perspectives for flat oyster reef restoration...•reintroduction reef habitat by ecosystem engineer...
TRANSCRIPT
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Perspectives for flat oyster reef restoration
Dutch experiences with shellfish & eco-engineering
November 2012,
Christiaan van Sluis, Jeroen Jansen and Aad Smaal
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Why restoration?
Provision of ecosystem services through:
• Filter feeder: filtration + nutrient regeneration
• Reintroduction reef habitat by ecosystem engineer (N2000)
• Fish & bird feed: oysters and associated species
• Potential for sustainable exploitation
Stimulation of flat oysters makes sense:
- natural, cultural & culinary heritage
Daniel Ridgway Knight:
The oyster gatherer
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Regime shifts in changing ecosystems
Questions:
- Where there oysters before
- Why oysters disappeared?
Can we find and
reduce barriers
to reintroduction?
Scheffer et al. 2001
Ecosyste
m s
tate
Unknown environmental conditions
!
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Why am I (I-mares) here?
Some NGO’s support restoration of flat oyster beds
Group of people willing to contribute
IMARES works on shellfish restoration and culture:
● Mussel bed monitoring and restoration
● Flat oyster aquaculture in the Dutch Delta
● Building with Nature - ecosystem engineering
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1) MUSSELWAD –monitoring existing beds
Research: Why mussel beds disappear/remain over years?
Understanding bank development and survival through:
Hydrodynamics, erosion by waves, wind and tides
● By dissipating wave action, mussels on the edge
project mussels in the middle (Donker et al,
submitted).
● Mussel banks originate at low dynamic sites
How does predation determine survival?
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2) Mussel bed restoration for birds
1) Seeding on existing and created littoral oyster banks
● Oysters occur in most mussel banks
● Oysters protect mussels against erosion
● Oysters form predation refuges for small mussels
● Also without mussels oysters are foraging ground
2) Seeding on former littoral mussel banks
Monitoring mussel bed condition
● bed density and mussel density
● Individual mussel condition, foraging birds, waves, current velocities
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Flat oyster culture in the Dutch Delta
How to ensure survival and growth:
Expert knowledge of:
● Spat collection
● Larval assessment
● Disease monitoring with CVI
● Development of genetic identification
● Hatchery capacity & Purification breeding
IMARES participates in local shellfish culture group
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Shellfish knowledge groups - Oysterculture
Activities
Share: Qualities, characteristics and skills
Construct alliances with others partners
Give trust (and hence receive it)
Results:
Increased rentability
Maximized “learning from each other”
with shared profits
Good functioning and innovating shellfish industry
Industry
Innovators
(Leads)
Science
(supports and
facilitates)
Innovation
Knowledge transfer
Government
(Facilitates)
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Building with Nature – shellfish reefs
Loss of intertidal flats due to morphological misbalance
Question:
Can we stabilize intertidal flats with shellfish reefs?
- Morphology
- Biology
- Governance
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Oyster reef creation in the Southwest Delta
Using shellfish reefs against erosion of intertidal flats
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Experience
Height in the intertidal
Fouling
Recruitment
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ECOBAS Bangladesh:
Eco-engineered coastal defence integrated with
sustainable aquatic food production
More lessons on turbidity, inundation time and hydrodynamic stress
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Building with Nature: lessons learned
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Biosphere
Minimum population size for sufficient recruitment: spawning stock biomass (adult females) needed (potentially aquaculture)
Competition: selection of brood stock: adaptive capacity, disease free self-sustaining, competitive (with Pacific oyster)
Fouling
Food availability
Bonamia
Support each life stage
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Hydrosphere
Hydrodynamics, currents (flushing of larvae), waves, wind, tides
Temperature (Sensitive, but also adaptive to low temperature)
Nutrients and pollution
Salinity
pH
Turbidity
Contaminants (TBT & Cupper)
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Lithosphere and Atmosphere
Presence of hard substrates for settling (Sedentary life)
Substrate within dispersal range
Sedimentation
Silt vs. organic matter
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Governance
•Awareness: need for public & stakeholder involvement
•Funding opportunities
•Cost effectiveness: knowledge based approach
•Legislation, sometimes new activities not allowed
•see > 30 recommendations of Ashton & Brown in prep
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Discussion
Breaking barriers:
Reason for disappearance.
- Diseases – is this a real obstacle?
- Disturbance – wind parks
- Regime shift (s)? – don’t know
Habitat suitability (4 Spheres)
Governance – policy support