PersonalityThe unique organization of characteristics The unique organization of characteristics which are typical of an individual’s which are typical of an individual’s recurrent patters of behavior.recurrent patters of behavior.

�� UniqueUnique�� UniqueUnique

�� Organization of CharacteristicsOrganization of Characteristics

�� Typical/RecurrentTypical/Recurrent

�� Individual differences and consistency Individual differences and consistency across conditions.across conditions.

�� Behavior as complex interaction ofBehavior as complex interaction of

What you do affects

Person Environment

What you do affects

Who you are is affected

by the environment and

vise-versa.

What you do affects

the environment and

vise-versa

Behavior

What you do affects

what you think and

believe and vise-versa

�� Idiographic Theorists Idiographic Theorists –– only concerned only concerned with the uniqueness of personalitywith the uniqueness of personality

�� Nomothetic Theorists Nomothetic Theorists -- personality is personality is unique but it is not profitable to talk about unique but it is not profitable to talk about personality this way.personality this way.personality this way.personality this way.

�� They focus in on NORMS.They focus in on NORMS.

�� Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

�� Mind is divided into three partsMind is divided into three parts

�� ConsciousConscious

�� PreconsciousPreconscious

UnconsciousUnconscious�� UnconsciousUnconscious

��Most ImportantMost Important

��Repressed memories Repressed memories

��Free Association, Dreams, Freudian Free Association, Dreams, Freudian slipsslips

� Personality is divided into three parts

� Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle

� Primitive and unconscious part of personality

�Pleasure Principle/Primary Process

� Instincts

�Eros – life, pleasure

�Thanatos – death, aggression

�� Avoid pain and seek pleasureAvoid pain and seek pleasure

�� Primitive and Primitive and unconsciousunconscious part of part of personalitypersonality

�� Sexual and aggressive instinctsSexual and aggressive instincts

� Ego: Operates according to the reality principle

� Originally tries to restrain the impulses of the Id

� Then it mediates between id and superego

� Reality Principle/Secondary Process� Reality Principle/Secondary Process

� Defines the “I” in each of us

�Defense Mechanisms – your book!

�Protect the Ego from itself

�Unconscious/Anxiety/Denial and distortion

DENIALDENIAL

Refusing to acknowledge a painful or Refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality threatening reality –– denying it from denying it from consciousnessconsciousness

ExampleExampleExampleExample

Danny, who is told that he has terminal Danny, who is told that he has terminal lung cancer, believes instead that he lung cancer, believes instead that he simply has bronchitissimply has bronchitis

REPRESSIONREPRESSION

Excluding uncomfortable thoughts from Excluding uncomfortable thoughts from consciousness thought, feelings, and ideas consciousness thought, feelings, and ideas which cause us anxiety.which cause us anxiety.

ExampleExample

Lisa, who was once caught shopliftingLisa, who was once caught shoplifting

when she was in high school, has nowhen she was in high school, has no

recollection of the embarrassing eventrecollection of the embarrassing event

PROJECTIONPROJECTION

Attributing to others thoughts, feelings, Attributing to others thoughts, feelings, ideas which cause us anxiety ideas which cause us anxiety

ExampleExampleExampleExample

Martin is unfairly passed over for a Martin is unfairly passed over for a promotion; he denies that he is angry, but promotion; he denies that he is angry, but is certain that is certain that his bosshis boss is angry with himis angry with him

IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

Taking on the characteristics of someone Taking on the characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling anxiouselse to avoid feeling anxious

ExampleExampleExampleExample

Malcolm, uncertain of his own Malcolm, uncertain of his own attractiveness, takes on the dress and attractiveness, takes on the dress and mannerisms of a popular older studentmannerisms of a popular older student

REGRESSIONREGRESSION

Reverting to childlike behavior and defenses Reverting to childlike behavior and defenses as a means of overcoming anxietyas a means of overcoming anxiety

ExampleExample

Angry because his plan to reorganize his Angry because his plan to reorganize his Angry because his plan to reorganize his Angry because his plan to reorganize his division has been rejected, Bob throws a division has been rejected, Bob throws a tantrumtantrum

INTELLECTUALIZATION/INTELLECTUALIZATION/RATIONALIZATIONRATIONALIZATION

Thinking abstractly about stressful problems Thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them as a way of detaching oneself from them hence reducing anxietyhence reducing anxiety

