lack of skilled tradespersons and

labour as well as the difficultly in working with local materials. Imported building materials imported

that performed well in Britain also soon failed.48 Timbers rotted or were eaten by termites, and British

tools were inadequate for the Australia hardwoods. White attributes this to Stirling’s overly ‘...optimistic

misrepresentation of the climate’49 which was the direct result of the brevity of his initial explorations.

Furthermore and despite regulation, by 1833 the methods employed in obtaining necessary materials,

’...had caused serious injury to the town’s environment...’ and included ‘...felling timber, particularly on

Mt Eliza, and digging clay on the river foreshore.’50 Without adequate understanding of climate and

conditions, material performance was unable to be predicted,51 and the environment was significantly

and negatively impacted.

Restrictions imposed on the colony by the British government further exacerbated conditions. With no

established trade, no employment and all colony purchases and improvements including basic

infrastructure requiring the funding and approval of British Parliament, the colony was forced to

46 White, J. Ibid.'The Urban House during the Nineteenth Century'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 162-179. pp 162-163


48 White, J. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1829-1850'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands,

Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 74-89. p 77

49 Ibid. p 77



148

persevere with sand tracks and few basic comforts.52 Pitt Morison notes that by 1830; ‘It was then firmly

required by the imperial treasury that no new building was to be undertaken if an existing structure

could be rented or converted for any required purpose. This making-do policy lasted for a long time,

with the consequence that public building was on such an exceedingly modest scale that it has for the

most part disappeared.’53 With issues and conflict at every level, the colony struggled to establish and

sustain itself. Life was difficult and far from those aspirations first held by the colonists.

By 1837 valuation records indicate there were 350 houses in Perth, 300 in Fremantle, and 2,311 people

by 1840.54 Despite the difficulties, the colony persevered. Through trial and necessity a local domestic

typology began to emerge which blended British vernacular with the settlers’ own local experience.

‘From these first tough years of settlement, a local approach to building design could be discerned,

responding to climate, the availability of building materials, and a paucity of skilled craftsmen. It was

plain and austere, without decorative flourish, and was using simple repetitive means with an order and

clarity that approximated the late Georgian architecture of Britain.’55

Whether these earlier colonial forms did in fact reflect a predefined style, such as Georgian, is debated.

White claims that the description of many of the earlier, pre 1850 buildings as Georgian is inaccurate,

claiming instead that ‘colonial’ is a more accurate fit. White argues that; ‘Prospective home owners and

builders worked together with a common attitude of mind; simple requirements were most easily met

by traditional means and the forms of the houses that resulted were in the direct line of basic design to

which the label Georgian has so erroneously been given to describe early colonial houses. They did

indeed share a common background with the Georgian houses that were part of British tradition, but

they had few, in most cases none, of the attributes that distinguish Georgian architecture.’56

Unlike other contemporary British colonies, such as India, where indigenous vernacular tools were

acquired to produce an appropriate shelter response,57 few Indigenous cues seem to have been

appropriated in Perth’s early colonial domestic styling. Although there is certainly evidence of

interaction between the colonists and the Swan’s Indigenous inhabitants, it seems to have had limited

influence on food production or the development of an appropriate built domestic form. The Indigenous

domestic response at the time included; ‘Dome-shaped shelters (which) extended across Australia,

serving as both temporary and permanent structures for annual base camps. Well-constructed, grass-

clad dome structures were used as permanent camps at Crawley on the Swan River, Western


53 Ibid. p 19

54 Ibid. p 19

55 London, G. and P. Bingham-Hall (2002). A Short History of Perth Architecture Sydney, NSW, Pesaro Publishing pp 5-6

56 White, J. (1979). 'The Urban House during the Nineteenth Century'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds).

Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 162-179. p 166

57 For example; William Dalrymple describes the incorporation of acquired ancient palatial tykhana (underground cool rooms) in the British Imperial

constructed Fraser Bungalow, Delhi. Dalrymple, W. (1993). City of Djinns, A year in Delhi. New York, The Penguin Group. pp 123-125

149

Australia.’58 Although a limited range of commonly employed Indigenous materials, such as the use of

grass trees for thatch, were replicated in the earlier, cruder colonial forms, there is no remaining

evidence of any significant or permanent application of Indigenous housing methodologies.

Farming and food production were likewise forced under British methods and seed stock, with lakes and

swamps drained for farmland by 1832.59 The colonists came with the concepts of ownership and

permanence, which was in conflict with the Indigenous way of life that had proven to work in the

Australian climate. Despite, as Blackwell claims, there being evidence of Indigenous cultivation, including

the splitting of yams to increase production, seed distribution and spot burns, the colonists persevered

with preconceived ideas of farming and agriculture.60 Beyond the hunting of wildlife, there remains little

evidence of the colonial adoption of proven Indigenous techniques, even when their own methods of

food production proved poorly adapted and far from prosperous.

Symptomatic of the hardships endured by the colony, by 1838 both Stirling and Reveley had resigned

and returned to England.61

Although the colony’s fortune began to improve through the 1840s, particularly with the development

of strong trade links with Mauritius in timber, sandlewood, horse, fish and leather,62 the colony

continued to be deemed inadequately skilled and reliant on British rule. This was plainly evident when,

in 1842, various other Australian colonies made a bid for self-governance. WA was specifically excluded

from the petition, believed unable to fund its own governance, a situation that was further exacerbated

by the 1843 Depression.63 Despite being decreed a single State by the British Monarch in 1849,64 WA

remained reliant on reluctant British funding and development approval.65

1850 Convict labour, Gothic revival and the growth of a colony

By the 1850 census there were only 4,622 people in the Swan River Colony,66 and it continued to suffer

from shortages in labour and skills. The colony’s fortunes were, however, about to change.

During the late 1840s the British government established the Imperial Convict Establishment, a convict

resettlement program responding to ongoing over-crowding in British jails. In a widely criticised and

58Australian Government, <http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/greatdepression/>, Retrieved 30th July 2010.



60 Blackwell, M. (2011). evolution and adaption of Western Australian plants. Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape, University Club,

Crawley, Western Australia.



62 Ibid. p 23

63 Ibid. P 21

64 Ibid. p 23

65 Ibid. p 27

66 Ibid. p 25

150

renounced program, all Australian colonies were pressured to receive convict labour. According to Pitt

Morrison, Perth’s then Governor, Fitzgerald, only accepted placement on the condition that the British

government would approve and pay for any required additional infrastructure and facilities needed to

house the convicts and their Petition Guards. Although the program met wide disfavor among Perth’s

free colonists, Fitzgerald evidently saw a way in which Perth could grow and address some of its labour

shortages. The first ship containing British convicts arrived in 1850,67 WA even taking the additional

receipt of those convicts turned away from both Melbourne and Sydney.68 This was start of the delivery

of more than 10,000 men to the colony.69

By 1851 the resettlement program was beginning to work in the colony’s favour. Both the additional

labour70 and funding had finally enabled the construction of essential infrastructure, including a road

linking Perth to Fremantle in 1852.71 Despite the colony having to continuously justify the relevance of

any new project to the convict establishment and that all new buildings were required to template

approved pattern book forms as well as be frugal in material and decoration,72 under the direction of

Royal Engineer Captain E.Y.W. Henderson,73 the convict labour allowed the colony to develop rapidly

over the next 20 years.74 As convicts were granted leave as free settlers, private industry also began to

expand and the long term benefits of the initial program became even more evident.75 By the time

convict labour imports ceased in 1868,76 9,668 convicts had been sent to WA, of which 3,158 had

remained in the colony, many now as free settlers.77

On the 27th May 1851, Perth’s first building by-laws were introduced,78 tightening the regulation of an,

until then, loosely controlled and haphazardly constructed colony. Responding to increasing concerns

for health and safety and ‘...anxiety about flimsiness of some walling and the combustibility of



(Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 1-73.

pp.25-26


70 Earlier studies suggested that much of this convict labour force was largely unskilled, referencing McK. Campbell, R. (1979). 'Building in Western

Australia 1851-1880'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al., (Eds.). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western

Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 90-104. p 92. Professor J Stephens notes (Thesis comments,

November 2014), Fiona Bush’s recent PhD Thesis “The convicts’ contribution to the built environment of colonial Western Australia Between 1850 -

1880”, Curtin University, 2012, identified that many of the convicts were indeed skilled prior to transportation, having been trained under British

prisoner training schemes. This training continued under the instruction of warders, upon arrival in Western Australia.

71 Pitt Morison, M. Ibid.'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 1-73. pp 29-30

72 McK. Campbell, R. Ibid.'Building in Western Australia 1851-1880'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al., (Eds.): 90-104. p 94


74 Ibid. p 8

75 McK. Campbell, R. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1851-1880'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al., (Eds.).

Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 90-104. p 95




78 Entitled the ‘Ordinance for the further improvement of Towns and the greater security of Life...and Property therein’ McK. Campbell, R.

Ibid.'Building in Western Australia 1851-1880'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al., (Eds.): 90-104. p 90

151

‘blackboy’ tops when used for thatch’,79 the detail in the original regulation proved to be unfeasibly

restrictive. With its introduction resulting in substantially reduced development, by 1852 the by-law was

revised and restrictions loosened.

British architect, Richard Roach Jewell, was appointed as the Superintendent of Works for the colony in

1852. He left a Britain that was in the midst of a distinct stylistic battle between Classical and Gothic

proponents.80 On arrival in Perth, Jewell’s gothic stylistic preferences began to dress various new public

buildings, including Government House in 1863 and the Perth Town Hall. His preference was so strong

that it extended as far as replacing earlier buildings including Perth’s St. Georges Anglican Church and St.

Johns in Fremantle in 1880, despite neither building being more than 40 years old.81

Despite Jewell’s influence, the domestic buildings of this period continued to be simple and utilitarian,

with little ornament. As described by London; ‘These early buildings, plain and utilitarian, were well-

considered in terms of local materials and conditions, using thick stone walls, small openings, window

shades, and verandahs for summer heat. Although pattern-books with standard architectural details

were largely used, the buildings show a confidence and skill in the manipulation of forms, the creation of

major spaces, and the manner of construction.’82 According to Pitt Morison the improvement in skills

and understanding of local materials and improved resources resulted in ‘…greater liberty and wider

variety in style and use of materials.’83

The majority of the houses at this time were constructed predominately of local materials and therefore

varied between locales. Generally, floors were earthen, with either stone-rubble, wattle and daub, or

mud brick walls, and either thatched or shingled roofs.84 Inland construction made use of local bricks

produced from the alluvial local soil. As the colony grew and transport improved, brick production and

use increased and expanded.85 In the coastal areas, limestone ridges were quarried and used

extensively, particularly around Fremantle, Cottesloe, Peppermint Grove and Rottnest.

Pitt Morison86 describes the typical housing of this era;



81 Ibid. p 7

82 Ibid. pp 6-7





Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p viii

86 White’s detailed description of the houses of this era should also be referred. White, J. (1979). 'The Urban House during the Nineteenth Century'.

Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the

Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 162-179. pp 166-167

152

‘Domestic building was still simple in design, with thatch or shingle roof and some

pleasant variety shown in decorative woodwork to verandah fascias and barge boards.

Census figures of 1870 show that of roofing materials used, 66 per cent of houses in the

colony were shingled and 33 per cent thatched, only 1 per cent having slate, tile or iron

roofing. More thatch was used in country districts – 42 per cent as compared with 8.2

percent in the metropolitan area where 90 per cent of buildings had shingled roofs. The

majority of houses throughout were small, 73 per cent having less than four rooms, and

27 per cent 4 to 6 rooms. Fremantle buildings naturally exploited its limestone to

advantage, and Perth, with better bricks, displayed patterned brickwork. This also applied

to country area where bricks could be made.’87

Wanneroo’s Cockman House (the first house used for comparison in this present study), is typical of this

era of construction. Built originally in 1860, it is constructed almost exclusively of local materials

including thick lime-washed, limestone rubble walls, hardwood stumped floors and a she-oak shingle

roof. Simple in plan, it has broad verandahs to the front and rear and operable windows of small pane

glazing. The majority of food and water was produced and bred on the land, supplemented with wild

game as well as with funds from local labour.88

As Perth grew, inland suburbs developed randomly. Land was sold slowly and developers had little

responsibility for clearing let alone for the provision of services, including roads. With little established

infrastructure, land owners needed to be largely self sustaining. Settlers kept their own livestock, used

local timbers for construction as well as for fuel, rubbish was burnt and buried or reused for livestock

feed. The backyard typically included a workshop, livestock, vegetable and fruit crops, a laundry, well

and toilet and everything essential to be self sustaining. In response to the ongoing lack of

infrastructure, residents eventually banded together to lobby the authorities to improve public

services.89

It was Perth’s soil, however, which instigated some of Perth’s first planning codes. Perth’s sandy soils

and high water tables meant wells were generally a reasonable quality water source. This was until they

were co-located alongside everyday waste disposal including both household rubbish and bodily refuse.

With often small lot sizes, and good ground permeability, serious instances of potable water

contamination and disease including dysentery and typhoid began to appear.90 Authorities reacted by

requiring ‘...water extraction to be isolated from sewerage disposal and….began insisting on minimum

87 Pitt Morison, M. Ibid.'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 1-73. pp 47-48



Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. pp 23-24. Referencing; Berry, C. ‘The Evolution of Local Planning ‘, Hedgcock, D. and Yiftachel, O. (eds), Urban and

Regional Planning in Western Australia. Historical and Critical Perspectives, Paradigm Press, Perth, 1992.

90 Ibid. p 23. Referencing; Webb, M. ‘Urban Expansion, Town Improvement and the Beginning of Town Planning in Metropolitan Perth’, Gentilli, J.

(ed), Western Landscapes, University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1979.

153

lot sizes to ensure that adequate separation could be achieved.’ The minimum lot size became the ¼

acre block, or 1,012sqm.91

The establishment of the Perth train station on the site of Lake Kingsford in 1881 signalled the true start

of Perth’s growth and the sprawl that was to typify modern Perth. Developed in direct response to

business interests, it was signalled as an alternative to river transportation. The railway and the access it

afforded opened up tracts of land that were previously only accessible by horse or foot. By improving

accessibility and removing the reliance on the river, developments established and grew along the train

route.

From the outset, gardens were an outward symbol of wealth and prosperity. Although gardens in the

colony were primarily for food production (Mounts Bay Road, for example, was once the site of an

extensive vegetable garden) the wealthier settlers also blended ornamentals with their food productive

crops, creating summer gardens.92 The growth in this trend was aided by the establishment of

reticulated water.

Up until the 1890s the Swan River and underground water was relied upon by the colonists. In 1889 the

Perth Water Supply Company was established and began piping water from Victoria Reservoir on

Mundy’s Brook in the Darling Ranges, filling reservoirs at Mt Eliza. The town had a reticulated, although

poorly managed water supply by 1891. Purchasing the company in 1896, the Metropolitan Water

Board93 expanded supply, supplementing private rain water tank storage94 by the end of the 19th

century. This enabled people to live away from the mosquito infested wetlands,95 and enabled the

expansion of suburbia. With water now more readily available and with the introduction of the hose and

the lawnmower ‘…Australian suburbia seized on their possibilities’.96

With increased prosperity, the sense of pride and hope that had embodied the early days of the colony

became more widely apparent. The front yard and house frontage became almost universally devoted

to aesthetics, and a representation of the prosperity and dreams of their occupants. Front fences were

rarely used, and when they were, were low and permeable. Trees were rarely planted (despite the

91 Ibid. p 23. Referencing; Hedgcock, D. and Hibbs, T., ‘Perth’s Suburban Traditions: From Orthodoxy to Innovation’, Hedgcock, D. and Yiftachel, O.

(eds), Urban and Regional Planning in Western Australia. Historical and Critical Perspectives, Paradigm Press, Perth, 1992.



93 Galvanised rainwater tanks were common sources of domestic water right up until 1918. Pitt Morison, M. (1979). 'Settlement and

Development:The Historical Context'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University

of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 1-73. p 48

94 Ibid. p 48




Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. p 24. Referencing: Baskin J. and Dixon, T., Australia’s Timeless Gardens, National Library of Australia, Canberra,

1996.

154

heat),97 and floral gardens proudly decorated the frontages. The dwellings also displayed this sense of

show; ‘It was on the front elevation of housing that poorly laid brickwork was disguised by tuckpointing.

It was the front verandah that displayed the intricate carpentry required for laddering and spindling.

Front windows and doors used lead-lights as a form of decoration and entrances were corbelled and

coined to embellish their significance.’98 The front became the symbol, the rear the function.

It was not until 1870, and after substantial campaigning by the colony, that the town was finally granted

Representative Government (yet still under British rule). Up until this point Perth was a managed town

under the direction of the British Government, believed to be inadequately developed to manage its

own affairs. All work and infrastructure was required to be authorised, resulting in lengthy delays,

numerous petitions and slow growth. By 1871 Perth, Fremantle and other major centres had also been

granted municipal power. This enabled immediate access to funds for local improvements including

infrastructure and community projects such as town halls.

The extension of the railway network between 1879 and 1881 was one such development, linking Perth

and Fremantle. This improved access and encouraged suburban growth and development.99 The line

was again extended between 1881 and 1885, this time to York, thereby directly linking the country to

the city, encouraging similar growth inland and facilitating industrial development. The ability to

transport larger loads encouraged both national and international export through Fremantle’s port. This

increased trade capacity and developed private enterprise, sparking amongst other things the boom in

the timber industry.100

Despite improvements ‘...between 1877 and 1881 departures exceeded arrivals’,101 and Perth continued

to be represented as an outpost of the British government. It was not until gold was discovered that

Perth’s fortune changed and a path to independence was established.

1890 Gold Rush, immigration and prosperity

By 1890, at the same time as Western Australia finally achieved self-governance, gold had been

discovered. The Gold Rush improved the State’s fortunes considerably and finally enabled its long

sought independence. Financial independence allowed the establishment of the Perth Royal Mint

between 1894-1898. This enabled WA to produce its own legal tender for the first time.102 With Western

Australian born John Forrest becoming WA’s first Premier, the colony now radiated a sense of pride

previously only suggested by the homes and gardens of the colonists. With a desire to push the colony

97 Ibid. pp 23-25

98 Ibid. p 24

99 Ibid. p 21 Referencing; Selwood, J. ‘Public Transport and Urban Growth’, Gentilli, J. (ed), Western Landscapes, University of Western Australia

Press, Perth, 1979.



101 Ibid. p 39

102 Legal tender was previously produced in London. Ibid. p 52

155

into modernity, major public works and agricultural programs were undertaken, making use of the

fortunes and wealth from mining. This prosperity encouraged major development right up until the

1900s as ‘...ports, roads, bridges and water-supply provision were all built in a huge expansion of public

infrastructure that was to have a major impact on lives and lifestyles in the region.’103

At a time when the economies of many of the other British colonies were struggling, Perth’s newly

realised prosperity and wealth encouraged an influx of migrants from Australia’s East as well as Britain.

Perth very quickly became a mix of first generation Western Australians, English professionals and

Eastern States fortune seekers. The population of Perth increased from 16,000 in 1891 to 61,000 by

1901,104 with WA’s population growing to almost 300,000 by 1910.105 Out of a mix of good fortune and

perseverance, Perth had finally become the prosperous utopia it had first set out to become some 60

years earlier.

In order to service the influx, Public Works projects proliferated and the face of Perth rapidly altered.

Partly out of necessity, and partly as an outward display of realised prosperity, a major period of growth

began in Public Works. With the sudden influx of people seeking fortune, both infrastructure and

housing again struggled with the demands of the young settlement. Squatter colonies began to appear

in areas including East Fremantle and Subiaco, and disease once again spread through inadequate

supply and control of clean water and sanitation.106 Between 1894 and 1898, major improvement

programs were initiated, including the rebuild and redevelopment of areas such as Fremantle’s Harbour

in the 1900s. Using Victorian Pattern Books, Fremantle was rapidly transformed into a Neoclassically

styled town of shipping offices, warehouses and pubs.107 With the influx of architects from Australia’s

East as well as London, the greater Perth area too was transformed and largely rebuilt on the back of

new ideas and expressing a greater level of sophistication108 than had been possible previously.

Hand in hand with Perth’s improved fortunes, several significant players became involved in the

renewed development of Perth. These included the Melbourne architects John Granger and Hillson

Beasley,109 British, George Temple Poole, and Irish C.Y. O’Connor. Premier Forrest and C.Y. O’Connor

‘...shared a firm belief in the capacity of modern technology and engineering to bring about progress

and social improvement. It was O’Connor who opened up the bar at the mouth of the Swan and


Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. p 19. Referencing: Le Page, J.S.H., Building a State: The Story of the Public Works Department of Western Australia

1829-1985, Water Authority of Western Australia, Perth, 1986.

104 Ibid. p 19. Referencing: McCarty, J.W., ‘Australian Capital Cities in the Nineteenth Century’, Schedvin, C.B. and McCarty, J.W. (eds), Urbanization in

Australia: The Nineteenth Century, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1970.



Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. p 19. Referencing: Webb, M., ‘Urban Expansion, Town Improvement and the Beginning of Town Planning in

Metropolitan Perth’, Gentilli, J. (ed), Western Landscapes, University of Western Australia Press, Perth 1979.





156

designed Fremantle Harbour, and laid the world’. Poole ‘...brought with him from England knowledge of

contemporary movements in architecture and was confident in making stylistic shifts.’ This included the

introduction of Queen Ann styling,110 now commonly identified in the domestic form as the Federation

style and synonymous with the Perth domestic form of this time.

Despite Perth‘s launch into Edwardian prosperity, little value seems to have been placed on the

experience of its first British colonists. This is evidenced by local professionals, such as architects, being

overlooked for major public commissions.111 ‘Perth, for a while, was suddenly at the forefront of

Australian development and the scores of experienced architects who arrived in the 1890s brought with

them knowledge of technical innovations which had no place in the years preceding, as well as an

awareness of significant overseas developments in architecture and building through the architectural

press and their own breadth of background.’112 Why local experience was so overlooked is beyond the

scope of this paper, however, local opinions surrounding the 1901 Federation referendum are telling of

the sentiment of the original colonists.

Western Australia became part of the Australian Federation in 1901. Although agreed by Referendum, it

was reportedly an unpopular decision with many of the pre-boom residents. Reports in fact suggested

that it was largely the recent Eastern State arrivals that had swayed the vote.113 This meant that much of

the wealth and good fortune, from which the Swan Colony had for so long been denied, was now

available to all, including those who had in part been responsible for their colony’s earlier hardships.

Symptomatic of Perth’s improved fortune and newly awarded self-governance, organisations were

established for the benefit and support of the broader community. This included the establishment of

the Workers’ Homes Board between 1911-1916, which produced homes for low wage earners.114 The

Board continues today as the Department of Housing.115

Further symbolic of its recent growth and the new prosperity of its inhabitants, the first automobile

arrived in Western Australia in 1903, followed soon after in 1905 by the imposition of a 10mph speed

limit by the Perth City Council.116 In such a young city, the introduction of this new mode of transport

and the infrastructure that would become associated with it, altered the development of Perth

dramatically. Because of its delayed growth, Perth effectively grew up with the motor car, the impacts of

which are still evident today.

110 Ibid. p 10

111 White, J. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1881-1939'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands,


112 Ibid. p 110




115 Government of Western Australia - Department of Housing Our History, <http://www.dhw.wa.gov.au/aboutus/our_history/Pages/default.aspx>,

Retrieved 3rd March 2013.

116 Western Australia Now and Then, <http://www.wanowandthen.com/perth.html >, Retrieved 2nd September 2010.

157

On the domestic scale, the Gold Rush enabled the ‘...spread of suburban development, with the single

detached cottage holding sway over the terrace housing typical of earlier developments in Sydney and

Melbourne’117 and included a spate of grand houses.118 This is not entirely surprising given that, up to

this point, Perth had been a ‘...scattered, dispersed and predominately rural settlement...’119 There was

still plenty of space and both affluence and hope was engendered in housing construction.120 With

influence from the East, increased population and wealth, the quality and availability of locally produced

and imported materials and labour increased, albeit slowly.121 Buildings, including domestic dwellings,

improved markedly in service, build quality, size and decoration.

With affluence and improvements in infrastructure and amenity,122 Perth was finally in a position to

indulge in recreation and more cultural pursuits. This became evident in the representation and

manipulation of the natural world in both public and private gardens. This representation seemed to

express a marked blend of nostalgia and almost proud acceptance and ownership of their landscape and

history.

There was a trend in Europe around this time to collect and display specimen plants. Molyneux

describes Europe in the 1800s as ‘...an age of plant collecting. During the 1890s the horticulture of exotic

species and the admiration of species specimens prevailed over an understanding of comprehensive

landscape design.’123 This trend is clearly visible in several of the major public gardens established in

Perth at this time, including the 1844 Stirling Gardens which was specifically created ‘...for the

cultivation and acclimatisation of introduced species and for public pleasure.’124 After years of

decimation to produce lime and timber, parts of Mt Eliza were also put aside for public recreation in

1871, expanding to create Kings Park by 1896.125 In 1887 the Government House Garden itself reflected


118 Ibid. p 12



120 ‘The census of 1901 gives some interesting figures relating to housing at the beginning of the century. Of a total of 50475 dwellings in the state, 37

per cent were of the gold –rush, ‘canvas town’ type – not necessarily tents, but rather consisting of a wooden frame covered with hessian and

possibly having several rooms; 24 per cent were of timber; 16 per cent were of brick; and 8 per cent were of stone. If the canvas-town element

(18628) is omitted from the total as being of a temporary nature, brick (26 per cent), stone (12 per cent) and timber (39 per cent) form 77 per cent of

the houses, with iron, wattle-and-daub, adobe, etc., 23 per cent. About 43 per cent of the dwellings had less than three rooms, 49 per cent had from

three to six rooms and 8 per cent had seven rooms and over. Again, omitting the one-room huts as being of a temporary nature, 21 per cent had two

rooms, 48 per cent had three or four rooms, 20 per cent had five or six rooms and 11 per cent had seven and over, so it is clear that at this date the

majority of dwellings were still very small.’ Pitt Morison, M. (1979). 'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context'. Western Towns and

Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of

the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 1-73. pp 58-59

121 Ibid. p 58

122 Including the piping of water to Kalgoorlie in 1903; Morgan, R. (2011). exploring Western Australian responses to climate (reflected in gardens).

'Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape', University Club, Crawley, Western Australia.


Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p x

124 Ibid. p ix



158

a 19th Century English Romantic landscape of introduced species. This was followed by the opening of

the South Perth Zoological Gardens in 1898.126 Whether this trend in gardens was encouraged by the

nostalgic sentiment of the recently arrived settlers, or was a representation of a life, long left behind by

Perth’s original colonists, English nostalgia was embraced within Perth’s private and public gardens.

Many of these gardens did, however, mix exotic styling against a native landscape. Kings Park (1895) and

John Forrest Park (1900) both deliberately displayed this juxtaposition. At Jane Brook in the Perth hills,

artificial gardens and pools were created against a native backdrop, and were enjoyed by tourists who

deliberately travelled through the landscape on a purpose built railway line.127 There seemed finally to

be some blossoming of acceptance and warmth shown toward a landscape once battled against wearily;

‘The reservations of native bushland at Kings Park and John Forrest National park are therefore all the

more remarkable as indications that the Australians of European descent (notably surveyor-explorers)

had at last acclimatised themselves to their native landscape.’ Despite this; ‘The artificially planted areas

of intensive use are, however, typical of the attitude to gardens in the late Victorian and Edwardian

periods.’128 Although nostalgia was strong and effectively demarcated comfort zones for recreation, the

native landscape was tentatively welcomed from afar.

Perth had finally come of age and a hard earned nationalistic sentiment, self-confidence and pride was

evident in her settlers.

1914 – 1918 and World War I

The First World War (known as the Great War) occurred between 1914 and 1918. The prioritisation of

resources for the war effort created shortages in steel, building products and labour, delaying the

growth of most industries globally up until at least the 1920s. Despite this, there remained an element

of confidence and hope in Australia and particularly in Perth. The Great War could even be seen as

having initiated the process of opening Perth to ideas beyond Britain.

This period also saw two other significant events which were to shape Perth’s response to local climate,

both occurring in 1915.

