personalities in an organization

8/18/2019 Personalities in an Organization

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Chapter

TWO Personality


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What is Personality?

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individualreacts and interacts with others.

Personality Traits

Enduringcharacteristics thatdescribe an

individual’s behavior.

Personality

Determinants

• Heredity

• Environment

• Situation

Personality

Determinants

• Heredity

• Environment

• Situation


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What is Personality?

People differ fromeach other in

meaningful ways

People seem to showsome consistency in

behavior

Personality is defined as distinctive

and relatively enduring ways of

thinking, feeling, and acting


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Observation, interviews, and rating scales– Using an observational techniue !nown

as behavioral assessment" psychologistscan count and record the freuency ofparticular behaviors

– Useful because they provide astandardi#ed format" including a list oftraits or behaviors to evaluate

How do we measure personality?

Personality Assessment

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Psychometrics

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Psychometrics

Psychometrics is the field ofstudy concerned with the

theory and techniue of

educational and psychological

measurement, which includesthe measurement of

!nowledge, abilities, attitudes,

and personality traits" The field

is primarily concerned with the

study of measurement

instruments such as

uestionnaires and tests.

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Psychometrics

Psychometrics deals with the scientificmeasurement of individual differences#personality and intelligence$

%t attempts to measure thepsychological qualities of individualsand use that !nowledge to ma!epredictions about behaviour

Dawis #&''($ suggests that theinvention and development ofpsychometric tests in psychology iscomparable in its impact to theinvention of the microscope inbiology


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Who put the metrics into psychometrics?

)%f anything e*ists it

must e*ist in some

uantity and can

therefore bemeasured+"

Lord Kelvin 1824-1907


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Applications of Personality Tests

Criminal psychologists might employuestionnaires to measure impulsivityand its relation to crime

Health psychologists might measurepeoples optimism in relation to their

response to cancer diagnosis Occupational psychologists often employ

personality tests to predict -obperformance and -ob suitability e"g".urnham #&''($ reported that wor!erswith high /negative affect tend to be

less productive and have less -obsatisfaction etc"

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Mood and n!ironmental "nfluence

0ood does seem to play a part in howpeople go about performing in tests,especially those concerning personality

– people in a good mood might answer thequestionnaire completely differently than ifthey were in a bad mood

.eatures of the environment #noise, heat 1light$ might also have an impact on ourmoods and our cognitive abilities

– Hancock (1986) has shown that hightemperature has a significant negatie

effect on igilance! attention! memory andreaction time


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The Psychometric Principles2eliability

Standardi3ation

.reedom

from 4ias5alidity


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A psychometric test must #eObjective: The score must not a$ected by the

testers’ beliefs or values

Standardized: %t must be administered undercontrolled conditions

Reliable: %t must minimi#e and uantify any

intrinsic errors Predictive: %t must ma!e an accurate

prediction of performance

Non Discriminatory: %t must not disadvantage

any group on the basis of gender" culture"ethnicity" etc.


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$elia#ility

$elia#ility is the e%tent to &hich a measure is freefrom error


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'alidity ( The e%tent to &hich &hat your claiming to

measure is indeed #eing measured #y your instrument.


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'alidity is the e%tent to &hich a measure accurately

measures &hat it claims to


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$elationship #et&een $elia#ility and

'alidity


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Pro#lems in personality measurement

•People must gi!e relia#le and truthful ans&ers• People must understand the language used

• $esponses may #e affected #y mood

• People may ha!e multiple identities across

situations and find it difficult to portray their)real) personality

"ample #orschach $ard – %nkblot &est


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The Myers*+riggs Type "ndicator

Personality Types• E*troverted vs" %ntroverted #E or %$

• Sensing vs" %ntuitive #S or 6$

• Thin!ing vs" .eeling #T or .$

• 7udging vs" Perceiving #P or 7$

Personality Types

• E*troverted vs" %ntroverted #E or %$

• Sensing vs" %ntuitive #S or 6$

• Thin!ing vs" .eeling #T or .$

• 7udging vs" Perceiving #P or 7$

0yers84riggs Type %ndicator #04T%$

$emained most &idely used personality*assessment

instrument in the &orld for decades

& personality test that taps four characteristicsand classi'es people into ( of () personalitytypes.