ExampleExampleExampleExampleAfter learning that she has not been asked After learning that she has not been asked to a classmate’s party, Tona coolly to a classmate’s party, Tona coolly discusses the ways in which social cliques discusses the ways in which social cliques form and how they serve to regulate and form and how they serve to regulate and control school lifecontrol school life

REACTION FORMATIONREACTION FORMATION

Expression of exaggerated ideas and Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of one’s emotions that are the opposite of one’s true beliefs, feelings, and/or attitudestrue beliefs, feelings, and/or attitudes

ExampleExample

Michael outwardly professes how Michael outwardly professes how denigrating pornography is toward denigrating pornography is toward women, while he actually finds it very women, while he actually finds it very arousingarousing

DISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT

Shifting repressed emotions from an original Shifting repressed emotions from an original object to a substitute objectobject to a substitute object

ExampleExample

Angry at his professor’s unreasonable Angry at his professor’s unreasonable Angry at his professor’s unreasonable Angry at his professor’s unreasonable request that he rewrite his term paper, but request that he rewrite his term paper, but afraid to confront his instructor, Abraham afraid to confront his instructor, Abraham comes home and yells at housemates for comes home and yells at housemates for telling him what to dotelling him what to do

SUBLIMATIONSUBLIMATION

Redirecting or substituting repressed Redirecting or substituting repressed motives and feelings into more socially motives and feelings into more socially acceptable channelsacceptable channels

ExampleExampleExampleExample

Jasmine who is consumed by sexual Jasmine who is consumed by sexual thoughts becomes an accomplished thoughts becomes an accomplished OB/GYNOB/GYN

� Superego: Moral ideals and conscience.

�� “Moral arm of personality.”“Moral arm of personality.”

�� What is right and what is wrongWhat is right and what is wrong

�� Conflict with the IdConflict with the Id

�� Just as “bad” as the IdJust as “bad” as the Id

�� Now Ego mediatesNow Ego mediates�� Now Ego mediatesNow Ego mediates

�� Example on how the Ego mediates Example on how the Ego mediates between the Id and the Superegobetween the Id and the Superego

�� Urge to drink right nowUrge to drink right now--get drunk! (ID)get drunk! (ID)

�� MoralMoral--should never drinkshould never drink--drinking is bad. drinking is bad. (Superego)(Superego)(Superego)(Superego)

�� Can drink if I get someone else to drive. Can drink if I get someone else to drive. (EGO)(EGO)

�� Ego can be Pro or Anti something.Ego can be Pro or Anti something.

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Ego

Information

which can

easily be

made

Information

in your

immediate

awareness

Rational,

mediating

dimension

of personality

Moralistic,

judgmental, Unconscious

Id

made

conscious

Thoughts,

feelings,

urges, and other

information

that is difficult

to bring to

conscious

awareness

judgmental,

perfectionist

dimension of

personality

Irrational,

illogical,

impulsive

dimension of

personality

Psycho-sexual

stage

Age Description

Oral Birth - 1 year Pleasure is derived from oral activities such as sucking,

biting and chewing. Fixation: Overly acquisitive

Anal 1-3 years Pleasure from issues involving urination and defecation.

Toilet training becomes a major conflict between parents

and children and resolution has a lasting effect on the

child's personality. Development of ego and defense defense

mechanismsmechanisms. Fixation: Overly retentive or disorganized

Phallic 3-6 years Pleasure comes from symbolic genital stimulation.

Children develop incestuous desire for the opposite sex Children develop incestuous desire for the opposite sex

parent: Oedipus and Electra complex develops. Superego

develops. Fixation: No internalization of Superego.

Latency 6-11 years Sexual conflicts and desires are repressed due to trauma

and guilt surrounding the Phallic stage. The ego and

superego develop during this stage as children make gains

in problem solving and internalizing societal values.

Genital 12 onward Sexual urges become dominate in the individuals life.

Adolescence is characterized by learning how to express

these urges in socially acceptable ways.

