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FCBAT
FCBAT
Perspectives of the
Stationary Battery Storage Market
in Germany and its Relation to EV batteries
World of Energy Solutions, Stuttgart, October 10, 2016
Jürgen Garche
FCBAT Ulm and Ulm University (Germany)
FCBAT
FCBAT
Outline
- Storage Applications
- Storage Technologies
- Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
- Battery Technologies
- Local Storage (PV), Distributed Storage
- Synergies between Batteries for BESS and EV
- Outlook
FCBAT Source: Exide
Main Electricity Energy Storage Applications – On-GridStorage Classes: Central, Distributed, Local Storage
Central storage
GW, GWh
Distributed storage
MW, MWh
Central storage
GW, GWh
Distributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
Distributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
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Local Distributed Central
Storage Storage Storage
Pumped Hydro Storage
Pumped Hydro Storage
State-of-the-art
η ≈ 80 %
Germany (2015) total 36 GWh
Windstill: 540 GWh
Low growth potential
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Local Distributed Central
Storage Storage Storage
Power-to-Gas Technologies
Power-to-Gas
Under development
η ≤ 60 %
power: renewable energy
converter: electrolyser
gas: H2, methane
storage: NG-pipeline
Germany: 200 TWh
Source: DENA
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Local Distributed Central
Storage Storage Storage
Which Storage Technologies ?
Raw materials and production capacity are limited,
Worldwide Lead-Acid Battery Production (2015): 360 GWh
Windstill Minus: 540 GWh
Why not Batteries?
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Redox-Flow
Which Battery for BESS?
- Lead-Acid- Na-S, Na-NiCl2 (HT-S)- Redox-Flow
- Li-Ion
Specific costs
(€/kWhthroughput)
Parameter screen
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Battery System Overview
Source: ZSW
Distributed
& local storage
Distributed
& local storage
Distributed
storage
Distributed
storage
„Easy“ systems Complex systems
FCBAT Source: Exide
Applications
Central storage
GW, GWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Central storage
GW, GWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
LAB, Na-HT, Redox, LIB LAB, Na-HT, Redox, LIB
LAB, LIB
600 MW
LAB, LIB, Na-HT, Redox
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Motivation for Self-Consumption of PV-Energy in Germany
Cost benefit by
Self-Consumption
Feed-in tarif
Electricity rate
BUT
- No return-of-investment
promises
- Green Image
- Life-Style Product
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PV-Battery Systems
Source: DU Sauer et al., 15 ELBC – Pre Conference Seminar Valletta (M), 13.09.2016
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Price Development for PV-Battery Home Systems
Price per
usuable capacity:
Battery + Power
Conditioning System
+ Installation + VAT
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Battery Trend in PV-Battery Home Systems
Source: DU Sauer et al., 15 ELBC – Pre Conference Seminar Valletta (M), 13.09.2016
Life-Style Product
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PV-Battery Storage – Lifestyle Product
Source: Intersolar 2014 / 2015; DU Sauer – Potsdam 2016:
FCBAT Source: Exide
Applications
Central storage
GW, GWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Central storage
GW, GWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
Disributed storage
MW, MWh
Local storage
kW, kWh
LAB, Na-HT, Redox, LIB LAB, Na-HT, Redox, LIB
LAB, Na-HT, Redox, LIBLAB, LIB
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NaS
LAB
LIB + VRF
LIB + VRF
LIB + LAB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
LIB
Battery Primary control allowspartially switch-off conventionalpower plants during high renewable power generation
Distributed Energy Storage > 1 MW in Germany
State: 01 April 2016
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Battery Primary control allows partially
switch-off of conventional power plants
during high renewable power generation
Distributed Energy Storage > 1 MW in Germany
Germany - 600 MW
Europe - 3,000 MW
Main Battery: Li-Ion
Main Application: Primar Control(works on the verge of profitability)
Approximated Costs: 1 mill. EUR/MWh
FCBAT
M5 BAT Project
Aachen
Li-Ion LiMn2O4 - cathode
Li-Ion LiFePO4 - cathode
Li-Ion Li4Ti5O12 – anode
Lead-Acid with armored plates closed
Lead-Acid with armored plates sealed
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Redox-Flow
Which Battery for EVs?
- Li-Ion- Ni-MH (for HEV)
• Gravimetric and
volumetric energy
• Costs
Parameter screen
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BESS
Where are Synergies between
BESS and EV Li-Ion Batteries (LIB)?
EV
Selected LIBsNMC, NCA,
LMO, LFP,
No LTO
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BESS
Where are Synergies between
BESS and EV Li-Ion Batteries (LIB)?
EV
1 – Higher Production Volume => Economy of Scale
Car Manufacturers are new players
Selected LIBsNMC, NCA,
LMO, LFP,
No LTO
TE
SL
A G
iga
Fac
tory
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BESS
Where are Synergies between
BESS and EV Li-Ion Batteries (LIB)?
