personality & attitude

8/6/2019 Personality & Attitude

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Personality &

Attitude


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Introduction

Introduction Personality looks at some

aggregate whole that is greater than the sum

of the parts.

It is the sum total of ways in which an

individual reacts to and interacts with others.

It is most often described in terms ofmeasureable traits that a person exhibits.


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What is Personality?

Who are we- Our uniqueness

Has a baring on our behaviour, thoughts,

moods, attitudes, emotions, even ourunconscious feelings.

Is reflected in our interactions with other

people and the environment around us.


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Personality Determinants

Heredity

Refers to those factors that were determined

at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender,

temperament, muscle composition and

reflexes, energy levels, and biological rhythms

are some characteristics.


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Environment

Among the factors that exert pressures on our

personality formation are the culture in which

we are raised; the norms among our family,

friends, and social groups; and other

influences that we experience.

An individuals personality, although generally

stable and consistent, does change in different

situations.


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What are Personality traits?

Traits are enduring characteristics that

describe an individuals behaviour.

Some popular characteristics include shy,aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal,

and timid.

Those characteristics, when theyre exhibited

in a large number of situations, are called

Personality traits.


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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

It is the most widely used personality-

assessment instrument in the world.

Its a 100-question personality test that askspeople how they usually feel or act in

particular situations.

On the basis of the answers individuals give to

the test, they are classified.


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Classifications of Myers-Briggs

Extraverted Vs. Introverted- Extraverted

individuals are outgoing, sociable and

assertive. Introverts are quite and shy.

Sensing Vs. Intuitive- Sensing types are

practical and prefer routine & order. They

focus on details. Intuitive rely on unconscious

processes and look at the big picture.


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Classifications of Myers-Briggs

Thinking Vs. Feeling- thinking types are reason

and logic to handle problems. Feeling types

rely on their personal vales and emotions.

Judging Vs perceiving- Judging types want

control and prefer their world to be ordered

and structured. Perceiving types are flexible

and spontaneous.


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The Big Five Model

Extraversion: A personality dimension describingsomeone who is sociable, gregarious andassertive.

Agreeableness: A personality dimension thatdescribes someone who is good-natured,cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that

describes someone who is responsible,dependable, persistent, and organized.


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The Big Five Model

Emotional Stability: A personality dimension

that characterizes someone as calm,, self-

confident, secure (positive) versus nervous,

depressed and insecure (negative).

Openness to experience: A personality

dimension that characterizes someone in

terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.


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Attributes of Personality

Core Self- Evaluation

Self-Esteem

Locus of Control Machiavellianism

Narcissism

Self-Monitoring

Type A Personality

Type B Personality


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Core Self-Evaluation

Degree to which individuals like or dislikethemselves, whether they see themselves ascapable and effective, and whether they feel

they are in control of their environment orpowerless over their environment.

SelfEsteem: individuals degree of liking ordisliking themselves and the degree to whichthey think they are worthy or unworthy as aperson.


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Core Self-Evaluation

Locus of control: The degree to which people

believe that they are masters of their own

fate.

Internals: individuals who believe that they

control what happens to them.

Externals: Individuals who believe that what

happens to them is controlled by outside

forces such as luck or chance.


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Machiavellianism

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,

maintains emotional distance, and believes

that ends can justify means.

They carry the attitude: if it works, use it.

High machs manipulate more, win more, are

persuaded less, and persuade others more

than do low machs.

High Machs flourish


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Narcissism

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose

sense of self-importance, require excessive

admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

In psychology, narcissism describes a person

who has a grandiose sense of self-importance,

requires excessive admiration, has a sense of

entitlement, and is arrogant.


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Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an

individuals ability to adjust his or her

behaviour to external, situational factors.

Individuals high in self-monitoring show

considerable adaptability in adjusting their

behaviour to external situational factors.


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Risk Taking

People differ in their willingness to take chances.

High-risk taking managers made more rapiddecisions and used less information in making

their choices than did the low risk-takingmanagers.

This propensity to assume or avoid risk has beenshown to have an impact on how long it takes

managers to make a decision and how muchinformation they require before making theirchoice.


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Type A Personality

Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;

Feel impatient with the rate at which mostevents take place;

Strive to think or do two or more things at once;

Cannot cope with leisure time;

Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their

success in terms of how many or how much ofeverything they acquire.


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Type B Personality

Never suffer from a sense of time urgencywith its accompanying impatience;

Feel no need to display or discuss either theirachievements or accomplishments unless suchexposure is demanded by the situation;

Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to

exhibit their superiority at any cost;

Can relax without guilt.


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TransactionalAnalysis

TA is a theory of personality and a systematic

psychotherapy for personal growth and personal

change.

It is an integrative approach to the theory of

psychology and psychotherapy.

Describes how people are structured

psychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the

ego-state (Parent-Adult-Child) model to do this.


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TransactionalAnalysis

It is a theory of communication that can be

extended to the analysis of systems and

organizations.

In practical application, it can be used in the

diagnosis and treatment of many types of

psychological disorders, and provides a

method of therapy for individuals, couples,families and groups.


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Philosophy ofTA

People are OK; thus each person has validity,

importance, equality of respect.

Everyone (with only few exceptions, such asthe severely brain-damaged) has the capacity

to think.

People decide their story and destiny, andthese decisions can be changed.


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The Ego-State

Parent

Adult

Child


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The Ego-State

Parent :A state in which people behave, feel,

and think in response to an unconscious

mimicking of how their parents (or other

parental figures) acted, or how they

interpreted their parent's actions.


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The Ego-State

Adult : a state of the ego which is most like a

computer processing information and making

predictions absent of major emotions that

could affect its operation. Learning to

strengthen the Adult is a goal ofTA.

Child :A state in which people behave, feel and

think similarly to how they did in childhood.


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ATTITUDE

Attitudes are evaluative statements- whether

favourable or unfavourable- concerning

objects, people, or events. They reflect how

one feels about something. Attitudes are

complex in nature.


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Components ofAttitude

Cognitive component (Evaluation) The opinion

or belief segment of an attitude.

A

ffective Component (Feeling)T

he emotionalor feeling segment of an attitude.

Behavioural Component (Action) An intention

to behave in a certain way towards someone

or something.


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Nature & Dimension ofAttitude

An attitude is a cognition (form of thought) that isformed through experience and influences ourbehaviour.

The fact that attitudes are formed throughexperience means that we can, potentially,change them.

The fact that attitudes influence our behaviour

means that we can use persuasion as a means toachieve our goals -- when the behaviour, oractions, or others can help attain those goals.


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Nature & Dimension ofAttitude

Attitudes have two basic components: Beliefs

are, roughly, statements of facts.

Beliefs are potentially verifiable. Values are judgments of worth, like good or

bad, useful or useless, expensive or cheap,

efficient or inefficient.


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THANK YOU

Harish Bansal

100908040

2ME2

personality & attitude

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