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2016, vol. 11, no. 1 The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1 The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1 The papers published in The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering are indexed/abstracted by: Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI Web of Science), INSPEC (Database of Institution of Engineering and Technology), Current Abstracts, TOC Premier (EBSCO Publishing), TRIS (Transportation Research Information Services), VINITI (All-Russian Scientific and Technical Information Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences), SCOPUS (Elsevier Bibliographic Database), ICONDA (The International Construction Database), Ulrichsweb TM , IndexCopernicus. 9 771822 427009 ISSN 1822-427X ISSN 1822-427X eISSN 1822-4288 ISSN 1822-427X eISSN 1822-4288 Contents Władysław Koc, Katarzyna Palikowska MODELLING OF JOINING ROUTE SEGMENTS OF DIFFERENT CURVATURE 1 Marco Domaneschi, Maria Pina Limongelli, Luca Martinelli WIND-DRIVEN DAMAGE LOCALIZATION ON A SUSPENSION BRIDGE 11 Tomas Skuturna, Juozas Valivonis EVALUATION OF CALCULATION METHODS USED FOR ESTIMATING THE ULTIMATE MOMENT RESISTANCE OF BRIDGE DECKS REINFORCED WITH FRP BARS 22 Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk, Agnieszka Molendowska, Adam Kłak FROST DURABILITY OF STEEL FIBER SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE FOR PAVEMENTS 35 Maria de Lurdes Antunes, Vânia Marecos, José Neves, João Morgado DECISION TO PAVING SOLUTIONS IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES BASED ON LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT 43 Zigang Xu, Qiang Han, Chao Huang BEHAVIOR EVALUATION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING 53 Jiří Ambros, Veronika Valentová IDENTIFICATION OF ROAD HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT INCONSISTENCIES – A PILOT STUDY FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC 62 Raitis Lacis CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION CONNECTORS IN TIMBER-CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 70 Kateryna Krayushkina, Olegas Prentkovskis, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Johny Gigineishvili, Aleksandra Skrypchenko, Alfredas Laurinavičius, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Jurijus Tretjakovas PERSPECTIVES ON USING BASALT FIBER FILAMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS AND AIRPORT RUNWAYS 77 Ainars Paeglitis, Andris Freimanis COMPARISION OF CONSTANT-SPAN AND INFLUENCE LINE METHODS FOR LONG-SPAN BRIDGE LOAD CALCULATIONS 84 ABSTRACTS IN LITHUANIAN I ABSTRACTS IN LATVIAN II ABSTRACTS IN ESTONIAN III

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Page 1: Personal - Técnico Lisboa - Autenticação · Personal Copy – road and bridge research and design, – road construction materials and technologies, – bridge construction materials

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2016, vol. 11, no. 1

The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1

The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1

The papers published in The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering are indexed/abstracted by:

• ScienceCitationIndexExpanded(ISIWebofScience),• INSPEC(DatabaseofInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology),• CurrentAbstracts,TOCPremier(EBSCOPublishing),• TRIS(TransportationResearchInformationServices),• VINITI(All-RussianScientificandTechnicalInformationInstitute

ofRussianAcademyofSciences),• SCOPUS(ElsevierBibliographicDatabase),• ICONDA(TheInternationalConstructionDatabase),• UlrichswebTM,• IndexCopernicus.

9 7 7 1 8 2 2 4 2 7 0 0 9

ISSN 1822 -427XISSN 1822-427X

ISSN 1822-427XeISSN 1822-4288

ISSN 1822-427XeISSN 1822-4288

Contents

Władysław Koc, Katarzyna PalikowskaMODELLINGOFJOININGROUTESEGMENTSOFDIFFERENTCURVATURE 1

Marco Domaneschi, Maria Pina Limongelli, Luca MartinelliWIND-DRIVENDAMAGELOCALIZATIONONASUSPENSIONBRIDGE 11

Tomas Skuturna, Juozas ValivonisEVALUATIONOFCALCULATIONMETHODSUSEDFORESTIMATINGTHEULTIMATE MOMENTRESISTANCEOFBRIDGEDECKSREINFORCEDWITHFRPBARS 22

Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk, Agnieszka Molendowska, Adam KłakFROSTDURABILITYOFSTEELFIBERSELF-COMPACTINGCONCRETEFORPAVEMENTS 35

Maria de Lurdes Antunes, Vânia Marecos, José Neves, João MorgadoDECISIONTOPAVINGSOLUTIONSINROADINFRASTRUCTURESBASED ONLIFE-CYCLEASSESSMENT 43