Firstly, a major competition was announced for the master planning of the new University of Western

Australia’s campus at Crawley. This competition brief specifically required consideration of

Mediterranean style planning to address Perth’s climate129 and intellectually highlighted, perhaps for

the first time, what an appropriate climatic response meant for Perth.130

126 Molyneux notes that in 1898 the following animals were released into the Perth wilds after acclimatisation at the Perth Zoo; the kookaburra,

turtledove, red deer and Indian antelope. Molyneux, I. (1981). Looking around Perth: A guide to the architecture of Perth and surrounding towns East

Fremantle, Western Australia Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p x

127 Ibid. p x

128 Ibid. p x

129 The competition brief was ‘substantially prepared’ by Sydney Professor Leslie Wilkinson. According to White; ‘The competition brief asked for ‘an

ideal type of building for a University group to be erected by a British community in a climate and setting which may perhaps be best described as

159

In the same year, Perth was introduced to the Garden City Movement by the Town Clerk, William Bold,

having toured the world to research those international developments in town planning principles

suitable for a rapidly developing Perth. The Garden City Movement placed particular importance on the

benefits of parks and gardens131 and was to form the State’s future Town Planning Act.

Both of these projects were indicative of a developing global vision for Perth and one that was beginning

to understand the climate in which it was forming.

1920-1929 The Garden City

Perth experienced a construction boom after the War, fuelled by the need to house its returned service-

men as well as to accommodate an extensive immigration program from the UK. This post-war push to

build and populate empire land supplemented WA’s population with 43,700 assisted migrants, primarily

to agricultural areas.132 The volume of housing and infrastructure required by both programs was to

encourage the development and growth of not only Perth, but also its local industries.133

Sparked in part by the technological developments

that war encourages, Perth’s amenity also began to

change markedly. Technologies like steel window

frames began to replace timber and reinforced

concrete frames appeared in office building

construction.134 Suburbs expanded rapidly, facilitated

by increased car ownership and improvements in

public transport infrastructure. This allowed the

workers and war service housing schemes to open up

cheaper outlying land, expanding Perth’s suburbia.135

A photo taken of Maylands in the 1920s (Refer Image AA.1) is suggestive of Perth’s rapid development,

showing densely packed brick houses on small lots, with tin roofs, wind mills, brick outdoor toilets,

wood fired chimneys and the occasional weatherboard sleep-out. With electric lights replacing gas from

1923,136 the image also shows over-head power lines. After the 1920s, with the development of

“Mediterranean”.’ (Quote unreferenced by White), White, J. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1881-1939'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt

Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th

Anniversary Celebrations 105-133. p 129

130 UWA’s new Crawley campus (having been previously located in the City) was won by Melbourne firm Alsop and Sayce. Reference London, G. and

P. Bingham-Hall (2002). A Short History of Perth Architecture Sydney, NSW, Pesaro Publishing pp 14-15



132 Ibid. p 66

133 Ibid. p 68

134 Ibid. p 69

135 Ibid. p 68

136 Western Australia Now and Then, <http://www.wanowandthen.com/perth.html >, Retrieved 2nd September 2010.

Image AA.1: Maylands c.1920

160

Mundaring Weir, fresh, clean water also became more readily available, enabling increased ‘garden

making’.137 Adding, finally, increasing car ownership from the 1920s onwards,138 the face of Perth

changed rapidly.

The War also facilitated greater international exposure, which was to significantly influence the still

young city with a developing identity. This included exposure to the glamour of America and Hollywood.

American styled ‘milk bars’ began to appear, as did new Art Deco styled ‘talkie’ theatres like the

Capitol.139

Stemming from Bold’s 1915 world tour, elements of the Garden City Movement also finally began to

appear in Perth’s Town Planning, ideas which had previously been stifled by the arrival of War. With

suburbia growing rapidly, by 1925 plans for new housing developments including Floreat, City Beach and

Bicton began to take on a more curvilinear Garden City inspired form.

By 1928, the Town Planning Act was enacted making use of Garden City Movement principles. Its

policies included important provisions for public parks and gardens as well as for health and amenity.

According to Weller; ‘While so much of the early settlement took on the bush as a natural frontier to be

conquered, the emergent city parks at least paid homage to the role of nature as an antidote to the

overcrowded slum housing that had begun to dominate the city....It was this tradition that was

ultimately to infuse the suburbs with a sense of landscape, if not a sense of place.’140 Despite this, there

remained an overriding desire for order, uniformity and permanence in the home landscape, of which

the front yard was particularly representative.141 Neatly ordered and open front gardens of rose-beds

and lawns were popular,142 countering the value placed on the natural landscape beyond people’s own

fence line.

In respect to infrastructure, Town Planning Legislation WA (the Town Planning Board) now regulated

new land subdivisions.143 This meant it now became the developer’s obligation to ensure that not only



138 ‘R. Strelitz formed the Automobile Club of W.A. in 1905 and the club affiliated with the Royal Automobile Club of London in 1913. In 1922 it

became the Royal Automobile Club of W.A. (Inc.) and there were 660 members. In 1924 the club purchased premises on Adelaide Terrace and

occupied the site until it was moved to Wellington Street sometime after 2001. By 1929 there were 38,119 motor vehicles in W.A. with 49,000 miles

of road to drive on. The first traffic lights appeared at West Perth subway in December 1953’.....’The first parking meters appeared in 1957.’....’The

first multi level car park in Perth was Canterbury Court which was constructed in 1959. It was never popular and was finally demolished in 1992.‘

Western Australia Now and Then, <http://www.wanowandthen.com/perth.html >, Retrieved 2nd September 2010.





141 Ibid. p 21




Australia, UWA Publishing: 15-43. p 25. Referencing: Hedgcock, D. and Hibbs, T., ‘Perth’s Suburban Traditions: From Orthodoxy to Innovation’,

161

were new land releases connected to mains water, sewerage, gas, electricity and roads, but that a

certain volume of parks was also provided.144 Forced amenity naturally increased lot values, which in

turn drove down lot sizes. This was facilitated by changes to regulations previously imposed to manage

infiltrated potable ground water. With the availability and legislation of scheme water, and to a lesser

extent scheme sewerage, there was no longer the need for a minimum lot size.

Although the Federation style was still popular by this time, as is evidenced by the 1920s West

Leederville house included in this study, international ideas also began to influence housing styles by the

late 1920s. This is exemplified by the American Californian Bungalow styling of the Burswood house,

circa 1925 (also included in this study), ‘...with its layers of wide gables…’145 However, despite stylistic

variations, construction techniques in domestic typologies remained similar to previous decades, with

raised timber floors, limestone foundations, clay cavity brick, either in tin sheet or clay roof tiles, wide

verandahs and asbestos clad sleep outs.

By the end of the 1920s, improved affluence, well established skill, generational experience and a

strengthening Perth identity, had begun not only to embrace, but temper Perth’s climate, establishing

wide comfortable verandahs, larger, opening windows, alternate night cooled sleep-out areas and

ventilated floors and roofs. However, despite Perth’s optimism, global unemployment leading up to

1929 triggered The Great Depression, which was to significantly impact Perth’s domestic type. Local

unemployment rates skyrocketed and residential construction almost ground to a halt.

1929-1939 The Great Depression

In 1929 the New York Wall Street Stock Exchange crashed, triggering The Great Depression and taking

with it the whole industrialised world. By the late 20s WA had become reliant on the export of wool and

wheat. Therefore, when world commodities crashed, Perth was significantly impacted.146 As Australia

was already experiencing 10% unemployment, the crash resulted in soaring needs for government

welfare. By 1930 national unemployment had reached 21% and by 1932, 32%.147 As a result, all new

construction virtually ceased148 and many lost their homes and livelihoods.

Despite the significant impact the crash had on Perth, the full force was tempered by the value of gold.

Falling commodities were countered by rising gold prices, as investment shifted into more solid

Hedgcock, D. and Yiftachel, O. (Eds.), Urban and Regional Planning in Western Australia. Historical and Critical Perspectives, Paradigm Press, Perth,

1992.

144 Ibid. p 25




147 Australian Government, <http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/greatdepression/>, Retrieved 30th July 2010.


162

resources. This encouraged the reopening of new as well as previously unfeasible gold mines in rural WA

and the rejuvenation of several small rural towns including Wiluna.149

Despite depressed construction (and perhaps even because of it) it was during the 1930s that various

intellectuals and designers began talking more directly and openly about climatically appropriate built

responses for the Perth region. The ongoing development of the UWA campus continued to inspire

discussions. The design for the 1931 Hackett Hall building proved particularly influential, having been

described ‘...variously to be Renaissance and southern Italian, (and) became a powerful point of

reference for those who believed that an appropriate local architecture would grow from a direct

response to climate.’150

The work of prominent local architect Marshall Clifton was representative of this investigation into an

appropriate climatic response for the Perth domestic form and the use of Mediterranean form as a cue.

His own 1937 house typifies. According to London; ‘Marshall Clifton’s own house embodied his

architectural philosophy at the time. He believed that, for Perth, the “time proven styles of Spain,

southern Italy and of Provence would seem much more suitable than any based on English or northern

European examples.” This Spanish style villa makes use of courtyards, loggias and planting as modifiers

of the hot climate, and as settings for an outdoor way of life.’151

Despite this apparent intellectual interest in climate responsive design, the common house of this time

remained one of economy and was often supplied by the public housing programs. Responding to the

impacts of The Depression, the Workers’ Homes Board was active during the 1930s,152 and provided

public housing programs such as the Herdsman Lake infill and development. Established in the early

1920s, the Herdsman Lake development was intended to be a part of the government’s investment in

agriculture and the resettlement of returning soldiers. By the 1930s however, the project was

substantially impacted by The Depression and was eventually absorbed into the social housing milieu.153

In the end, the Herdsman Lake development sought to create low cost house and land packages on

producing farm lots within the vicinity of the city.154 After a series of failed starts, the lake was largely

filled and the first of the recast land releases occurred in November 1930 with 19 house and land




151 Ibid. p 75

152 In 1947 the Workers’ Homes Board became the State Housing Commission, then Homeswest in 1985, Ministry of Housing in 1999, Department of

Housing and Works in 2001 and finally the Department of Housing in 2009. ‘Our History’ Government of Western Australia - Department of Housing

Our History, <http://www.dhw.wa.gov.au/aboutus/our_history/Pages/default.aspx>, Retrieved 3rd March 2013.


Planning and Urban Development, Perth. p 18

154 The project was criticised in the 30s as being largely unaffordable for an unemployed individual, pertinent given the extremely low employment

conditions at that time. The cost was, however a factor of the great expense the government had already incurred in the project’s development.

Having also been impacted by The Depression, there was pressure on the government to recoup on its investment. Ibid. p 30

163

packages offered. By March 1931, a second 19 were also released, of which the Herdsman Cottage

documented in this project was one. A third planned release never occurred.155 Having developed and

evolved numerous templates for the purpose of affordable social housing, the Workers’ Homes Board

provided the Herdsman Lake settlers with identical ‘Type 7’ cottages. At the time, these basic four

roomed weatherboard and asbestos roofed cottages were considered to provide the most basic

accepted level of accommodation for a family.156 Despite the intent, the project ultimately failed due to

poor soil quality and the ongoing impacts of The Depression. Over the coming years, the lake was largely

returned to nature reserve, with the vast majority of the homes razed. The Herdsman’s Lake, ‘Type 7’

Cottage, is the sole surviving cottage from this development and according to its Conservation Report it;

‘...is a benchmark, an example of the minimum level of home comfort considered acceptable and

experienced by many Western Australians throughout the inter-war years.’157

At the same time as the failed Herdsman scheme, there was a similar push by the Board to provide low

cost timber framed housing through Metropolitan Perth. This was, however, limited by local by-laws,

responding to public concern that the lower cost weatherboard cottages would create slums. The Board

consistently refuted these claims, but was interestingly quoted as saying in their 1936 Annual Report

that; ‘It has to be admitted that a wooden house, unless it is carefully preserved and surrounded by a

garden, tends to degenerate into a slum type, but this is a condition which can be prevented by the

householder who taken (sic) on reasonable pride in his home.’158 It could be said that attitudes to timber

framed housing in Perth have largely remained unchanged to this day, even despite the lack of weather-

board exclusive slums in Perth. Whether this sentiment is derived from the historical use of timber

framed housing as interim housing, or some other reason, remains a separate investigation.159

There are two houses from this era included in this study, both originating around the 1930s. Both the

previously mentioned Herdsman Cottage and its contemporary in Bassendean provided rudimentary

shelter, whilst maintaining the stylistic cues of the earlier more prosperous styles. Both are simplified in

plan and of light-weight construction. They both utilised the most cost effective materials available at

the time, including asbestos sheet, its dangers yet to be officially acknowledged. Despite their economy,

the verandah still featured as an integral design feature, with the rear verandah often lined to create

additional space when future funds permitted.

In discussions on later periods of Perth’s development, Molyneux claims that Perth’s intellectual

eagerness to embrace international ideas proved influential on later types. It was, however, a more

155 Ibid. pp 28-30

156 Ibid. pp 48-50

157 Ibid. p 54

158 italics theirs. Ibid. p 54 Referencing Workers’ Homes Board Annual Report 1936, Homeswest

159 White also makes note of this tendency in the late 70s. ‘Despite arguments by advocates of timber houses that they were equal in quality to

brick, the prejudice against them continued through the thirties, forties and fifties and still remains officially sanctioned in many parts of the

metropolitan area.’ White, J. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1881-1939'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al.

(Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 105-133.

pp 127-128

164

tentative investigation and one that was yet to fully embrace the machine functionalism and rationalism

of the Modern Movement.160 Molyneux goes further to state that; ‘It might reasonably have been

expected that in the growing nationalism following the close of the Great War in 1918 the example of

European cubism would be seized upon as a sculpturally appropriate response to Australian sunlight,

regardless of its derivation from other motivations. Some such response seems to have been made

between the wars by developments which, typically Western Australian in the romanticism, included

the Spanish Mission style and similar southern European influences.’161 White also suggests that; ‘By

1930 the work of a few Perth architects was beginning to show signs that they were familiar with

progressive overseas developments although none went so far as to embrace openly the ‘international’

modern style with its complete renunciation of eclecticism and classically derived form.’162

By 1934 the economy began to recover,163 only to be again impacted by War.

1939-1955 and World War II

September 1939 signalled the start of World War II. Until several years after it ended in 1945, there

remained very little industrial development. Despite a drastic need for additional housing, (with the

community still impacted by the 1930s housing shortages), building materials and tradesmen remained

in short supply.164 What little housing construction that did occur was predominately the government

provided war service homes and were produced along strict guidelines to ensure spatial and fiscal

economy.165 With typical new lot sizes down to 800m2,166 this frugality was very much reflected in the

sparsely decorated and utilitarian forms of these houses.

However, just as had World War I, the second World War broadened international relations and

produced technological advancements that eventually made their way back into the economy. This was

further encouraged by the national launch of an extensive new immigration campaign,167 on the

grounds of boosting both labour and defence capacity. Having been launched on the back of the White

Australia Policy (which was not removed in entirety until 1973) the migrants were European of origin

and predominately those who had been displaced by the War.168 These new immigrants brought with

them further international experience, which likewise made its way into the developing local economy.

160 ‘Nevertheless, despite such early portents of functionalism and the machine-aesthetic, it was generally not until the 1950s that the philosophical,

rational and analytical basis of the Modern Movement became widely understood.’ Molyneux, I. Ibid.'Building in Western Australia 1940-1979'. M.

Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds): 134-161. p 135

161 Ibid. pp 134-135


163 Pitt Morison, M. Ibid.'Settlement and Development:The Historical Context': 1-73. p 70

164 Many tradesmen had been part of the war effort and either had not returned or were rendered incapable of work.

165 Richards, D. (1997). 'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...'. Modern houses : architect-designed houses in Western Australia from 1950 to 1960 - An

exhibition held at the Cullity Gallery from 1-20 Sept. 1997. G. London and D. Richards, (Eds). Nedlands, W.A., School of Architecture and Fine Arts.

p13



167 extending into the 1960s

168 Wikipedia Immigration history of Australia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia>, Retrieved 30th July 2012.

165

New materials and construction techniques became available, and with the development of affordable

heavy machinery, swampy lands and dune-scapes were now feasible sites for development. Instances of

clear felling and site levelling increased and stretches of land previously unconsidered were now

accessible, and included City Beach, Coolbinia, Floreat Park, Mosman Park and Mt Claremont. This

change in development technique would eventually alter construction methodologies used in standard

housing, such that by the 70s and 80s landscapes was obliterated to suit houses that no longer needed

to raised to achieve level.169

The 1955 Stephenson-Hepburn Plan for the Metropolitan Region170 was introduced and was to influence

all future plans, epitomising the forward thinking of the era. However, as described by Gregory, the

embrace of the automobile was to eclipse these town planning considerations. ‘New suburban rail lines

were also proposed in the plan, but the emerging passion for the car, the growing influence of American

traffic engineers, and the dominance of the roads lobby in Western Australia, meant the expansion of

the rail network was rejected until the late eighties...But it was only in the late seventies that some of

these problematic legacies of modernity became apparent.’171 With exploding vehicle numbers, traffic

pressures both in parking and congestions resulted in several significant infrastructure projects, all of

which are still in use and continue to expand today. These included the 1955 Causeway and the 1959

Narrows Bridge works.172 The popularity of the automobile also became clearly evident in the domestic

form, despite all economic set-backs.

This study includes two very distinct houses from this period, although the post war frugality is evident

in both. The Wembley example from the 1950s is representative of a middle class family home,

evidenced by the extent of facilities provided, including living, dining and kitchen spaces as well as two

bedrooms, a linen cupboard and an internally accessed bathroom. The ceilings are however lower than

pre-war styles and the overall form is a much more frugal, pared back adaption of the pre-war typology.

Although brick and tile, render has now been used, suggestive of not only technological development,

but perhaps a lower quality brick or lack of available trade. The second, Bayswater house, likewise

makes use of new technology with rendered concrete block, concrete roof tiles and precast concrete

columns. Although more decorative in its Italianate suggestion than the Wembley home, beyond the

porch its frugality becomes apparent. Floor area has been kept to a minimum, a fact that its frontage

seems to conceal. Interestingly, the ubiquitous verandah has been lost in each, reduced to a formal

entry porch, yet the enclosed carport now takes pride of place on the building’s frontage, symptomatic

of the value placed in the automobile. Both houses display a restrained hope and optimism, and almost

an element of ‘keeping up appearances’. Yet, there is little evidence of any embrace of an appropriate



170 Becoming the Metropolitan Region Scheme in 1963

171 Gregory, J. (2003). City of Light: a history of Perth since the fifties. Perth City of Perth. p 330

172 Hocking, I. (1979). 'Growth and Change in Central Perth'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison, J. White and et.al. Nedlands, Western

Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 266-288. p 281

166

climatic styling that appeared in the intellectual discussion of the 1930s. Function and frugality have

instead prevailed.

1946 Perth Technical College

One of the more significant intellectual developments that occurred during this period was the shift

from a system of architectural internship to the establishment of the Perth Technical College in 1946.

Although there would remain strong family links to the profession, the introduction of this school

opened the architectural profession to a greater range and number of students. It also provided a

formal environment for training as well as student interaction, debate and investigation. The climate of

post War hope and optimism in which the school was established was readily absorbed by the students

and training staff and was, in fact, to encourage a particular architectural agenda.173

The college was first run by W.H. (Bill) Robertson. Robertson was a Melbourne trained architect who

had worked in London (Aston, Webb and Son) and Canada, as well as in Perth for the preceding ten

years. It was this breadth of experience and the connections made (including with the Sydney arm of

British MARS [Modern Architectural Research Group]),174 which steered the direction of the school.

London notes that; ‘This connection clearly had an influence on the form of architectural education to

be offered at the Perth Technical College and the ensuing destination of many of its graduates who had

been encouraged by Robertson, as part of the grand architectural tour, to seek work experience

overseas.’175 At the time, the pre- and post-war work of the British Modernists was considered to be

‘...one of the lodestones of modern architecture.’176 Not surprisingly, a British Modernist empirical

approach, as well as the promotion of British travel and experience, formed strongly in the

curriculum,177 and was to further broaden Perth’s exposure and knowledge of international design and

trends.178

173 London, G. (1997). 'Modern Houses - Architect Designed Houses in Western Australia from 1950-1965'. Modern houses : architect-designed

houses in Western Australia from 1950 to 1960 - An exhibition held at the Cullity Gallery from 1-20 Sept. 1997. G. London and D. Richards, (Eds).

Nedlands, W.A., School of Architecture and Fine Arts. p 8

174 - being an extension of the British MARS Group. The British MARS group was the English branch of CIAM (Congrès International d'Architecture

Moderne) and was affiliated with the International movement. Some considered MARS ideology to be insufficiently radical, so other groups formed

including ATO – Architects’ and Technicians’ Organisation. Other student organisations also formed, critical of the lack of social and political

engagement of MARS’s works, condemning it as stylism (notably the Burlington Exhibition of 1938) refer Ibid. p 5

175 Ibid. p 3

176 Ibid. p 4


178 Refer Molyneux, I. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1940-1979'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds).

Nedlands, Western Australia University of Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 134-161.

Molyneux also identifies a ‘duality’ in Western Australian architecture, between the Modernist machine aesthetic and a more ‘romantic’ response.

Molyneux claims that; ‘Out of the romantic, humanistic traditions, of which there are many fine precedents in Western Australia, have come what

are probably the most significant contributions to the evolution of an architecture appropriate to this continent.’ Molyneux, I. (1979). 'Building in

Western Australia 1940-1979'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands, Western Australia University of

Western Australia Press for the Education Comittee of the 150th Anniversary Celebrations 134-161. p 137. He goes further (pp 137-142) to describe

this ‘romantic’ response and its reflection on Western Australian climate, and how it was to ‘...contribute to the creation of an indigenous

architecture...’ ibid p 141.

167

Many of the proponents of the International Style, considered the work of the 1930s English Modernists

to be their benchmark. With political unrest in Germany, Russia and Italy, the UK was the main active

Modern architectural community at the time.179 It was, however, broadly criticised within Britain. The

established English architectural conventions called instead for a return to English tradition and the

English proponents of Fascism spoke against the migrant proponents of the movement, many of whom

had escaped the War. Furthermore, despite being criticised for its avant-garde approach, others

simultaneously criticised it for being insufficiently radical.180

British Modernism did, for a brief period, become more popular in Britain immediately after the War, as

Britain rebuilt both emotionally and physically. The Festival of Britain highlighted British Modernism as

‘...emblematic of a resurrected Britain’.181 The movement was applauded for its ‘...modern forms

without the polemic associated with the earlier, more avant-garde affiliations.’182 Despite a degree of

professional criticism remaining, as well as claims it lacked architectural maturity,183 by 1951 it had

become the contemporary British style. The social euphoria reflected in British Modernism was,

however, short-lived, with the return of conservative government after 1951 signalling a return to

conservative representative architecture.184

Robertson not only promoted and encouraged a Modernist architectural response and the importance

of Britain as an historical origin of Perth’s styling, he also promoted its appropriateness to the Perth

climate. This was despite many aspects of the International Style being widely criticised for its inability

to recognise time or place. London quotes Robertson; ‘I sometimes think that Australian Architecture

lacks because there has been no continuity of development from the handsome Georgian work our

ancestors brought here with them. In the main it was well adapted to their needs and to the climate of

this country.’185 Regardless of arguments about how closely early styles replicated Georgian, or to what

degree the early colonists’ response was driven by adaption to climate, it is clear from this statement

that a Perth climatic response was back on the intellectual agenda.

Despite the frugality in evidence in the early 50s domestic construction, with no real organised housing

industry186 or housing developers of the likes of today, architects of the 1950s and early 60s were

respected as being at the forefront of the development of the domestic built form. Under this




180 Ibid. p 5

181 Ibid. p 6

182 Ibid. p 7

183 Ibid. p 6

184 Ibid. p 7

185 Ibid. pp 3-4, quoting Robertson in The Architect, March 1953, Vol. 3 No. 31, p. 11.

186 It was, however, the start. WT Chamberlain was a small time developer on the scale of 1 or 2 houses at a time, and R.M. Neal and Allan, home

designers who had put out a ‘Practical homes’ guide. Richards, D. Ibid.'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...'. p 17

168

architectural influence and investigation; ‘The modern housing became technically inventive, responsive

to the climate and the site, economy-based, and construction-oriented.’187

By the 1950s the first graduates emerged from the Perth Technical College, followed shortly after by the

establishment of their first practices. Working in the shifting and increasingly optimistic and inspired

climate of the late 50s, the work they produced became ‘...a robust local version of Modernist forms...’

and they became ‘...exponents of a distinctive architecture of solid forms, powerfully sculpted in Perth’s

relentless sunlight.’188 Their work was contemporary and explored Perth as a place, forming the basis of

what was to herald a shift in the development of the Perth domestic form.

The Architect

The local industry representative journal, The Architect reinforced Perth’s Modernist tendencies and

was suggestive of how the city saw itself. The journal printed several dissertations from Modernist

pioneers during this period and into the early 60s. According to Molyneux, through its content what is

‘...discernable is a conviction that a scientifically based architecture was essential to the provision of an

acceptable standard of living for all. There was evident belief in the necessity for the architectural

profession to rebuild the world, then still showing heavy damage from the war.’189 Although attitudes

expressed between 1950 and 1965 portrayed Perth as part of the International Modernist stage, Perth

had set itself apart from any national involvement. According to research by London, the journal

provided evidence that ‘...Western Australia maintained its architectural isolation from the rest of

Australia by declining to engage in the national debates and by forging strong international links.’190

London goes further to argue that; ‘If The Architect was their only journal of reference during the period

of 1950 to 1965, Perth architects would have been substantially better informed about architectural

events overseas, especially in England, than in other parts of Australia. Overwhelmingly the emphasis is

on England. The linkage between Perth and London was considered both inevitable and natural.’191 The

journal’s position reinforced the published views held by Robertson and the College, of what an

architects’ role should be in an expanding world of hope and optimism. It also expressed attitudes that

could be seen to reflect Perth’s unique and hard fought development within a rapidly globalising world.

Perth remained strongly independent from the rest of Australia, but was still eager to be part of the

global economy of ideas.

187 London, G. Ibid.'Modern Houses - Architect Designed Houses in Western Australia from 1950-1965'. p 7


189 Molyneux, I. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1940-1979'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands,





191 Ibid. p 10

169

Shift in the value of landscape

Perhaps following the intellectual reflection on climatic appropriateness in design, or even in reaction to

the more universally and pragmatically applied functionalism of some Modernist streams, by the late

1950s and early 60s there was a distinct shift in Perth’s public attitude to native landscape. Interest in

both native gardening and bushland preservation bloomed, and numerous organisations were

inaugurated to champion this view. These included:

1956 Tree Society

1959 National Trust Australia (WA)

1960 Wildflower Society

1960 Naturalists Club was revitalised

1967 Conservation Council

Native display gardens also began to front the Perth home, replacing the ubiquitous rose gardens of

previous decades. Although not universally embraced (with some local authorities even ruling that

native gardens posed a fire risk, and therefore compulsorily burning them),192 it was not long before

concepts based in site responsive design and consideration for the importance of the unique Australian

and indeed Perth landscape became apparent.

Perth’s relationship with the native environment had, it seem, finally matured. With renewed prosperity

since the conclusion of the World Wars and the end of The Depression, value in the native environment

that had been growing since the 30s, finally became evident in domestic form.

1960s Prosperity and intellectualism

The 1960s embodied a period of hope, ‘prosperity and optimism’ for Perth.193 Richards describes these

decades as ‘...a crucial period in the development of twentieth-century Western Australia and Western

Australian architecture...’ going further to claim that the domestic form was ‘...the seminal architectural

and building problem of the day...’194 With economic improvement, buoyed by yet another mineral

boom, construction increased and the technologies that had been developed to service the Wars finally

had the opportunity to advance and flourish for peaceful purpose. The work of the first graduates of the

Perth Technical College had also matured. Their plans became more experimental and considered both

social and environmental concerns.195 Events such as the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth

Games at Perry Lakes and developments such as Howlett and Bailey’s 1963 Council House, afforded


Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p xi




p13

195 Blackwell, M. (2011). evolution and adaption of Western Australian plants. Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape, University Club,

Crawley, Western Australia. Don Newman on the history of planning for landscape in Perth: Bold, Stephenson et al

170

Perth international exposure. Council House was in fact ‘...recognised as emblematic of the progress and

modernity of the young city of Perth’.196 Perth was now on the global stage and was gaining recognition

for its progress and modernity.