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M+T" Myers*+riggs Type "ndicator

The best reason to choose the 04T% instrument

to discover your personality type is that hundreds

of studies over the past 9: years have proven the

instrument to be both valid and reliable" %n other

words, it measures what it says it does #validity$

and produces the same results when given morethan once #reliability$


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The ,- personality types of the Myers*+riggs Type "ndicator

%ST7 %S.7 %6.7 %6T7

%STP %S.P

%6.P %6TP

ESTP ES.P E6.P E6TP

EST7 ES.7

E6.7 E6T7


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The Myers*+riggs Type "ndicator

a!orite &orld( /o you prefer to focus on the outer &orld or on

your o&n inner &orld? This is called Extraversion (E) or

Introversion (I).

"nformation( /o you prefer to focus on the #asic information you

ta0e in or do you prefer to interpret and add meaning? This is

called Sensing (S) or Intuition ().

/ecisions( When ma0ing decisions1 do you prefer to first loo0 at

logic and consistency or first loo0 at the people and special

circumstances? This is called !"in#ing (!) or $eeling ($).

2tructure( "n dealing &ith the outside &orld1 do you prefer to get

things decided or do you prefer to stay open to ne& information

and options? This is called %udging (%) or &er'eiving (&).

;our Personality Type< =hen you decide on your

preference in each category, you have your own personality

type, which can be e*pressed as a code with four letters


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3,. Which is your most natural energy orientation?

Every person has two faces" One is directed towards

the O>TE2 world of activities, e*citements, people, and

things" The other is directed inward to the %66E2 world of

thoughts, interests, ideas, and imagination"

=hile these are two different but complementary sides of

our nature, most people have an innate preference

towards energy from either the O>TE2 or the %66E2 world"

Thus one of their faces, either the E*traverted #E$

or %ntroverted #%$, ta!es the lead in their personalitydevelopment and plays a more dominant role in their

behavior"


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Choose &hich #est fits you %tra!ersion * or "ntro!ersion "

E*traverted haracteristics

@ct first, thin!Areflect later

.eel deprived when cutoff

from interaction with the

outside world

>sually open to andmotivated by outside world of

people and things

En-oy wide variety and

change in people

relationships

%ntroverted haracteristics

Thin!Areflect first, then @ct

2egularly reuire an

amount of Bprivate timeB to

recharge batteries

0otivated internally, mind issometimes so active it is

BclosedB to outside world

Prefer one8to8one

communication and

relationships


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3 4. Which &ay of Percei!ing or understanding is most

)automatic) or natural?

The Sensing #S$ side of our brain notices the sights, sounds,

smells and all the sensory details of the P2ESE6T" %t

categori3es, organi3es, records and stores the specifics from

the here and now" %t is 2E@C%T; based, dealing with Bwhat is"B

%t also provides the specific details of memory 1 recollections

from P@ST events"The %ntuitive #6$ side of our brain see!s to understand,

interpret and form O5E2@CC patterns of all the information

that is collected and records these patterns and relationships"

%t speculates on POSS%4%C%T%ES, including loo!ing into and

forecasting the .>T>2E" %t is imaginative and conceptual"

=hile both !inds of perceiving are necessary and used by all

people, each of us instinctively tends to favor one over the

other"


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2ensing 5 2 or "ntuition * 6

Sensing haracteristics

0entally live in the 6ow,

attending to present

opportunities

>sing common sense and

creating practical solutions is

automatic8instinctual0emory recall is rich in detail

of facts and past events

4est improvise from past

e*perience

Ci!e clear and concrete

information disli!e guessing

when facts are Bfu33yB

%ntuitive haracteristics

0entally live in the .uture,

attending to future

possibilities

>sing imagination and

creatingAinventing new

possibilities is automatic8instinctual

0emory recall emphasi3es

patterns, conte*ts, and

connections

4est improvise fromtheoretical understanding

omfortable with

ambiguous, fu33y data and

with guessing its meaning"


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3 7. Which &ay of forming 8udgments and ma0ing choices is most

natural?