Zigang Xu, Qiang Han, Chao HuangBEHAVIOREVALUATIONFORREINFORCEDCONCRETECOLUMNSWITHRECTANGULAR HOLLOWSECTIONSUBJECTEDTOAXIALCOMPRESSIONANDBIAXIALBENDING 53

Jiří Ambros, Veronika ValentováIDENTIFICATIONOFROADHORIZONTALALIGNMENTINCONSISTENCIES–APILOTSTUDY FROMTHECZECHREPUBLIC 62

Raitis LacisCIRCULARHOLLOWSECTIONCONNECTORSINTIMBER-CONCRETECOMPOSITE STRUCTURALELEMENTS 70

Kateryna Krayushkina, Olegas Prentkovskis, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Johny Gigineishvili, Aleksandra Skrypchenko, Alfredas Laurinavičius, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Jurijus Tretjakovas PERSPECTIVESONUSINGBASALTFIBERFILAMENTSINTHECONSTRUCTION ANDREHABILITATIONOFHIGHWAYPAVEMENTSANDAIRPORTRUNWAYS 77

Ainars Paeglitis, Andris FreimanisCOMPARISIONOFCONSTANT-SPANANDINFLUENCELINEMETHODSFORLONG-SPAN BRIDGELOADCALCULATIONS 84

ABSTRACTSINLITHUANIAN I

ABSTRACTSINLATVIAN II

ABSTRACTSINESTONIAN III

Page 2: Personal - Técnico Lisboa - Autenticação · Personal Copy – road and bridge research and design, – road construction materials and technologies, – bridge construction materials

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– road and bridge research and design,– road construction materials and technologies,– bridge construction materials and technologies,– road and bridge repair,– road and bridge maintenance,– roadtrafficsafety,– road and bridge information technologies,– environmental issues,– roadclimatology,– low-volume roads,– normative documentation,– qualitymanagementandassurance,– road infrastructure and its assessment,– assets management,– roadandbridgeconstructionfinancing,– specialist pre-service and in-service training;

besides, it publishes:advertising materials, reviews and bibliography, abstracts of PhD thesis, reports on conferences and workshops

THE JOURNAL IS DESIGNED FOR PUBLISHING PAPERS CONCERNING THE FOLLOWING AREAS OF RESEARCH:

ThepaperspublishedinTheBalticJournalofRoadandBridgeEngineeringareindexed/abstractedby:

Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI Web of Science)

Thomson Scientific

INSPEC Database of Institution of Engineering and Technology

Current Abstracts, TOC Premier EBSCO Publishing

TRIS Online Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Bibliographic Database

VINITI Database of All-Russian Scientific and Technical Information Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

SCOPUS Elsevier Bibliographic Database

ICONDA The International Construction Database

UlrichswebTM UlrichswebTM

IndexCopernicus IndexCopernicus

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201611(1)

Editor-in-Chief Donatas ČYGAS

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University

Riga Technical University

Tallinn University of Technology

Baltic Road Association

Vilnius TECHNIKA 2016

ISSN 1822-427XeISSN 1822-4288

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THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt

2016, vol. 11, no. 1

International Research Journal of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Riga Technical University, Tallinn University of Technology, Baltic Road Association

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE including manuscripts for submission should be addressed to Prof. Dr D. Čygas, Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Dr D. Žilionienė, Managing Editor of “The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering”, Dept of Roads, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel.: +370 5 274 5011, 274 4708; Fax: +370 5 274 4731. E-mail: [email protected]

All papers published in Journal “The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering” are peer-reviewed by members of Editorial Board or by its appointed experts.

© Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2016

Journal Cover Designer Donaldas Andziulis

21 March 2016. Printer’s sheets 13,75. Circulation 190 copiesVilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House “Technika”,Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania, http://leidykla.vgtu.lt

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Editor-in-ChiefProf. Dr Donatas ČYGAS

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

EDITORIAL BOARD

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Prof. Dr Hojjat ADELI, Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Dago ANTOV, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia (Geography, 06P)

Dr Halil CEYLAN, Center for Transportation Research and Education (CTRE), 482B Town Engineering Bldg., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3232, USA (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Dr Mindaugas DIMAITIS, PE “Road and Transport Research Institute”, I. Kanto g. 23, P.O. Box 2082, 44009 Kaunas, Lithuania (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Dr Arvydas DOMATAS, JSC “Kelprojekas”, I. Kanto g. 25, 44296 Kaunas, Lithuania (Informatics Engineering, 07T)