1960s Mineral Boom

In almost a repeat of the 1890s, the 1960s Minerals Boom substantially changed the shape of the city

skyline. With prosperity, came progress and many of central Perth’s colonial era buildings were levelled

and replaced with multistorey symbols of wealth and commerce.197 This financial boost buoyed the

economy generally and with prosperity came the opportunity for experimentation.

Suburban planning and lots

Attitudes to suburban planning and landscape developed significantly during this period. Although the

raised stumped floor had yet to disappear, with further advances in machinery, land was almost always

now cleared and levelled. Typical lot size further reduced and was now typically in the range of

600sqm.198 Despite this reduced area, the large front yard was still embedded in planning codes, such

that ‘...7.6m (25 feet) front setbacks were common right up until the 1970s.’199

Despite the impact on native ecologies caused by these changing development practices, there was

significant experimentation and consideration of the environment in town planning. Some

developments shifted residential traffic so as to encourage communal parks to lot rears and created

underpasses, placing value on the pedestrian as well as actively embracing and protecting remanent

bush and landscape.200 The development of the Narrows Bridge was, in itself, emblematic of changing

public sentiment to environment. Completed in the early 1960s, the Mounts Bay area was filled in order

to accommodate the flyovers. This land was then landscaped to create substantial public parklands

(although primarily exotic) in an effort to soften public protest against the appearance the works had on

the city.201

Architects

The work of the architectural community during this period also reflected the era’s optimism and

encapsulated not only the intellectual discussion generating from the Perth Technical College, but also

broader international architectural debate, including investigation into climate appropriate design. Of all

the locally and internationally trained architects working in Perth during the 50s and 60s, there are


197 Ibid. p 20



199 Ibid. p 25, quoting Halkett, I., The Quarter Acre Block, Australian Institute of Urban studies, Canberra, 1976

200 Newman, D. (2011). on the history of planning for landscape in Perth: Bold, Stephenson et al. 'Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape',



Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA). p xi

171

several noteworthy proponents who contributed significantly to the development of a more climatically

appropriate Perth domestic form:

- Leach’s work of the 30s and 40s was renowned within the emerging 50s architectural

community for its Modernist and climatic responsive approach and was readily referenced

during this period. In fact, Leach’s own 1948 house, formerly located on Saunders Ave,

Mosman Park, has recently ‘...taken on semi-mythic importance as the first truly modern house

in Western Australia, and as a progenitor of a regional or local response to housing’, having

been demolished and with very little documentation preserved.202

- Krantz and Sheldon encouraged use of the skillion as the roof of the future.

- Parry and McCardell also encouraged the use of the skillion, challenging Local Government

ruling through Ministerial appeal to enable its use.

- Although Seidler’s work was often referenced by Perth’s architectural community, it also met

criticism which also influenced and directed architectural debate. This included criticism from

Leach for its lack of place and climatic ignorance.

- Clifton’s work also proved significant, having also partnered with Leach in the 40s.

- Iwanoff’s work in concrete block as well as his investigations into climatic responsive design

was to prove significant.

- Elischer’s work contributed investigation into Mediterranean principles.

- Keirath’s and Waldron’s exploration of passive design, ecology and setting also contributed.

- Mention should also be made of the contribution of Parkinson, Howlett, Brand, and Ferguson.

The work of these professionals and the debate their investigations encouraged was to serve as

inspiration and direction for even the more common domestic form.

Public trends in housing

According to London, the Western Australian modernist house of the late 50s through to the mid 60s

‘...proposed an innovative response to social, economic and climatic conditions while embracing the

technological and egalitarian aspirations of modern architecture.’203 The family home became a ‘test

bed’ of ideas for almost every architectural firm during this period, with concepts exploring modernism

as well as climatic responsive design being prevalent. Climatic responsive design became a mark of the

modern home, and ‘...a key measure of its success.’204 Methods and tools to facilitate this were readily

published and featured regularly in The Architect journal, as well as in various building science bulletins

and references.205 Several government research organisations were also founded in response and were

prolific in publishing their own findings in the public domain. The Commonwealth Experimental Building



p14

203 London, G. Ibid.'Modern Houses - Architect Designed Houses in Western Australia from 1950-1965'. p 2

204 Ibid. p 9

205 …including the Science of Building produced by the Commonwealth Experimental Building Station. Ibid. p 9

172

Station was particularly influential, encouraging, for example, the use of rammed earth and timber for

their environmental credentials. The architectural and building professions actively encouraged

climatologically responsive and efficient design.206 The Perth home became symbolic of new starts, of

new lives and comforts.

However, more importantly, these architectural trends were embraced by the public as symbolic of

admirable and achievable ambitions. According to Richards; ‘In the post-war decades a coherent and

consistent architectural modernism was first presented to the Western Australian public in the form of

the family house and found considerable acceptance.’207 This acceptance is evidenced by Richards who

notes that between 1955 and 1965, Perth newspapers ran weekly editorials by Jane Scott and Frank

Platell on architectural houses. The popularity of their articles and thereby the popularity of the content

is evidenced by Richards in the length of the segment’s tenure. In his analysis of their writing, Richards

believes there developed ‘...a close rapport between the ideas of architects and a public understanding

and even acceptance of these ideas.’ Through his review of their articles he finds this relationship to be

mutually responsive, with the reports on architectural styling shifting in response to public sentiment.

This is exemplified by the reintroduction of roofing tiles and traditional ‘colonial’ forms in later

articles.208 According to Richards, during this era ‘...new ideas about housing were newsworthy’.209

The accepted domestic form which developed out of the relationship between the public and Perth’s

architects is evidenced by Richards:

‘The collective impact of the presentation of numerous architect-designed houses in the

newspapers suggested the development of a highly acceptable form of local housing that

was modern, but not ultra modern; that was innovative and open in its planning, linking

house and garden, or using the courtyard as an organising device, but which was still

economical and efficient; that was careful in planning to make the most of climate and site

in terms of sun penetration, cross ventilation, and other ‘passive design’ factors; that was

constructionally and technically innovative, but employed and refined well tried

traditional materials and standard detail when this was possible; but still the houses has

(sic) a distinctly modern fizz! Other than being modest and usually small by today’s

standards the result was most often an excellent modern house that seems hardly worthy

of notice these days, not because it is without qualities, but because the concepts were

later to be so fully accepted and absorbed by the housing industry as to have become

ordinary and ubiquitous.’210

206 Richards, D. Ibid.'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...'. pp 13-14

207 Ibid. p 13

208 Ibid. p 16

209 Ibid. p 13

210 Ibid. p 16

173

It seems that the public response to the architectural discourse around housing was positive, open and

freely mutually discursive. There seemed to be a mutual desire and openness to improve and advance

Perth’s housing type, including its response to climate.

This study includes two houses from this era which, although stylistically very different, both appear to

have considered basic climatic response. The 1960s Innaloo house is effectively a courtyard design

which encourages the use of the outdoors. Although not ideally orientated, it still appears to allow for

climatic response in its wide eaves and adjustable, regularly placed large, fully opening awning windows,

(which are effective in capturing and directing breeze). The 1962 East Cannington house seems to take

this response a little further. Being less conservative in aesthetic, its use of asbestos roofing (still

commonly used at this time and known to be a good insulator) and windows that are apparently

operable to capture south westerly breezes, is equally reflective of the 60s climatic sentiment. Although

neither house offers the ideal passive solar response, there appears to be thought and consideration in

each, for the importance of climate response in the small domestic form.

The demise of the domestic architect and the project home

According to Richards ‘...during this period the principles of modern architecture as presented by

architects served as the dominant basis for housing design and with certain reservations were

enthusiastically accepted by the public, a significant percentage of whom were likely to commission an

architect to design their home, employ the services of the Small Homes Bureau,211 or more indirectly

were influenced by current architectural ideas through newspapers and housing journals.’212

By around 1960, however, Corser, Moyle and Overman began producing template homes for the Perth

domestic market, intending to provide a more affordable architecturally designed domestic product.

Their ‘C’ line series, which included the Crownline, Capeline, Crestline and Coastline templates, were

marketed with the aid of a display centre in Ardross. This enabled the home owner to fully comprehend

and imagine their lives in their new home purchase, and was to prove to be a strong marketing tool. The

homes were originally designed for a lightweight framed construction with plasterboard panels, but

were later changed to brick,213 in response to client demand.214 None-the-less, the Corser method was

211 The Small Homes Bureau was the WA branch of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects Small Homes Service. The Small Homes Service

commenced service in 1947. Its first Director was the renown and influential Australian architect; Robin Boyd, who acted in the position until 1953.

‘The service provided designs of inexpensive houses, which attempted to incorporate modern architectural aesthetics and functional planning and

were sold to the public for a small fee.’ Canberra House Robin Boyd, <http://www.canberrahouse.com/2006/11/08/robin-boyd/>, Retrieved 31st

May 2013.


exhibition held at the Cullity Gallery from 1-20 Sept. 1997. G. London and D. Richards, (Eds). Nedlands, W.A., School of Architecture and Fine Arts. p

16, Referencing West Australian 10 April 1965 p 19

213 Evidently public attitudes to light-weight housing had changed very little since the debate around the Workers’ Homes Board templates in the 30s

and could be said to continue to this day. It could be surmised that this is an engrained belief that the timber-framed type is temporary, particularly

given the lack of thermal protection the earlier versions would have afforded. However, what generated this attitude and how it has perpetuated is

beyond the scope of this study.

174

indicative of what was to become the embodiment of the modern Australia Dream, enabling ‘....the post

war-dream of practical, affordable, comfortable, middle class modern housing...(to become)...a

reality.’215

By 1965, the project housing industry was already well established and would effectively see the end of

the Small Homes Bureau, as well as the common architectural domestic form. Numerous developers

began marketing standardised, simplified and distorted versions of the previous Modernist models.216

These replications became superficial and lacked the investigation and experimentation that typified

their earlier architectural prototypes. Any design and investigation that was conducted was ultimately in

response to market trends and in order to maximise profit. Design templates were reused and

redeveloped not only to save on design costs, but also so as to refine details for maximum economy.

Products were also specified in bulk, giving the developer leverage on suppliers. All this allowed the

home to be produced as cheaply and efficiently as possible. These homes also responded to shifts in

community requirements and desires and actively sought response to market surveys, ensuring that the

product would always meet the buyer’s expectations. However, in so doing, expectations and desires

were no longer challenged as they had previously. The new types were marketed in newspapers, as

either design-build or off the shelf packages. Some also produced display homes and villages to further

market the product and boost sales. Completing the sale by making financial assistance readily available,

the packages on offer appeared to offer choice, were readily available, more economical and readily

achievable. With clever and sophisticated marketing, the project home took control of the domestic

housing market and has retained hold ever since.

From 1965, the role of the architect changed to that of an expert or artist. Architectural firms could no

longer be competitive within the housing market. The architect’s field narrowed to specialist clientele,

for individual one off designs. To the general public, architect designed houses moved to a realm which

‘...the public saw as being nice to visit, but they wouldn’t want to live there.’217 The architect effectively

lost the creative and inspirational handle on the domestic market and it appears that, as a result, the

drive for an appropriate climatic response in the typical domestic form lost impetuous.

1970s-1980s Project homes and historicism

The global economy endured a further Recession in the early 70s, but once again, Western Australia was

buoyed by mining. Although the effects of the Recession did not hit WA as hard as the Eastern States, it

did encourage greater conservatism, including within the building industry.218



p17

215 Ibid. p 18

216 Ibid. p 17

217 Ibid. p 18

218 Molyneux, I. (1979). 'Building in Western Australia 1940-1979'. Western Towns and Buildings. M. Pitt Morison and J. White, et.al. (Eds). Nedlands,


175

This economic climate may have also been the impetus for a burgeoning number of conservation and

heritage movements and was perhaps also reflective of a renewed Western Australian patriotism that

continued through the 80s. Writing late in the decade, Molyneux describes a ’...resurgence in interest in

restoration of houses in the inner suburbs of Perth and in Fremantle, and the conversion of commercial

buildings in Fremantle to combined residential and commercial uses.’219 With greater conservatism in a

still buoyed economy, developers reduced their risk by turning instead to renovations and renewals.

However, after decades of Modernist renewal, Perth’s earlier building stock had been largely neglected

and was in many cases significantly dilapidated. In reaction to substantial demolition and unsympathetic

renovation of many older and poorly maintained buildings, there arose interest in historical preservation

and restoration. This was to culminate in the introduction of the Heritage of Western Australia Act in

1990.

In 1978, whilst writing on the current state of the Perth built form, Hocking laments the neglect and

destruction of Perth’s historical stock in the name of progress and commerce;

‘It is appropriate at the time of the sesquicentenary anniversary for there to be a greater

realization of the way in which the history of the city and the aspirations of its citizens

have been embodied in the structure and character of central Perth. While changes have

not always been guided by planning process, they have nevertheless taken place in the

context of open and informed debate. The inadequacy of the existing planning system to

cope with the unique central Perth situation, the lack of public accountability by the State

sector in its planning decision-making, and the failure systematically to evaluate the

existing heritage stock could, however, overturn that tradition.’220

The burgeoning intellectual and public acknowledgement of the need to preserve heritage also

extended to the native environment, and lead to the intellectual definition and push for conservation. In

the same publication, Bodycoat and Campbell define the movement;

‘It is aimed at continuity and stability in the built environment, the removal of past

degradation of any part of the environment, and the guidance of human needs into a

context of sociological and ecological balance.’221 Going further to claim that; ‘For man to

live in harmony with the total environment, not as a predator but as a component, he will

need to develop an understanding that conservation is an indispensable part of the

process of life.’222

219 Ibid. p 161

220 Hocking, I. Ibid.'Growth and Change in Central Perth'. M. Pitt Morison, J. White and et.al.: 266-288. pp 286-287

221 Bodycoat, R. and R. McK. Campbell Ibid.'Conservation': 289-316. p 289

222 Ibid. pp 315-316

176

The Conservation movement also appeared to be in direct reaction to those buildings already lost during

the late 50s and 60s, in the name of Modernity. This is evidenced by Molyneux’s architectural guide

book Looking Around Perth, which was published in 1980. Molyneux wrote that the book’s creation was

as an attempt to broaden the understanding and ‘tolerance’ towards past gone Perth architecture. He

wrote that; ‘The late Victorian and Edwardian (our post-gold boom, post colonial) architecture, and all

that followed it up to the fifties, has been commonly derided as facadism, stylism and vulgarity by

adherents of the Modern Movement, and this reflex reaction needs modification. Out-of-hand rejection

of all that happened between improvised colonial-vernacular and Modern has also blinded many to

some interesting local influences of the British eclectic-vernacular and Arts and Crafts movements, a

situation also demanding modification.’223

By the 1980s Western Australia was again prosperous, affluence was on display and development

boomed. According to Gregory, ‘The 1980s was a winner-takes-all decade.’224

The sentiment of the time was typified by a sporting victory, and the affluence, characters and accolades

that went with it. On the 27th September 1983, Australia II won the Americas Cup boat race, by beating

the American owned Liberty. This was an historic win, the Cup not having left American shores for 132

years. The win, funded by the Perth tycoon, Alan Bond, and skippered by John Bertrand, firmly put Perth

in the international spot-light. It also captured the sentiment of the time, such that the race was

watched and celebrated (famously and vigorously) by the then Prime Minister, Bob Hawke. The national

pride the win engendered in the WA people was clearly evidenced by the response to the returning

sailors’ motorcade through Perth’s streets. The win epitomised the hope and optimism of the era and

signalled that the ‘roller coaster economy’ was again moving upward,225 with tourism226 now to become

the major focus in the development of the Western Australian economy.227

According to Gregory, the greatest significance in this win was in the importance of who had been

challenged. Gregory claims that; ‘The centre of world power had shifted from Great Britain to the United

States, and now David had beaten a Yankee Goliath. For many it was a defining moment of national

pride, never before experienced, and comparable only to the Sydney Olympics nearly two decades

later.’228

However, what was more telling in this win was the degree to which corruption had been

simultaneously developing within the government and business community.229 Alan Bond was himself

223 Molyneux, I. (1981). 'Introduction' Looking around Perth: A guide to the architecture of Perth and surrounding towns I. Molyneux, (Ed.). East

Fremantle, Western Australia Wescolour Press for the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (W.A. Chapter). p vi


225 Ibid. pp 233-237

226 …with the Cup challenge to be held in Perth in 1987.


228 Ibid. p 235

229 Ibid. p 237

177

later convicted of corporate fraud in 1997. This corruption was symptomatic of an era of excess and

capitalism. The 1980s saw the establishment and legalisation of casinos in the name of the tourist dollar,

major commercial developments, and numerous and frequent accusations of ‘loose’ implementation of

planning legislation, fraud and political corruption. Gregory describes the era; ‘...beneath the high-flown

phrases the forces of capitalism controlled the outcome and allowed the entrepreneurs of Perth to do

what they did best – make money. In a booming economy the rewards were such that muckraking and

mud-slinging soon became weapons in the conflict.’230 Property prices were booming and with the aid of

politics, there was considerable development and change in the Perth skyline.231

In the domestic market, construction techniques seemed to shift markedly during the 70s and 80s as the

project housing models increased in commonality and technologies were developed to suit. Concrete

slabs on levelled ground began to appear more regularly and standardised aluminium framed windows

and eaves lining became the main stay of the ballooning project home market.

The 70s and 80s home also embodied technological advance, a more voyeuristic display of entertaining

and self expression, as well as the distinct shift in the roles and responsibilities of the family unit.

Expanding on the tentative changes of the 1960s, these social and cultural changes are very much

reflected in the planning of the homes of this time. This is typified by the two homes from this era used

in this study. Although both the Munster and Bibra Lake houses clearly display project home features in

their economy of construction (including low ceilings) and standardised features (such as aluminium

window frames), for the first time the homes also display features such as the sunken lounge, the semi-

ensuite and walk-in-robes. Spatial planning becomes more laboured and plans more complicated and

dense as the private and public, adult and children zones become more distinctly separated and

controlled. Outdoor entertaining also becomes more deliberate and the swimming pool common. In

contrast, the kitchen and living areas have expanded into a single zone, a direct response to the

changing role and rights of women, finally bringing them out of the kitchen and into the entertaining

heart of the home.

In response to consumer demands and design ‘feature’ driven trends, the floor area of the common

house begins to increase. This increase has however been off-set by ceiling height reduction, the

standardisation of product and repetition in detail. More became less and houses aimed to cater for

every market desire, regardless of impact or usefulness. By contrast, investigation into what was

actually needed in order to create an effective and functioning home, or to provide effective,

comfortable climatic response, was dismissed or ignored.

In 1987, the London and New York Stock Markets crashed, leading to the crash of the Australian Stock

Market on the 20th October 1987. This signalled the biggest market fall since the 1929 Great

230 Ibid. p 253

231 Ibid. pp 249-252

178

Depression, and created an Australian wide Recession that was to last until 1991. Perth’s affluent were

dramatically hit. Western Australia’s economy was further damaged by the State’s prior use of private

business to streamline the public service, thereby exposing the government to the demise of private

interests.232 ‘With the economic cycle heading downwards, Australia’s brash entrepreneurs of the high-

flying eighties went into panic mode, and governments across Australia, nervously watched their

indicators.’233

The crash was to eventually uncover years of corporate and political corruption in WA. In an attempt to

prevent further collapse, the government sought to buy-out the Laurie Connell owned Rothwell’s bank.

In doing so, Connell was discovered to have been fraudulently siphoning cash from the institution. The

fall out of this discovery was the 1990 WA Inc Royal Commission,234 which was charged with

investigating the decade of accusations of corruption that surrounded much of Perth’s development,

including the Casino.235 The findings were such that; ‘Enough information came to light to make it clear

that, in the understated tones of the commissioners’ report, government had not been serving the

interests of the people of Western Australia.’236

1990-2000 The contemporary market

The project home market seems to have changed little since the 90s, maintaining the relentless strive

for value for money. Continuing to dominate the market, the housing type has become bigger, feature-

filled, and on smaller lots. A range of room types have been introduced (such as the alfresco, games

room and theatre) and others lost (such as the sunken lounge). Spatial layouts have become more

complicated and rooms more numerous, yet the open plan and outdoor living spaces remain the base

design features, particularly in more recent homes. The common home continues to push for the

greatest value, the greatest economy and the best market opportunity.

Construction techniques have changed even less, with similarities dating back to the 70s and 80s in the

use of concrete slab and double brick construction.

Although there was some early movement in the 90s to provide more sustainable options,

environmental considerations have instead been restricted to marketing ploys or as required by

legislation. Dale Alcock’s ‘The Sunseeker‘ was displayed in Mandurah in 1992 and was marketed as a

sustainable alternative. It did not, however, do well in the market. Although surveys conducted at the

time indicated that over 80 percent of respondents considered solar passive principles to be important,

this did not reflect in sales.237

232 Ibid. pp 259-261

233 Ibid. p 259

234 Ibid. p 261

235 Ibid. pp 242-243

236 Ibid. p 262

237 Hollo, N. (1995). Warm house cool house : inspirational designs for low-energy housing. Marrickville, N.S.W., Choice Books. pp 103-104

179

With increased media coverage of environmental issues and political action on climate change, there

has been movement in the domestic industry to create a more sustainable housing stock. The biggest

change has been in respect to Building and Planning Legislation, which has effectively driven the

corresponding change in the domestic form. Planning changes have allowed smaller lots and greater

density in older suburbs. This has encouraged subdivision and the creation of small infill lots, such as in

the Rivervale house.

In 2003 the WA housing provisions of the BCA were amended to require, for the first time, minimum

levels of energy conservation.238 This was in response to the 2003 WA Government’s State Sustainability

Strategy which, amongst other goals, identified the need to reduce green house emissions.239 Housing

energy provisions of the BCA have since been regularly tightened, with the most recent provisions

requiring up to a ‘6 star’ rating.240 Government incentives have also encouraged the use of sustainable

technologies to achieve greater efficiencies. This has increased the prevalence of, for example,

insulation,241 and photo-voltaics and water wise technologies not only within new builds but also as

retrofitted installations.

However, the question to be answered by this project remains, whether these newly legislated and

incentive filled contemporary Perth housing typologies, such as the 2002 Orelia and 2009 Rivervale, and

to a lesser extent the 1995 Bibra Lake and 1996 Orelia houses included in this study, do actually achieve

improved environmental credentials. Are the technologies and incentives they purport just another

form of green-washing and another way of chasing market sentiment (in this case in ‘green’

responsibility) without actually achieving calculable outcome? Or are they simply just fluffing and

padding to something less?

SUMMARY

Perth’s history has been one of hard fought, stubborn optimism, one that has been shaped by early

exposure to international ideas, but also one that has steadfastly retained its colonial identity, its origins

and sense of place. Perth’s domestic housing type has reflected this rapid and varied history, developing

from a colonial, sentimental response, to a more adaptive, yet still British form that was restricted by

lack of affluence, through to a type that responded to rapid global exposure and a greater

understanding of climatic response. By the 60s, a typology was developing that was being specifically

developed to suit Perth conditions, guided by strong architectural, yet community consulted discourse.

However, with the rapid establishment and dominance of the project home, these early vernacular

238 Australian Institute of Building, <http://www.aib.org.au/buildingcodes/bca.htm>, Retrieved 2nd May 2010.


240 Refer CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY – AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS; Legislative requirements, The Building Code of Australia (BCA), for

discussion regarding star ratings. This rating relates to the Australian Building Code’s (BCA) legislated star rating system, which is particular to the

Code. There are various other star ratings, which should not be confused.

241 It should be noted that insulation is now required by the BCA and forms part of the star rating system previously noted.

180

responses and climatic investigations seem to have drifted into a typology of economic as opposed to

environmental efficiency.

Regardless of historical trends, social interest in place, ecology and ecological response, the extent to

which each type actually achieved sustainable ideals was to form the main body of this research.

181

REFERENCE APPENDIX B

ACHIEVING DOMESTIC SUSTAINABILITY

To design is to shape to suit a considered purpose, often emotional, mostly practical, and typically to

provide a level of comfort. Humans fashion tools and shelter and alter their surroundings to survive as

well as to suit perceived needs and desires. They share this knowledge, which is in turn developed by

the needs and desires of others. Undoubtedly this manipulation of environment has the potential to

impact irrevocably on native ecosystems, altering the natural balance. As the human race grows and its

comfort needs shift, the accumulated impact on natural systems becomes more significant. Habitat

manipulation is a primal motive for every living being, however the human race has arguably altered this

planet in service of its desires the most dramatically of all. Given that design is in service of a

predetermined level of comfort, the ability of design to continue to provide that level for perpetuity is

where concepts of sustainability arise.

Perth’s domestic form has had a relatively short history. Its form has adapted to rapid technological,

cultural and social change, as well as to climate (albeit the adaption to each parameter varying by

degrees). Its unique evolution could even be considered vernacular in its adaptation. Vernacular designs

are generally valued for their encapsulation of many of the climate modifying principles valued by

proponents of sustainable design. Often the stylistic evolution of a house has led to the evolution of

standard details and methods which, through use and adaptation, provide comfort, often through low

tech but skilled manipulation of natural climatic conditions. Yet this alone does not make a form

sustainable.

What does sustainability mean?

Derived from the Latin sustenere there are several accepted definitions for the contemporary use of the

word sustainability. One of the more commonly known was coined by the World Commission on

Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987, and defines it as ‘...development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.’1 Being

applicable broadly to any human action, it encompasses the preservation and maintenance of things

that are unadulterated and natural, including atmosphere, water resources, oceans, soil, forests and all

living species.

In its preservation of global systems, sustainable design requires an understanding of local systems as

well as their position in, and relationship with the broader global economy. Perth’s microclimate, global

political position as well as cultural usage patterns play an intrinsic and often shifting role in the

suitability and application of sustainable relevant techniques, and the degree of impact and value this

has on the local domestic form. Understanding the breadth, variance and impact of various sustainable



182

solutions, as well as their relevance to the Perth context, is intrinsic in the historical evaluation of Perth’s

domestic response and the degree to which that response was, at any time, sustainable.

Why is sustainability in design important?

The pursuit of sustainability in building design assumes that the spatial manipulations undertaken by

humans are no longer at a level, or conducted in a manner that will ensure not only the retention and

preservation of the greater natural environment, but also, by virtue of their ecological impact, will not

be capable of providing the same level of designed comfort in the future. This is not a new concept.

Vernacular design has been dealing with this issue for generations. If the design did not achieve a

balance with the local ecology or make the most efficient use of natural resources, it would fast become

redundant. Only those designs which made effective use of renewable product and provided effective

and ongoing comfort were, replicated and refined.

With increasing human population and the resulting pressures on natural resources, achieving

sustainability in design is more important than ever. In earlier human communities, if mistakes were

made and the balance was upset, the consequences would be dire. The damage was, however,

localised. If they were fortunate, populations could pick up and start a-fresh in a new location. The

human population is now at such numbers that impacts have the potential to create global problems.

The human race, as a whole, cannot simply pick up and try again elsewhere.

Human activity is already having significant impact on the earth’s ecological balance. Scientists across

the globe have been registering human impact and changes in global ecosystems for decades. In 1992,

The World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity set out many of those scientists’ concerns; ‘Our massive

tampering with the world’s interdependent web of life – coupled with the environmental damage

inflicted by deforestation, species loss, and climate change – could trigger widespread adverse effects,

including unpredictable collapses of critical biological systems whose interactions and dynamics we only

imperfectly understand.’2 The possible consequences associated with such human impacts are

disastrous. However, the validity of the scientific community’s concerns and the degree to which the

human race should assume responsibility continues to be debated. Regardless of the arguments and the

degree of responsibility accepted, the fact remains that human impact on this planet is visible,

undeniable and rapidly increasing. Assuming value is placed on the preservation and retention of the

earth’s natural systems, the present trajectory is unsustainable.

Human impact is broadly felt in two spheres; resource depletion and disruption of natural systems.

2 (1992). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity " Retrieved 5th Februray 2010, from http://www.worldtrans.org/whole/warning.html.

183

Resource depletion

In 2005 Orr made note of the UN’s forecast of global population, which estimated increases in the range

of 6.3 billion to 9 billion by 2050.3 Coupling this estimate with increasing expectations in human comfort

as well as measurable change in consumptive habits, the pressure that is placed on the earth’s finite

resources is predictably high. The human race is more populous than ever before and desires and

wastes more than ever before. The global community is more aware of what their neighbours have, and

desires the same, and it could be argued, rightly. However, the combination of this burgeoning desire to

consume, with the ignorance of the damage incurred to meet that desire, allows consumption to remain

unchecked and over-riding of all other considerations.

