perspective!!! igor juricevic & john m. kennedy. outline basics of perspective –what is...
TRANSCRIPT
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Perspective!!!Perspective!!!Igor Juricevic & John M. Kennedy
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Outline
• Basics of perspective– What is perspective?– Why study perspective?– Why study perspective pictures?
• Experiments 1-4– The ART theory– Is the ART theory general across observer position?– Is the ART theory general across eye-height?– Is the ART theory general across object orientation?
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What is perspective?
• Leonardo– Perspective is nothing else than seeing a
place or objects behind a plane of glass, quite transparent, on the surface of which the objects behind the glass are to be drawn.
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What is perspective?
from Taylor (1719)
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What is perspective?What is perspective?
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Why study perspective?
• Perspective is the basic geometry of the visual system– Determines the information available to the
visual system
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Why study perspective pictures?
• Reason 1: explain picture perception• Since the Renaissance… paradoxes
concerning picture perception have plagued the consciousness of mankind
• Explanations by:– Leonardo da Vinci– Albert Einstein– other guys…– have all FAILED!!!
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Reason 1: explain picture perception
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Reason 1: explain picture perception
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Reason 1: explain picture perception
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Reason 1: explain picture perception
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Why study perspective pictures?
• Reason 1: explain picture perception
• Reason 2: explain spatial perception
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Reason 2: explain spatial perception
• The assumption– There is nothing special about picture
perception– Picture Perception = Everyday Perception
• So, a theory that can account for picture perception will account for everyday perception as well
• But…– Why not just study Everyday Perception?
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Reason 2: explain spatial perception
• Why not just study everyday perception?
• Newtonian Physics vs. Einstein’s Physics
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Reason 2: explain spatial perception
• Why not just study everyday perception?• Everyday perception will give you a
“Newtonian Physics” theory of vision• Picture perception may give you an
“Einstein’s Physics” theory of vision– Why? Because you can put people in novel
situations– i.e., you can have the observer at the wrong
vantage point
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The ART theory
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 1
Observer is:TOO FAR
Observer is:TOO CLOSE
Observer is:JUST RIGHT
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO FAR
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO FAR
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO FAR
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:JUST RIGHT
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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The ART theory
• The “Angles and Ratios Together” theory
• Angles– “Angle from the Normal”
• Ratios– Visual Angle ratios
• Together– Together
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The ART theoryDD
OO
CC
BBAA
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The ART theory: Angle from the Normal
DD
OO
CC
BBAA
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The ART theory: Visual Angle Ratio (Side/Bottom)
DD
OO
CC
BBAA
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The ART theory
0
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The “ART Theory Ranges”
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The ART theory
• Able to account for Experiment 1…
• Can it generalize to other situations?
• Like…
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The ART theory
• Changes in observer position?
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Compressed (Average Response <90)
Perspective Constancy (Average Response 90-110)
Elongated (Average Response >110)
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 2
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Experiments 1 & 2
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Elongated 2
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Compressed 2
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The ART theory
• Changes in observer position?
YES
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The ART theory
• Changes in eye-height?
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High
Mid
Low
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Experiment 3
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Experiments 1 & 2
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Elongated 2
Square 2
Compressed 2
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Experiments 1, 2, & 3
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The ART theory
• Changes in eye-height?
YES
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The ART theory
• Changes in orientation?
Experiments 1, 2, and 3 Experiment 4
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Observer is:TOO FAR
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Observer is:TOO FAR
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Observer is:TOO FAR
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Observer is:JUST RIGHT
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Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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Observer is:TOO CLOSE
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Experiment 4
0
0.5
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Angle from Normal (radians)
Vis
ual
An
gle
Rat
io (
Sid
e/B
ott
om
)
Elongated
Square
Compressed
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Experiments 1, 2, & 3
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Angle from Normal (radians)
Vis
ua
l A
ng
le R
ati
o (
Sid
e/B
ott
om
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ElongatedSquareCompressed
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Experiments 1, 2, 3, & 4
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Angle from Normal (radians)
Vis
ual
An
gle
Rat
io (
Sid
e/B
ott
om
)
Elongated 1 Square 1 Compressed 1
Elongated 2 Square 2 Compressed 2
Elongated 4d Square 4d Compressed 4d
Elongated 3 Square 3 Compressed 3
0
0.5
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1.5
2
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
ElongatedSquareCompressed
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The ART theory
• Changes in orientation?
Experiments 1, 2, and 3 Experiment 4
MAYBE
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Conclusions
• The ART theory begins to explain some of the paradoxes of picture perception
• The ART theory can be applied to perception of the real world (i.e., “Everyday Perception”)
• May need to add factors to ART theory to deal with orientation
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Thank you.