Prof. Dr Alfredo Garcia GARCIA, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n; 46071 Valencia, Spain (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Dr Inge HOFF, Research Institute “SINTEF”, Hogskoleringen 7, 7465 Trondheim, Norway (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Siim IDNURM, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Jozef JUDYCKI, Technical University of Gdansk, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdansk, Poland (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Gintaris KAKLAUSKAS, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr John Mungai KINUTHIA, School of Technology, Division of Civil Engineering, Pontypridd CF37 1 DL, UK (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Ivan LEONOVICH, Byelorussian State Technical University, Pr. Niezavisimosti 65, 220027 Minsk, Byelorussia (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Dainius MIŠKINIS, LRA under the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Lithuania, J. Basanavičiaus g. 36/2, 03109 Vilnius, Lithuania (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Prof. Dr Juris R. NAUDŽUNS, Riga Technical University, Azenes str. 20, 1048 Riga, Latvia (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Dr Algis PAKALNIS, PE “Road and Transport Research Institute”, I. Kanto g. 23, P.O. Box 2082, 44009 Kaunas, Lithuania (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Managing EditorProf. Dr Daiva ŽILIONIENĖ

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Ainars PAEGLITISRiga Technical University,

Azenes str. 20, 1048 Riga, Latvia(Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Andrus AAVIKTallinn University of Technology,

Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Alfredas LAURINAVIČIUSVilnius Gediminas Technical University,

Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania(Civil Engineering, 02T)

Editors

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Assoc. Prof. Dr Filippo Giammaria PRATICÒ, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella-Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Virgaudas PUODŽIUKAS, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Piotr RADZISZEWSKI, Warsaw University of Technology, al. Armii Ludowej 16, office 544, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Valentin SILJANOV, Moscow State Technical University, Leningradskij av. 64, 125319 Moscow, Russia (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Prof. Dr Habil Henrikas SIVILEVIČIUS, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Miroslaw J. SKIBNIEWSKI, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3021, USA (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Juris SMIRNOVS, Riga Technical University, Azenes str. 20, 1048 Riga, Latvia (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Dariusz SYBILSKI, Road and Bridge Research Institute, Jagiellonska str. 80, Warszawa, Poland (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Andras VARHELYI, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Janis VARNA, Riga Technical University, Azenes str. 20, 1048 Riga, Latvia (Transport Engineering, 03T)

Assoc. Prof. Dr Atis ZARINŠ, Riga Technical University, Kaļķu str. 1, 1658 Riga, Latvia (Civil Engineering, 02T)

Prof. Dr Habil Edmundas K. ZAVADSKAS, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (Civil Engineering, 02T)

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Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika

http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt

THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2016 Volume 11(1): 43–52

doi:10.3846/bjrbe.2016.05

1. Introduction

In general, the construction and maintenance of a road network involve the expenditure of large budgets. There-fore, it is important that designers and decision makers should have the instruments to make the most suitable choice of pavement solution for each particular situation, in order to optimize present and future investments in road infrastructures.

Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) during the design stage could be one of the key instruments for the opti-mization of expenditures in road construction and main-tenance (Carlson 2011; Ferreira, Santos 2013; Haas et al. 1994; Mandapaka et al. 2012; Yu et al. 2015; Walls, Smith 1998). LCCA studies performed by Chenevière and Ram-das (2006) have demonstrated the interest of adopting long life pavements in the European context. The issues involved in LCCA of different paving solutions will vary from region to region, depending on local factors such as environmen-tal conditions and availability of materials and technolo-gies. The estimation of maintenance and rehabilitation

costs throughout the pavement’s life-cycle must be based on adequate pavement performance prediction models. Other aspects, such as road user costs (Hall et al. 2003) and environmental costs (Gschösser et al. 2012) should also be taken into account when selecting a pavement solution for a particular road.