Perth’s modern housing stock could be seen to evidence this unchecked desire. They are the product of

a society’s want and ability to provide human comfort above all else. It is this global plateau of desire,

evidenced in our housing stock that is over-riding our ability to care for the planet and encouraging us to

take more than we are willing to give. In effect we are ‘...permanently stealing, versus temporarily

borrowing, the environmental capital of future generations.’4

There are three key global benchmarks which exemplify consumptive depletion, all of which are

believed to be necessary to sustain a modern and comfortable daily existence. They are therefore the

key consumption markers in modern domestic form; fossil energy, food and water.

Fossil energy depletion

Concern regarding peak oil5 and the depletion of fossil resources is well documented.

With greater affluence and improved technology, human beings are able to provide greater levels of

comfort to more people than ever before. Our homes are larger and filled with more items, all of which

consume energy not only to produce but also to maintain. To refine and perfect comfort, we also apply

technology that is equally power hungry, such as air conditioners and electrical entertainment. In a city

like Perth, the vast majority of this power is produced by burning fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal.

Despite some public concern about the impact of such consumption, the overwhelming concern

reported by the media is in regards to increasing utility costs.6

In recent years, Australia has taken steps to minimise the power consumed by the standard domestic

residence. Yet this has taken the form of economising status quo items, as opposed to reducing the

need or desire for their purchase and use in the first instance. Energy saving provisions have been

3 Orr, D. W. (2005). 'Foreword'. Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery C. J. Kibert. New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc: ix-x.

p.ix


5 Peak oil assumes oils is a finite resource, and describes the point at which achievable petroleum extraction rates begin to decline.

6 For example: Nolan, T. (March 21st 2012). 'Australians pay highest power prices: study'. ABC News (online). or Ferguson, M. (22nd March 2012).

'Energy prices will keep on rising'. The Australian.

184

legislated in new builds7 and power saving devices such as improved light fittings, photo-voltaics and

energy rated white goods are now common in most Perth homes. However, these attempts seem

arguably more in tune with mitigating consumer anger at rising power costs instead of mitigating or

removing the desire for a particular consumptive habit. Brenda and Robert Vale make the point that the

homes we are building today are designed to be serviced and run by fossil fuels, yet they will long

outlive the available supply.8 Consumer outrage that has been engendered by the need to increase costs

in order to maintain established comfort has not necessarily translated into reduced consumption for

the benefit of the planet.

Food depletion

In food production, over consumption and depletion is more visible, yet the problem remains largely

ignored. There is even evidence that the world’s oceans are suffering from over consumption. As early

as 1992 it was reported that; ‘The total marine catch is now at or above the estimated maximum

sustainable yield.’9 Chan quantifies the extent of this consumptive behaviour; ‘Calculations show that

the planet has available 1.9 hectares (4.7 acres) of biologically productive land per person to supply

resources and absorb wastes – yet the average person on Earth already uses 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres)

worth. These ‘ecological footprints’ range from 9.7 hectares (24 acres) claimed by the average American

to the 0.47 hectares (.11 acres) used by the average Mozambican.’10 Although the figures refer to total

consumption (and not strictly food) they do suggest that, not only is our planet’s carrying (and therefore

production) capacity nearing its threshold, it is also indicative of the global disparity and the enormity of

affluent consumerist behaviour.

Having food, and plenty of it, satisfies desires for comfort, and rising obesity and food wastage are key

markers of this consumerist trend. Yet it is the ignorance of food source and production as well as the

impact this has on ecosystems, which is of greatest concern. With affluence comes accessibility over

others. Although Perth’s land could not, in its present condition, produce the volume and range of food

its relatively affluent inhabitants consume, its affluence acquires the use of land and labour belonging to

others in order to meet the demand. To accommodate their own as well as the needs of others, the soils

of many countries have effectively been destroyed through over production and mismanagement. ‘Since

1945, 11% of the earth’s vegetated surface has been degraded – an area larger than India and China

combined – and per capita food production in many parts of the world is decreasing.’11 In meeting

consumer demands whilst maintaining ignorance of the environmental damage caused in meeting the

request, little value can be placed on the end product.

7 Refer CHAPTER 1: INDEXING SUSTAINABILITY – AUSTRALIAN RATING TOOLS; Legislative requirements, The Building Code of Australia (BCA).

8 Vale, B. and R. Vale (15th March 2002). "Article 1906: Sustainable development begins at home." Online opinion: Australia’s e-journal of social and

political debate.


10 Chan, Y. (2007). Sustainable Environments: Contemporary Design in Detail Glouchester, Massachusetts Rockport Publishers Inc p 13, quoting from

‘The State of Consumption Today’ Worldwatch Institute, 4th February 2004


185

Potable water depletion

Water consumption trends can also be included in this pattern of over consumption and waste, and can

be typified by Australia’s response in times of water shortage. More is made.

Despite extensive water saving campaigns in Australia over recent years,12 technology such as

desalination has been used to solve the problem whilst maintaining established comfort habits. Western

Australia’s ‘second major’ desalination plant, built to ‘…provide up to 50 billion litres of drinking water

for Perth and the South-West region…’ was officially opened on the 2nd September 2011.13 However,

neither the damage such installations cause to local ecologies,14 nor the power that is consumed, is

generally known or considered by the consumer. Water that is plentiful and cheap is considered a right

in Perth and generally not something that should be cherished.

Housing design can play a significant role in tempering such global consumption. By enabling a degree of

occupant self sufficiency in power and food production, as well as in water gathering and preservation,

consumption of resources is reduced, and resource origins become increasingly visible. This visibility

also has the potential to increase perceived resource value, which can in turn temper wasteful

consumption.

Human disruption on natural systems

Ecological impact is inevitable whenever there is direct human manipulation of the landscape to

facilitate food production, transport or habitation. The degree to which a manipulation removes or

transforms the native context and the impact this has on adjacent ecosystems is a significant

sustainability marker. Like most cities, Perth has a poor record of native habitation destruction caused

by the desire to achieve comfort. Even as early as the 1833, just four years after the colony was

established, Perth’s landscape was already showing signs of significant damage caused by the colonists’

pursuit of comfort.15 The damage to Perth’s wetlands exemplifies this damage. Starting in 1832 and

continuing well into recent decades the majority of the lakes and wetlands that once covered the Perth

CBD and surrounds were drained and levelled. This was originally to provide clay and fertile land for

farming, but was followed by further draining in later years to facilitate suburban development. The

potential impact of such extensive human manipulation is aptly described by Kibert; ‘It is clear that this

human-designed and –engineered landscape often replaces the natural landscape with unrecyclable and

toxic products produced by wasteful industrial processes that were implemented with little regard for

12 For example, refer to the Government of Western Australia’s ‘Community information’ webpage covering the topics; ‘Sprinkler restrictions in

Western Australia’ and ‘Drought proof your garden’ Government of Western Australia - Department of Water Community Information,

<http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Business+with+water/Community+information/default.aspx>, Retrieved 1st June 2013.’

13 Rickard, L. (2nd September 2011). 'First water flows at Binningup desal plant'. WAtoday.com.au.

14 National Research Council and the Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology (2008). Desalination: A National Perspective. Washington,

DC, The National Academies Press. p 108

15 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - THE PERTH EXPERIENCE; Early Response.

186

the consequences on humans or ecological systems.’ It is arguably, however, the ‘failure of design’ that

has created these problems.16

In the creation of product, there is likewise an inevitable impact on natural systems. Typically the

consumer is not cognisant of the quality and volume of gaseous, liquid and solid waste that a product

may generate in its manufacture, be it food, building, entertainment or clothing. When produced

domestically in countries such as Australia, consumers can be fairly confident that this damage is

formally regulated and kept within reasonably acceptable guidelines.17 In a global economy, however,

cognisance of other country’s practices can be limited. In an effort to supply the global economy and

thereby improve their own financial and comfort standings, many countries do not prioritise the

protection of their indigenous ecologies. Often the disposal of waste (often toxic) generated in the

production of cheap, globally destined product, can have a disastrous impact on local ecologies.

One of potentially the most significant and most debated impacts on the earth’s natural systems is,

however, from the waste associated with fossil fuel consumption.

Global warming and climate change

Human contribution to global warming, and the resultant possibility of catastrophic climate change, is

possibly the greatest of human disruptions in the global ecology and is also the most passionately

debated. Despite perceptible change in global temperatures, the degree to which human action can be

held accountable polarises the global community.

Scientists have shown that the earth is warming and weather patterns are changing. Climatic modelling

suggests that even small increases in temperature affect the fine global ecological balance. Small

increases have the potential to alter wind and sea currents and increase sea levels through permafrost

loss and glacial melt. Changes in sea current can affect seasonal variations, which in turn can cause

dramatic habitat change or loss. Even accounting for seasonal variation, these symptoms are already

perceptible, even in Perth. As evidence by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Perth’s summers are

getting hotter and the winters drier (refer Image AB.1 and AB.2).


17 ... although, whether such guidelines and regulations are sufficient or imposed in full, even in Australia, could be debated.

187

Image AB.1: Image AB.2:

Southwestern Australia Temperature Increases 1910-2012 Southwestern Australia Rainfall Decreases 1900-2012

The greatest concern expressed by the scientific community is that, according to their models,

temperature increases can reach a point where the balance is so disrupted that further temperature

increase will self-perpetuate. It is generally believed that a 1 degree rise is inevitable, which at current

rates is predicted to be reached by 2015.18 Reputable scientific bodies such as the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change, are however predicting increases of between 1.4’C to 5.8’C within the next

100 years.19 Given that it is also predicted that a global averaged increase of just 2’C will trigger this

unstoppable chain reaction, the potential impact on the planet is alarming. It is for this reason a 2’C

increase has been designated as the focus danger level by both environmental groups and international

government bodies including the European Union.20

The broader scientific community has squarely placed the cause of global warming on changes in

atmospheric gas levels, particularly CO2, which alter the planet’s capacity to modulate heat. The earth is

effectively floating in a large greenhouse. Light radiation from the sun penetrates the gaseous skin of

the planet and heats up the earth’s surface by absorption. This energy is radiated back as long wave

heat radiation, which is less effective at penetrating the gaseous layer in order to release to space. The

heat is thereby trapped by a gaseous insulating blanket. Although this effect enables the planet to

collect and retain the sun’s warmth and thereby sustain the life of which we are a part, the system is

finally balanced. If the gaseous layer becomes too thick, greater volumes of heat are trapped, disrupting

the global balance.

There are several gases which are understood to be responsible for this blanketing effect; NO2, CH4, CO2,

CFC, HFC, SF6 and H2O. Over recent decades, scientific data has indicated increasing atmospheric

volumes in several of these gases. This thickening of the atmospheric ‘blanket’ also appears to mirror

global temperature increases. It is, however, increases in CO2 which is causing the most concern, with

18 Lynas, M. (2007). Carbon Counter: Calculate your Carbon Footprint London Harper Collins Publishers pp 28-29

19 Ibid. p 19

20 Ibid. pp 27-28

188

atmospheric CO2 increasing at a rate of 1.5-2 parts per million per year, from 278 parts per million in

1750 to 380 parts per million by 2007.21

Recorded gaseous increases also appear to correlate with shifts in historical consumption patterns.

Measurable CO2 levels appear to increase significantly around the start of the Industrial Revolution,

which was largely responsible for the proliferation of fossil fuel hungry technologies still predominately

used in power production today. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas, are carbon rich, and their burning

releases CO2 gas.22 CO2 is the most abundant of the atmospheric gases, and being the most stable in the

atmosphere (with a decay life of 100-1000 years), it does not readily decompose.23 As CO2 volumes

increase, so too does the ‘thickness’ of the blanket and the atmosphere’s capacity to retain heat.

According to Lynas, 2004 saw the largest ever recorded levels of atmospheric carbon emissions. In the

same year, the World Meteorological Organization estimated that, in that year alone, there had been

150,000 deaths with direct correlation to climate change related extreme weather events.24 Lynas

further evidences that; ‘The earth is now 0.7 degrees warmer than it was 150 years ago, before the

Industrial Revolution...’25 As our carbon based fuel consumption has increased, so too has the

measurable escalation in gas accumulation, and likewise has temperature. To many this is a clear

correlation.26

Although research clearly indicates that ‘...temperature and carbon dioxide shadow each other very

closely over the long term, suggesting that our increase in CO2 will indeed be followed by a temperature

increase’,27 there remains heated debate as to whether human activity has contributed to this increase

and the resultant altered climatic patterns. Studies into the geological history of the planet offer counter

theories. The Milankovitch cycle, for example, describes planetary orbital changes which are believed to

have driven cyclical changes in CO2 levels and in turn temperature changes throughout the planet’s life.

It is this cycle which has been blamed for generating prehistoric ice ages.28 However, countering this

argument is that, although natural CO2 cycles are undeniable, it is the degree in variance from the

records that causes concern. Lynas states that; ‘Carbon dioxide levels haven’t been this high on earth for

millions of years. The temperature of the planet rose and fell with the cycles of the ice ages, but during

the whole time carbon dioxide levels were lower than they are now.’29

21 Ibid. pp 10-11

22 Ibid. p 10

23 Ibid. p 6


p.ix

25 Lynas, M. (2007). Carbon Counter: Calculate your Carbon Footprint London Harper Collins Publishers p 15

26 Ibid. p 13

27 Ibid. p 11

28 Dr. Lang, S. (2011). an overview of the basic geology of WA. 'Understanding Place: The Resource of Landscape', University Club, Crawley, Western

Australia.


189

Why action is needed

Whatever the school of thought, the proof proffered, or the degree of responsibility assumed, there is

no doubt that humans are consuming more than ever of the earth’s resources and causing more

destruction. Whether the damage caused is contributing to, or is indeed responsible for climate change

or the destruction of natural systems, or both, there remains at least some clear human cause. If we do

find the earth to be accommodating and adapting, or the changes in climate we are experiencing either

at best; unfounded or worst; beyond our capacity to remedy, any positive action taken to curb

consumption and damage can only bring positive result. If we don’t do anything, we may find we wished

we had, if indeed we are granted the opportunity for retrospect. The drive should be to acknowledge

and check our impact and the desire to reverse the damage we have collectively done, regardless of the

argument for or against our personal or national responsibility, or even for the existence of climate

change in the first instance. In a globalised world, this is the ultimate global problem and one for which

every human being has responsibility and will ultimately benefit.

Reason for action is most convincingly summarised by the World Scientist’s Warning to Humanity, dated

the 18th November 1992:

‘Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict

harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not

checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for

human society and the plant and animal kingdoms, and may so alter the living world that

it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. Fundamental changes are

urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about...We the

undersigned, senior members of the world’s scientific community, herby warn all

humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in our stewardship of the earth and the life

on it, is required, if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet

is not to be irretrievably mutilated…The earth is finite. Its ability to absorb wastes and

destructive effluent is finite. Its ability to provide food and energy is finite. Its ability to

provide for growing numbers of people is finite. And we are fast approaching many of the

earth’s limits.’30

What is that action for domestic design?

Many do not have the tools, influence or resources to either impart significant commercial change, or

alter cultural patterns and behaviours. However, making small scale, domestic changes, being cognisant

of our own actions and habits, as well as understanding the origins and impact of the products we

accrue, can collective make significant and measurable difference. This may in turn alter cultural

standards and thereby guide acceptable and expected community response. Brenda and Robert Vale in

fact claim that; ‘In Australia, as in most countries, the domestic sector of the economy consumes more


190

energy and resources than the commercial sector. The CBD towers may look spectacular, but it is

people’s homes that are causing more damage to the environment, and making the larger contribution

to climate change.’31 And according to the Hausladen and Saldanha (et.al.); ‘Optimising the building

concept allows energy savings of up to 80% to be made compared with conventional buildings.’32

Generating and encouraging more sustainably engendered houses that are better attuned with the local

ecology, and efficient in construction and use, would not only make an immediate and positive global

impact, but would go a way toward changing attitudes and usage patterns. After all, markets and

societies are ultimately consumer driven.

Our homes need to be adaptive. They need to make the most of existing ecological patterns to provide

and enhance comfort. They need to be efficient, both in construction and use, and thereby respect the

resources they consume. They need to respect the land they occupy and value it. However most

importantly, to be successful, useful, retained and therefore sustainable, they also need to be desirable

and it could be argued, beautiful and inspirational. It is the balance of all these factors which will

generate a sustainable domestic form.

Schools of sustainable domestic design

There are numerous schools of thought which suggest what a domestic form should achieve in order to

be deemed sustainable. The extent to which a form can adopt these principles is a function of

economics, desires, opportunity and practicality. According to Chan; ‘Sustainable architecture is a broad

categorization, with no single, formal, spatial, or theoretical typology. A wide spectrum of design

philosophies may be included, from the scientific, which strives for self sufficiency in zero energy

systems, to the poetic, which seeks to create meaningful spatial contexts for experiencing nature.’33

Sustainable design is in fact a broader ideology, composed of variant approaches and agenda. Each

approach uses particular methodologies designed to achieve particular performance goals. Some

approaches are specific and interchangeable or mutually applicable, others embody a broader, whole of

principle approach.34 The principle of biomimicry, for example, replicates natural ecological patterns in

an attempt to achieve ecological balance and symbiosis. This approach could stand alone, or be

supplemented by other principles such as carbon neutral or life-cycle costing, which both seek to limit

the whole of life carbon contribution, inclusive of production and in-use wastes.

A holistic sustainable approach is one that makes consideration of each of the following goals:

31 Vale, B. and R. Vale (15th March 2002). "Article 1906: Sustainable development begins at home." Online opinion: Australia’s e-journal of social and

political debate.




34 These include Closed Loop Design, Life Cycle Assessment, Carbon Neutral, Ecological Design, Green Building, Biomimicry, Bioregional, Climate

Responsive and Solar Passive Design (refer to GLOSSARIES -PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS for definitions).

191

- Green house effect and the possibility of resulting global warming

- Ozone depletion and the UV increases caused by it

- Depletion of non-renewable resources

- Native habitat destruction

- Pollution35

In 1994, the Conseil International du Batiment (CIB) listed seven guiding principles necessary in order to

achieve those goals:

‘1. Reduce resource consumption (reduce).

2. Reuse resources (reuse).

3. Use recyclable resources (recycle).

4. Protect nature (nature).

5. Eliminate toxics (toxics).

6. Apply life-cycle costing (economics).

7. Focus on quality (quality).’36

However, despite all intents, true, holistic sustainability in the built form is rarely possible. Theis in

Kibert suggests that ‘sustainability’ is typically unachievable in most projects, because a project has a

client or representative body it is required to serve. Often this in conflicts with and dilutes the built

form’s possible social and environmental obligation.37 Typically, a building is required to first serve its

patron, and this weighs the philosophical scales accordingly. By defining sustainability in this manner, it

broadens the role of the designer to potentially unrealistic levels, and raises sustainability and

sustainable design to that of a philosophical ideal. A more achievable definition may therefore suggest

that the built form should instead aim for three major aspects of design, offering a more realistic,

flexible and variable manifesto;

1. To be socially sustainable

2. To be economically sustainable

3. To be environmentally sustainable 38

Kibert claims that McHarg believes the key to building sustainably in fact lies in the demarcation of

disciplines.39 Services and elements often fight and compensate each other, instead of working together

as an integrated whole. This is often further impacted by usage patterns. If a building’s function and

achievable use patterns are not understood and considered, attempts at sustainability can be



37 Ibid. p 118

38 Ibid. p 118

39 Ibid. p 116

192

ineffectual. A residential building, for example, can be readily designed to benefit from solar passive

gain in winter. Office spaces however, generally derive little benefit from solar gain, being a singular,

often large space, with large internal heat loads generated by the density of users and equipment.

Regardless of whether a building can perform appropriately, if it does not serve the needs or desires of

the user, and is not used in the manner in which it was intended, then it will fall short of the sustainable

ideal.

It is for this reason Kibert advocates simple solutions over complex ones. Complex solutions often

consume more resources over their lifetime.40 They are often more difficult to maintain correct ongoing

use and are more difficult to adapt to changing usage patterns over the life of a building. The simplest of

solutions often make the most of the existing site conditions, instead of fighting against them and

thereby ultimately their use reduces the need for all other technologies. Being simple also offers greater

assurance that the building will be understood by the user and therefore used as intended. Providing

building occupants with knowledge is arguably the most important function of a sustainable building, in

that this knowledge and the interest it may garner, can perpetuate sustainable ideals, thereby

encouraging social change.

Regardless of the methods applied, a built form that attempts to be sustainable is one that finds an

appropriate, workable and fit balance between culture and function, as well as in the use and

manipulation of materials, all in respect of natural ecological systems. Sustainability should be

considered an ideal to strive and the closer each project is able to achieve this and appreciate and

address its own holistic impact, the better. Chan claims; ‘Their commonality resides in the ethical intent

of sustainable design’s twofold objective: the well-being of the inhabitant and the conservation of the

environment.’41 Sustainable design in the domestic built form is essentially about getting the ‘bones’

right, about understanding place, understanding what the building needs to do, what it needs to be,

what it needs to feel and then giving the building the best possible home on the site as a respectful and

appreciative cotenant.

However, in order for a building to function in whichever sustainable manner it has been devised, the

purpose, comfort range and requirements of the end user must be fully understood. It is necessary to

understand the expectations of the user to ensure the design will be fit for purpose, so that it will be

used and managed as intended and ultimately, not altered. If a building does not adequately service the

user, it is not sustainable. Perception plays an important role in achieving sustainable success.

Perceptive comfort and baseline controls

Human comfort is the driver for the production and use of domestic form and the ultimate determinate

in domestic desirability. If a form fails to produce the desired level of comfort, it will be rejected, and

40 Ibid. p 15


193

with rejection, will no longer be sustainable. As comfort is emotive and embedded in feelings of

happiness and wellbeing, the adequate provision of comfort is essential for a building to perform

sustainably. Additional emotive value can be added to perceptions of comfort, by positively lining

emotive response with ecological experience, reinforcing and perpetuating future sustainable response.

Human comfort is difficult to measure. It is a perceptive emotion encompassing all of the senses. It

relies on human experience and can be altered by a person’s unique make up, including body weight,

health, gender, stress levels, attire, hair style, personality, expectations and immediate activity, as well

as the multitude of other emotions and sensations an individual experiences at any point in time. Each

of these factors work to generate a physical yet complex and highly individual perception of a space and

the degree of comfort it provides them.

Based on pure calculations; ‘If facades were hermetically sealed, this would certainly result in the

objective comfort parameters being fulfilled, but many subjective aspects of comfort would be

ignored.’42 Human beings need stimulation to regulate their manner and perception of comfort. Comfort

cannot be provided by the manipulation of one sense alone. As described by Hausladen (et.al.); ‘People

do not analyse their surroundings like a physical measuring instrument. They rely on an overall

impression gained from more than one of their senses. Therefore, for example, the perception of

temperature and sound is connected with the colour of the surroundings, whilst sensitivity to odours is

linked to air temperature and humidity.’43 Odour, noise, light, air movement and moisture, all work to

put an individual in time, place and season, and work concurrently to generate perceptions of

wellbeing.44

Despite the perception of comfort being particular to the individual, design does require guidelines to

ensure that comfort can be offered to the highest possible proportion of occupants, over the broadest

possible variance. Even if a space can be designed to suit the specifics of an individual, it will never be

able to achieve continuous comfort for all. An individual’s comfort can, in fact, change over time, and

may vary from day to day, hour to hour, based on such variants as health or activity.

In order to achieve an acceptable level of perceptive comfort, the full range of spatial comforts and their

project specific impact must be fully considered. Without due consideration and modulation of the full

range of human senses, a person can quickly become uncomfortable. These may include; heating and

cooling; ventilation, humidity, and air quality; sound; light; and perception. Perceived discomfort in any

one of these areas can result in an overall tolerance shift, and the unceremoniously rejection of what

should be acceptable comfort ranges. The designer’s understanding and modulation of each of these

tolerances is essential in order to achieve true sustainability.



43 Ibid. p 9

44 Ibid. p 39

194

Heating and cooling

Studies have shown that with the adoption of broad optimum temperature ranges, in conjunction with

the consideration of other perception parameters, some degree of universal comfort can be achieved.

Broadly, this can be summarised as follows;

Summer 20-27’C Winter 18-24’C

Which adjusts during in sleep to:45

Summer 22.5-25.5’C Winter 20-24’C46

Even in Australia’s temperate climates, such as Perth, 42% of energy is however typically used for

heating and cooling.47 Reducing the need for mechanically applied heating or cooling will therefore

contribute significantly to the sustainable value of any built solution.

In order to effectively manipulate and modify heat transfer and create more comfortable spaces, it is

important to first understand how environmental heat is transferred and generated. Heat transfer

occurs on a molecular level and can be supplied or removed from the human body in four ways:

Radiation:

Radiant heat is transferred in the form of short wave radiation, such as sunlight or fire light.

Light radiation is absorbed by surfaces, including the human body. Lighter colours absorb less

energy and darker more. The absorbed light excites the surface molecules which in turn release

heat in the form of long wave radiant energy. The darker the surface and the more intense and

concentrated the light is, than the greater the release of heat will be.

The heating of surfaces by short wave, light radiation is effectively controlled by exclusion, such

as shading. However, it is short wave energy’s ability to transfer through glass and vacuum

which makes it particularly useful to building design.

Conduction:

Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular collision, with the heat energy always travelling

to the coldest surface. It plays a part in both convection and evaporation transfers.

Convection:

The transfer of heat energy through fluids, such as air and water is called convection. As a fluid

heats via conduction, it expands and rises, creating a pressure differential which draws the cold

denser fluid to fill the void. This replacement fluid in turn heats, expands and rises. The warmed





195

liquid also transfers its accumulated heat energy to other adjacent molecules or surfaces

through conduction. The rate of convection can be affected by air velocity or fluid current, such

that the greater the passage of air over a surface, the greater the amount of heat is ‘collected’

and transferred. The hotter the surface, the faster the movement will be. A small amount of

this heat energy is also lost by conduction to other molecules in the fluid.

Evaporation:

Water molecules on a surface that are sufficiently heated through conduction, will change state

and become gaseous. This transformation removes heat from the surface. Evaporation is

affected by climatic humidity as well as air movement. The greater the air movement is, the

more rapid the evaporation will be. The greater the humidity, the less the air is able to hold

additional water molecules.48

In theory, an evenly heated space can be very efficient and would provide a perception of comfort at as

low as 18’C. This is, however, difficult to maintain in any operational space. Hot and cold patches

created by draughts can cause localised air pressure changes which can cause air movement over skin.

This airflow accelerates dermal evaporation, removing body heat and creating the sensation that spaces

are colder than they are.

Radiant heat is more evenly and readily controlled and can provide the greatest level of thermal

comfort,49 yet it still needs to be carefully managed. Direct solar radiation in the heat of summer is far

from ideal and should be excluded so as not to contribute to other thermal transfers already in action.

Capturing light energy in winter will, however, go a considerable way toward improving thermal

comfort, as long as other heat loss transfers can be effectively managed.50

The effective manipulation and control of desirable and excessive heating to the right surfaces and the

interaction of each heat type can enhance perceptive thermal comfort. Underfloor heating for example

reduces the effects of heat stratification which causes draughts.51 Heating below windows is also

effective in reducing convection currents thereby reducing the cold air drop effect.52 Understanding the

ways in which thermal techniques can be applied allows the effective manipulation of thermal comfort.

48 Ibid. pp 15-17



50 35% of body heat is dissipated through the feet. A floor surface temperature of between 19’C-29’C is the optimal needed to reduce this effect.

Ibid. p 29




196

Ventilation, humidity and air quality

Air quality and volume effects comfort on multiple levels, effecting not only thermal comfort, but also

actual physical health, productivity and wellbeing. The capacity for spatial ventilation (measured in air

changes), and air quality is therefore of particular importance when considering perceptive comfort.

Smell is the strongest trigger of perception. Not only does it trigger emotive memory, it is also linked to

our most primal flight mechanisms. In fact; ‘The nose provides man with the quickest pathway to the

emotions as every smell goes straight to the part of the brain that deals with emotions and memory, to

the amygdale in the limbic system.’53 Although emotive smell is often specific to an individual and does

decrease with age, reducing or removing those odours that may be deemed undesirable goes a way

towards increasing perceptive comfort.