�� Carl G. JungCarl G. Jung

�� Personal unconscious Personal unconscious –– Freud’s Freud’s unconscious and preconsciousunconscious and preconscious

�� Collective unconscious Collective unconscious

��Archetypes/dominants/primordial Archetypes/dominants/primordial imagesimagesimagesimages

��Shadow Shadow –– animal possibilities animal possibilities -- IdId

��Anima Anima –– Feminine possibilitiesFeminine possibilities

��Animus Animus –– Masculine possibilitiesMasculine possibilities

��Persona Persona –– Public masks we wearPublic masks we wear

Type TheoriesType Theories

�� William SheldonWilliam Sheldon

�� Somatotype/Constitution/Body buildSomatotype/Constitution/Body build

��Endomorph Endomorph -- Viscerotonia Viscerotonia -- 77--11--11

��Mesomorph Mesomorph -- Somatotonia Somatotonia -- 11--77--11��Mesomorph Mesomorph -- Somatotonia Somatotonia -- 11--77--11

��Ectomorph Ectomorph -- Cerebrotonia Cerebrotonia -- 11--11--77

��Combinations of the threeCombinations of the three

�� Trait Theories/Describe but never explainTrait Theories/Describe but never explain

�� Raymond CattellRaymond Cattell

��Source Source –– CardinalCardinal

��Surface Surface -- CentralCentral

�� Gordon AllportGordon Allport

��Cardinal Cardinal -- overridingoverriding

��Central Central –– select a roommate unseenselect a roommate unseen

��Secondary Secondary -- preferencepreference

McCrae and Costa’s McCrae and Costa’s

Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits

� Openness

� Conscientiousness

Extraversion� Extraversion

� Agreeableness

� Neuroticism

�� Humanism refers to the recognition of the Humanism refers to the recognition of the value of the human being.value of the human being.

�� Humanistic Psychology emphasize Humanistic Psychology emphasize human potential human potential

�� It is a theory of It is a theory of healthy personalitieshealthy personalitiesand conditions under which less than and conditions under which less than and conditions under which less than and conditions under which less than healthy personalities can become healthy personalities can become healthyhealthy unlike other theories which use unlike other theories which use abnormal personalities.abnormal personalities.

�� Subjective experience, self, selfSubjective experience, self, self--image, image, fulfillment of potentialsfulfillment of potentials

Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow

�� People are designed to develop a healthy People are designed to develop a healthy personality.personality.

�� To define such a personality, he read To define such a personality, he read case studies of his heroes: Abraham case studies of his heroes: Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Eleanor Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Eleanor RooseveltRooseveltRooseveltRoosevelt

�� Individuals grow from having Basic (or Individuals grow from having Basic (or Deficiency) needs met to having Being Deficiency) needs met to having Being (or Growth) needs met(or Growth) needs met

�� Psychological need Psychological need –– selfself--acualizaionacualizaion

�� Maslow identified a selfMaslow identified a self--actualized person: actualized person:

�� SelfSelf--aware/Selfaware/Self--acceptingaccepting

�� Open and spontaneousOpen and spontaneous

�� Loving and caringLoving and caring

�� Uninfluenced by othersUninfluenced by others’’ opinionsopinions

�� Fully enjoy friendshipsFully enjoy friendships

�� Has peak experiences Has peak experiences

�� Unashamed of who/what one isUnashamed of who/what one is

Examples of SelfExamples of Self--Actualized peopleActualized people

�� Martin Luther King, Jr. (civil rights Martin Luther King, Jr. (civil rights activist) activist)

�� Eleanor Roosevelt (humanitarian, Eleanor Roosevelt (humanitarian, diplomat)diplomat)

�� Mother Teresa (humanitarian, spiritual Mother Teresa (humanitarian, spiritual leader)leader)leader)leader)

�� Gordon B. Hinckley and The Pope (spiritual Gordon B. Hinckley and The Pope (spiritual leaders)leaders)

�� Abraham Lincoln (politician, humanitarian)Abraham Lincoln (politician, humanitarian)

Carl RogersCarl Rogers

�� Saw the tenacity of the human spirit and Saw the tenacity of the human spirit and believed that a person’s basic tendencies believed that a person’s basic tendencies are to actualize, maintain, and enhance are to actualize, maintain, and enhance life.life.

�� SelfSelf--image of who you are and what you image of who you are and what you �� SelfSelf--image of who you are and what you image of who you are and what you value.value.

�� Conditional Positive RegardConditional Positive Regard

�� Conditions of WorthConditions of Worth

�� Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard

�� Phenomenal Field Phenomenal Field –– total subjective total subjective experience of reality. experience of reality.

Assessment of PersonalityAssessment of Personality

�� InterviewsInterviews

�� Personality Inventories Personality Inventories -- ObjectiveObjective

�� MMPIMMPI--2 and California Personality Inv.2 and California Personality Inv.�� MMPIMMPI--2 and California Personality Inv.2 and California Personality Inv.

