perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in industrializing countries
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Prof. Dr. Bettina Burger-Menzel Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences
perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in
industrializing countries
Simposio “Desarrollo y perspectivas de la sociedad de la información y internet en Bolivia” La Paz / May 17, 2011
with support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
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agenda
1. ICT (TICs) as a precondition for economic growth and the role of open-source software (OSS)
2. ICT (TICs) and government: What should / could the state do within its national innovation system?
3. conclusion
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
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1. ICTs (TICs) as a precondition for
economic growth
and the role of open sourcing (OS)
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
ICTs (TICs) drive economic growth
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
Carlota Perez (2008): “The Asian region quickly understood the importance of ICT and the trend towards global markets … and [is now] far ahead in its accumulation of knowledge and experience in technology, production, management and trade”.
GDP 1990
GDP 2010
directly: ICT business itself
indirectly: productivity increases in other sectors
Mapping global GDP (in bio. US$, 2001)
USA 9900
Germany 1948
Japan 4574
Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Kenia
Marocco, Nigeria, South Africa)
255
Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia,
Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Uruguay, Venezuela)
1176
Mexico 550
Great Britain 1451
China 1131Russia
253
India 474
France 1377
Australia 383
Canada 661
South Korea 447
Comp. DIE ZEIT, 27.3.2003
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
UIS 2009
Mapping GDP corresponds mapping R&D investment as % of GDP
open source software as part of ICTs (KICs)
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
OS software - open knowledge and anyone can learn, adapt create and distribute it
- is based on voluntary cooperation of software developers in many different locations with a shared ‘culture’
the relevance of open source for technological catch-up
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
direct effect on economy :
- OSS business model itself
- hybrid business model (OSS as component; mainly outsourcing)
the relevance of open source for technological catch-up (2)
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
indirect effect
OSS contributes to a country‘s development by means of
-education-learning-problem-solving-business ideas-…
Rank Motive to go on with developing and/or distributing OS
1 to learn and develop new skills2 to share my knowledge and skills3 to improve OS products of other developers4 because I think that software should not be
proprietary products5 to participate in a new form of cooperation6 to participate in the OS scene7 to improve my job opportunities8 to solve a problem that could not be done by
proprietary software9 to limit the power of large software product10 to get help in realizing a good idea for a software
product11 to make money12 to get a reputation in the OS developers scene13 to distribute not marketable software
Flexibility and StabilityFlexibility and StabilitySaving CostsSaving CostsIndependenceIndependenceCommunity SupportCommunity Support(Grassmuck, 2002, p. 340) (Grassmuck, 2002, p. 340)
OSS in SMEsOSS in SMEs
Improvement ICTImprovement ICTFirm performanceFirm performance(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)
Improvement ICTImprovement ICTFirm performanceFirm performance(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92)
Skills Improment Skills Improment Life-long-learningLife-long-learning(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)
Skills Improment Skills Improment Life-long-learningLife-long-learning(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)(UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)
the relevance of open source for technological catch-up (3)
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
direct and indirect effect OSS especially relevant in country with dominance of small- and medium-sized companies with scarce ressources
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2. ICT (TICs) and government: What should /
could the state do within its national
innovation system?
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
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Prior Knowledge
Base
Intensity Efforts
e - Government
Individual à Organisation
Explicit Knowledge (Know-how)
Tacit Knowledge (Know-why)
Government software
procurement
Local software industry
Open source work group
Education and Training
Internet Policy
Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia (2007) based on Kim (2000)
government is important for how a country catches up while benefitting from ICTs (KICs)
e.g. education, research, market regulation, public procurement, e-government …
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
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government and ICT including OSS: … in more detail
requirementsDalum/ Johnson/ Lundvall 2010
examplesLow 2002; Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia 2007; Burger-Menzel/ Assadi 2010
means to learn, adapt and create
education and training in ICT and OSS
incentive to learn, adapt and create
reduction of regulatory and legal barriers to apply OS; investment incentives
capability to learn, adapt and create
flexible access to a broad variety of services with compatibility, accessibility, installation, upgrading and payment options
access to relevant knowledge
advanced ICT and energy infrastructure, architecture and connectivity; capital inflow and technology transfer with focus on ICT- and OS-related science-industry linkages
remembering and forgetting
compensation schemes for ‚victims‘ of a ICT-based society through options to share scarce resources
utilizing knowledge OS-related e-government and e-administration to change national culture
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
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3. conclusion
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
Red nacional de incubadoras de empresas tecnológicas
www.boliviaincuba.net
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macro
micro motivational factors for innovative behaviour
psychology of societies
social acceptance (norms, rules, customs,
culture, …)
from creativity to an innovative „take off“
group behaviour
personal willingness (desire, need, …) & individual
capability (competences, …)
national systems of innovation
conditions and situative options (infrastructure, public policies, …)
mesoeconomic environment
conditions and situative options (market conditions, resources of network, regional features, …)
social acceptance (leadership culture and
organisational culture, …)
message 1:
government can influence all levels of ICT-based learning…
Burger-Menzel (2010)
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011
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Carlota Perez (2008): “For Latin America to get onto a fast development path, the continent needs to recognize what its possibilities are within the present [ICT] context, and into the future.”
message 2:
… and it should do so
also by using ICTs (KICs) itself &
by networking with all actor groups to learn from their experience!
in order to help the country prosper
especially when starting from a
low-level ICT environment
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gracías por Su atención
Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011