Assuming the air source is fresh and clean, a high outdoor air change can enhance the perception that

the air is clean and the emotive response that it is safe to breathe. For this to be effective however, the

built spatial arrangement also needs to be considered. Natural ventilation relies on the effective capture

of natural winds and their cross-flow manipulation through the use of pressure changes. It also relies on

the outside air source being suitable in humidity, temperature, direction and quality.54 Ventilation that is

collected from above a road, for example, will have little benefit. Where outdoor air quality is poor, floor

plans are deep, cross-flow is inadequate or windows are sealed (such as in an office) mechanically

assisted and tempered ventilation can instead be relied on to collect and distribute outdoor air

preferably.

In instances when spaces are densely populated or have high equipment use, the introduction of fresh

clean air is particularly important in removing accumulated human odours, expelled CO2 (which causes

sleepiness and enhances some odours)55 as well as moisture and operational pollutants. When toxins,

VOCs56 and accumulated breathed air are not adequately vented, this creates a poor sense of wellbeing

and can lead to instances of generalised illness, (refer Sick Building Syndrome57).58

Air humidity and temperature can contribute significantly to the perception of air quality. Different

smells are enhanced or reduced by air humidity. High humidity, for example, enhances the perceptive

odour of paint, rubber and linoleum, whilst a low humidity increases that of tobacco and kitchen related

53 Ibid. p 31

54 ‘Depending on the wind, the boundary layer has temperatures between 5-10’ C above the outside air temperature and can be several metres

thick.’54 This can substantially reduce the effectiveness of ventilation. Ibid. p 50


56 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).

57 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).

58 When a building is not adequately ventilated, both human generated and naturally occurring toxics and toxins can accumulate to unhealthy levels.

Radioactive radon, for example, naturally occurs in some soils. Without adequate ventilation, the naturally occurring radioactive particles can

accumulate in building spaces to unhealthy levels. Refer Radon in GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS.

197

odours.59 The combination of high air temperature and humidity can therefore give the perception of a

lower effective air quality.60

The provision of natural ventilation does, however, need to be balanced against humidity as well as heat

loss and gain. High air changes can result in building heat loss of a far greater magnitude than

transmission losses alone.61 Humidity levels also impact significantly on the perception of air

temperature. As the human body relies on the evaporation of perspiration to maintain a constant

temperature, a 10% increase in humidity can equate to a perceived 0.3’C increased sensation.62 To

minimise this problem, manipulated mechanical driven air is often used and may be cleaned, humidity

adjusted or mixed with recycled air to reduce overall heat loss or gain, and supplied at rates to suit

predetermined optimal building parameters.

Sound

Repeated, loud and unnatural sounds are also potential sources of discomfort. The degree of discomfort

attributable to noise does however vary depending on the task being undertaken, as well as individual

perceptive tolerances. For example, inadequate sound protection for a bedroom against a main road

will rapidly cause the home to be unsustainable for those not acclimatised; and inadequate insulation

between meeting rooms may reveal private conversations altering the room’s acceptable function.

Numerous noise studies have been undertaken to determine fair comfort ranges for variant situations.

These measurements (typically recorded as decibels (dB)) are used in the design and specification of

optimal control measures, ensuring reasonable and generally acceptable levels of sound comfort. For

example; levels of between 30-45dB are generally recommended for offices where concentration is

required, speech being set at 50dB.63

Light

The provision of natural, diurnal and seasonal light is also important for human wellbeing,64 and is

likewise a measure of comfort. Studies have shown that exposure to certain light qualities, including

colour, can assist in adjusting or correcting human cycles in sleep and relaxation, encouraging the body

to reset naturally. According to Kibert; ‘The eye...is most comfortable with natural sunlight, which

changes throughout the day. Because indoor artificial light is basically unchanging in colour and

intensity, there may be adverse affects on the health and well-being of those subjected to it.’65



60 Ibid. p 32

61 Ibid. p 45

62 Ibid. p 28

63 Ibid. p 25



198

Even when natural light is possible, achieving the correct quality and balance of that light to suit task, is

also important. This can reduce the possibility of eye strain and associated physical discomfort. Eye

strain is caused by the eye’s rapid and frequent adjustment to dissimilar lighting levels. The discomfort

associated with this can lead to headaches and illness. Light should be diffuse and reflected to reduce

glare, be evenly distributed across a space and at sufficient levels to suit the task. Correct lighting levels

can therefore contribute significantly to not only actual health, but also to perceptions of wellbeing and

therefore productivity.

Maintaining views to the outside and the natural world can remedy many wellbeing concerns. Not only

do exterior views reduce eye strain by encouraging distance vision (exercising the eye) they also provide

an important link to not only the cycles of diurnal and seasonal light and colour rendition, but also a

visual and emotive link to the natural world.

Perception

The perception is a significant comfort marker. The manner in which an ecology or spatial environment

is presented and therefore perceived, can not only modify registered comfort, but can also modify social

habit and reinforce concepts of sustainability.

Of nature

Human interaction with nature can improve general health, wellbeing and happiness. Many

manipulated comfort markers do in fact attempt to replicate natural conditions. Lighting, for example, is

best natural and changing, ventilation is best fresh and clean and sound is best disbursed. By providing

interaction with natural systems, deficiencies in the built form can be compensated.

By providing this link and the improved wellbeing it may engender, the value and importance of the

natural world is also reinforced. This can, in turn, reinforce the importance of the preservation of natural

systems.

Of control

The desire for perceptive control is embedded in human nature and can modulate the effectiveness of

all other perceptive parameters. The provision of control (real or imagined) can be used to mediate

individual perceptions. According to Hausladen et.al., ‘...people like to feel they can do something about

a situation themselves.’66 Control helps moderate perception. Not only can it allow for much finer

refinement in personal comfort, it can mediate expectations of comfort. If an environment is presented

as generically controlled for the optimum comfort of all, the expectations of what level of comfort that

optimum should provide will be high. With such personalised and unquantifiable expectations, the

‘optimum’ would inevitably fall short. None of the occupants would be satisfied, even if what was



199

provided was in fact within a statistically accepted range. By allowing some individual manipulation,

occupants are given the responsibility of negotiating their own environmental parameters, thereby

broadening their acceptance range.

By making visible connections with nature, allowing the experience of seasons and diurnal shifts, as well

as allowing a degree of control over personal weather space, an individual’s sense of wellbeing can be

increased, thereby making comfort parameters more adaptive.

DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN PERTH

In order to achieve a holistic sustainable approach, a suitable Perth domestic typology would therefore

need to be able to sustain for perpetuity:

- The provision of human comfort.

- The preservation of natural systems as well as the value placed in them.

Both goals can be achieved by managing consumption.

Consumption

Sustainability relies not only on capping in-use consumptive habits within sustainable levels, it also relies

on ensuring products and their components are in themselves renewable and safe to both occupant and

cradle. Minimising and managing the impact of material consumption will drive appropriate solutions.

Kibert states that; ‘Sustainable construction considers the role and potential interface of ecosystems to

provide services in a synergistic fashion. With respect to materials selection, closing materials loops and

eliminating solid, liquid and gaseous emissions are key sustainability objectives.’67

In order to appreciate the full impact of consumptive habits, it is necessary to be cognisant of a

product’s origin and method of manufacture as well as the associated ecological cost. Hollo suggests

that; ‘Having lost their connection with nature, humans have forgotten details as simple as where their

water and food originates and how it is processed and moved to them for consumption.’68 Going further

to state that; ‘We do not see the dependence of our homes, and the comfort and convenience it

provides, on vast networks of pipes, ducts and wires, roads, power stations, mines, quarries, oil and gas

wells, factories, forests and plantations, dams, sewerage treatment works, incinerators, waste dumps,

and other facilities...’69 In a global community, where fresh produce is regularly sourced from the other

side of the globe and where the affordability of products is a factor of origin, there is an ignorance of the

full cost of our everyday consumptive habits. This in turn perceptively devalues products, resulting in

ready and often wasteful consumption. It is this lack of knowledge in regards to consumptive impact,

created by a world made accessible by technology and encouraged by the marketed push to consume,


68 Ibid. p 125


200

which encourages and facilitates unsustainable practices, including wasteful consumption of resources

and the destruction of habitat by plunder and pollution.

Material use and selection

All materials have a cost to the environment, whether they are required for food, for shelter, or

entertainment. Their production uses raw resources and generates waste. Selecting materials which

minimise ecological impact provides an appropriate base for the application of other sustainable

principles. Without this basis, there can be doubt as to the appropriateness and validity of the end

response.

Sustainable and appropriate products should therefore be selected in full consideration of a range of

parameters:

Extraction:

Is the element renewable or depleted; what damage was caused in its removal; how much

energy went into the removal of the element from its source; what pollution or waste was

generated; and how has it been disposed?

Manufacture:

How much energy went into the manufacture of the product; what pollution or waste was

generated; how was it disposed; and what transport waste was associated with its delivery

from origin?

Construction:

What additional transport waste will be generated in order to bring it to its use location; what

waste (including packaging) will be generated in its use; and how will waste be disposed?

Life:

What are the maintenance requirements of the product and what impacts will they have; and is

the product likely to emit pollutants including VOCs?70

End:

Can the product be dismantled, reused or recycled;71 what waste or pollutants will be

generated; and how will waste be disposed?72

Selecting an appropriate and sustainable material palette is challenging. Despite the apparent simplicity

of the material parameters, even sustainability advocates like Kibert lament that; ‘A basic philosophical

70 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).

71 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Renewable; Recycling; Reuse.


201

approach to selecting materials for building design is sorely lacking in today’s green73 building

movement. Consequently, there are many different schools of thought, many varied approaches, and

abundant controversy.’74 The components and elements that go into the creation of even common

products are often complex, making comparisons difficult at best. In a globalised economy, products are

often sourced from great distance and the transport of them can generate high carbon waste emissions.

The energy used as well as the toxicity of the waste created both in manufacture and in use, as well in

reuse or disposal, needs also to be considered. With the volume of product available, the complexity of

origins, and the inevitable lack of public transparency in their manufacture, the systematic comparisons

of even the most commonplace products becomes near impossible.

Even the decision as to the sustainable appropriateness of a product or material’s disposal, reuse or

recyclability, needs to be evenly and thoroughly considered. For example, out of the range of synthetic

products available, only the metals and some plastics are fully recyclable. However, in order to do so,

large amounts of energy and chemicals are often required. In some instances, this is more than would

be required to manufacture the product from the raw source. However, the damage caused to the

source of the raw product during extraction may out way concerns over the energy consumed during its

recycle.

Two common building products; concrete and timber, exemplify the range and value of the credentials

that should be considered when making material selections:

Concrete

Concrete is a good source of thermal mass. It is durable and can be down-cycled75 with minimal

energy input, into the rubble used in road base and rammed wall construction. The cement

used in its production does, however, generate substantial levels of CO2, held responsible for

global warming. 1 ton of cement in fact produces the equivalent of 1 ton of CO2. Once the

carbon cost associated with transport is also considered, concrete can quickly become

undesirable. However, concrete can be improved by replacing part of the cement with the

waste product; fly ash,76 thereby achieving a 40% CO2 reduction.77

Timber

Depending on the source and management of origin, timber can also have mixed credentials. If

timber is sourced from a plentiful species; from plantations that are renewable and managed in

such a way that native ecologies are also valued and preserved; water, pesticides and fertilisers

are not overly used; and the end product is not transported excessively, then timber can be a

73 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Green Building/Green Design.


75 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Downcyclable.

76 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Flyash.

77 Nervegna, L. 'Specifying Sustainability'. Architects Handbook: 55-57. p 56

202

good sustainable product.78 The processing of the raw product can, however, also impact its

overall sustainable value. Radially sawn timber produces the least timber waste, provides a

more stable product,79 and allows younger trees to be harvested. It can be 30% more efficient

than traditional sawn timbers. Shrinkage is also more even, with the grain running across the

length of the board.80 Timber also has the capacity to sequester carbon from the atmosphere,

thereby reducing atmospheric CO2. With such complex and varied considerations and the real

possibility that not all will be fully met, the use of timber requires balanced consideration in

respect to the project parameters.

Kibert therefore suggests there are two schools of thought that can be applied when valuing the

ecological cost of a product or material’s lifecycle:

1. Ecological School: ‘...keeping materials in productive use, as in an ecological system, is of

primary importance, and that the energy and other resources needed to feed the recycling

system are a secondary matter. Nature, after all, does not use energy efficiently, but it does

employ it effectively...’ 81

2. LCA School: ‘...if the energy and the emissions due to energy production are higher for recycling

than for the use of virgin materials, then virgin materials should be used.’82

Often product selection needs to be best managed to meet project ethics, and made from the best

possible available alternatives. Traditionally, vernacular design made the best use of local materials,

thereby origins and the impacts were immediately clear, as was the capacity for renewal and reuse.

With a global economy and the proliferation of product, origins and impacts are often much more

complex and difficult to deconstruct.83 Ultimately, however, if waste is minimised and products are used

to the best possible economy, their use will still also go a way toward a more sustainable result.

Toxics and toxins

Some materials generate waste in the form of toxics (human made) and toxins (naturally derived) which

are generally harmful to living systems. These may be released as a bi-product during manufacture and

effect natural systems in the form of solid, liquid or gaseous waste, or may be released slowly in use,

damaging air or water quality and health. Being aware of product’s potential for toxic/toxin production

and managing impact, either through controlled use or substitution, can ensure ecological and human

wellbeing, as well as ensure sustainability.


79 Timber shrinkage occurs even in radially sawn timber because the grain runs the length of the board, stabilising the board length of the timber.

80 Mobbs, M. (2000). Sustainable House Marrickville, NSW, Choice Books pp 129-130


82 Ibid. p 272

83 Ibid. p 275

203

All materials in a building system gas to some degree.84 It is, however, the volume of emission, the time

frame of exposure, and the level of toxicity that can affect air quality and wellbeing. Many of the more

common emissions are in the form of volatile organic compounds. VOCs85 are carbon based and readily

evaporated into the air, making them highly transmissible. Depending on the range of contaminates,

poor internal air quality can cause symptoms and illness ranging from asthma, chronic fatigue, cancer,

chemical sensitivities and vascular disease.86 By selecting products with the least potential for

toxic/toxin emission, and ensuring adequate ventilation to prevent accumulation of any avoidable

gaseous emissions, then the risk associated with these bi-products can be minimised.

There are a range of products used in the construction of Australian housing which have been identified

as particularly noxious when inappropriately used. Several have in fact been banned from certain

applications because of their proven impact on health and wellbeing:

PVC

Kibert claims that the humanly derived chemical compound polyvinylchloride (PVC) is ‘...the

most environmentally damaging of all plastics due to the release of organochlorines and other

chemicals, such as the hormone disrupting phthalates, throughout its entire lifecycle.’ Its

production and disposal (often by burning), also releases toxics.87 PVC is commonly found in

most modern households, including rain water pipes and plumbing.88

Polyurethane

Polyurethane is commonly used in wood sealants including floor varnishes. It can be consumed

as a vapour when wet and gassing, such as during or immediately after application.

Polyurethane has been linked to instance of respiratory damage.89

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a chemical preservative typically used in taxidermy. It is also used in the

production of vinyls, carpets, perma-pleat fabrics, bonded-wood products such as MDF and

particle board,90 in paint, varnish and glue solvents, as well as in pesticides and fungicides.91

Generally undetectable by smell, exposed and unsealed formaldehyde containing surfaces will

continue to gas through the base product’s life.

84 Ibid. p 326

85 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, including heading for Sick Building Syndrome.

86 Mobbs, M. (2000). Sustainable House Marrickville, NSW, Choice Books ,Refer ’Appendix 6: Air Quality Report’ pp 184-185

87 Ibid. p 133

88 HDPE is now and common substitute for PVC use in plumbing

89 Mobbs, M. (2000). Sustainable House Marrickville, NSW, Choice Books p 33

90 Applied sealant or laminate to exposed surfaces of MDF or particle board are understood to reduce formaldehyde gas exposure.

91 Mobbs, M. (2000). Sustainable House Marrickville, NSW, Choice Books ; Refer ’Appendix 6: Air Quality Report’ pp 184-185

204

Lead

Lead was commonly used in paint, flashing and guttering in Western Australia. It has the ability

to leach into water. When consumed, either through ingestion (such as in rainwater), or

inhaled as a dust (created by surface abrasion), it accumulates in the human body. Even small

concentrations can cause a range of health issues, including the possibility of learning

disabilities in children.92

Asbestos

Commonly considered inert when sealed and stable, the inhalation of disturbed asbestos fibre

has been identified as a cause for certain lung cancers and respiratory diseases. Asbestos was

used in Australia in roofing,93 plumbing and wall sheeting as well as insulation and various other

components into the 1970s and 1980s.94

Although managing the consumption of product and material plays a significant role in addressing issues

of sustainability, water and energy are the two main resources most significantly marked by

consumptive patterns.

Water

Clean, drinkable water is essential for human survival. In 2003 it was reported that 1 in 6 people were

without safe drinking water.95 Despite the earth being covered by approximately 70% water,96 only 2.5%

of it is fresh. A further 0.3% of this is accessible surface water, with three quarters of that being

sequestered in glaciers, permafrost and snow.97 When this useable water is diminished by wasteful

consumption or pollution, the impact on not only natural systems, but also on human health and

amenity can be catastrophic.

The average Perth home has significantly increased its per person water consumption since

establishment, reflective of social change including greater expectations in personal hygiene, changes in

garden use as well as modified consumer habits driven by an apparently plentiful and ready supply.98

92 Wikipedia Lead, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead>, Retrieved 17th March 2013.

93 When used as a roof sheet, loose fibres can also accumulate in rain water collection systems.

94 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Asbestos.


96 HowStuffWorks How much water is there on Earth?, <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question157.htm>,



98 The personal water for the majority of contemporary Perth homes is now sourced from a mains supply. According to the ABS; ‘An estimated

758,500 households in WA (95%) received their domestic water supply from mains or town water. In Perth, 2% of households were not connected to

mains water, compared with 15% of households in the Balance of WA…For those households connected to mains water supply in WA, 9% had a rain

water tank. The proportion was higher for those living in separate houses (11%) compared with other types of dwellings (3%), and for households in

the Balance of WA (24%) compared with Perth households (5%). Of those households that used water from a rain water tank, the most common uses

were drinking water (68%), watering the garden (43%) and food preparation (32%)…For those WA households connected to mains water supply

around one-fifth reported using bore water (22%). A higher proportion of Perth households used bore water (26%) compared with households in the

Balance of WA (11%). Less than one-fifth of households that used a bore shared it with other households or properties (16%).’ Australian Bureau of

Statistics (2007). 'Domestic Use of Water and Energy, WA Oct, 2006'. Cat. No. 4652.5.

205

Despite water saving campaigns and rising supply costs, household consumption has continued to rise.99

Factoring in the volume of redirected and wasted surface water (reducing the rate of aquifer recharge)

as well as that consumed by industry and non-native, highly water consumptive agriculture, the impact

on Perth’s finite potable water supply becomes marked.

Australia is among the driest nations on the planet. Cities throughout Australia, including Perth, have

become reliant on desalination plants to supplement dwindling damn and ground water supplies. The

impact on native ecologies has also been considerable. Perth ground water is being removed faster than

it is being replaced, significantly impacting on the ecology of the remaining wetland systems, and the

mature tree stock. The impacts of reducing water stocks has instigated various campaigns by the State

Water Authority to encourage the use of reduced flow fittings, the imposition of garden water

restrictions, as well as the encouragement of water-wise planting. Such campaigns have encouraged a

degree of public awareness of the issues relating to excessive water consumption, however, even

modified contemporary habits cannot compare to the degree to which water was coveted in Perth’s

early history.

For most contemporary Perth residents, water comes from the tap, and has done so since mains water

was first established in 1889.100 Prior to a reliable establishment of main water, rainwater, river and

ground water were coveted, and the collection of it was necessary and integrated in the design of the

common housing typology. Lots were designed to ensure the quality of ground-sourced water101 and the

rainwater tank was ubiquitous even up to the 1920s.102 Contemporary attitudes to water remain more

consumptive than precious and are reinforced by Perth’s contemporary domestic typologies.

99 In 2011 the ABS reported that; ‘Water prices have risen 18% in the last year, according to an Australian Bureau of Statistics publication released

today. The average price of water has increased from $1.77/kL in 2008-09 to $2.09/kL in 2009-10. Households paid significantly more for water on

average than agriculture ($2.09/kL compared to $0.09/kL). Australia also did more with the water it consumed. At current prices, there was a 9%

increase in the industry value added per GL of water consumed, from $95 million per GL in 2008-09 to $104 million per GL in 2009-10. With the rise

in price of water came a fall in total consumption. In 2009–10, Australia’s water use was 13,476 GL, down 4% from 2008-09 (14,101 GL). Despite the

drop in consumption, household consumption increased 6% from 2008-09.’ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011). 'Water Account, Australia, 2009-

10- Media Release: Water prices rise, but we use less' Cat. No. 4610.0.

Interestingly, however the ABS did report household consumption reductions in earlier statistics, however it was suggested that this was the result of

environmental conditions and imposed restrictions: ‘Water consumption in Australia in 2004–05 was 18,767 gigalitres (GL), a decrease of 14% from

2000–01, in which it was 21,703 GL. Many parts of Australia experienced below average rainfall in 2004–05, with drought conditions occurring in

some areas, including parts of the Murray-Darling Basin. These dry conditions have led to urban water restrictions and reduced availability of water

for irrigators. Although the agriculture industry had the highest water use in 2004–05 (12,191 GL, or 65% of total water consumption), water use by

this sector decreased by 19%, or 2,798 GL, between 2000–01 and 2004–05. Households accounted for 2,108 GL of water in 2004–05, or 11.2% of

Australia’s total water consumption. Household water use also decreased between 2000–01 and 2004–05, by 7% or 170 GL.’ Australian Bureau of

Statistics (2010). 'Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010'. Cat. No. 4613.0.

100 Although this earlier date was the first attempt at piped water, it did take several decades to establish permanent and reliable supplies to all

residences. The establishment of piped water supply from Mundaring Weir to Perth made supply feasible. Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE

EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - THE PERTH EXPERIENCE; 1850 Convict labour, Gothic revival and the growth of a colony and 1920-

1929 The Garden City.

101 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE- THE PERTH EXPERIENCE; 1850 Convict labour, Gothic revival

and the growth of a colony

102 Refer Image AA.1- REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE .

206

With a largely uninterrupted, clean water supply since the establishment of Mundaring Weir in the

1920s,103 it is not surprising that the average Perth home treats rainwater as waste, and assumes a right

in supply, with limited consideration of origin or in the value that should be placed in its quality. Despite

water shortages, the majority of surface stormwater continues to be washed into the ocean and potable

water is used for the disposal of toilet waste and to water our streets and gardens. Hollo exclaims that;

‘It seems ironic that we use approximately the same amount of water within our homes as is shed as

stormwater.’104 Although this statement does not necessarily consider Australian climatic variability, for

Perth it could be seen as a fair assumption. This can be exemplified by an architecturally designed

residence Kalamunda (included as a case in this study). The owner of this single storey, 2.5 bedroom

residence in the Perth hills installed a 10,000 litre rain water tank, collecting the majority of rainfall onto

the single storey residence. By the use of water saving techniques and devices, and the treatment and

reuse (in landscape) of all waste water on site, they claim an 80% reduction on average mains water

use.105

The Kalamunda residence suggests that, even in Perth, it is possible to achieve sustainable water

systems, if homes and communities are designed to;

- ensure stormwater is utilised efficiently;

- reasonable volumes of clean run off is directed to replenish rivers and water tables;

- supplemental manufactured water use is minimised, (thereby also minimising energy

consumption);

- and consumer habits are encouraged to remain within native system limitations;

Energy

In the most simplistic of terms, energy use could be considered a base gauge of a sustainable building.

The less energy that is consumed in a building’s operation, in the making of its parts and during its

disposal, the more sustainable it will be.

One of the biggest contributors to green house gases as well as substantial habitat destruction is energy

production. Despite a concerted shift in recent years for more renewable energy production,106 which,

in Western Australia alone has seen the establishment of wind farms, increased photo voltaic use as

103 Refer REFERENCE APPENDIX A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERTH DOMESTIC TYPE - THE PERTH EXPERIENCE; 1920-1929 The Garden City.


105 SV – advice to author, March 2010

106 According to the ABS; ‘Renewable energy production has been steadily increasing, showing an average 6% increase per year since 2008-09.

However, it only accounts for just under 2% of domestic energy production.’ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012). 'Energy Account, Australia, 2010-

11'. Cat. No. 4604.0.

207

well as debate about the acceptance of nuclear driven systems, energy in Australia is still largely

generated by the burning of fossil fuel.107

Despite dwindling known and available sources, coal remains the most widely used fossil fuel in power

production, because it remains the most economical. It does however remain costly in other ways. The

extraction process can be particularly destructive to the origin landscape and its use as a power source

generates significant levels of CO2, which is linked to global warming. Other potential and relatively

clean, low ecologically impacting power sources, such as hydro farms and hot rock technologies, have

largely failed to gain community acceptance or significant government support. This is in part due to

economics.

Interestingly, there is one technology which has been rejected by the general community, on the

grounds of its ecological impact, despite apparent economic feasibility. Nuclear technology for power

generation has been summarily rejected, even despite global precedent identifying it as an economic

and comparatively clean source of power. This is because it has proven, in catastrophic terms, its

potential for impact on human systems. Memories of Chernobyl have bred such a fear in the potential

for its misuse as well as of the toxic waste it produces, that its positive potential has been rejected in

Australia, often passionately. Despite their potential for damage, coal-fired systems seem to avoid such

a passionate response. Perhaps this is due, in part, to the invisibility of coal’s destructive force. Because

the impact of coal use is accumulative and gradual, it can be largely overlooked. Its use cannot incite the

same fear response as those images released of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

With energy production of the scale required by contemporary communities typically only feasible at an

industrial level, the average household can only realistically contribute a sustainable energy response

through the efficient use of that supplied, and thereby work to reduce contemporary consumption.

Carol states; ‘In Australia, energy costs about a third of what it costs in Europe’,108 but despite this

‘Australian households spend around $1500 a year on energy and water bills, and our energy and water

use is amongst the highest in the world.‘109 This has resulted in several Government campaigns

encouraging greater efficiency of coal fired energy use, including the encouragement of energy saving

light fittings and whitegoods, as well as rebates for the installation of residential photovoltaic systems.

Western Australia usage statistics show that increasing household awareness of energy consumption is

being reflected by reducing household energy use, however despite the majority (63%) of respondents

claiming to have actively reduced consumption in order to conserve energy (and therefore for

environmental reasons), a significant proportion of those surveyed had made reductions in response to

107 According to the ABS; ‘In October 2006, there were an estimated 800,800 households in WA. Almost all WA households used mains electricity,

68% used mains gas and 17% used solar energy.’ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007). 'Domestic Use of Water and Energy, WA Oct, 2006'. Cat. No.

4652.5.

108 Walsh, G. (2009). 'Green Dream' Insite, Scoop: Home and Design Series. Subiaco, Western Australia, Scoop Publishing. Autumn 2009: 98-104.

p.100


208

rising costs (37%).110 These figures suggest that changing expectations and trends in consumption as

well as the value that is placed on energy, could drive the development of a community scaled

sustainable energy system.

However, even though more efficient whitegoods help, true energy efficiency within the home is a

factor of housing design. According to statistics quoted by Walsh; ‘If architects designed our houses to

reduce electricity usage by 50 percent on the average, that is the equivalent to driving 11 million

kilometres in a car...The housing industry is responsible for the other 96 percent of dwellings. Potential

savings from improved design equates to 268 million km, which is the same as the entire population of

Mandurah driving to Melbourne in small cars (or half the population if they went in 4WDs).’111 If a type

is not working at optimum within its climatic confines and if it is not making the most of wind and solar,

it will require more energy to adjust internal conditions to meet occupant expectations. Ensuring homes

are designed to maximise natural systems in order to reduce the need for highly consumptive comfort

supplements, would therefore improve the prospect of a community’s energy sustainability.