�� Most widely used!Most widely used!

�� Projective TestsProjective Tests

�� Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test

�� Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test -- MurrayMurray

�� IQ tests?IQ tests?

Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal Psychology

Any behavior or emotional state that causes Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering or worry, is an individual great suffering or worry, is selfself--defeating or selfdefeating or self--destructive, or is destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person’s maladaptive and disrupts the person’s maladaptive and disrupts the person’s maladaptive and disrupts the person’s relationships or the larger community.relationships or the larger community.

Interferes with normal functioning.Interferes with normal functioning.

�� 400 Million people worldwide suffer 400 Million people worldwide suffer psychological disorders (W.H.O.)psychological disorders (W.H.O.)

�� 20% of American adults had an active 20% of American adults had an active disorder while 32% reported having disorder while 32% reported having experienced a psychological disorder at experienced a psychological disorder at some time in their life. (NIMH)some time in their life. (NIMH)

�� FemalesFemales-- internalized and passive internalized and passive �� FemalesFemales-- internalized and passive internalized and passive disorders (depression, anxiety)disorders (depression, anxiety)

�� MalesMales--externalized and active mental externalized and active mental disorders (antisocial, alcohol abuse, disorders (antisocial, alcohol abuse, impulse control problems)impulse control problems)

�� Mental Disorders account for 15.4 percent Mental Disorders account for 15.4 percent of the years of life lost due to death or of the years of life lost due to death or disability.disability.

�� Descriptive ModelsDescriptive Models

�� SubjectiveSubjective

�� StatisticalStatistical

�� NormativeNormative

�� CulturalCultural

Explanatory ModelsExplanatory Models�� Explanatory ModelsExplanatory Models

�� MedicalMedical

�� Faulty Learning/BehavioralFaulty Learning/Behavioral

�� PsychologicalPsychological

�� Diathesis Diathesis -- StressStress

�� DSMDSM--IV Current Standard for Defining IV Current Standard for Defining Disorders Disorders �� Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis I: Clinical Syndromes �� Axis II: Personality Disorders Axis II: Personality Disorders �� Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis III: General Medical Conditions �� Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions Conditions Axis V: Global Assessment of Axis V: Global Assessment of �� Axis V: Global Assessment of Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning ScaleFunctioning Scale

�� Each diagnosis must include certain signs Each diagnosis must include certain signs and symptoms.and symptoms.

�� Use of DSMUse of DSM--IV results in 83% agreement IV results in 83% agreement between therapists.between therapists.

�� DSMDSM--IV diagnosis is necessary for IV diagnosis is necessary for reimbursement by almost all insurances.reimbursement by almost all insurances.reimbursement by almost all insurances.reimbursement by almost all insurances.

�� Arguments against using the DSMArguments against using the DSM--IV IV include the negative impact of labelsinclude the negative impact of labels

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

�� Anxiety is the basisAnxiety is the basis

�� Most of us have had theseMost of us have had these

�� Women tend to have them moreWomen tend to have them more�� Women tend to have them moreWomen tend to have them more

�� Symptoms by themselves does not mean Symptoms by themselves does not mean you have the disorderyou have the disorder

�� Generalized Anxiety Disorder:Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

�� Includes chronic excessive worry about Includes chronic excessive worry about a number of events and activities (not a number of events and activities (not identified)identified)

�� Must occur more days than not for at Must occur more days than not for at least 6 monthsleast 6 monthsleast 6 monthsleast 6 months

�� Must be accompanied by at least 3 of Must be accompanied by at least 3 of followingfollowing

��Restlessness/feelings of being keyed Restlessness/feelings of being keyed up/on edgeup/on edge

��A sense of being easily fatiguedA sense of being easily fatigued

��Difficulty concentrating or thinkingDifficulty concentrating or thinking

�� IrritabilityIrritability

��Muscle tensionMuscle tension��Muscle tensionMuscle tension

��Sleep disturbanceSleep disturbance

�� Panic Disorder: Panic Disorder:

�� An anxiety disorder in which a person An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness.such as rapid breathing and dizziness.

�� The person must have experienced The person must have experienced recurrent unexpected panic attacks and recurrent unexpected panic attacks and must have been consistently concerned must have been consistently concerned about having another attack or worried about having another attack or worried about the consequences of having about the consequences of having another attack for at least one month.another attack for at least one month.