The Thin!ing #T$ side of our brain analy3es information in

a DET@HED, ob-ective fashion" %t operates from factual

principles, deduces and forms conclusions systematically" %t is our

logical nature"

The .eeling #.$ side of our brain forms conclusions in

an @TT@HED and somewhat global manner, based on

li!esAdisli!es, impact on others, and human and aesthetic values"

%t is our sub-ective nature"

=hile everyone uses both means of forming conclusions, each

person has a natural bias towards one over the other so that when

they give us conflicting directions 8 one side is the natural trump

card or tiebrea!er"


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Thin0ing 5 T or eeling *

Thin!ing haracteristics

%nstinctively search for

facts and logic in a decision

situation"

6aturally notices tas!s and

wor! to be accomplished"

Easily able to provide an

ob-ective and critical

analysis"

@ccept conflict as a natural,

normal part of relationshipswith people"

.eeling haracteristics

%nstinctively employ

personal feelings and impact

on people in decision

situations

6aturally sensitive to

people needs and reactions"

6aturally see! consensus

and popular opinions"

>nsettled by conflict have

almost a to*ic reaction todisharmony


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39. What is your )action orientation) to&ards the outside &orld?

@ll people use both -udging #thin!ing and feeling$and perceiving #sensing and intuition$ processes to store

information, organi3e our thoughts, ma!e decisions, ta!e actions

and manage our lives" ;et one of these processes

#7udging or Perceiving$ tends to ta!e the lead in our relationship

with the outside world" " " while the other governs our inner world"

@ 7udging #7$ style approaches the outside world =%TH @

PC@6 and is oriented towards organi3ing ones surroundings,

being prepared, ma!ing decisions and reaching closure and

completion"

@ Perceiving #P$ style ta!es the outside world @S %T O0ES and isadopting and adapting, fle*ible, open8ended and receptive to new

opportunities and changing game plans"


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8udging 5 8 or Percei!ing * P

7udging haracteristics

Plan many of the details in

advance before moving into

action"

.ocus on tas!8related

action complete meaningful

segments before moving on"

=or! best and avoid stress

when able to !eep ahead of

deadlines"

6aturally use targets, datesand standard routines to

manage life"

Perceiving haracteristics

omfortable moving into

action without a plan plan

on8the8go"

Ci!e to multitas!, have

variety, mi* wor! and play"

6aturally tolerant of time

pressure wor! best close to

the deadlines"

%nstinctively avoid

commitments which interferewith fle*ibility, freedom and

variety


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Your 4 Personality Type Letters


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"2T8 "28

Fuiet, serious, earn

success by thoroughnessand dependability"

Practical, matter8of8fact,

realistic, and responsible"

Decide logically what

should be done and wor!toward it steadily,

regardless of distractions"

Ta!e pleasure in ma!ing

everything orderly and

organi3ed G their wor!,their home, their life" 5alue

traditions and loyalty"

Fuiet, friendly,

responsible, andconscientious" ommitted

and steady in meeting

their obligations"

Thorough, painsta!ing,

and accurate" Coyal,considerate, notice and

remember specifics about

people who are important

to them, concerned with

how others feel" Strive tocreate an orderly and

harmonious environment

at wor! and at home"


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"68 "6T8

See! meaning and

connection in ideas,relationships, and material

possessions" =ant to

understand what

motivates people and are

insightful about others"onscientious and

committed to their firm

values" Develop a clear

vision about how best to

serve the common good"Organi3ed and decisive in

implementing their vision"

