Perspectives with Perspectives with PPANDAANDA

• The new accelerator complex of GSI The new accelerator complex of GSI • The antiproton’s activityThe antiproton’s activity• The The PPANDA scientific programANDA scientific program

Paola GianottiPaola Gianotti

LNFLNF

FAIR: the GSI future facilityFAIR: the GSI future facility

UNILAC SIS

FRS

ESR

SIS 100/300

HESRSuperFRS

NESR

CR+

RESR

p Target

FLAIR

PANDA

CBM

PP

AtomicPhysics

FAIRFAIRFacility for AntiprotonFacility for Antiprotonand Ion Researchand Ion Research

Primary Beams

•1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+

•Factor 100-1000 present in intensity•2(4)x1013/s 30 GeV protons•1010/s 238U73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u

Secondary Beams

•Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u; up to factor 10 000 in intensity over present •Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV

Storage and Cooler Rings

•Radioactive beams•e – A collider

•1011 stored and cooled 0.8 - 14.5 GeV antiprotons

•Cooled beams•Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets

Key Technical Features

Summary of Research Areas at the GSI Future FacilitySummary of Research Areas at the GSI Future Facility

Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei - Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysicsFundamental symmetries

Hadron Structure and Quark-Gluon Dynamics - AntiprotonsNon-pertubative QCDQuark-gluon degrees of freedomConfinement and chiral symmetryHypernuclear physics

Nuclear Matter and the Quark-Gluon Plasma - Relativistic HI - Beams Nuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry

Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter - Bunch CompressionProperties of high density plasmasPhase transitions and equation of stateLaser - ion interaction with and in plasmas

SIS 18

Ion BeamHeating

Jupiter

Sun Surface

Magnetic Fusion

solid statedensity

Tem

pera

ture

[eV

]

Density [cm-3]

LaserHeating

PHELIX

Ideal plasmas

Strongly coupled

plasmas

Sun Core

InertialCofinement

Fusion

Ultra High EM-Fields and Applications - Ions & Petawatt LaserQED and critical fieldsIon - laser interactionIon - matter interaction

HESR - High Energy Storage RingHESR - High Energy Storage Ring

High luminosity mode High resolution mode

• p/p ~ 10 (electron cooling)• Lumin. = 1031 cm s

• Lumin. = 2 x 1032 cm s • p/p ~ 10 (stochastic cooling)

• Production rate 2x107/sec

• Pbeam = 1 - 15 GeV/c

• Nstored = 5x1010 p

• Internal Target

_

PPANDA Antiproton Physics ProgramANDA Antiproton Physics Program

Charmonium ( cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on the quark confinement.

Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).

Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks.

Precision -ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction.

Inverted DVCS to extract parton distributions. Proton form-factors at large Q2 up to 25 GeV2/c4. D-meson decay spectroscopy BR and decay dalitz plots CP-Violation in the D/Λ sector.

3500 3520 MeV3510C

Ball

ev./

2 M

eV

100

ECM

CBallE835

1000

E 8

35

ev./

pb

c1

Charmonium PhysicsCharmonium Physics

e+e→’→ 1,2

→ e+e→ J

e+e interactions:

- Only 1 states are formed- Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution)

- All states directly formed (very good mass resolution)

Br(e+e →·Br( → c) = 2.5

→ J→ e+e

p p→ 1,2

_

pp reactions:_

Br( )pp → c = 1.2 _

E

xoti

c lig

ht

qq

Exoti

c cc

1 -- 1-+

0 2000 4000MeV/c2

10-2

1

102

Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons

The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components

The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories:

(qq) gHybrids

Glueballs

(qq)(qq)Multiquarks

In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap

In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as “Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp...

Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons

Main non-qq candidates

f0(980) 4q state

f0(1500) 0++ glueball candidate

f0(1370) 0++ glueball candidate

f0(1710) 0++ glueball candidate

(1410); (1460) 0+ glueball candidate

f1(1420) hybrid, 4q state

1(1400) hybrid candidate 1

1(1600) hybrid candidate 1

(1800) hibrid candidate 0

2(1900) hybrid candidate 2

1(2000) hybrid candidate 1

a2’(2100) hybrid candidate 1++

Charmonium spectrum, glueballs, spin-exotics cc-glue hybrids with experimental results

Charmonium spectrum, glueballs, spin-exotics cc-glue hybrids with experimental results

Charmonium PhysicsCharmonium Physics

From G.S. Bali, Eur. Phys. J A 19 (2004) 1

X(3872) first seen by Bellethen confirmed by othersis hardly considered a cc state

Y(3943) enancement in J/Ψωmass spectrum both four quarks state and charm- hybrid hypotesis have been proposed

B-factories are abundant sources of data on charmonium

● Gluonic excitations of the

quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states

● LQCD:

mH ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; JPC 1-+

Charmed HybridsCharmed Hybrids

● Flux tube-Model predicts H

DD** (+c.c.) decays

If mH<4290 MeV/c2→

H < 50 MeV/c2

● Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD*+c.c.