�� To be considered a full blown panic To be considered a full blown panic attack the episode must involve the attack the episode must involve the abrupt onset of at least 4 of the abrupt onset of at least 4 of the following symptoms (not exhaustive):following symptoms (not exhaustive):

��Shortness of breathShortness of breath

��Heart palpitationsHeart palpitations

��Sweating Sweating ��Sweating Sweating

��DizzinessDizziness

��DepersonalizationDepersonalization

��DerealizationDerealization

��Fear of dying, going crazy, losing Fear of dying, going crazy, losing controlcontrol

�� Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object. A a specific situation, activity, or object. A morbid, irrational fear.morbid, irrational fear.

�� Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

�� An anxiety disorder in which a person An anxiety disorder in which a person �� An anxiety disorder in which a person An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or lifewho has experienced a traumatic or life--threatening event has symptoms such threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.and increased physiological arousal.

�� Obsessive Obsessive –– Compulsive DisorderCompulsive Disorder

�� An anxiety disorder in which a person An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.designed to reduce anxiety.

�� The person must recognize that the The person must recognize that the obsession is a product of their own mind obsession is a product of their own mind rather than from external sourcesrather than from external sources

�� The involuntary behavior must cause The involuntary behavior must cause marked distress, consume excessive marked distress, consume excessive time, or interfere with occupational or time, or interfere with occupational or social functioningsocial functioning

�� Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Disorders:

�� Conditions in which consciousness or Conditions in which consciousness or identity is split or altered.identity is split or altered.

�� An escape from oneselfAn escape from oneself

�� Dissociative Amnesic DisorderDissociative Amnesic Disorder

Dissociative Fugue DisorderDissociative Fugue Disorder�� Dissociative Fugue DisorderDissociative Fugue Disorder

�� Dissociative Personality (Identity) Dissociative Personality (Identity) Disorder Disorder

�� A controversial disorder marked by the A controversial disorder marked by the appearance within on person of two or appearance within on person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known own name and traits; commonly known as “Multiple Personality Disorder.”as “Multiple Personality Disorder.”as “Multiple Personality Disorder.”as “Multiple Personality Disorder.”

�� This disorder is almost nonexistent This disorder is almost nonexistent outside of the U.S.outside of the U.S.

�� Considered by Britain as a “Wacky Considered by Britain as a “Wacky American Fad”American Fad”

�� Considered by skeptics to be created by Considered by skeptics to be created by therapists in a particular social context.therapists in a particular social context.

�� Psychosomatic DisordersPsychosomatic Disorders

�� Chronic stress may lower resistance and Chronic stress may lower resistance and facilitate a predisposed physical facilitate a predisposed physical conditioncondition

�� Not caused by a physical disorder but Not caused by a physical disorder but instead seems linked to stress.instead seems linked to stress.instead seems linked to stress.instead seems linked to stress.

Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

�� Exhibits symptoms suggesting physical Exhibits symptoms suggesting physical disease or injury but for which there is no disease or injury but for which there is no such disease or injury.such disease or injury.

�� HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

�� Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder

�� Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

�� Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa

�� Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

�� ObesityObesity�� ObesityObesity

Mood/Affective DisordersMood/Affective Disorders

�� Major Depressive Disorder is considered Major Depressive Disorder is considered the common cold of mental health.the common cold of mental health.

�� Women are twice as vulnerable to major Women are twice as vulnerable to major depression than men.depression than men.depression than men.depression than men.

�� Most major depressive episodes last less Most major depressive episodes last less than 6 months.than 6 months.

�� With each new generation, the rate of With each new generation, the rate of depression is increasing and the depression is increasing and the disorder is striking earlier.disorder is striking earlier.

�� Major Depression: Major Depression:

�� A mood disorder involving disturbances A mood disorder involving disturbances inin

��emotion (excessive sadness)emotion (excessive sadness)

��behavior (loss of interest in one’s behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities)usual activities)usual activities)usual activities)

��cognition (thoughts of hopelessness)cognition (thoughts of hopelessness)

��and body function (fatigue and loss of and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).appetite).