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN

By preserving and making the best use of existing natural systems in order to provide human comfort,

supplementary mechanical heating and cooling can be minimised from the outset and overall ecological

impact can be significantly reduced. Data in fact shows that; ‘For the average building, the operating

energy is far greater than the embodied energy, perhaps 5 to 10 times higher. Consequently, the

operational stage has far more energy impacts than those through the construction stage.’112 By

understanding and valuing natural systems and their capacity to provide warmth and coolth as well as

health and wellbeing, human comfort can be enhanced passively. With the application of simple tools

and techniques designed to manipulate and modulate natural systems, the need for often destructive

mechanically driven climatic modulation can be reduced or avoided entirely. According to Kibert; ‘A

building that has been well designed in a passive sense could be disconnected from its active energy

sources and still be functional due to daylighting, adequate passive heating and cooling, and ventilation

being provided by the chimney effect, cross ventilation, operable windows and the prevailing winds.’113

There are several categories across which climate can be passively modulated and manipulated by a

domestic form, in order to accommodate a range of comfort parameters:

110 According to the ABS; ’In 2011–12, 89% of Australians took steps to limit their personal electricity use…The proportion of Australians who

decreased their electricity use was lower in 2011–12 (42%) compared with 2007–08 (47%). Furthermore, electricity use for 48% of Australians in

2011–12 had stayed the same compared with 45% in 2007–08.’ Rates of personal energy use in the 12 months preceding the study also suggested

that in WA 9.8% of households had increased their use, 45.6% registered the same use and 43.5% had decreased consumption. Further; ‘Of the

estimated 7.2 million Australians who decreased their electricity use, the most common reasons were trying to conserve energy (63%) and cost

saving (37%).’ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012). 'Personal Electricty Use'. Cat. No. 4626.0.55.001.

111 Walsh, G. (2009). 'Green Dream' Insite, Scoop: Home and Design Series. Subiaco, Western Australia, Scoop Publishing. Autumn 2009: 98-104. p 99


113 Ibid. p 186

209

- Site and microclimate

- Solar heat capture and exclusion

- Ventilation

- Heat storage, loss and transfer

- Appropriate typological design

Site and microclimate

Achieving a responsive design solution requires the understanding and adaptation of a site, including

the site’s ecology and microclimate. Manipulating and making use of the site and microclimate to both

enhance favourable and modify undesirable local conditions will dramatically improve the function of a

building.

Site

Sites designated for human manipulation are either chosen or are offered. Generally speaking, it will be

one of four landscapes types:114

1. Green fields: Active natural ecosystems or agricultural landscapes

2. Grey fields: Urbanised areas

3. Brown fields: Former industrial zones

4. Black fields: Highly contaminated zones

The site type, its value and the ultimate manner in which it will be manipulated, are important

sustainability considerations. A brown field site may, for example be a more desirable selection over a

green field, because of the potential to return it to a sustainable ecology. By choosing a site that has the

potential, as part of its development, to return it to a semblance of natural balance, will go a way to not

only improving the micro conditions it offers the tenant, but also to benefitting broader ecological

rejuvenation.

Manipulating a green field site, on the other hand, has the potential to further damage a finite and

precious resource.115 Putting aside the obvious potential for damage to remnant virgin ecologies, the

loss of green field agricultural land is, in itself a global problem.116 As increasing tracts of good

agricultural land are lost to housing developments, many cities are no longer able to self-produce

adequate food. To fill the shortage, food needs to be sourced and transported from greater and greater

distances or is forced to be grown on poorer quality land. This approach further strains and impacts

both local and global ecologies and economies. Food becomes more expensive, less nourishing (needing

to be picked earlier to enable transport), more toxic (pesticides and fertilisers having to be used to

114 Ibid. pp 144-147

115 Ibid. pp 10-11

116 Ibid. p 143

210

improve lower quality farmland) and contributes greater volumes of carbon waste (being linked to

global warming).

If a site is chosen for rejuvenation, then consideration should be made to the range of possible

pollutants the site may harbour or be exposed to and how they may be removed or remedied by the

new building design. Understanding where pollutants arise and how site conditions can be manipulated

so as to minimise their impact may dramatically improve the base site ecology. Considerations may

include:

Identifying and removing site pollutants, natural or created to improve the ecology, such as;

- Buried waste

- Unsustainable flora and fauna

Considering best site use to minimise the potential impact of ingress site pollutants such as;

- Noise from traffic, schools or industry

- Air pollution from adjacent roads or industry

- Light from industry, venues or public space

It is this initial site selection, rejuvenation and integration with the ecology of the landscape, both

functionally and perceptually which reinforces the importance of the site and its use. In considering

these aspects, a building can be optimally placed to maximise natural systems.

Microclimate

Designing an appropriate response in balance with climate relies on an understanding the unique

climatic patterns particular to a location. Climate117 is different from weather in that weather describes

patterns at a particular instance in time and place, where as climate is a broader description of

accumulated and averaged118 statistical information relating to precipitation, atmospheric pressures,

wind temperature and humidity. These characteristics are formed from a unique combination of

latitude, altitude, terrain (including relative location to mountains or plains) as well as the presence, size

and location of water bodies and their currents.

There are various methods used to classify climate, including the Köppen, Bergeron, Thornthwaite and

Spatial Synoptic Classification systems. Each method focuses on particular aspects, relationships and

117 ‘Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather," or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and

variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by

the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind.

Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system.’ extracted from:. Wikipedia Climate,

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate>, Retrieved 13th July 2012. Quoted from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary.

Retrieved on 2007-06-01

118 Generally over a 30 year period Ibid.... but records can date as far back as the 19th century.

211

modelling of climatic information,119 however, they remain broad generalisation on a global, macro

scale. A more micro appreciation and understanding of the intricacies and uniqueness of a locale and its

particular and unique weather patterns, on a monthly, daily and indeed hourly basis, are essential for

effective climatically responsive design. Two locations within the same macro zone can vary differently.

For example, a location that is adjacent a large water body can have a much more even temperature

throughout the year than one that is a short distance away, but exposed on hill facing into a prevailing

winter wind. Wind speed, temperature and direction can vary greatly from one location to the next

depending on the impact of natural and built terrain. Solar gain can be more or less depending on the

degree of over-shadow from adjacent buildings or vegetation. To a lesser extent humidity and even

rainfall can also be impacted. An understanding of how a specific locale’s microclimate works is essential

in providing the designer with the tools to moderate and manipulation those features in order to benefit

a designed function.

In its comparison of historical stylistic adaptations to Perth’s climate, this study relies on an

understanding of the particular climate and terrain characteristics of Perth.

Perth landscape microclimate

Perth is located on the west coast of Australia, at latitude 31.95’ south and longitude 115.86’ east. The

geographic setting of Perth is described in the seminal Western Towns and Buildings; ‘Between Perth

and the Indian Ocean are parallel ridges of coastal limestone formed by wind action. The ocean islands,

including Rottnest Island are outcrops of two such ridges, cut off from the mainland about 4000 to 5000

B.C. One ridge extends from Fremantle to the western shore of Freshwater Bay. Another includes Mount

Eliza and Mount Henry. The broadwaters of the Swan River are elongated in the direction of the

interdunal hollows, and north and south of these broadwaters are corresponding series of lakes.’120

Today, the main business concentration of the city remains along the banks and flats adjacent the Swan

River, in a location approximating that of its colonial establishment. Perth has, however, grown into a

sprawling suburbia, spreading to fill the coastal plane and roughly extending to Mandurah in the south,

Yanchep to the north and filling, to a greater or lesser extent, from the western coastline up to the Perth

hills in the east.

According to the most commonly used classification system, the Köppen,121 Perth is located within a

Mediterranean climate zone, typified by ‘hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.’ Perth shares this

zone classification with parts of the Mediterranean Basin, the south west of South Africa and southern

Australia.122

119 Ibid.


Wescolour Press for the RAIA (WA).p viii

121 ‘The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation’ Wikipedia Climate,

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate>, Retrieved 13th July 2012.

122 Ibid.

212

Perth’s coastal location and the thermal storage capacity of the adjacent Indian Ocean play a part in

modulating both diurnal and seasonal temperatures.123 Compared to many other climates, Perth’s

climate is fairly mild and moderate. It does not typically experience extremes in temperature or

humidity, high rainfall or winds and has four distinct and generally predictable seasonal ranges. Hollo

describes Perth’s climate as ‘...characterised by cool to cold winter days, cold winter nights, warm to

hot summers with moderate to high humidity.’124

Perth’s location against the Indian Ocean also generates summer seasonal winds affectionately known

as the ‘Freo Doctor’.125 The ‘Doctor’ is a fairly strong and predictable movement of cool, moist air from

the south west. It is generated by localised air pressure changes as the inland body heats through the

day, creating a low pressure zone and drawings the cooler, denser air sitting over the ocean. Occurring

most summer afternoons, this wind can be effective in modulating summer heat temperatures.

Broadly speaking Perth experiences four distinct seasons:

Summer:

December through February

Winds are typically from the east in the mornings and swing to the south west most

afternoons (the ‘Freo Doctor’). Perth also experiences the occasional electrical storm. The

weather is typically hot and dry with some humidity and average ranges of:

30.5’C mean maximum temperature

17.5’C mean minimum temperature

11.9mm mean monthly rain fall

4.6 total mean days of rain 1mm or above

51.3% 9am mean relative humidity

39.3% 3pm mean relative humidity

13.9km/h 9am mean wind speed

18.8km/h 3pm mean wind speed

Autumn:

March through May

Temperatures begin to drop and wind speed increases, becoming more radial, with

average ranges of:






125 Referencing the coastal location of Fremantle, which is roughly south west of the city of Perth.

213







Winter:

June through August

Electrical storms, including hail, occur occasionally during this season. Winters in Perth are

generally cool and wet with average ranges of:









Spring:

September through November

Spring generally brings still mild days and mild evening with average ranges of:








17.8km/h 3pm mean wind speed 126

Although this description of Perth is accurate at a regional scale, it is in reality a broad summary of the

range of microclimatic variations affected by the micro scale terrain.

Perth’s weather has been mapped and recorded by spaced weather stations since as early as the 1870s.

Despite there being few continuously recording sites since that date (due to changes in land occupation

126 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Climate statistics for Australian locations, Perth Metro,


214

Image AB.3: Image AB.4:

Station opened January 1852, closed January 1992. Station opened January 1969, still in operation.

and city growth) there is adequate detail in the information to enable the Bureau of Meteorology to

describe variations in microclimatic patterns across the broader Perth classification. In some areas the

data contrasts markedly to the broader macro/regional climatic assumption. The localised information

collected by these weather stations is an essential tool in understanding a locale’s unique characteristics

and facilitates detailed moderation and manipulation of micro climatic conditions.

For example, if looking at the weather data collected from the Fremantle Station (Site No. 009017 - refer

Image AB.3), which is located in proximity to the coast, the locale benefits from the Freo Doctor’s strong

cooling ocean breezes on most summer afternoons. On a comparable day in a hill suburb such as Bickley

(Site No. 009240 - refer Image AB.4), this breeze is barely registered, having been dispersed across the

coastal plane and suburbs. Instead, this area benefits from early morning summer breezes from the

east across the still, night cooled inland. In the eastern suburbs just below the foothills, comparable

data indicates that the neither breeze is of benefit, having been barred by distance from the ocean as

well as the physical barrier of the hills themselves.

Design for microclimate

The particular climatic characteristics of each of these locales, or microclimates, can dramatically affect

the ability of a type to function comfortably. Areas of overshadow created by adjoining structures and

vegetation, barriers which block or alter the path or speed of local wind patterns, air quality, increases in

solar radiant temperatures caused by surrounding surfaces, impacts from localised water bodies, as well

215

as the range of other site specific nuances, can all contribute to a site’s capacity to modulate broader

climatic patterns.127 The following aspects can contribute significantly to microclimatic conditions and

can, in some instances, create effects contrary to the broader macroclimatic patterns:

Solar aspect

The evaluation of solar aspect considers the path and movements of the sun and the degree to which its

light enters all areas of the site. A site specific comprehension of seasonal patterns can enable effective

siting and orientation, as well as the planning of spaces to capture or exclude light and warmth

throughout the day and the year. Considerations may include;

- Where does the sun rise and set?

- Where and when can the best seasonal light be captured?

- What light is desirable and what is best minimised or excluded?

- What obstructions are there preventing optimal solar conditions? Are they redundant

or removable?

Wind patterns

Effective manipulation of site conditions can enhance a design’s capacity to self ventilate as well as

control the quality and time of the ventilation. Although the broader suburban landscape and

macroclimatic wind patterns are responsible for generalised ventilation capacity, the consideration of a

site’s capacity to capture, modulate and modify these broader conditions may be inclusive of:

- Determining the time, strength and direction of winds both hourly and seasonally to

enable the effective design of both shelter and wind capture.

- Locating actual and possible pressure zones and determining how they can be used or

modified. For example, if a tall solid form such as a fence or adjacent building bars

wind, it will create a low pressure zone on the leeward side, drawing air back. Wind

that is forced through a narrow opening into a larger space will expand and slow, or

accelerate if directed in reverse.

- Modifying wind humidity to modulate perceptive temperature. Modulation of air

humidity can, for example, be achieved by directing air over hot, dry landscape, water

bodies or vegetation.

Surface and colour

The surface treatment of a site and its immediate locale will also affect microclimatic conditions and

may even increase ambient air temperatures above macroclimatic estimates. Kibert describes this

phenomena: ‘Heat islands are caused by the removal of vegetation and its replacement with asphalt and

127 For method on understanding and manipulating site to improve microclimate and built interactions refer to Brown, R. D. (2010). Design with

Microclimate: The Secret to Comfortable Outdoor Space. Washington DC, Island Press.

216

concrete roads, buildings and other structures. The shading effect of trees and the evapotranspiration,

or natural cooling effect, of vegetation are replaced by human made structures that store and release

solar energy.‘128 Dark, non-transpiring surfaces absorb greater amounts of solar radiation. This energy is

converted into long wave, heat radiation, raising the ambient air temperature. This is particularly felt in

areas of high development. Cities are typically associated with temperatures between of 2’ to 10’F (or

1.1’ to 5.6’C) hotter than rural areas as a result of this effect. This in turn results in increased cooling

requirements and correlating increased air pollutants including NO2 and CO2.129

The effect of heat island can be reduced on a domestic level by implementing simple design strategies:

- The use of surfaces, particularly roofs and other large flat expanses (such as roads or

paving) with high albedo (or light reflectance).130

- The use of vegetation to reduce ambient temperatures by absorbing radiant light

energy, converting it to food energy and thereby shading surrounding surfaces from

radiant heat absorption.

Microclimate and climate change

Any contemporary discussion on climatic appropriate design must also reference climate change. The

flexibility to adapt and manage changes in microclimatic conditions is essential for successful climatic

responsive design. These changes may be at a micro level, such as in the death of a mature tree, or on a

global scale, with the impacts of global warming and changing weather patterns.

According to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM); ‘Australia and the globe are experiencing

rapid climate change. Since the middle of the 20th century, Australian temperatures have, on average,

risen by about 1°C with an increase in the frequency of heatwaves and a decrease in the numbers of

frosts and cold days. Rainfall patterns have also changed - the northwest has seen an increase in rainfall

over the last 50 years while much of eastern Australia and the far southwest have experienced a

decline.’131 The Bureau’s recent expansion of the maximum Australian temperature range can also be

evidenced.132 According to BOM studies, since data was first recorded, Perth is now experiencing drier


129 Ibid. p 160

130 Generally speaking, darker colours absorb more light and generate more heat than lighter, although those colours which reflect the infra red light

range (i.e. those that appear as reds and yellows) absorb less.

131 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Climate change and variability, <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/ >, Retrieved 11th

February 2010.

132 The addition in January 2013 in fact made world news; Carrington, D. (8th January 2013). 'Damian Carrington's Environmental Blog',

Australia adds new colour to temperature maps as heat soars,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carrington-blog/2013/jan/08/australia-bush-fires-heatwave-temperature-scale>, Retrieved 1st

June 2013, The Guardian, UK.

217

weather, higher temperatures and increased frequency in extreme weather events. Essentially Perth’s

climate is becoming less favourable and less moderate.133

Whether measurable climatic change has been caused by human action, or is symptomatic of much

older planetary cycles, is of little importance to the ability of a design to accommodate them. It is,

however, a building’s ability to provide comfort within the range of predictable climate variations that

will enable the best adaption to climate, even to one which is shifting at the margins. The more

successful and whole the adaptation to base parameters, the more accommodating the design will be to

fluctuations.

Microclimate change in the immediate environment can occur more frequently, but is generally the

result of site management and modification. This is something which is evident in the lives of many of

the houses recorded for this study. In some cases it is a stylistic adaptation, due to changes in use and

culture. In others, changes are caused by circumstance and are entirely unpredictable. The ability of a

design to adapt to climate variations and shifts, its flexibility, adaptability, as well as its capacity for a

broader comfort range, are strong determinates in the possible life expectancy and the capacity of a

design to adapt to changing climate.134

Solar heat capture and exclusion

A site’s solar gain is generally predictable and with the application of some basic design tools, can be

easily and readily manipulated. The application of solar passive principles in the design of a dwelling can

make use of natural seasonal cycles in order to admit and store solar energy in cooler periods, and

exclude and expel heat in the warmer.135 Kirby states there are three ways by which solar passive gain

can be controlled; Directly (through the modulation of solar gain); Indirectly (with the use of thermal

mass storage); and Isolated (through the collection of solar gain for directed use such as through the use

of a heat pump).136 The selective entrapment of the sun’s energy as well as its storage and transfer,

relies on the cyclical interaction between the sun and the earth.

A solar passive home uses the glass house principle to capture solar light energy and transform it into

captured heat. Direct solar (light) radiation has a short wavelength which can pass through glass virtually

unimpeded (allowing for some lose through refraction and reflection). When the transmitted solar

radiation hits a dense opaque object, some energy is reflected giving colour and light and the remainder

133 Refer Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Climate change and variability, <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/ >, Retrieved 11th

February 2010. for further discussion on Perth and Climate Change including : http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/silo/cli_var/area_timeseries.pl for

changes experienced for the Perth zone between 1950-2009.

134 The degree to which macro and microclimatic changes can be accommodated be each stylistic shift in Perth domestic design is evident, to some

degree, in the houses researched for this study. However, as this study is comparative by nature and is limited to the functions of the indexation

tools utilised, the degree to which the particular nuances of a site can be analysed, or each house can be considered a unique climatic response

representative of a ‘style’, will be limited. In several cases, there will however be clear, deliberate and comparable microclimatic responses, including

those responding to lot size or orientation.


136 Kirby, B. R. (1992). 'Energy Efficient Housing in Perth'. Nedlands, WA, School of Architecture, UWA. Master of Building Science: Xii, 257 leaves p 8

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is absorbed and converted to heat within the object. This energy is then released as longer, radiant heat

waves. Typically the denser and darker the object, the less light is reflected and the greater the release

of heat energy will be.137 As long wave radiant heat is unable to transmit through glass, the heat energy

is contained within the spatial envelope and bounces around, warming surfaces and the molecules of air

in the space contained.138

The sun’s sky-path tracks predictably throughout the year, creating seasonal change depending on its

position and interplanetary distance (and therefore radiant strength). The sun causes the earth to track

a cyclical and elliptical path around it, through the effect of its gravitational pull which constantly draws

the earth towards its centre (the earth missing its fall target with every sweep). As the earth tracks this

path, it is also in rotation. It is this spin which creates the cycles of day and night. The earth’s spin

around its axis is, however, skewed from north-south. Called the declination, it causes the shift in the

lengths of night and day, as well as the variance in the seasons between the northern and southern

hemispheres (i.e. at any one time, there is always one part of the earth closer to the sun and therefore

hotter). It is the combination of the declining north-south spin and the cycling rotation around the sun

that creates the seasons and climatic variation across the globe’s surface.

Because of the earth’s spin on declination, the sun’s overhead path is particular and unique to location.

The sun’s path in Broome, Western Australia, for example, tracks along a much higher altitude than its

path above Perth. The closer a location is to the equator the higher the sun’s path will be in the sky.

Physical location on the earth’s surface is mapped as a coordinate of longitude139 and latitude,140 and it

is a place’s latitude that is of importance in determining the sun’s travel path for that location. Greater

Perth is located at latitude 32.5 degrees south (of the equator), sharing this line and solar path with

Newcastle, Broken Hill, and Port Augusta.141

The absorption or exclusion of sunlight in order to generate or reduce warmth can be effectively and

predictably modulated to suit seasonal requirements, because of the predictability of the seasonal solar

path. The path the sun tracks through a year is cyclical. Its position at any one time throughout a day

and time of year, even for a specific location can be accurately mapped. This location is described by its

137 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Thermal Mass.


139 Longitude is described as the ‘...distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian at 0’.( Hanks, P., et al (Eds.) (1990). The Collins Paperback

English Dictionary. Great Britian WIlliam Collins Sons and Co. Ltd. p 496) Longitudinal lines are the series of imaginary, equal degree spaced lines

which join the north and south poles of the earth, segmenting it like an orange. They are numbered in degrees starting from the line that runs

through the town of Greenwich in the United Kingdom. Being the start and finish line in the series, it is both 0’ and 180’ degrees. As the earth spins

around the north south axis, a town’s position relevant to the line of longitude, away from the origin 0’ line, therefore determines its calendar time.

140 Latitude is described as the ‘...angular distance measured in degrees north or south of the equator.’ ( Ibid. p 473). The equator is an imaginary line

drawn around the circumference of the earth, perpendicular to the lines of longitude and equi-distance from the north and south poles. It is

designated the degree 0. To the north and south of this line at equal degree distances, lines of latitude have been traced around the earth’s girt,

ending in points at the north and south poles. The angle of latitude of a town or place on the earth’s surface is its position in degrees (mapped from

the earth’s centre) north or south of the equator line.

141 To exemplify further, north of Perth at 20 degrees longitude, lay Port Hedland, Townsville and Tennant Creek. All of these locales share the same

solar path pattern, but their solar path tracks a higher altitude than that of Perth.

219

altitude and azimuth. In the southern hemisphere, the azimuth is; ‘The angle on plan between north and

the direction of the sun...’ If standing stationary, facing north (being the direction from where the sun

shines at midday), it is the horizontal location of the sun as it tracks around you from dawn to dusk. This

is reversed in the northern hemisphere, with the sun shining in the southern sky. Altitude is globally the

angle of the height of the sun above the horizon (0) in the sky. By using these two markers, the three

dimensional location of the sun can be accurately located at any one time.142

In 1948 tools were developed which enabled the sun’s location and angle of inclination to be calculated

and accurately mapped for any time and place. This was developed into a series of solar charts, which

illustrate the sun’s azimuth and altitude at any given date and time for a particular latitude. Referring to

the solar chart used for greater Perth’s latitude (Image AB.5), the chart is effectively a diagram or

compass which shows the sun’s path over the viewer. Placing the viewer in the centre of the compass,

the curved lines that dissect the chart horizontally show the path the sun takes at a particular day, over

this static point (its azimuth). Each of these arcs represents two days, chronologically opposite over the

year,143 with all remaining days being readily extrapolated. The intersecting lines that run north-south

indicate at what time of day the sun will be in that position in the sky. The concentric lines radiating

from the static centre point indicate the altitude of the sun’s position in the sky. Therefore the

intersection of the time and date lines will give the sun’s height above the horizon, read as a degree

angle of the origin of ‘shine’ above the horizon. In surveying the date intersections with the altitudes

lines for Perth’s Solar Chart, it becomes clear that Perth’s winter sun is considerably lower in the sky

than it is in summer. It is this particular characteristic of the solar path that proves the most valuable in

solar gain design. By using this chart and its description of sun angle and path shift throughout the year,

the designer can accurately locate penetrations as well as the lengths and locations of sun shades, in

order to capture or exclude the sun, not only throughout the day but over seasonally determinable time

periods.144

In order to create a design that benefits from predictable solar paths, it is first necessary to define the

locale’s climate variables and therefore the required periods and parameters for solar inclusion and

exclusion. As discussed previously, Perth’s generally hot, slightly humid summers extend from December

through March, beyond which time the days and nights gradually chill from pleasant to cold. This

pattern suggests that a typical passive home would benefit from good solar penetration from April

through November, but at all other times solar gain should effectively be excluded. Referring to the

CSIRO Solar Chart for Perth’s 32.5’ latitude, it can be seen that the maximum possible amount of solar

penetration at any time of the year is from the north, with the sun swinging around from the east in the

142 Phillips, R. O. (2002 ). Sunshine and Shade in Australasia. Collingwood VIC CSIRO Publishing. pp 7-9. Refer to the full document for more detailed

explanation of this phenomena, as well as methodology and technical application.

143 Note that the sun’s path cycles back and forth every 6 months around the summer solstice (22nd December) and the winter solstice (21st June).

The equinoxes (23rd September and 21st March) are the mid points in this cycle and equate to even time splits between day and night. The solar

chart clearly shows this cycle.

144 Phillips, R. O. (2002 ). Sunshine and Shade in Australasia. Collingwood VIC CSIRO Publishing. Refer for detailed explanation of methodology and

technical application.

220

morning and arcing back to the west in the evening. Therefore, in simplistic terms, a north facing

window will have the greatest opportunity for maximum solar gain.145 Again, being simplistic, assuming

the 27th November as the first day of required solar exclusion, by locating the intersection of azimuth

line, 27 Nov, at 12noon being the peak altitude, the solar position above the horizon is calculated at 82’.

Again, looking at the end summer date, say the 21st March, gives a sun position of 63’ altitude. From this

information a sun shade or eave can be effectively designed above a north facing window, and the sill

height of the window calculated in order to exclude all sun altitudes 63’ and above, thereby blocking out

the summer sun whilst allowing the lower winter sun to penetrate.

Image AB.5: Solar Chart applicable to Perth

Considered site planning to maximise solar benefit, will make the best use of this principle and relies not

only on an understanding of the predicted solar path, but also on an understanding of dwelling use

patterns and cultural habits. Perth’s contemporary domestic form tends to preference open living and

dining spaces which open onto garden areas, maximising entertaining potential. In order to maximise

solar benefit in the case of an unencumbered site in Perth, this would generally mean positioning

adequately shaded windows to living and dining areas so as to face true north. In instances where this

not possible (where true north has been obstructed by development, for example) orienting the solar

145 It is also important to note the difference between true north and magnetic north. Although easily determined by a compass, magnetic north

shifts as you move away from the poles. It also does not align with the north south axis of the earth’s rotation (being true north). Determining true

north requires survey or calculation as a degree factor from magnetic north. Refer Ibid. for detail on how of this calculation can be made.

221

active face up to 30’ east or 20’ west of true north will also provide good solar passive benefit.146

Bedroom spaces are more difficult to position and are generally governed by personal preferences for

morning or evening light. An east position can for example provide good morning sun which may assist

with diurnal light perception and body clock balance. Generally, however, west and east windows

should be minimised, being the hardest openings to design for controlled solar load.147 Planning for

effective solar gain is defined by cultural use patterns. It needs not only to provide effective solar gain,

but also in a manner that is appropriate to the needs defined by cultural habit and the status quo,

thereby providing appropriate perceptive comfort.

The development of the Solar Chart, made it possible to calculate sun position and shade pattern across

any surface,148 providing designers with an accurate and proven tool to design to the best solar vantage.

However, despite the tool’s undeniable usefulness and importance, its complexity and generally

cumbersome calculations, have restricted its use. With improvements in technology, this science is now

being utilised by a number of software packages. This has enabled faster and more accurate design

calculations of increasing design complexity, as well as faster renditions and time lapsed sequencing for

more ready comparisons.

Ventilation

By correctly orientating a dwelling and making the best use of wind patterns, ventilation can be

controlled and manipulated to dramatically improve perceived levels of comfort. Ventilation not only

interacts with the thermal controls of the skin, it can also speed up conductive heat loss, disrupt

convective air flows and modulate spatial humidity. Furthermore, if that air is clean and of suitable

temperature and humidity, its controlled use can dramatically improve the perception of wellbeing by

reducing and removing spatial odour and pollutants.