Have original minds and

great drive forimplementing their ideas

and achieving their goals"

Fuic!ly see patterns in

e*ternal events and

develop long8rangee*planatory perspectives"

=hen committed, organi3e

a -ob and carry it through"

S!eptical and

independent, have highstandards of competence

and performance G for

themselves and others"


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"2TP "2P

Tolerant and fle*ible, uiet

observers until a problemappears, then act uic!ly

to find wor!able solutions"

@naly3e what ma!es

things wor! and readily

get through large amountsof data to isolate the core

of practical problems"

%nterested in cause and

effect, organi3e facts using

logical principles, valueefficiency"

Fuiet, friendly, sensitive,

and !ind" En-oy thepresent moment, whats

going on around them"

Ci!e to have their own

space and to wor! within

their own time frame"Coyal and committed to

their values and to people

who are important to them"

Disli!e disagreements and

conflicts, do not force theiropinions or values on

others"


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"6P "6TP

%dealistic, loyal to their

values and to people whoare important to them"

=ant an e*ternal life that

is congruent with their

values" urious, uic! to

see possibilities, can becatalysts for implementing

ideas" See! to understand

people and to help them

fulfill their potential"

@daptable, fle*ible, andaccepting unless a value is

threatened"

See! to develop logical

e*planations foreverything that interests

them" Theoretical and

abstract, interested more

in ideas than in social

interaction" Fuiet,contained, fle*ible, and

adaptable" Have unusual

ability to focus in depth to

solve problems in their

area of interest" S!eptical,sometimes critical, always

analytical"


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2TP 2P

.le*ible and tolerant, they

ta!e a pragmatic approachfocused on immediate

results" Theories and

conceptual e*planations

bore them G they want to

act energetically to solvethe problem" .ocus on the

here8and8now,

spontaneous, en-oy each

moment that they can be

active with others" En-oymaterial comforts and

style" Cearn best through

doing"

Outgoing, friendly, and

accepting" E*uberantlovers of life, people, and

material comforts" En-oy

wor!ing with others to

ma!e things happen" 4ring

common sense and arealistic approach to their

wor!, and ma!e wor! fun"

.le*ible and spontaneous,

adapt readily to new

people and environments"Cearn best by trying a new

s!ill with other people"


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6P 6TP

=armly enthusiastic and

imaginative" See life as fullof possibilities" 0a!e

connections between

events and information

very uic!ly, and

confidently proceed basedon the patterns they see"

=ant a lot of affirmation

from others, and readily

give appreciation and

support" Spontaneous andfle*ible, often rely on their

ability to improvise and

their verbal fluency"

Fuic!, ingenious,

stimulating, alert, andoutspo!en" 2esourceful in

solving new and

challenging problems"

@dept at generating

conceptual possibilitiesand then analy3ing them

strategically" ood at

reading other people"

4ored by routine, will

seldom do the same thingthe same way, apt to turn

to one new interest after

another"


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2T8 28

Practical, realistic, matter8

of8fact" Decisive, uic!lymove to implement

decisions" Organi3e

pro-ects and people to get

things done, focus on

getting results in the mostefficient way possible"

Ta!e care of routine

details" Have a clear set of

logical standards,

systematically follow themand want others to also"

.orceful in implementing

their plans"

=armhearted,

conscientious, andcooperative" =ant harmony

in their environment, wor!

with determination to

establish it" Ci!e to wor!

with others to completetas!s accurately and on

time" Coyal, follow through

even in small matters"

6otice what others need in

their day8by8day lives and

try to provide it" =ant to be

appreciated for who they

are and for what they

contribute"


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68 6T8

=arm, empathetic,

responsive, andresponsible" Highly

attuned to the emotions,

needs, and motivations of

others" .ind potential in

everyone, want to helpothers fulfill their potential"

