pertanian chapter 5
DESCRIPTION
agriculture notesTRANSCRIPT
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1PRT 2008
PERTANIAN & MANUSIA(AGRICULTURE & MAN)
PROF. MADYA DR. KAMARUZAMAN SIJAM
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture
Tel: 03-89474846
E-mail: [email protected]
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25. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
OF MALAYSIA
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Historical development of
Malaysian agriculture
Pre Independence British
Rubber- Dunlop, Guthrie, Harrison and Crossfield
Tea Boh tea
Indigenous Malays rice, fruits and other food crops
After Independence (1957-1970) Govt set up
FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority)
FELCRA (Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority)
123,000 ha of oil palm compared to 1,315,000 ha of
rubber 4
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1970-1984 (NEP:New Economic Policy)
expand FELDA and FELCRA
Others: LPN (Lembaga Padi dan Beras Negara)
RISDA (Rubber Industry Smallholdings Development Authority)
1984-1991(NAP1: National Agric. Policy 1)
1992-1998 (NAP2: National Agric. Policy 2)
1998-2010 (NAP3)
End 2004: 6.4 million ha in Agriculture (60.6% oil palm, 20% rubber)
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6Land Use in Malaysia
Item Area (000 ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area 32,855
Agriculture area 7,870 23.95
Arable land (rice, vegetables, root crops) 1,800 5.48
Permanent crops (oil palm, rubber, coconut,
cocoa, fruits)
5,785 17.61
Permanent meadows and pastures 285 0.87
Forest area 20,630 62.79
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7Characteristics of Malaysian
agriculture
Estate subsector - Larger than 40.5 haIndustrial crops:
Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, tea,
coconut
Smallholders subsector average farm size 1.45 ha
Operated by 1,033,065 farmers
Industrial crops, rice, fruits, vegetables
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8Industrial Crops39% of worlds palm oil production
44% of world export
Originated from Sierra Leone Africa
First planted at Tenamarran Estate 1917
60% large plantation companies
40% smallholders, etc
Economic life 20 yrs
100 kg fruit bunch = 22 kg palm oil & 1.6 kg palm kernel oil
Oil Palm(Elaeis guianeensis)
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9Industrial Crops
First major plantation crop introduced in 1877 from Brazil
Was the dominant crop up to 1989
Fourth most important crop in terms of hectarage after oil palm, rubber, rice
A new value added product - VCO
Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)
Coconut
(Cocos nucifera)
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Rubber Planted Hectarage
Year
Estate Smallholding Total Area
1990 348.70 1,487.96 1,836.66
2000 123.78 1,306.90 1,530.68
2005 57.37 1,213.93 1,271.30
2006 54.15 1,209.40 1.263.55
2007 53.40 1,194.70 1,248.10
2008 61.10 1.185.90 1,247.00
2009 61.10 960.44 1,021.54
Planted hectarage (000 ha)
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Malaysia fifth largest cocoa processor in the world
Cocoa used to be a major industrial crop with estates growing up to more than 400,000 ha.
Peak in 1992, then declined to the current hectarage of 45,000 ha. because of pest problems (especially cocoa pod borer)
Cocoa
Theobroma cacao
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Other industrial crops
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Hectarage and Production of Minor Industrial Crops in Malaysia
Crop Hectarage planted
(ha)
Production
(tonnes)
Value (RM 000)
Coffee 3,160 20,591 12,355
Sugar cane 4,400 274,620 21,697
Tea 1,900 9,120 22,800
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Crop
Hectares (000)
2000 2005 2010
Oil palm 3,377 4,049 4,555
Rubber 1,431 1,250 1,179
Padi 478 452 450
Fruits 304 330 375
Coconuts 159 180 180
Cocoa 76 33 45
Vegetables 40 64 86
Tobacco 15 11 7
Pepper 13 13 14
TOTAL 5,893 6,383 6,891
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industries and Ministry of Plantation
Industries and Commodities
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Rice (Oryza sativa)
About 300,500 ha of rice are planted in Peninsula Malaysia
and 190,000 ha in Sabah and Sarawak.