�� Reduced interest in almost all activities Reduced interest in almost all activities

�� Significant weight gain or loss, without Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting dieting

�� Sleep disturbance (insomnia or Sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia) hypersomnia)

�� Change in motor activity (too much or too Change in motor activity (too much or too little) little) little) little)

�� Fatigue or loss of energy Fatigue or loss of energy

�� Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

�� Reduced ability to think or concentrate Reduced ability to think or concentrate

�� Recurrent thoughts of death and/or Recurrent thoughts of death and/or suicidesuicide

�� Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

�� Disorder in which the person alternates Disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Manic states are characterized of mania. Manic states are characterized by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

�� Equal numbers of men and womenEqual numbers of men and women

present with this disorder.present with this disorder.

Mood

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders�� Coded on Axis II of the DSMCoded on Axis II of the DSM--IVIV

�� Defined as: Defined as:

�� 1) Long1) Long--standingstanding

�� 2) pervasive2) pervasive�� 2) pervasive2) pervasive

�� 3) inflexible patterns of behavior and 3) inflexible patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from the inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a persons culture and expectations of a persons culture and that impair social and occupational that impair social and occupational functioning.functioning.

�� A personality disorder is defined by the A personality disorder is defined by the extremes of several traits and by the extremes of several traits and by the rather inflexible and maladaptive way rather inflexible and maladaptive way these traits are expressed.these traits are expressed.

�� The personality each of us develops over The personality each of us develops over the years reflects a persistent means of the years reflects a persistent means of dealing with life’s challenges, a certain dealing with life’s challenges, a certain dealing with life’s challenges, a certain dealing with life’s challenges, a certain style of relating to other people (overly style of relating to other people (overly dependent, shy, aggressive, appearance)dependent, shy, aggressive, appearance)

�� Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD):

�� A disorder characterized by antisocial A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy.empathy.empathy.empathy.

�� Sometimes called psychopathy or Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy.sociopathy.

�� 2% insanity successful2% insanity successful

�� Insanity is a legal termInsanity is a legal term

�� Death penaltyDeath penalty

Schizophrenia/PsychosisSchizophrenia/Psychosis

�� Severe form of pathologySevere form of pathology

�� What most of us think when we think of What most of us think when we think of someone crazysomeone crazy

�� Suffers a major deterioration in the ability Suffers a major deterioration in the ability to control thoughts and actions.to control thoughts and actions.

�� They have lost contact with realityThey have lost contact with reality

�� May have to be hospitalizedMay have to be hospitalized

�� Can be a danger to selves and othersCan be a danger to selves and others

Positive symptoms

� Hallucinations and/or Delusions

� Disorganized thoughts and behaviors

� Loose or illogical thoughts

� Agitation

Negative symptoms

Flat or blunted affect � Flat or blunted affect

� Concrete thoughts

� Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)

� Poor motivation, spontaneity, and initiative

� Symptoms

� Withdrawal

�Unable to cope--own world

� Perceptual Symptoms

�Hallucinations-False perceptions�Hallucinations-False perceptions

�Auditory-Most common

�Visual-Not common (drugs)

�Tactile

� Cognitive Symptoms

�Delusions-False beliefs

�Grandeur

�Believe something that not

�Believe have some great power

Persecution�Persecution

�Control

� Verbal Symptoms

�Neologisms

�Word Salad--confusion and incoherence

�Echolalia

Clang Association�Clang Association

� 1%-2% of the population historically

� What does this mean?

� Lower socioeconomic groups

� NOT retarded

� Equal in males and females

Mental Hospitals 50% to 75% are � Mental Hospitals 50% to 75% are schizophrenic

�� Disorganized (Hebephrenic) TypeDisorganized (Hebephrenic) Type

�� Disorganized speechDisorganized speech--Incoherent and illogical

�� Disorganized/inappropriate behavior Disorganized/inappropriate behavior

� Most disturbed of all schizophrenias

� Withdraw and total collapse of reality � Withdraw and total collapse of reality testing

� Laughing inappropriately, silliness,

� Childlike/Childish disregard

� Severe disruption in ability to perform daily activities

� Many years of hospitalization

� Delusions/hallucinations if present are fragmented

�� Catatonic TypeCatatonic Type

�� Waxy flexibility or stupor phase.Waxy flexibility or stupor phase.

�� Excessive motor activity (that is Excessive motor activity (that is purposeless and not influenced by purposeless and not influenced by external stimuliexternal stimuli--Excitement.Excitement.

�� Extreme negativism or mutism.Extreme negativism or mutism.�� Extreme negativism or mutism.Extreme negativism or mutism.