Pavement condition changes throughout its life cycle, as a consequence of traffic loading, evolution of material’s properties, climatic conditions and other environmental effects. Several distress mechanisms, related either with the pavement structure or with the subgrade soil, may occur and condition the need to perform maintenance activities. This issue has been addressed by several au-thors based on the observation of pavement performance (COST 1999; Merrill et al. 2006; Sivilevičius, Vansauskas 2013). Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) stud-ies performed on test sections have demonstrated that the main deterioration mechanisms generally occurring in flexible and semi-rigid pavements before the end of the pavement’s structural design life are cracking in the wheel

DECISION TO PAVING SOLUTIONS IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES BASED ON LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Maria de Lurdes Antunes1, Vânia Marecos2, José Neves3, João Morgado4

1, 2National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Av. Brasil, 101, 1700–066 Lisbon, Portugal3, 4CERIS, CESUR, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049–001 Lisbon, Portugal

E-mails: 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected]; 3 [email protected]; 4

[email protected]

Abstract. The construction and maintenance of a road network involve the expenditure of large budgets. In order to op-timize the investments in road infrastructures, designers and decision makers should have the instruments to make the most suitable decision of paving solutions for each particular situation. The life-cycle assessment is an important tool of different road pavement solutions with this purpose. This paper presents a study concerning the life-cycle cost analysis of different flexible and semi-rigid paving alternatives, with the objective to contribute for a better support in the deci-sion process when designing new pavement structures. The analysis was carried out using data on construction costs of certain typical pavement structures and taking into consideration appropriate performance models for each type of structure being selected. The models were calibrated using results from long term performance studies across Europe and the maintenance strategies considered have taken into account the current practice also found in the European context. Besides the life-cycle administration costs, the proposed methodology also deals with user and environmental costs through its inclusion in the decision process using multi-criteria analysis. It was demonstrated that this methodol-ogy could be a simple and useful tool in order to achieve the most adequate paving solutions of a road network, in terms of construction and maintenance activities, based simultaneously on technical, economic and environmental criteria.

Keywords: cost, construction, distress, life-cycle, maintenance, pavement, road.

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44 M. de Lurdes Antunes et al. Decision to Paving Solutions in Road Infrastructures...

path and reflective cracking (only for semi-rigid pave-ments) and loss of skid resistance. Raveling or rutting of the wearing course may occur, in specific sites where inap-propriate materials were used in the surface course. Longi-tudinal unevenness is normally very low at the beginning of the pavement’s service life, except when the layers are not compacted properly, and have shown a very little pro-gression during the early service life on the pavements. It is assumed that surface unevenness occurring towards the end of the pavement’s structural design period is indirectly accounted for in the models for limitation of permanent deformation in the subgrade.

Despite the diversity of approaches available for the main purpose of the present work, it was found that it is very important to develop a methodology based on life-cycle assessment with the objective to support the decision of paving solutions in road infrastructures. This meth-odology should be flexible enough to easily incorpora-te maintenance, user and environmental costs, along the pavement service life period, and the consideration of the most adequate construction technologies and materials available in the local or region. With this methodology it is also possible to choose the most convenient models for the pavement deteriorations, taking into account the traf-fic, the climatic conditions and other factors. The applica-bility of the methodology presented in this paper is dem-onstrated for flexible and semi-rigid pavement structures according to the Portuguese experience.

2. Methodology

In order to perform LCCA to different pavement struc-ture alternatives, there are certain issues that must be ad-dressed. The main activities performed in the framework of the proposed methodology are summarized in Fig. 1.

For reasonable analysis of maintenance and rehabi-litation (M&R) strategies, the analysis period should be long enough to reflect the long-term costs associated with each of the design alternatives (ACPA 2002). An analysis

period of 35 years is the minimum analysis period gene-rally recommended for this purpose (Walls, Smith 1998).

The performance models that are used to evaluate pa-vement distresses over the analysis period are a key issue due to their relation to the resulting M&R strategies. So, taking into account the main conclusions from the LTPP studies, it could be concluded in general that the most im-portant distress mechanisms in the case of flexible and se-mi-rigid pavements are: fatigue cracking originated in the bituminous and cement-bound layers; permanent defor-mation or rutting; surface cracking, predominantly in the wheel path; reflective cracking on semi-rigid pavements; deterioration of skid resistance. Fatigue and rutting are the most common distresses used in pavement design, because they are the primary modes of structural failure. Anyway, LCCA should be performed according the local experien-ce in pavement modelling (region or country) where the different pavement solutions are intended to be used.

Distress models derived from LTPP studies perfor-med on test sections in European countries are available in literature. Besides the most common models related to structural distresses used in pavement design – fatigue crac-king and rutting (Shukla, Das 2008; Yang et al. 2009), other models are also important to predict surface cracking and reflective cracking (Sweere et al. 1998). For these distresses, the models consider two phases: crack initiation and crack propagation (Sweere et al. 1997, 1998). Deterioration of skid resistance is also important but there weren’t found sound models for the evolution of this parameter. Therefore, the maintenance strategies considered with respect to the lack of skid resistance could be defined on the basis of the cur-rent practice in motorways and other primary roads.