EV
1 – Higher Production Volume => Reduced Costs
2 – Second Life of used EV batteries Problem: Rest lifetime
EV Battery end-of-life: 80 % of rated capacity
=> Further use in BESS
Cost „80 % battery“ ≈ 50 % cost of new battery
Refurnishment cost: 120 – 15 €/kWh
Studie: Second Life Konzepte für Li-Ionen-Batterien aus Elektrofahrzeugen, Schaufenster Elektromobilität 12. Oktober 2015
Selected LIBsNMC, NCA,
LMO, LFP,
No LTO
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BESS
Where are Synergies between
BESS and EV Li-Ion Batteries (LIB)?
EV
1 – Higher Production Volume => Reduced Costs
2 – Second Life of used EV batteries
3 – Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Mainly for „power storage“
EV-battery discharge down to 66 % SOC
EV owner receives revenues for peak power
Problem could be lifetime of battery
Selected LIBsNMC, NCA,
LMO, LFP,
No LTO
EV Supply Equipment
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Source: Ch. Pillot, AVICENNE Energy,, 2016 Source: NAVIGANT RESEARCH, 2014
BESS Forecast – Two Sources
LIB
Normal Optimistic
Flow
LAB
HT
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Energy Storage – Off-Grid ApplicationsM
ill.
Peo
ple
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011
People without access to electricity
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Energy Storage – Off-Grid ApplicationsM
ill.
Peo
ple
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011
People without access to electricity
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BESS are the best option for distributed and local storage
For BESS are the specific costs the most important parameter
For distributed BESS suitable battery technologies are LAB, Na-High Temperature,
Redox-Flow and LIB
For local BESS (PV) are suitable battery technologies are LAB and LIB
LIBs have, however, the strongest growth and will dominate the market
For EV batteries are gravimetric and volumetric energy and costs important
There are synergies between batteries for BESSs and EVs:
Economy of Scale, Second Use, and Vehicle to Grid
The BESS market will be about 16 GWh in 2025
Off-Grid BESS development is very important
BESS Outlook
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction – Renewable energies, markets and storage
technology classification
Storage Technologies
7. Overview about non-electrochemical storage technologies
8. Hydrogen production from renewable energies – electrolyser
technologies
9. Hydrogen storage technologies
10. Hydrogen conversion into electricity and thermal use
11. Reversible fuel cell
12. Energy carriers made from hydrogen
13. Lead–Acid Battery Energy Storage
14. Nickel–cadmium Battery Energy Storage
15. Sodium High Temperature Batteries Energy Storage
16. Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage
17. Redox Flow Battery Energy Storage
18. Metal storage / Metal air (Zn, Al, Mg, Li)
19. Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
System Aspects
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Renewable Excess Energy per Year
42
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Stu
nd
en
mit
Üb
ers
ch
üssen
Anteil fluktuierender Erneuerbarer
0
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120
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Üb
ers
ch
ussen
erg
ie [
TW
h]
Anteil fluktuierender Erneuerbarer
Source: Dirk Uwe Sauer – RWTH, 12.09.2016, Potsdam
Share of volatile renewables Share of volatile renewables
Tim
e w
ith
exce
ssen
ergy
/ h
Ex
cess
Ener
gy
/ T
Wh
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Investment Costs – Li-Ion EV Batteries
150 $/kWh
Break even
Source: B. Nykvist, M. Nilson, Nature Climate Change (2015) 5, 329–332; doi:10.1038/nclimate2564
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Share of Renewable Energies
of Electricity Generation – Germany
Grid-connected storage
be essential at > 50 % RE
2015
RE: 30.1 %, 196 TWh
Hydro 10 %
Volatile Solar 20 %
Bio 25 %
Volatile Wind 45 %
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Beispiel STEAG-Order
90 MW Regelleistung
Bauzeit: Beauftragung Herbst 2015, Inbetriebnahme Anfang 2017
Kosten (Schlüsselfertig): ca. 100 Millionen Euro
Bei Einnahmen von 170.000 €/MW/Jahr und Kosten von 100 Mill. Euro / 90MW
Wirtschaftlich bei < 8,6% jährliche Kosten (Kapital + Operation&Maintenance)
bei 10 Jahren Abschreibung
Gesamtmarkt in Deutschland etwa 600 MW
Primärregelleistung – Wirtschaftlichkeit
12.09.2016
46
Dirk Uwe Sauer - Potsdam
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Cumulated Marketpotential until 2030
batteries
PH+CAES : Batteries 284:144 GW, 2483:412 GWh
Power Energy
Source: BCG-Study, 2011
PH
CAES
Na-S
RF
Li
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PV-Battery Systems Size in Germany
Source: DU Sauer et al., 15 ELBC – Pre Conference Seminar Valletta (M), 13.09.2016
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Manufacturers of PV-Battery Home Systems
Source: DU Sauer et al., 15 ELBC – Pre Conference Seminar Valletta (M), 13.09.2016