Successful ventilation is reliant on the capture of desirable natural winds and their useful draw through

space. This can be achieved by the creation and modulation of pressure zones and barriers. In order to

capture prevailing winds, openings can be positioned up to 45 degrees perpendicular to the wind

direction. Alternatively, the use of solid obstructions facing the wind can generate negative air pressure

against the opening which draws the air through.149 A similar principle can also be used to draw air

across and through internalised space. Air moves to fill negative pressure. The larger the opening air

moves towards, the faster it flows. Wind that is ventilated up towards a larger window, for example,

increases in speed as it draws across the space. Ventilation does, however, need to be directed to

ensure effective use of pressure zones and provide directed human comfort. Desired ventilation flow


147 Both the east and west suns in Perth are low in the sky and are therefore difficult to shade effectively without full vertical screening. As a general

rule of thumb, Perth’s west sun is best excluded in order to control summer solar gain. This is because the afternoon sun imparts the greatest

thermal load on a home. Perth’s afternoon sun is generally intense and adds to the heat load already accumulated during the day. East sun can be

more effectively utilised and better managed, particularly if early morning sun is desired.

148 Refer to Phillips, R. O. (2002 ). Sunshine and Shade in Australasia. Collingwood VIC CSIRO Publishing.


222

can be controlled by the use of louvers, directional openings and effective internal and external

planning.150 Combining these principles with carefully planned openings can achieve effectively

ventilated space.

The humidity level of ventilated air also needs to be considered. As air passes over skin, it draws heat by

conduction and evaporation. The movement of air over skin in summer can therefore reduce perceptive

ambient temperature. If there is too much humidity in the air, the capacity of ventilated air to evaporate

is reduced. Increasing the velocity of humid ventilating air can however, improve heat loss by providing

greater conductive transfer to increased numbers of air molecules. In contrast, if the ventilating air is

hot and dry, increased velocity can increase heat perception. Humidity levels in ventilated air can also

be altered to suit climatic requirements. Passing ventilating air over a water body will cool and humidify

it. Passing it through vegetation will likewise reduce its temperature. Applying and modulating humidity

levels in ventilating air will substantially improve its effectiveness.

Specific design tools can also be used to modulate ventilation through the manipulation of temperature

created pressure change. Convection ventilation uses the ‘...natural tendency of warm air to rise’.151 By

directing this warm air up a chimney or vent and making use of the pressure differential caused by wind

passing across the vent opening, air can be drawn up at a much faster rate than by natural convection

only. This in turn reduces pressure at the chimney base, sucking in and accelerating air movement

through the space. In short, the hot air is sucked out and the air change rate is increased.

Perth fortuitously has reasonably clean air and effective and generally predictable natural wind patterns,

which can be used to provide improved comfort through effective and controlled ventilation. By

providing a clean ventilation solution that can balance volume, speed, ambient air temperature and

humidity to moderate existing climatic conditions, comfort improvements can be marked.

Heat storage, loss and transfer

In 2007 Karol stated that; ‘According to the Sustainable Energy Development Office, a West Australian

household produces around six tonnes of greenhouse gases every year from usage of energy in the

home, with up to 57% of the energy used attributed to space heating and cooling and water heating.‘152

Design can reduce the need for spatial temperature manipulation and therefore, based on these figures,

has the potential to substantially reduce energy use. The control of heat loss and gain through the built

fabric and the ability to store both warmth and coolth is therefore important to ensure the effectiveness

of achieved solar capture. Making the most of solar gain relies on the quality, interaction and positioning

of thermal mass, insulation and glazing, combining to create the base elements of roof, walls and floors.

150 Ibid. pp 42-43

151 Ibid. p 44


223

Thermal mass

Materials with good thermal mass (or u-vale) have the ability to absorb good amounts of heat energy,

releasing it via conduction and radiation to cooler surfaces (including air molecules). This energy can be

from radiant light or via conduction from contact with a warmer surface such as a human foot or air

molecules with a high ambient temperature. Heat that is absorbed is effectively stored until it is

released by radiation and conduction when adjacent surfaces, including air molecules, become cold. This

delayed release is what makes thermal mass so useful. Unlike many lightweight materials which readily

transfer temperature shifts, the delayed heat release of thermal mass is useful for stabilising

temperatures over time. Its application is particularly useful for stabilising large variations in diurnal

temperatures in the range of 8-10 degrees celcius or more.153 For thermal mass to be effective,

however, it must not be covered by an insulating material, such as timber or carpet, as this will prevent

the absorption and transmission of heat.

Thermal mass works best by storing radiant heat, such as through direct exposure to sunlight. Typically;

the darker the material the more radiant energy is absorbed; the denser and thicker the material the

greater the storage capacity; and the higher the storage capacity the longer the time period (or lag) will

be for the energy to release. Earthy, dense materials such as concrete, stone and earth generally

possess good thermal mass properties. Water also has particularly good properties and ’...a higher

thermal mass than most conventional building materials...’154

Insulation

In contrast, insulating materials act to impede the transfer of conducted heat energy. Measured by the

R-rating, good insulating materials typically include natural carbon based fibres such as timber, wools

and plant fibres. Still air is also an effective insulator and is in fact used effectively in bulking insulation.

Often formed as batts, this type of insulation uses either natural or simulated materials to trap still air

pockets within particulate or fibrous constructions, preventing heat flow via conduction and

convection.155 With particulate and fibrous insulations and even still air, typically the thicker the

material, the better the insulating capacity and R-rating.

By contrast, reflective materials perform effectively as insulators with only minimal material thickness.

Reflective insulators work differently in that they reduce ‘...heat transfer by reflecting most of the

radiant heat on the warm side and not emitting much radiant heat to the cool side.’ However, as

reflective materials are also typically good conductors and ‘...radiant heat travels through air or vacuum,

but not through solid material, reflective insulation must have an air space adjacent to it.’156 The

transfer of conducted heat through an insulating material is called thermal or heat bridging.


154 Ibid. p 32

155 Ibid. p 36

156 Ibid. p 36

224

Insulation benefit can be reduced by heat bridging or poorly sealed construction. Heat bridging occurs

when a highly conductive material, such as metal, bridges the construction and provides a means for

heat to transfer around insulating fill. This effect could account for between 5–20% of transmission heat

loss.157 In metal stud frame construction, for example, surface finishes are commonly fixed direct to the

stud, allowing heat to transfer readily from the exterior through the metal, thereby bypassing the wall

construction. Often the solution is a simple insulated fillet at the face of the bridge, halting the

conductive transfer. Poorly sealed windows, doors and frames can also reduce insulation performance,

by allowing air (and temperature) to ‘leak’. Effective insulation either needs to compensate for such

losses, or appropriate air sealing and bridging needs to be applied to ensure the intended level of

insulation is achieved.

Correctly placing good insulating material to prevent undesirable heat transfer is essential for achieving

effective thermal and solar responsive design. Preventing ingress during summer and loss during winter,

whilst enabling beneficial gain and loss, can balance seasonal temperature variance and reduce the need

to supplement comfort mechanically.

Glazing

Correctly sized and placed glazing can not only improve the thermal performance of contained spaces

through the use of appropriate radiant solar collection, it can also allow the ingress of natural light to

enclosed space. This can provide perceptive and actual wellbeing by ensuring exposure to natural,

seasonal and diurnal light, as well as reducing the need for artificial lighting from non-renewable power

sources. However, if glazing is not placed and designed correctly, it can result in undesirable thermal

transmission.

Standard, unshielded, single pane glass is a particularly good conductor, causing it to be one of the main

areas of heat loss or gain from a contained space. As warmed air particles collide with surfaces, they

transfer heat energy by conduction. Conducted heat transfers to cooler surfaces; the cooler the surface

the faster the transfer. This makes heat loss on cold nights particularly obvious. Convection accelerates

this loss by dragging warmer air particles continuously across the glass surface. Both losses can however

be easily modulated with the use of closed top curtains, which interrupt convection and create an

insulating layer of still air against the glass surface.

The use of improved glass technologies158 can also assist, but their application needs to be careful

considered to ensure other desirable properties, such as radiant capture, are not compromised. The air

pocket in double glazing systems for example,159 insulates against conduction, reducing heat



158 ‘Prior to the development of today’s window glazing and film technologies, 75 to 85 percent of infrared energy could pass through typical single

or double panned glass.’ Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. p 198

159 Double glazing is defined as: ‘An alternative for colder climates....Two sheets of glass, separated by a 12 millimetre to 20 millimetre wide air space,

can be placed in a single window frame unit. If the air space becomes too wide, convection currents can develop which will take heat from the

225

transmission to either pane (e.g. the internal temperatures can be more readily controlled and

maintained). This is of benefit in predominately mechanically controlled spaces or in very cold climates

where natural light is desired. However, not only does the extra pane of glazing increase the life cycle

cost of the system, it also reduces natural light transmittance because of increased refraction and

reflection. This reduces the ‘greenhouse’ capacity of north facing glass and thereby reduces achievable

solar gain.160

Low emissivity (low-e)161 glazing is another modern alternative which has the capacity to reduce heat

transfer. Low-e glass has been improved by the incorporation of a fine layer of metal within the glass

structure. This metal layer reflects long wave, heat radiation, reducing the loss of solar heat

accumulation as well as reducing gain when external ambient temperatures are high.

The frame of any glazing systems is equally important, potentially allowing for additional conductive

heat loss. Standard aluminium frames are particularly notorious for conductive heat loss. Modern,

thermally broken (insulated) aluminium or PVC frames reduces this problem, however traditional frames

made from timber, a natural insulator, serve similarly.

Roof

Heat gain through an uninsulated roof and ceiling structure can contribute significantly to the overall

thermal performance of a standard domestic construction, particularly when heat gain is magnified by

colour use. In warmer and temperate climates, such as Perth, it is estimated that in buildings of

standard construction, those ‘...with light coloured roofs use 40 percent less energy than similar

buildings with dark roofs.’162 The darker the surface is, the greater the radiant absorption and the

greater the conduction and transmission of solar energy through the structure and surrounds.

Darker coloured roofs, and to a lesser extent walls, absorb greater volumes of radiant light than those

that are light coloured or reflective. This in turn is converted to heat, which is transferred through non

insulating materials by conduction, to be radiated in all directions. Not only does this heat internalised

spaces such as the inside of an uninsulated roof cavity, it also warms the surrounding air, increasing the

overall microclimatic site temperatures; otherwise known as the ‘heat island effect’.163

Although darker colours can contribute to desirable warming of contained space, unless carefully

designed and seasonally shaded, the temperature increase can be difficult to modulate for diurnal and

seasonal fluctuation. Roofs in conjunction with awnings can, for example be used to seasonally shade

deliberately darker surfaces, effectively modulating seasonal increases in solar gain.

warmer, inner surface to the cooler, outer surface of the glass.’ Hollo, N. (1995). Warm house cool house : inspirational designs for low-energy

housing. Marrickville, N.S.W., Choice Books. p 28



161 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Low Emissivity (Low-e).


163 Refer GLOSSARIES - PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS, Heat Island Effect.

226

The thermal performance of most typical ceiling and roof structures can be improved by the use of

insulation or reflective barriers. Heat loss during cooler periods, for example, can dramatically affect a

building’s performance. As the external air temperature drops below that of the contained space, heat is

lost through the ceiling and roof structure by conductive transfer, which is further accelerated by

convection (hot air rises). Summer heat gain effectively works in reverse and unless vented, can be

trapped and accumulates in roof cavities. Foil is typically used to the underside of roof cladding to

reflect solar radiant heat before it can penetrate the roof void, whilst bulk insulation atop ceilings

impedes the transfer of heat between the roof and habitable spaces.164 For good thermal performance,

insulation ratings for roofs and ceiling structures are best provided in the ranges of R3.5 for cooler

climates, R2-2.5 for temperate, such as Perth, and R1.5 for warm and humid locations.

There are however, design instances where heat transfer through the roof space is desirable. The

creation of heat stacks to vent accumulated heat in warmer climates is one example. The simplistic

expanse of a typical domestic roof structure in Perth does not however, tend to offer this level of

sophistication. Although there may well be a more suitable climatically responsive roof typology for

Perth, based on the current standards and construction typologies, the modulation of temperature

through the reduction of transfers and controlled solar exclusion, seems to remain the common

contemporary approach for the Perth area.

By considering solar position, eave or awning length and location along with colour, desirable solar

exclusion can be provided whilst still permitting seasonal solar heat gain, and thereby improving a

building’s passive performance.

Walls

The climatically appropriate choice of wall material and construction methodology can be particularly

effective in modulating comfort. Choosing the most appropriate type is however reliant on

understanding climatic variations as well as habitational patterns. For example:

- In cooler climates where the indoor air temperature can generally only achieve comfort

through the use of mechanical heating, which is typically at higher temperatures than the

exterior. Heavily insulated walls therefore act to retain internally generated heat, thereby

minimising the total applied heating need.

- In hot and humid climates, where the outdoor, shaded air temperature provides a reasonable

level of comfort, the use of a shaded, lightweight and operable wall structure tends to be more

suitable. By enabling the form to ventilate prevents the build up of heat and moisture in the

contained space. Encouraging air movement also enhances cooling by accelerating the skin’s

evaporation process, (necessary in instances of high air humidity).


227

- In those climates which experience greater diurnal temperature shift, thick, high thermal mass

walls can assist in modulating the variance by delaying the transmission of solar gain and

ambient air temperature.

In the case of simple, standardised constructions, the accumulated insulated values of walls should

therefore generally be in the range of R2.0 for cool climates, R1.5 for more temperate and R1.0 for

warm and humid.

Perth’s broader climatic condition is temperate, but it also experiences some seasonal diurnal variation.

Wall types which use a combination of controlled summer ventilation, (through window operation, for

example), seasonal shading, radiant protection, thermal mass and insulation generally perform well.

Reverse brick veneer is one technique which can offer the type of thermal control suitable for Perth’s

climate. Contemporary construction techniques generally uses a layer of lightweight material to the

exterior, often with a layer of reflective foil, followed by an air gap and an internal layer of brick or

similar thermal mass. This method works by impeding solar and external ambient heat gain through the

external layer. The thermal mass of the internal layer maintains internal temperatures, whilst the air gap

between acts as an insulating buffer (still air being a good insulator). The inner thermal mass layer

absorbs the internal air temperatures during the day by conductive transmission to its cooler, cavity

face. In the evening the transmission is reversed, releasing back into the room as the temperature

drops.

Floors

Similar to walls, the performance of a floor is particular to desired climatic response. There are broadly

two types of construction applied in single level domestic construction: on ground (whether that is

natural earth or an applied layer, usually concrete), or raised (commonly timber). Most domestic

typologies in Perth utilise one of the two.

Timber floors are naturally insulating, however, the board thickness (typically 19 to 25 mm) limits the

benefit. Raising the floor to capture a layer of air below can improve timber performance, however this

too is dependent on whether the air is still or in flow. Construction methods which allow for free flow of

air below the floor, such as stumped lightweight typologies (common in Perth around World War I and

II) generally result in heat loss and gain via increased rates of conduction. The increased contact with air

molecules of free flowing air effectively allows enclosed room spaces (particularly those with

uninsulated walls) to approximate ambient outdoor air temperatures, by preventing internal

accumulation of heat. This method does provide benefit in hot and humid climates, however in Perth it

tends to perform poorly on average. Construction methods which use continuous stone foundations can

instead trap and pocket the air, improving the ability of the floor to insulate. A technique similar to this

was in fact common in Perth through the 60s and 70s. Typically, however, this air pocket was also

allowed to ventilate in order to prevent timber rot, thereby reducing the method’s thermal

228

effectiveness.165 The capacity of a timber floor, can in both instances, be improved with the application

of underfloor batt insulation or an insulating applied surface treatment, such as carpet.

Earth, concrete and ceramic all generally provide good thermal mass response, and if located and

shaded correctly and of an appropriate thickness, can stabilise spatial temperatures. If located poorly

however, thermal mass can dramatically reduce perceptive comfort, particularly when compared to

insulating surfaces such as timber. As timber is an insulator and therefore conducts poorly, it can

improve the perception of comfort by reducing heat loss through contact such as foot-fall. As concrete

and earth draw contact heat readily, in low ambient temperatures timber can therefore feel warmer

under-foot. Carpets and other natural fibres can reduce contact heat loss, providing an insulating layer

on the surface, however this immediately reduces the material’s capacity for solar thermal capture.

Although Perth’s climate is fairly moderate and generally comfortable, its extremes in humidity and

temperature can be more difficult to manage with a singular technique. Using combinations of

construction types to suit extremes and making the most of climatic instances such as the ‘Freo Doctor’,

can significantly improve over all comfort levels. The inclusion of sleep-outs in early twentieth century

Perth domestic design,166 exemplified this technique.

Appropriate typological design

The techniques described can be summarised by a range of combinations proven to suit various climatic

conditions. Broadly there are four domestic arrangements which have been shown, often through

vernacular use, to be relatively compatible with particular climatic conditions:

Cold Climates:

Compact plans are generally the most appropriate for use in cold climates, because of the

reduced external surface area through which heat can be lost. In this case the walls should

either be highly insulated or, if exposed to generated heat such as a fireplace or sunlight,

constructed of high thermal mass for warmth capture and storage. This mass does however

need to be insulated from the outside.167 Openings should be small and heavily curtained, or of

improved glass in order to minimise conductive heat loss.

Hot and Arid Climates:

Hot and arid climates often offer a dry extreme heat, which in some areas shifts to far cooler

temperatures in the evening. Those buildings which wrap around a central water body or

gardened courtyard, provide the greatest comfort in hot, arid climates. Courtyard spaces

provide a shaded, cooled area onto which the building can open during the day, creating a

localised microclimate with lower ambient air temperature and improved humidity. Drawing

165 Ibid. p 39

166 Sleep-outs were also used in response to the threat of tuberculosis, with fresh air being considered a good preventative against transmission.


229

cooled evening air through the courtyard vents and re-humidifies the space, cooling the

enclosed rooms more effectively. In this instance, insulating the perimeter walls heavily, or

enclosing them with thermal mass assists in moderating temperature during the heat of the

day. Effectively designed thermal mass may also assist in providing warmth when it is needed

at night.

Hot Humid Climates:

In hot humid zones, the best comfort comes from those types that are designed for maximum

ventilation and minimal heat retention. They are typically of lightweight construction and long

and narrow in plan. This arrangement ensures the greatest possible exposure to winds and

therefore the best opportunity for high air change rates, reducing both heat and humidity.

Walls are generally sheltered from solar exposure by wide eaves, and roofs and underfloor

areas are highly ventilated and lightweight, preventing any heat accumulation or solar transfer.

Temperate Climates:

An appropriate temperate climate design, such as would be suitable for Perth, is generally an

amalgamation of each of the three previous types. It needs to cater for more a middle range

climate, making the most of sun in winter and winds in summer, as well as accommodating

diurnal shifts throughout the year.

Each type is a combination of basic design principles, packaged to provide the optimum template for a

basic climatically appropriate response.

SUMMARISING SUSTAINABILITY

When it comes to designing in a green and sustainable manner, making fair, reasonable, realistic and

practical decisions as to what combination of techniques and tools offers the best and most effective

approach, is crucial. Often there is a simpler and more effective way to achieve the same outcome.

Consideration also needs to be made of what the intended lifecycle of the construction will be, what

impacts it should have during its use and at its end, and what the building’s capacity is to remain useful

well beyond its designed base requirements. Often aspects are thrown at a problem, for little end

benefit, other than perhaps for praise. Choosing products and solutions that use the least energy, are

simple, effective and can be maintained, will often achieve the best result. Even in sustainable design,

less is generally more; make it smaller, make it simpler, but make it in respect to ecology. The domestic

form has done this previously. It is the challenge of a globalised society to do so again.

‘The challenge of the twenty-first century requires that we make a transition to a new

order of things that can be sustained within the limits of natural systems’168 and in doing


p ix

230

so, perhaps we will ‘...alter the trajectory of human quality of life from one of certain

disaster to one that finally exists within the carrying capacity of nature.’169

The extent to which the Perth domestic type has, in its brief history, made adaptations reflective of

these sustainable principles and the extent to which the contemporary typology continues to

acknowledge them, is what this research hopes to discover.


231

GLOSSARIES

PART A: GLOSSARY OF ORGANISATIONS AND TOOLS

Association of Building Sustainability Assessors (ABSA)

This Australian body accredits qualified persons to provide certified energy assessments for BCA compliance in each

State. Refer also BCA. Refer also Building Code of Australia (BCA).

ATHENA Environmental Impact Estimator

The ATHENA Environmental Impact Estimator is a not-for-profit program developed to facilitate the life-cycle

costing of any project based in North America. It allows designers to make comparisons from a database of

products.1

Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB)

The Australian Building Code Board is the organisation responsible for the development and maintenance of the

Australian National Construction Code (NCC). Refer also Building Code of Australia (BCA).2

Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF)

Founded in 1966, the ACF ’...is an Australian non-profit, community-based environmental organisation focused on

advocacy, policy research and community outreach.’3

Australian Ethical Investment Limited

Founded in 1986, this Australian owned company manages a series of stock funds, including superannuation funds,

with the prime goal to provide options for ‘...environmental and socially responsible investing.’ Listed on the

Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), it is based jointly in Sydney and Canberra. In accordance with their ‘Ethical

Charter’, the company ‘…seeks out investments which support quality, people or the environment and seek to avoid

investments which cause harm.’ 10% of all company profits are donated to select Australian charities.4

Australian Institute of Architects (AIA)

‘The Australian Institute of Architects is the peak body for the architectural profession, representing 11,000

members across Australia and overseas. The Institute actively works to improve the quality of our built environment

by promoting quality, responsible and sustainable design.’5

Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council (ASBEC)

Supported by the AIA, this volunteer run, non-profit organisation ‘...is the peak body of key organisations

committed to a sustainable built environment in Australia. ASBEC members consists of industry and professional

associations, non-government organisations and government observers who are involved in the planning, design,

delivery and operation of our built environment, and are concerned with the social and environmental impacts of

this sector. ASBEC provides a forum for diverse groups involved in the built environment to gather, find common

1 Ibid. p 286

2 Australian Building Codes Board About the National Construction Code, The Building Code of Australia, <http://www.abcb.gov.au/about-the-

national-construction-code/the-building-code-of-australia>, Retrieved 13th April 2013.

3 Wikipedia Australian Conservation Foundation, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation>, Retrieved 15th February

2013.

4 Wikipedia Australian Ethical Investment, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Ethical_Investment>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

5 Australian Institute of Architects About the Institute, <http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=165>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

232

ground and intelligently discuss contentious issues as well as advocate their own sustainability products,

policies and initiatives.’ 6

Building Code of Australia (BCA)

According to the ABCB website; ‘The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is Volumes One and Two of the National

Construction Code (NCC).’ The Code sets out the minimum regulated standards for construction for the Australian

building industry. Refer also Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB).7

BEES Environmental Impact Estimator

Designed for use in North America, ‘BEES allows side-by-side comparison of building products for the purpose of

selecting cost effective, environmentally preferable products, and includes both LCA and life-cycle costing (LCC)

data.’ It also facilitates comparison between products for their potential VOC emission, toxicity and contribution to

pollution.8

Ecospecifier

This web based guide was developed for the Australian construction industry. It lists the environmental impact

ratings and parameters of contemporary materials and products, and allows for their comparison. According to

their website; ‘The Ecospecifier website is not just a free database but also a rich knowledgebase - a 'live' and

growing, extensive and intensive information resource...’9

Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC)

The FSC is an independent, international certifier which assesses and certifies timber sourced from sustainable and

sustainably managed forests. According to their website; ‘The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) shall promote

environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world's forests.’10

Good Environmental Choices Australia (GECA)

‘The Good Environmental Choice Label is the only environmental labelling program in Australia which indicates the

environmental performance of a product from a whole of product life perspective for consumer goods. The label is

awarded to products that meet voluntary environmental performance standards which have been created and

assessed in conformance to international environmental labelling standards.’11 The GBCA’s Green Star program

gives automatic credit points for the use of GECA certified product, without the need to provide extensive

documentary proof that environmental minimums have been met.

Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA)

Supported by the AIA, this not-for-profit Australian organisation was launched in 2002 and claims to be

‘...committed to developing a sustainable property industry for Australia by encouraging the adoption of green

building practices.’ The organisation lists its key objectives as being ‘...to drive the transition of the Australian

property industry towards sustainability by promoting green building programs, technologies, design practices and

6 Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council About Us, <http://www.asbec.asn.au/about>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

7 Australian Building Codes Board About the National Construction Code, The Building Code of Australia, <http://www.abcb.gov.au/about-the-


8 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp 287-288

9 ecospecifier global Our Services, <http://www.ecospecifier.com.au/our-services.aspx>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

10 Forest Stewardship Council Australia Our Vision and Mission, <http://www.fscaustralia.org/about-fsc/mission> Retrieved 15th February 2013.

11 Good Environmental Choice Australia, <http://www.geca.org.au/homefront.htm>, Retrieved 4th March 2010

233

operations as well as the integration of green building initiatives into mainstream design, construction and

operation of buildings.’12

Green Loans Program

This Australian Government initiative, was run through the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the

Arts (DEWHA), and provided interest free loans enabling the general public to implement those energy or water

saving initiatives recommended by a certified Home Sustainability Assessor. Loans could be applied for values up to

$10,000AUS and for periods of up to 4 years.13

Greenpeace

According to their online mission statement; ‘Greenpeace is an independent campaigning organisation that uses

non-violent direct action to expose global environmental problems and to force solutions which are essential to a

green and peaceful future. Greenpeace's goal is to ensure the ability of the earth to nurture life in all its diversity.’14

National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

The National Fenestration Rating Council provides computer simulations and approved ratings for glazing and

glazing suites, for use in thermal performance analysis.

State of Environment Report (SoE)

This five yearly Australian Government Report is prepared by an independent committee specifically appointed by

the Minster for Environment. The Government website claims that ‘...the report constitutes a comprehensive

assessment of the environment in terms of its current condition, the pressures on it and the drivers of those

pressures. It details management initiatives in place to address environmental concerns and the impacts of those

initiatives. The main purpose of the report is to provide relevant and useful information on environmental issues to

the public and decision-makers, in order to raise awareness and support more informed environmental

management decisions that lead to more sustainable use and effective conservation of environmental assets.‘15

Windows Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)

Managed by the Australian Window Association (AWA); ‘The Window Energy Rating Scheme enables windows to be

rated and labelled for their annual energy impact on a whole house, in any climate of Australia...To participate in

WERS, window makers must obtain energy ratings for their products from a rating organisation that is accredited by

the AFRC (Australian Fenestration Rating Council).’16

Your Home

The ‘Your Home’ website was created through a ‘...joint initiative of the Australian Government and the design and

construction industries’, for the use of everyday Australians, so as to better understand the principles of sustainable

design. Although simple in form, it claims to give the home owner a greater appreciation of sustainable principles

and provide then with the tools for change. The website offers a series of case studies, fact sheets and checklists to

12 green building council australia, <http://www.gbca.org.au/>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

13 HSAS, <http://www.hsas.net.au/site/index.cfm?display=168629>, Retrieved 12th March 2010.

14 Greenpeace Australia Pacific About Us, <http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/en/about/>, Retrieved 15th February 2013.

15 Australian Government - Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities State of the Environment 2011,

<http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/index.html >, Retrieved 15th February 2010.

16 Australian Window Association, <http://www.wers.net/AboutWERS>, Retrieved 18th March 2013.

234

‘...describe practical ways in which you can implement principles of good design, whether you are a property owner,

home buyer, builder, architect, designer or developer.’17

17 Commonwealth of Australia Your Home, Technical Manual, <http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs11.html>, Retrieved 12th March 2010.

235

PART B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MATERIALS

Aluminium

Processed from bauxite ore, aluminium is a lightweight metal that is corrosion resistant and highly reflective. It is

also readily recyclable. Recycled aluminium uses 5% of the energy used to process the raw equivalent, with 0.45kg

of recycled aluminium saving 3.6kg of bauxite and 6.4KwHrs of electricity.18

Asbestos

Asbestos is a silicate mineral which forms a thin fibrous crystal. Although asbestos fibre has been in use for almost

4,000 years,19 it was used extensively during the 19th and 20th centuries because of its good tensile strength as well

as its capacity as an insulator against sound, fire, heat, as well as against chemical and electrical damage.

Human exposure to asbestos fibre is now known to cause asbestosis as well as the cancer; mesothelioma.