– Small number of final states with small phase space

r0=0.5fm

Mass

Decay

channels

studied

Total BR seen (%)

Decay

Channels

With error <30%

c 2979.6±1.2 21 60.3 3

’c 3654.0±6.0 4 ~ 0 0

J/ 3096.92±.01 135 44.2 83

’ 3686.09±.03 62 77.1 29

c0 3415.2±0.3 17 12.3 10

c1 3510.59±.10 13 33.6 6

c2 3556.26±.11 19 26.3 10

hc 2 ? 0

(3770) 3770.0±2.4 2 ~ 0 1

(3836) 3836±13 1 ~ 0 0

X(3872) 3872.0±0.6 3 ~ 0 0

(4040) 4040±10 6 ~ 0 1

(4160) 4159±20 1 ~ 0 0

(4415) 4415±6 2 ~ 0 0

Mesons in nuclear matterMesons in nuclear matter

One of the fundamental question of QCD is the generation of

MASSThe light meson masses are larger than the sum of the constituent quark masses!

Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive role in the mass generation of light mesons.

How can we check this?

Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter

Since density increasein nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry

Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate

Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed

Deeply bound pionic atoms

Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsProton-Proton Collisions

K-

K+

K-

K+

f*= 0.78f

Kaon-production environments

pionic atoms

KAOS/FOPI

HESR

π

K

D

vacuum nuclear mediumρ = ρ0

π+

π-

K-

K+

D+

D-

25 MeV

100 MeV

50 MeV

Mass modifications of mesons

With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studieswill be extended

Sub-threshold enhancement for D and Dmeson productionexpected signal:

strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D+ D- yields, in the near/sub-threshold region.

Mesons in nuclear matterMesons in nuclear matter

pp→ D+D-

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

103

(nb)

4 5 6 7

D+

D-

T (GeV)

in-medium

free masses

Mesons in nuclear matterMesons in nuclear matter

The lowering of the DD thresh.

– allow ’,c2 charmonium states

to decay into this channel

3

GeV/c2 Mass

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

(13D1)

(13S1)

c(11S0)

(33S1)

c1(13P1)c1(13P0)

DD3,743,64

3,54

vacuum10

20

thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states

c2(13P2)

(23S1)

– states above DD thresh. would have larger width

Idea

– Study relative changes of yield

and width of the charmonium state (3770).

BR into ll (10-5 in free space)

Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275

Double-Lambda HypernucleiDouble-Lambda Hypernuclei

_

(Kaidalov & Volkovitsky)

quark-gluon string model

s

ud

s

dd

s

ds

s

ss

0

• Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products

- capture:

- p + 28 MeV-

3 GeV/c

Kaons _

trigger

p_

2. Slowing down and capture

of insecondary

target nucleus

2. Slowing down and capture

of insecondary

target nucleus

1.Hyperon-

antihyperonproduction

at threshold

1.Hyperon-

antihyperonproduction

at threshold+28MeV

3. -spectroscopy

with Ge-detectors

3. -spectroscopy

with Ge-detectors

Production of Double HypernucleiProduction of Double Hypernuclei

-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)

Other physics topicsOther physics topics

Cross section σ ≈ 2.5pb @ s ≈10 GeV2

L = 2·1032 cm-2 s-1→ 103 events per month

• Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Drell-Yan processes to study GPD

• CP-violation (D/Λ – sector)- D0D0 mixing

SM prediction < 10-8

- compare angular decay asymmetries for ΛΛ

SM prediction ~ 2·10-5

• Rare D-decays:D+→ μ+ ν (BR 10-4)D → μ+ μ- (BR 10-13)

W+

c

d

hep-ph/0112235

Other physics topicsOther physics topics

• Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Proton in the Time-Like Region from threshold up to 20 GeV2/c4

• Precise measurement of cross- sections of esclusive final states with different nuclear targets for neutrino experiments

QCD systems to be studied at QCD systems to be studied at PPANDAANDA

Detector requests:

• nearly 4 solid angle (partial wave analysis)• high rate capability (2·107 annihilations/s)• good PID (, e, , , K, p)• momentum resolution (~1%)• vertex info for D, K0

S, (c = 317 m for D±)• efficient trigger (e, , K, D, )• modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)

General Purpose DetectorDetector

PPANDA Detector (top view)ANDA Detector (top view)

target spectrometer forward spectrometer

micro vertexdetectorelectromagnetic

calorimeter

DIRC:Detecting InternallyReflectedCherenkov light

straw tubetracker

mini driftchambers

muon counter

Solenoidalmagnet

iron yoke

Length: ~2 m upstream, ~10 m downstream

SummarySummary

• A new Hadron-Facility is underway in Europe: FAIR @ GSI

• A wide experimetal physics program going from meson spectroscopy to hypernuclear physics etc. will be accessible with the new GSI antiproton beam

• New and interesting results will come in many fields thanks to the unprecedent characteristics of the beam and to the potentiality of the PANDA general porpose detector

• A new Hadron-Facility is underway in Europe: FAIR @ GSI

• A wide experimetal physics program going from meson spectroscopy to hypernuclear physics etc. will be accessible with the new GSI antiproton beam

• New and interesting results will come in many fields thanks to the unprecedent characteristics of the beam and to the potentiality of the PANDA general porpose detector