�� Peculiarities of voluntary movement as Peculiarities of voluntary movement as evidenced by posturing, stereotyped evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing. prominent grimacing.

�� Echolalia or echopraxia Echolalia or echopraxia

�� Prognosis is usually goodPrognosis is usually good

�� Why?Why?

�� Paranoid TypeParanoid Type

�� Preoccupation with one or more Preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations relating to delusions.hallucinations relating to delusions.

��Grandeur, persecution Grandeur, persecution

�� Fairly intelligible speech and logical if Fairly intelligible speech and logical if basic premise is acceptedbasic premise is acceptedbasic premise is acceptedbasic premise is accepted

�� Most common. Most common.

�� Strongly resists treatment/ Strongly resists treatment/ hospitalization hospitalization –– I’m NOT sick!! I’m NOT sick!!

�� Prognosis?Prognosis?

�� Genetic predispositionsGenetic predispositions

�� Structural brain abnormalitiesStructural brain abnormalities

�� Neurotransmitter abnormalities Neurotransmitter abnormalities –– Extra Extra dopamine receptors.dopamine receptors.

TherapyTherapy

�� MedicalMedical

�� Drugs Drugs –– last 50 years number in mental last 50 years number in mental hospitals has declinedhospitals has declined

��Schizophrenia, anxietySchizophrenia, anxiety

�� ECTECT

�� SurgerySurgery

�� Psychoanalysis (Freud)Psychoanalysis (Freud)

�� Free AssociationFree Association

�� Insight into unconscious motives and Insight into unconscious motives and feelingsfeelings

�� Dream AnalysisDream Analysis

TransferenceTransference�� TransferenceTransference

�� CatharsisCatharsis

�� Behavioristic (Wolpe)Behavioristic (Wolpe)

�� 49% of faculty in accredited clinical 49% of faculty in accredited clinical psychology programs now align psychology programs now align themselves with a cognitive or themselves with a cognitive or cognitivecognitive--behavioral therapy orientationbehavioral therapy orientation

�� Systematic Desensitization Systematic Desensitization –– phobiasphobias

Progressive relaxationProgressive relaxation��Progressive relaxationProgressive relaxation

�� Aversion TherapyAversion Therapy

�� Implosive/Flooding/ExposureImplosive/Flooding/Exposure

�� Token Economies Token Economies –– give chipsgive chips

��Young and RetardedYoung and Retarded

�� Cognitive Behavior Therapy or Rational Cognitive Behavior Therapy or Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)Emotive Therapy (Ellis)

�� A=Antecedent Condition or Event = A=Antecedent Condition or Event = DivorceDivorce

�� B=Beliefs or Behaviors = “I’m a bad B=Beliefs or Behaviors = “I’m a bad person.”person.”

�� C=Consequence = DepressionC=Consequence = Depression

�� If we get the person to challenge and If we get the person to challenge and change the irrational beliefs the change the irrational beliefs the consequences have got to change.consequences have got to change.

�� Humanism (Rogers, Maslow)Humanism (Rogers, Maslow)

�� ClientClient--Centered Therapy/NonCentered Therapy/Non--DirectiveDirective

�� Places responsibility for the course of Places responsibility for the course of treatment on the clienttreatment on the client

�� Potentials/SelfPotentials/Self--ActualizationActualization

�� Conditional/Unconditional Positive Conditional/Unconditional Positive �� Conditional/Unconditional Positive Conditional/Unconditional Positive RegardRegard

�� Conditions of WorthConditions of Worth

�� What form of therapy is the most What form of therapy is the most effective? effective?

�� Combination of therapeutic interventions Combination of therapeutic interventions with medications tend to be the best.with medications tend to be the best.

�� HistoryHistory

�� Anamism (4000 BC)Anamism (4000 BC)

��Trephination Trephination –– release evil spirits release evil spirits from the skullfrom the skull

�� Middle ages (500 BC to 1600 AD)Middle ages (500 BC to 1600 AD)

��Possession of the soul by the devilPossession of the soul by the devil

��Hippocrates Hippocrates

��Biogenic theoristsBiogenic theorists

�� Imbalance of the four bodily Imbalance of the four bodily humorshumors

�� InstitutionsInstitutions

�� Enlightenment (1600Enlightenment (1600--1900)1900)

��More humane careMore humane care

��Pinel and DixPinel and Dix

�� TodayToday

��BiologicalBiological

��PreventionPrevention��PreventionPrevention