Regarding the economic indicator used for the com-parison of different alternatives, there are several appro-aches that can be used, such as the calculation of net pre-sent values (NPV), the uniform equivalent annual costs, which are derived from NPV, or cost/benefit ratios. For the purpose of straight comparisons between alternative

Fig. 1. Main activities of the proposed methodology

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The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, 11(1): 43–52 45

pavement design solutions, the use of cost benefit ratios is not generally recommended (Walls, Smith 1998). The se-lected indicator for this purpose was then the NPV. User costs were not directly considered for the calculation of this indicator, being its inclusion discussed later on.

The costs associated with different construction, main-tenance and rehabilitation works can be collected from the road administrations or contractors’ database containing statistics of the unit costs of paving works. The total costs supported by the road administration are calculated by adding the NPV corresponding to the initial construction, maintenance and rehabilitation and residual value. This last component is represented by a negative value. These costs did not include any activities that are not related to specific pavement structures, such as maintenance of drainage sys-tems, since these will be similar for any paving solution.

Apart from the costs supported by the road agency, there are other elements that should be included in LCCA, such as user costs and external costs like environmental costs. However, the unavailability of accurate data in order to estimate these costs could compromise the possibility to compute them easily and correctly. Regarding vehicle operating costs (VOC) and for the pavement serviceabili-ty levels found in developed countries it is hard to believe that, for instance, quite different and significant roughness levels will appear in each pavement alternative taking to different VOC. In what it concerns to accidents costs, it is certainly unattainable to have an accident rate for each pavement type under normal operation conditions. Hen-ce, in this context the users delay while travelling across a work zone, seems to be the main attribute that can achieve a major variability among different alternatives. In the ab-sence of all the required data regarding the full description of work zones it was assumed that the duration of each activity is a reasonable indicator of the “cost” felt by the users. The number of workdays necessary to perform each M&R on 10 km of road was then selected as an indicator for user costs. For the environmental costs, an indicator was also selected and is related to the quantities of mate-rial expenditure and deposited in landfills associated with construction, maintenance and rehabilitation.

Finally, a multi-criteria analysis is performed in order to compare the life-cycle cost of different solutions, taking into account user or environmental costs.

3. Selection of case studies

3.1. Pavement structures, foundation and traffic categoriesThe pavement structures selected for this study are repre-sentative of the Portuguese situation in terms of the type of

structure, type of materials and type of foundations. There are two groups of structures corresponding to two differ-ent traffic categories (T1 and T5), which are characterized in Table 1 in terms of the Annual Average Daily Truck Traffic (AADTT), traffic growth rate (t) and Cumulative Number of Standard Axle Load of 130 kN (CESAL) for a design life of 35 years.

Although the pavement design guide from the Portu-guese Road Agency (JAE 1995) considers 4 types of road foundation, it is generally recommended to improve the existing foundation when the subgrade soil is relatively weak, especially for heavy traffic roads. Hence, the compa-rison presented herein refers to pavement structures pro-posed in the design guide for a relatively good foundation, with a stiffness modulus E = 100 MPa. These structures are flexible and semi-rigid pavements with different op-tions concerning the materials used in base and subbase layers. These options include issues such as the use of soil-cement subbases, instead of unbound granular materials or the use of anti-reflective cracking techniques for semi-rigid pavements. The type of surface layer considered was chosen depending on the traffic category, in order to ref-lect the current practice in Portugal: conventional asphalt concrete for low traffic volumes and open texture asphalt concrete using modified binders for high traffic volumes. The main elements of the selected pavement structures are presented in Table 2. For each layer of the pavement, it is indicated the type (according to the constituent mate-rial), the thickness, the stiffness modulus and the Poisson ratio. The values adopted for the stiffness modulus and the Poisson ratio are the suggested values from the Por-tuguese pavement design guide (JAE 1995) and also from authors’ experience.

3.2. Distress models

3.2.1. CrackingCracking in flexible pavements is expressed in terms of a cracking index, CI, defined in the PARIS project as a com-bination of cracking indexes of longitudinal, transverse and alligator cracking per each 100 m section. This index varies from 0 to a maximum value of 400 and is given by the Eq (1).

, (1)

where:

, (2)

, (3)

Table 1. Traffic categories

Traffic categories AADTTmax, veh

t%

CESAL130 kN, 35 years

Flexible pavement Rigid or semi-rigid pavementT1 2000 5 53·106 66·106

T5 300 3 2.6·106 4.0·106

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46 M. de Lurdes Antunes et al. Decision to Paving Solutions in Road Infrastructures...