Kuala Muda area in Kedah/Perlis (MADA)
Alluvial plains of Kemubu area, Kelantan (KADA)
Seberang Perai, Penang
Kerian/Sg Manik, Perak
South west (Barat Laut) Selangor
Kemasin Semarak- plains of Kemasin River, Bachok/
Kota Bahru
Besut, Terengganu (KETARA)
Seberang Perak
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Distribution of rice land among the states of
Malaysia State Harvested area (%of total harvested
area)
Kedah 31.05
Sarawak 19.41
Perak 11.81
Kelantan 11.38
Perlis 6.45
Sabah 5.74
Selangor 5.52
Pulau Pinang 3.83
Terengganu 3.28
Pahang 0.63
Melaka 0.39
Johor 0.26
Negri Sembilan 0.25
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Fruits: Hectarage Planted and Value of
Products of Major Fruits 2010
Fruit Hectarage Value ('000 RM)
Durian 104,655 1,392,077
Bananas 29,790 476,255
Rambutan 25,460 171,685
Dokong 16,130 97,260
Duku Langsat 12,715 45,420
Watermelon 11,750 309,465
Cempedak 11,158 130,251
Mango 9,760 83,545
Mangosteen 7,685 79,703
Langsat 6,925 69,282
Duku 5,775 65,047
Jackfruit 3,962 63,155
Limau Manis 3,915 49,969
Papaya 3,403 68,419
Dragon Fruit 2,510 39,160
Guava 1,525 50,598
Starfruit 1,276 31,618
Salak 1,190 15,824
Sapodilla 1,115 18,149
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Malaysia: Food Balance Sheet for Vegetables and
Fruits 2006
PARTICULAR VEGETABLES FRUIT
Supply (SS) (tonnes)
- Local 642,796 1,873,092
- Import 265,808 47,973
- Total Supply 908,604 1,921,065
Demand (DD)(tonnes)
Local 1,007,979 1,524,770
Export 76,094 209,583
Total Demand 1,084,073 1,734,353
Shortage/Surplus (SS-DD) -175,469 186,712
No of farmers for selected 31,911 107,827
commodity
Total no. of farmers 40,920 162,463
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Floriculture in Malaysia: Area planted and
Production
State Hectarage Production (000 cuttings) Johor 1361 225,367
Kedah 30 686
Kelantan 33 4,318
Melaka 31 588
Negeri Sembilan 20 3,193
Pahang 369 131,119
Perak 135 32,435
Perlis 3 353
Pulau Pinang 4 85
Selangor 292 60,323
Terengganu 10 231
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 7 899
Peninsular Malaysia 2,295 459,599
Sabah 52 7,335
Sarawak 66 1,111
W.P. Labuan 7 103
MALAYSIA 2,421 468,168
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Livestock production
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Beef Production Based on System
Systems 2000 2005 2010
% tonnes % tonnes % tonnes
Integration 15 2652.2 23 6,564.2 37 16,650
Feedlot 20 3500.2 30 8,562.0 26 11,700
Traditional 65 11,365.6 47 13,413.8 37 16,650
Total 100 17,500.0 100 28.540.0 100 45,000
Source: Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia
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Aquacultutre
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Production of Marine Fish and Aquaculture
Item 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Number of
Fishermen and
aquaculturists 110,547 110,960 111,344 118,047 120,905 126,950
Marine fish 000 tonnes 1,283.26 1,331.65 1,209.60 1,379.77 1,381.27 1,450.44
Aquaculture 000 tonnes 196.87 202.22 207.22 212.03 268.51 281.94
Marine fish value
(RM million) 4013,61 4,241.45 4,017.52 4,939.32 5,053.51 5,308.91
Aquaculture value
(RM million) 1,172.31 1158.46 1,196.01 1,291.75 1,341.33 1,408.39
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New Sources of Growth for Malaysian
Agriculture
Herbs & Spices, Pharmaceuticals, Natural Products
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Species of medicinal herbs commonly planted in Malaysia
Common Name Botanical name Uses
Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia antimalarial, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic,
antimicrobial and antipyretic
Hempedu Bumi Andrographis paniculata treatment of gastro-intestinal tract and upper
respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throat,and
a variety of other chronic and infectious
diseases
Kacip Fatimah Labisia pumila facilitate childbirth, post-partum medication,
treatment of dysentery, rheumatism and gonorrhoea
Misai kucing Orthosiphon stamineus used as an analgesic, diuretic, astringent and
antiemetic; used to treat conditions like bronchitis,
small pox, diarrhoea and as a brain tonic
Dukung anak Phyllantus niruri Used to treat kidney stone, malaria, asthma
and liver related diseases. Also used as a diuretic
and to increase appetite. In Malaysia it is used to
treat diabetes, hypertension, diarrhoea, itchiness,
jaundice and as antidote for insect bites.
Pegaga Centellia asiatica It is used to heal wounds, improve mental clarity,
and treat skin. It can also boost mental activity and
treat high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and
nervous disorders
Mas Cotek Ficus deltoidea used to help womb contraction and as aphrodisiac
for men and women, reduce cholesterol and blood
sugar level.
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Agricultural marketing
Export crop sector
oil palm producers:
independent smallholders,
producers in land development schemes
private estates
The Food Sector
characterized by
small farm size with
minimal involvement
of the private or
corporate sectors
Rice:
farmers is 1.06 ha
Estates about 4000 ha (eg. Run by FELCRA)
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The New Supply Chain for Agri-food
pushed by external
and domestic
drivers
In 2005, there were
81 hypermarkets in
Malaysia where 83%
of them are foreign-
owned
Among them are Giant
(Hong Kong), Jusco
(Aeon Group, Japan),
Carrefour (France) and
Tesco (UK).
Local retail chains include
Parkson, Ocean, The
Store and Mydin.
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Federal Agricultural
Marketing Authority (FAMA)
Set up as a statutory body
in 1965, FAMA is
responsible in the
supervision, coordination,
regulation and improvement
of the marketing of
agricultural products, which
include fruits and
vegetables, for domestic,
export and import markets.
FAMA targets to have 1,000
farmers' markets with about
60,000 farm produce
entrepreneurs by the end of
the 10th Malaysia Plan
(2011-2015) period
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