0ay act as catalysts for

individual and group

growth" Coyal, responsive

to praise and criticism"Sociable, facilitate others

in a group, and provide

inspiring leadership"

.ran!, decisive, assume

leadership readily" Fuic!lysee illogical and inefficient

procedures and policies,

develop and implement

comprehensive systems to

solve organi3ationalproblems" En-oy long8term

planning and goal setting"

>sually well informed, well

read, en-oy e*panding

their !nowledge andpassing it on to others"

.orceful in presenting

their ideas"


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5- Factors Personality Model0odern personality theory isa relatively new field and reallybegan in the &'(:s" the

psychologists osta 1 0crae

published details of a I traitmodel These I aspects of

personality are referred to as

the I8factors or sometimes

-ust /the 4ig I"


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i!e actor Model or The +ig i!e

The model considered to be the most accurate

model representative of basic human traits"

Tested in more than I: countries"

>sed in more than &,::: research papers"


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The +ig :;s. : Traits


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The +ig i!e Model of Personality /imensions

E*troversion*ociable" gregarious" and assertive

@greeableness+ood,natured" cooperative" and trusting.

onscientiousness-esponsible" dependable" persistent" and organi#ed.

Openness to E*perience%maginativeness" artistic" sensitivity" and intellectualism.

6euroticismAEmotional Stability

Calm" self,con'dent" secure positive/ versus nervous"depressed" and insecure negative/.


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O!er!ie& of the +ig =:>


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=hy is Personality %mportant in O4


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Maor Personality Attri#utes "nfluencing O+

Cocus of control

0achiavellianism

6arcissism Self8esteem

Self8monitoring

2is! ta!ing

Type @ personality


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@ocus of Control

Cocus of ontrol The degree to which people believethey are masters of their own fate.

%nternals%ndividuals who believe thatthey control what happens tothem.

E*ternals

%ndividuals who believethat what happens to themis controlled by outsideforces such as luc! orchance.


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Machia!ellianism

6arcissism < @ person who has

grand sense of self importance,

reuires e*cessive admiration 1

is arrogant"

• onsiders himself a Person of

many talents"

• .ell in love with own image"

6arcissism < @ person who has

grand sense of self importance,

reuires e*cessive admiration 1

is arrogant"

• onsiders himself a Person of

many talents"

• .ell in love with own image"

0achiavellianism #0ach$0egree to which an individual ispragmatic" maintains emotional distance"and believes that ends can 1ustify means.


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2elf*steem and 2elf*Monitoring

Self8Esteem #SE$%ndividuals’ degree ofli!ing or disli!ingthemselves.

Self80onitoring

& personality trait thatmeasures an individualsability to ad1ust his or her

behavior to e2ternal"situational factors.


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$is0*Ta0ing

High 2is!8ta!ing 0anagers

– 3a!e uic!er decisions

– Use less information to ma!e decisions

– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurialorgani#ations

Cow 2is!8ta!ing 0anagers– &re slower to ma!e decisions

– -euire more information before ma!ing decisions

– E2ist in larger organi#ations with stable

environments 2is! Propensity

– &ligning managers’ ris!,ta!ing propensity to 1obreuirements should be bene'cial to organi#ations.


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Personality TypesType @s

,. are al&ays mo!ing1 &al0ing1 and eating rapidly

4. feel impatient &ith the rate at &hich most e!ents ta0e place

7. stri!e to thin0 or do t&o or more things at once

9. cannot cope &ith leisure time

:. are o#sessed &ith num#ers1 measuring their success in

terms of ho& many or ho& much of e!erything they acquire.

Type 4s

,. ne!er suffer from a sense of time urgency &ith its

accompanying impatience

4. feel no need to display or discuss either their achie!ementsor accomplishments

7. play for fun and rela%ation1 rather than to e%hi#it their

superiority at any cost

9. can rela% &ithout guilt.


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