personality and...
TRANSCRIPT
Nature vs Nutria
• How are people different?
• Why are people different?
Heredity + Shared Environment + Nonshared Environment = 1
Assessing
Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Personality
Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez ML. Delay of gratification in children. Science 1989; 244:933‐938.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
P–E–N model(psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism)
• Sybil & Hans Eysenck
Two is too fewBut Sixteen is too many
The Big Five Factors
Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (five factors)
of traits does a better job of assessment.
ConscientiousnessAgreeablenessNeuroticismOpenness
Extraversion
The big five
• Stable over years
• Agreeable across observers
• Predict real behavior• Conscientiousness
Martial fidelity • Openness
job changes • Extroverts
look people in the eye, More sexual partners
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Questions about the Big Five
These traits are common across cultures.3. How about other cultures?
Fifty percent or so for each trait.2. How heritable are they?
Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development.
1. How stable are these traits?
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MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely
researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify
emotional disorders.
The MMPI was developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.
Intelligence
• IQ test is measuring intelligence
• The IQ, EQ or any Q result is not intelligence itself• Mental speed• Attention• Mental control• Inhibition• Analytic and practical• emotional• ….
Are There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill computation drawing
The original “Rain Man” Kim Peek (1951–2009)
Charles Spearman (1863‐1945) General intelligence & Specific ability
General intelligence
Linguistic
… …
Numerical
…
Spatial
…
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP). 245 adopted children for roughly 20 years
Plomin, R., Fulker, D.W., Corley, R., & DeFries, J.C. (1997). Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1‐16 years: A parent‐offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442‐447
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The Person‐Situation Controversy
Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation may be different, but average behavior
remains the same. Therefore, traits matter.
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The Person‐Situation Controversy
Traits are socially significant and influence our health, thinking, and performance
(Gosling et al., 2000).
Samuel Gosling
John Langford Photography
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Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell‐shaped
pattern called the normal curve.
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Extremes of IntelligenceA valid intelligence test divides two groups of
people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135).
These two groups are significantly different.