Asbestosis is a chronic respiratory disease caused by the inhalation and lodging of asbestos fibre in the lungs. The

irritation and repetitive scarring caused by the human body’s attempt to dislodge the fibre, and rectify the damage,

eventually thickens the lung wall, reducing lung capacity and thereby reducing oxygen levels in the blood. This in

turn can affect the heart, causing it to pump faster and eventually leading to possible heart failure. The earliest

recorded case of heart failure linked to asbestos fibre was recorded in London in 1906.20

Mesothelioma can affect the lungs, heart and abdominal cavity. When microscopic asbestos fibres are inhaled or

ingested, they can lodge in the lining of the lungs or gut. Unable to be broken down by the body, they irritate and

scar the surrounding tissue and can eventually cause a malignant tumour. It can take between 20 and 50 years

before a mesothelioma cancer is visible, by which time the prognosis is generally poor.21

Asbestos was first mined in Australia in the 1880s.22 What was to be considered the most toxic form of asbestos,

crocidolite (or blue asbestos) was discovered in Wittenoom, outback Western Australia, in 1937. It was mined

extensively in the town until as late as 1966, when the mine was shutdown in response to health concerns. The

closure of Wittenoom was to become a significant marker in Australian industrial history.23

Although blue (crocidolite) asbestos was banned in 1967,24 the use of brown asbestos (amosite) continued in

products such as cement board into the 1980s.25 It was not until much later, in 2003, that the use of white asbestos

(chrysotile) was also banned.26

Asbestos use in the Australian building industry was extensive, particularly after World War II. Asbestos was cheap

and of miraculous properties. Its popularity lead to ‘...an estimated 70,000 asbestos cement homes built in New

South Wales in the year 1954 alone. After World War II, half of all homes built in New South Wales were made of


19 Wikipedia Asbestos, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos>, Retrieved 16th February 2013.

20 Asbestos.com Asbestosis, <http://www.asbestos.com/asbestosis/>, Retrieved 16th February 2013.

21 Asbestos.com Mesothelioma, <http://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/> Retrieved 16th February 2013.

22 Asbestos.com Mesothelioma in Australia, <http://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/australia/>, Retrieved 16th February 2013.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

236

asbestos cement, and until the 1960s, one-quarter of all new homes in Australia were clad in asbestos cement.

Many of those homes still stand today and contain the toxic mineral.’27 It is this scale in use that continues to

impact today, with many asbestos dwellings still in active use.

Although the in-use material is generally considered inert if well sealed and undisturbed, there remains significant

health risks associated with exposure to damaged historically acquired asbestos containing materials. It is for this

reason that the renovation, demolition or disposal of asbestos containing material remains heavily regulated in

Australia.

Biomass

A biomass (such as wood or vegetable oil) can be used to generate energy through composting or combustion. The

use of biomass for fuel does, however, need to be carefully managed to ensure its production is in itself ecologically

sound and sustainable. Its production and use can, for example, compromise food sources,28 or cause ecological

damage through the generation of carbon emissions, or as a result of unsustainable production methods.

Biomimicry (Biomimetic)

Biomimicry is a green design trend which attempts to approximate the workings of nature. The design goal is that

no waste should be produced, that there be zero net energy use, and that, at the end of use, the development will

be fully biodegradable into a useful product.29 ‘Biomimicry is fundamentally about observing nature, then basing

materials and energy systems on these observations.’30

Biophilia

Biophilia is described as ‘...the need or craving of humans to be connected to nature...’31 The theory assumes

‘...there is an instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems.’32

Bioregional

‘A bioregional approach to sustainable residential design considers local origin as fundamental to its architectural

methodologies, played out especially in the types of construction and materials used and the source of these

materials.’33 This method requires that only locally sourced materials are selected and used, and that those

materials must be particular to the site.

Black Water

The term ‘black water’ describes waste water that contains ‘...fecal matter and urine.’ Various treatment processes

can neutralise the associated pathogens, making it safe to return to the environment.34 Refer also Grey Water.

27 Ibid.


29 Ibid. p 36

30 Ibid. p 410

31 Ibid. p 115

32 Wikipedia Biophilia hypothesis, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis>, Retrieved 16th February 2013.


34 Wikipedia Blackwater (waste), <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.

237

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

BIPVs are photovoltaics which are integrated within a built structure. They can take various forms including applied

film for use in glazing systems, or as part of a building panel such as a roof or wall tile.35 Refer also Photovoltaics.

Carbon Foot Print

Read in conjunction with Carbon Neutral, according to Lynas; ‘A carbon footprint is a measure of an individual’s

contribution to global warming.’36

Carbon Neutral

According to Murray and Dey, the term carbon neutral is a commercial term which is being used to define ‘...the

concept of: cancelling out the harm done to the earth’s atmosphere by one type of greenhouse gas-generating

human activity, through another human activity that: either reduces CO2 emissions by an equal amount; or prevents

an equal amount being generated by an ‘essential’ CO2 producing human activity by substituting a non- or low

carbon producing alternative.’37

Carrying Capacity

A land’s carrying capacity refers to the ‘...limits of a specific land’s capability to support people and their activities.’38

This may refer to food or water production, energy or material consumption.

Cement

Cement is a binding agent and is commonly used in the production of concrete. The most common form of cement

is high in carbon, and its production generates one of the highest rates of CO2 emissions, ‘second only to coal fired

utilities’. 1 tonne of cement in fact produces 1 tonne of CO2. According to Kibert however, ‘...during the lifecycle of a

concrete element, the cement reabsorbs about 20 percent of the CO2 generated in the manufacturing process at

least partially mitigating this effect.’39 Refer also to Flyash and Concrete.

Climate Design

Climate design is defined as ‘...a planning discipline through which buildings can offer the user maximum comfort

for minimum energy.’40 This is achieved by working with, and adapting to, local microclimatic conditions. Refer also

to Climate Responsive Design and Solar Passive Design.

Climate Responsive Design

‘Climate responsive design is a complete system extending on from passive solar. Best performance is achieved

where each element is consistent with an overall design incorporating correct orientation, insulation, thermal mass,

and congruent warm and cool climatic spaces.’41 Refer also to Solar Passive Design, Climate Design and Green

Building/Green Design.



37 Murray, J. and C. Dey (2007). "Carbon neutral - sense and sensibility: ISA Research Paper 07/02." Centre for Integrated Sustainability Analysis p 9


39 Ibid. p 294



41 Prelgauskas, E. (February 1998). "Enhanced Natural Ventilation in Hot Arid Lands." BDP Environment Design Guide DES 20: 1-6. p 3

238

Closed Loop

If a product, structure or material is able to be reused or recycled repeatedly and infinitely with no loss to waste, it

achieves a closed loop.42 In order to achieve this, the object must be of adequate quality and in some cases,

aesthetic desirability.

Coal

Coal is fossilised peat and is carbon rich. It is used worldwide in the contemporary production of electricity.

Concrete

Modern concrete is typically made from blending coarse rock, fine sand, 9-14% cement and water. When left to dry,

the mix becomes hard and rigid and has good thermal mass properties, good durability and compressive strength,

emits no VOCs and is fire and insect resistant.43 Steel is often cast into concrete forms to increase tensile strength

and reduce cracking. The production of the cement binder commonly used in concrete does, however, generate

high carbon waste emissions. Refer also to Flyash and Cement.

Downcyclable

This is the process whereby products are reused in a lower purpose than the original product. An example of this

may be the crushing of unwanted concrete from demolition waste, for use in road base.44 Refer also Recycling.

Ecological Design

Referencing VanDer Ryn and Cowan, Kibert defines ecological design as the transformation of ‘...matter and energy

using processes that are compatible and synergistic with nature and modelled on natural systems.’45 Achieving

ecological design is to design symbiotically with nature by using nature as the metaphor and the focus.46 This

method of design is still new and under-utilised, with few designers possessing the necessary intimate knowledge of

the science of ecological systems.

Ecological Economics

Ecological economics assigns a monetary value to nature, ecology, culture and its services and contributions, so as

to produce a fully considered cost.

Ecological Footprint

An ecological footprint is a measure of human consumption compared to the earth’s capacity. ‘It represents the

amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population

consumes, and to assimilate associated waste.’47

Ecological Rucksack Value

The ecological rucksack value is the total value of material displaced from its original source, as a result of the

removal and creation of human consumptive product. The term effectively defines a products ‘baggage’ of waste

and destruction.48


43 Ibid. p 293

44 Ibid. p 10

45 Ibid. p 109

46 Ibid. pp 109-110

47 Wikipedia Ecological footprint, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_footprint>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.

239

Electrolysis

The electrolysis of water (as relevant to Fuel Cells) is generated when ‘...electricity is input to electrodes to

decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen.’ In this process, water is effectively fed the energy required to cause

molecular separation and bond breakage. This process thereby provides the composite hydrogen and oxygen

molecules with the additional electrons needed for their isolated existence.49 Refer also Fuel Cell.

Embodied Energy

A product or material’s embodied energy can be described as ‘...the sum of energy associated with the life cycle of a

material from the extraction of raw material, through the processing, manufacturing, transport, use and disposal of

the finished product.’50 The study of embodied energy is used to evaluate the total cost of a product to the

environment. Embodied energy studies can enable quantifiable comparisons between apparently similar products.

Energy Management Systems (EMS)

When used in reference to construction; ‘Energy management systems are...commonly used by individual

commercial entities to monitor, measure, and control their electrical building loads.’ They can be used to collect

data, as well as monitor and control zones of high power consumption such as lighting and mechanical heating and

cooling.51

Flyash

Flyash is a waste by-product from the use of coal in electricity generation. It is ‘…a fine grey powder consisting

mostly of spherical glassy particles...’ with ‘...pozzalonic properties, meaning that it reacts with lime to form

cementitious compounds.’52 When blended with cement, it can replace 30% to 35% of the cement content of

standard concrete and can improve performance ‘...resulting in reduced CO2 emissions, reduced energy

consumption, and expanded production capacity.’53 Blast furnace slag can be used similarly. Refer also to Cement

and Concrete.

Fuel Cells

Fuel cells produce energy by a process whereby ‘...hydrogen and oxygen molecules are brought back together to

create water and generate electricity.‘ In forcing the union of molecules to create water, electrons, (or electricity), is

released.54 Refer also Electrolysis.

G-value

The G-value is the measure of solar radiant light transmittance and is a useful measure when evaluating Passive

Solar Gain. Standard glass transmits light wavelengths between 380-7800nm, reflecting the remainder.55 Refer also

Passive Solar Gain.


49 Ibid. p 227


51 Wikipedia Energy management system, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_management_system>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.

52 Flyash Australia What is Fly Ash, <http://www.flyashaustralia.com.au/WhatIsFlyash.aspx>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.


54 Ibid. p 227



240

Gas (Natural)

Natural gas is oil which has been ‘cooked’ at high temperature.56 It ‘...consists mostly of methane, which is the

simplest hydrocarbon’ and produces less CO2 than coal by equivalence.57 Refer also Liquefied Natural Gas and Oil.

Green Building / Green Design

There are numerous definitions of the terms green building or green design, many of which are swayed to a

particular ‘green’ agenda. Broadly speaking; ‘The term green building refers to the quality and characteristics of the

actual structure created using the principles and methodologies of sustainable construction. Green buildings can be

defined as “healthy facilities designed and built in a resource-efficient manner, using ecologically based principles.”

Similarly, ecological design, ecologically sustainable design and green design are terms that describe the application

of sustainability principles to building design.’58

Grey Water

Grey water is typically used to describe waste water from domestic showers, laundries and hand basins. It is easily

treated for use in gardens. It differs from Black Water in that it does not contain human waste or pathogens. Refer

also Black Water.

Ground Coupling

Below ground temperatures are significantly warmer or cooler than seasonal temperatures on land. ‘The

temperature graph at a depth of 3m follows the average monthly outside temperature with a delay of two or three

months. From a depth of 6m it follows the average annual temperature.’59 This variation in temperature can be

captured and used to effectively modulate interior air temperatures. Ground coupling refers to the horizontal or

vertical transfer of heat to or from the earth or ground water. This is commonly achieved by either pumping air

deep into the ground to encourage heat transfer to the cooler soil, acting in a similar way as a blown-air

conditioning system, or by pumping ground water into an above ground radiant cooling/heating system.60 At a

depth of 15m below ground, piped air/water or glycol can in fact maintain temperatures of between 10-14’C. In

order to achieve good thermal effect, air or liquid would need to be pumped at least 2m below ground at a

minimum volume of 2.5-3msqm per area of conditioned space.61

Heat Island Effect

‘Heat island refers to urban air and surface temperatures that are higher than nearby rural areas.’ This is typically

caused by increased solar absorption due to higher proportions of thermal mass, cross reflection and reduced

vegetation, as well as the contribution of ‘waste heat’ from mechanical cooling and other sources.62


57 Natural Gas delivered by Evestra About Natural Gas, <http://www.natural-gas.com.au/about/about.html>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.

58 Kibert, C. J. (2005). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery New Jersey John Wiley and Sons Inc.pp 12-13 (Note: Kibert does

not supply reference for the apparent quote)






62 The Encyclopedia of Earth Heat island, <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Heat_island>, Retrieved 17th February 2013

241

Heat Pump (Air Sourced)

An air sourced heat pump heats water using similar technology to a refrigerator, but in reverse. Liquid refrigerant is

used to collect ambient heat from the outside air, until it converts to a gas. The gas is then pumped through a

condenser and compressor, forcing the release of the stored heat to the water tank. The refrigerant is then passed

through an expansion valve, returning it to a liquid form, and the process is repeated. Although electricity is used,

heat pumps are ‘...roughly three times more efficient than conventional electric water heaters...’63

Humidity, Absolute

Absolute humidity refers to the measured content of water vapour being carried by the air at any one time.

Humidity, Relative

Relative humidity is described as ‘…the actual water content of the air to the maximum possible water vapour

content of the air at the same temperature (the saturation moisture content).’ The higher the air temperature is,

the higher the possible saturation point will be.64

Industrial/Construction Ecology

Industrial and construction ecologies seek to identify and implement ‘…strategies for industrial systems to more

closely emulate harmonious and sustainable ecological ecosystems.’65

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

According to Kibert ‘...the most important tool currently being used to determine the impacts of building materials

is life-cycle assessment (LCA).’66 It can be defined as ‘...a method for determining the environmental and resource

impacts of a material, product, or even a whole building over its entire life. All energy, water, and materials

resources, as well as emissions to air, water, and land are tabulated over the entity’s life cycle...’67 This includes

disposal.

Life-Cycle Costing (LCC)

Life-cycle costing seeks to provide a more accurate representation of the full cost of a building by modelling ‘...a

building’s financial performance over its life cycle...’68

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

LNG is the compressed and liquefied version of natural gas, which is transported in pressurised bottles.69 Refer also

Refer Gas (Natural).

63 Australian Government Department of Resources Energy and Tourism Heat pump water heaters, <http://www.climatechange.gov.au/what-you-

need-to-know/appliances-and-equipment/hot-water-systems/heat-pump.aspx>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.




66 Ibid. p 285

67 Ibid. p 43

68 Ibid. p 44

69 Natural Gas delivered by Evestra About Natural Gas, <http://www.natural-gas.com.au/about/about.html>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.

242

Low Emissivity (Low-e)

The term low-e is applied to glazing which has been thermally improved by the use of a fine layer of metal

embedded within the glass. This metal layer reflects long wave radiation, or heat radiation. ‘Low-e coatings reduce

long-wave radiation heat transfer by 5-10 times. The lower the emissivity value (a measure of the amount of heat

transmission through the glazing), the better the material reduces the heat transfer from the inside to the

outside.‘70 Low-e glass can reduce the transmission of ambient outdoor heat in summer as well as heat loss in

winter, whilst still allowing high-wave light transfer (necessary for solar heat gain). The thicker and more reflective

the coating, the lower the SHGC rating of the glass will be. Refer also Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC).

Oil

Oil is the product of geothermally heated plankton sediment. This process creates hydrocarbons which become

trapped between layers of rock.71

Passive Solar Gain

Passive solar gain refers to a building’s ability to trap high-wave solar radiation (light energy) and convert it to low-

wave heat energy through the use of appropriately positioned and shaded glazing in conjunction with thermal mass.

Refer also Solar Passive Design.

Pebbledash

‘The Pebble dash is a form of rendering where pea shingle or stone chippings are thrown onto sand and cement

base.’72

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic are ‘...semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into electricity.’73 Refer also Building Integrated

Photovoltaics.

Plastics

‘A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.’74 Plastics

can take various forms and properties. All chlorine based plastics are generally considered sustainably undesirable.

PVC, for example, contains lead and other hazardous materials which leach when burnt or disposed and are not

readily recyclable. HDPE and PET are the most recycled, with HDPE able to be transformed into plastic lumber.75 In

an attempt to reduce the use of toxic and non-biodegradable plastic, there is now a shift toward bio-based

polymers using plant fibres and resins.76



72 www.freepedia.co.uk Pebble dashing and Rough Casting, <http://www.freepedia.co.uk/DIRHomesPebbledash.php>, Retrieved 17th February

2013.


74 Wikipedia Plastic, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.


76 Ibid. pp 296-297

243

Plus Energy Building

A plus energy building is one which ‘...produces more energy than the complex can use...’ and often supplements

the main consumer power grid.77 Refer also Zero Energy Building.

Radiant Cooling

‘Radiant cooling systems circulate cool water through tubes in ceiling, wall or floor elements or panels.’78 In

practice it is a ‘...low energy solution for cooling, requiring only a fraction of the energy of a conventional system

based on air-handling and ductwork.’79

Radiant Heat

Radiant heat or infra-red is long wave heat energy emitted from warm surfaces. Long wave energy has difficulty

passing through glass.

Radon

Radon is naturally occurring in the environment. ‘In buildings, radon occurs primarily through diffusion from the

underlying soil into the building structure.’ Radon is harmless in-state, however, when it decays it generates

radioactive particles which can bind to airborne dust particles. If inhaled, they can become lodged in the lungs

where they can cause cancer over a 10-20 year period. Air tight buildings have the potential to trap and increase

concentrations of radioactive radon particles, thereby increasing potential exposure.80

Recycling

Recycling is the act of reprocessing a product or material into a new useful form. This may be either one that

replicates the original, or one that is entirely new, but is of equivalent quality or value. Typically the process

requires the consumption of additional resources, and often generates waste which may be toxic. The benefits of

the renewal process need to be carefully weighed against any waste or resource use impacts and compared to that

generated by the production from virgin material. Refer also Reuse and Downcycling.

Renewable

Renewable items are those which can be regenerated, such as a timber. Issues relating to the sustainability of

renewables may also need to be considered.

Reuse

This describes the whole and entire reuse of a material or product in its originally intended form, with no

appreciable reduction in its properties or quality. Refer also Recycling and Downcycling.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

Sick building syndrome is commonly attributed to non-descript work place illness and is prevalent in those work

spaces which are heavily air conditioned and tightly sealed. Symptoms include lethargy, stuffy nose, dry throat,

itchy/dry eyes, headaches and flu-like symptoms. These symptoms may also become more prevalent in modern

residential buildings where the increased use of mechanical heating and cooling and associated building codes



79 Ibid. p 220

80 Ibid. p 319

244

require air tight seals. This may in turn lead to the increased accumulation and concentration of pathogens, VOCs,

toxics and toxins. Refer also Volatile Organic Compounds, Toxics and Toxins and Radon.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

The solar heat gain coefficient refers to the ‘...fraction of solar heat that enters the window and becomes heat; it

includes both directly transmitted and absorbed solar radiation.’81

Solar Passive Design

‘Passive Design is design that does not require mechanical heating or cooling.’82 This term differs from Climate

Responsive Design in that the building works passively without active systems manipulating climate and infiltration.

A solar passive design is one that ‘...doesn’t have to do anything. It maintains a comfortable internal temperature

just by virtue of its design” 83 Refer also to Climate Design and Climate Responsive Design.

Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)

The solar reflectance index is the measure of how hot a material is when exposed to the sun. It is a percentage of

the reflection of the incident solar energy.84

Steel

Steel is iron based and has high tensile strength. It is highly recyclable and is commonly done so. ‘Although the LCA

and embodied energy impacts associated with metals may appear to be higher than alternatives, the inherent

recyclability of metals, their durability, and low maintenance make them competitive for high-performance building

applications.’85 Typically, most ‘...metals are readily recycled and their dissipation into the environment during the

recycling process benign.’86 ‘Recycled steel consumes a fraction of the resources and energy of steel production

from iron ore. Each ton of recycled steel saves 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of

limestone.’ The recycling process also only uses one fifth of the energy used in the equivalent production from raw

source, making the process not only more economical, but more sustainable.87

Sustainability

One of the more commonly known definitions for sustainability was coined by the World Commission on

Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987, and defines it as ‘...development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.’88

Thermal Resistance (R-value)

Thermal resistance describes a material’s capacity for thermal conductivity, multiplied by its thickness. This value is

used when calculating building performance and material properties. A material’s R-value ‘...is a number which

81 Ibid. p 196

82 Commonwealth of Australia 4.1 Passive Design, <http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs41.html>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.



85 Ibid. p 295

86 Ibid. p 295

87 Ibid. p 295



245

represents the material’s resistance to heat flow’,89 or its capacity to act as an insulator. The higher the R-value, the

greater the material’s capacity is for resisting heat transfer.

Thermal Transmittance (U-value)

Thermal transmittance rates a material’s capacity to transfer heat energy via conduction. It is affected by surface

resistance.

Toxics

Toxics are chemically created, non-natural poisons, such as those with a petrochemical base.90 Refer also Toxins and

Sick Building Syndrome.

Toxins

Toxins are ‘...biological poisons that are the by-product of living organisms.’ This also includes synthesised poisons

which replicate those naturally occurring.91 Refer also Toxics and Sick Building Syndrome.

Ventilation (in ACH)

Ventilation is ‘... the deliberately controlled movement of air between the inside and the outside of a house,’92 or

other built structure. It is described in Air Change Hours (ACH).

Venturi Effect

The venturi effect occurs when low pressure zones encourage air movement and flow through suction. This effect

can be used to aid ventilation.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

‘Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary, room-

temperature conditions.’93 They gas easily, emitting smell and/or toxins, which can impact on environmental air

quality and occupant wellbeing. Refer also Sick Building Syndrome.

Zero Energy Building

A zero energy building has, on total ‘...zero net consumption in a single year.’94 It neither produces more energy

than it needs, nor uses more than it produces. Refer also Plus Energy Building.



91 Ibid. p 54


93 Wikipedia Volatile organic compound, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound>, Retrieved 17th February 2013.


247

BIBLIOGRAPHY

IMAGES, PLATES AND DIAGRAMS

Chapter 3: Perth Domestic Case Studies

Image 3.1: Cockman House, 1860 – copyright of the author, 24th June 2012

Image 3.2: West Leederville, c.1920 - copyright of the author, 30th July 2011

Image 3.3: Burswood, c.1925 - copyright of the author, 11th February 2012

Image 3.4: Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage, 1931 - image source:

National Trust of Australia (W.A.), Properties By Region, Herdsman Lake Settler’s Cottage, <http://svc229.wic012v.server-

web.com/places/perthproperties/herdsman.shtml>, Retrieved April2013

Image 3.5: Bassendean, 1931- copyright of the author, 10th December 2006

Image 3.6: Wembley, 1950 - copyright of the author, 7th January 2012

Image 3.7: Bayswater, 1957 - copyright of the author, 30th April 2012

Image 3.8: Innaloo, c.1960 - copyright of the author, 27th April 2013

Image 3.9: East Cannington, 1962 - copyright of the author, 4th April 2012

Image 3.10: Bibra Lake, 1986 – copyright of the owner, (details withheld), 21st April 2013

Image 3.11: Bibra Lake, 1986 - image source:

Collier Homes (1986), ‘Original Construction Drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Bibra Lake’, held by the City of Cockburn.

Image 3.12: Bibra Lake, 1986 - image source:

Modern Style Homes (1996), ‘Original Construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Bibra Lake’, held by the City of Cockburn.

Image 3.13: Munster, 1987 - copyright of the author, 13th February 2012

Image 3.14: Bibra Lake, 1995 - copyright of the author, 18th December 2011

Image 3.15: Orelia, 1996 - copyright of the author, 13th February 2012

Image 3.16: Orelia, 1996 - image source:

The Homebuyers Centre (1996), ‘Original construction drawings for Owners xx *(withheld)* Orelia.’

Image 3.17: Orelia, 2002 – copyright of the owner, (details withheld), 26th April 2013

Image 3.18: Orelia, 2002 - image source:

The Homebuyers Centre (2002), ‘Original construction drawings for Type “Abroholos” for Owners xx *(withheld)* Orelia.’

Image 3.19: Rivervale 2009 – image source:

Redink Homes (2009), ‘Original construction drawings for Type “Crimson 800 Living” for Owners xx *(withheld)* Rivervale.’

Image 3.20: Rivervale 2009 – image source:

Redink Homes (2009), ‘Original construction drawings for Type “Crimson 800 Living” for Owners xx *(withheld)* Rivervale.’

Plates 3.1-3.30: Copyright of the author

1860 ‘COCKMAN HOUSE’, WANNEROO (Plate 3.1 and 3.2)

1920 WEST LEEDERVILLE (Plate 3.3 and 3.4)

1925 BURSWOOD (Plate 3.5 and 3.6)

1931 ‘HERDSMAN LAKE SETTLER’S COTTAGE’, HERDSMAN (Plate 3.7 and 3.8)

1932 BASSENDEAN (Plate 3.9 and 3.10)

1950 WEMBLEY (Plate 3.11 and 3.12)

1957 BAYSWATER (Plate 3.13 and 3.14)

1960 INNALOO (Plate 3.15 and 3.16)

1962 EAST CANNINGTON (Plate 3.17 and 3.18)

1986 BIBRA LAKE (Plate 3.19 and 3.20)

1987 MUNSTER (Plate 3.21 and 3.22)

1995 BIBRA LAKE (Plate 3.23 and 3.24)

1996 ORELIA (Plate 3.25 and 3.26)

2002 ORELIA (Plate 3.27 and 3.28)

2009 RIVERVALE (Plate 3.29 and 3.30)

Chapter 4: Ranking the Perth Domestic Type

Table 4.1: Indexation Chart - Assessment Summary Sheet (3 pages)

Table 4.2: Indexation Chart - Calculation Sheet (3 pages)

Table 4.3: Indexation Chart - Summer Hourly Temperatures (4 pages)

Table 4.4: Indexation Chart - Winter Hourly Temperatures (4 pages)

Table 4.5: Indexation Chart - Check and Verification Sheet (2 pages)

248

Chapter 5: Sustainable Housing Markers for Perth

Image 5.1: south east elevation - copyright of the author, 2nd December 2012

Image 5.2: north elevation - copyright of the author, 2nd December 2012

Image 5.3: east green wall - copyright of the author, 2nd December 2012

Plate 5.1: 2007 KALAMUNDA - copyright of Paradigm Architects 2007 and the author 2013

Reference Appendix A: The Evolution of the Perth Domestic Type

Image AA.1: Maylands c.1920, from: Weller, R., (Ed.), (2009), Boomtown 2050. Scenarios for a Rapidly Growing City, Crawley, Western Australia,

UWA Publishing. Referencing the State Library of Western Australia, Battye Library, 001738D.

Reference Appendix B: The Evolution of the Perth Domestic Type

Image AB.1: Southwestern Australia Temperature Increases 1910-2012:

Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Australian climate variability & change – Time series graphs,

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/#tabs=Climate-change-tracker&tracker=time-

series&tQ%5Bgraph%5D=tmean&tQ%5Barea%5D=swaus&tQ%5Bseason%5D=0112&tQ%5Bave_yr%5D=0.>, Retrieved 1st June 2013

Image AB.2: Southwestern Australia Rainfall Decreases 1900-2012:

Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Australian climate variability & change – Time series graphs,

<http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/#tabs=Climate-change-tracker&tracker=time-

series&tQ%5Bgraph%5D=rain&tQ%5Barea%5D=swaus&tQ%5Bseason%5D=0112&tQ%5Bave_yr%5D=0.>, Retrieved 1st June 2013

Image AB.3: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, <http://www.bom.gov.au/>, Retrieved November 2011

Image AB.4: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, <http://www.bom.gov.au/>, Retrieved November 2011

Image AB.5: Solar Chart applicable to Perth, from: Phillips, R. O.,(2002), Sunshine and Shade in Australasia, CSIRO Publishing,Collingwood VIC, p 38.

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Archer, J. (1996), Building a nation: The great Australian dream : the history of the Australian house, Pymble, N.S.W., Angus & Robertson.

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code/history-of-the-ncc>, Retrieved 15th June 2013.

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