, (4)

where ACR, LCR, TCR − cracking indexes of alligator cracking, longitudinal cracking and transverse cracking, respectively. Severity levels for the different crack types are low, moderate, high.

3.2.2. Crack initiation in the wheel path

The development of the models for crack initiation in the wheel path within the PARIS project is described in Sweere et al. (1997). The model for flexible and semi-rigid pavements is given by Eqs (5) and (6), respectively (Sweere et al. 1998).

, (5)

, (6)

where N10 − the cumulative number Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) of 100 kN until crack initiation; SCI300 and SCI900 − the surface and the base curvature index, re-spectively, corresponding to a 50 kN load applied by the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD); N10Y − the average annual number of 100 kN ESAL. In order to convert the number of 130 kN ESAL, used in this study, into 100 kN ESAL, the fourth power law was used.

3.2.3. Crack propagation in the wheel pathIn the frame of the PARIS project, different functional forms were tested for the development of models for crack propagation in the wheel path, using full-scale accelerat-ed load test results. It was found that linear models led to a good reproduction of the experimental data (Turtschy, Sweere 1999). Therefore, the Eq (7) is used for the predic-tion of crack propagation.

, (7)

where CIn − the cracking index in year n; CIn–1 − the cracking index in the previous year; t − the cracking rate;

− the number of ESAL occurred in year n. The fol-lowing average value of t is derived from crack propagation monitored in LTPP studies on the Portuguese main network (Antunes 2005): t  =  3.0·10–5, in the case of flexible pave-ments; t = 8.2·10–6, in the case of semi-rigid pavements.

3.2.4. Reflective crackingThe LTPP database on reflective cracking of semi-rig-id pavements monitored in Portugal for more than 10 years (Quaresma et al. 2000) included test sections de-sign of which was comparable to the structures analysed in this study. Some sections had no anti-reflective crack-ing measures, one of them had a geotextile SAMI and an-other one had been pre-cracked before the application of the asphalt layers. From the data observed in these sec-tions, if 20 equivalent full-width cracks per km is consid-ered as the threshold for crack sealing interventions, it can

Table 2. Pavement structures

Pavement IDSurface layer Base layer Subbase layer

Type h,cm

E,MPa v Type h,

cmE,

MPa v Type h,cm

E,MPa v

FL5.T5.F3 AC 18 5200 0.35 – – – – GSb 20 200 0.35FL7.T5.F3 AC 14 5000 0.35 GB 20 400 0.35 GSb 20 200 0.35FL9.T5.F3 AC 12 4900 0.35 – – – – SC 20 1000 0.30SR4.T5.F3

AC 13 5000 0.35 LC 23 20 000 0.25 GSb 15 200 0.35SR4.T5.F3.AFSR6.T5.F3

AC 13 5000 0.35 LC 21 20 000 0.25 SC 15 1000 0.30SR6.T5.F3.AFFL4.T1.F3 AC* 28 5500 0.35 – – – – GSb 20 200 0.35FL6.T1.F3 AC* 23 5300 0.35 GB 20 400 0.35 GSb 20 200 0.35FL8.T1.F3 AC* 24 5400 0.35 – – – – SC 20 1000 0.30SR3.T1.F3

AC* 19 5200 0.35 LC 25 20 000 0.25 GSb 15 200 0.35SR3.T1.F3.AFSR5.T1.F3

AC* 19 5200 0.35 LC 23 20 000 0.25 SC 15 1000 0.30SR5.T1.F3.AF

Notes: FL, flexible; SR, semi-rigid; AF, with anti-reflective cracking treatment; T1 & T5, traffic categories (Table 1); F3, subgrade type (E = 100 MPa; v = 0.35); h, thickness; E, stiffness modulus; v, Poisson ratio; AC, asphalt concrete; AC*, AC including 3 cm of open texture asphalt concrete; GB, granular base; GSb, granular subbase; SC, soil cement subbase; LC, lean concrete.

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The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, 11(1): 43–52 47

be concluded from those studies that this threshold was reached after 6 years since construction, for a pavement with no anti-reflective cracking measures, whereas for pavements with SAMI or with pre-cracking, the threshold will only be reached after more than 12 years.

3.3. Maintenance and rehabilitation strategiesThe structural design life of the pavements presented above, expressed in terms of the cumulative number of 130 kN ESAL (CESAL), was determined though a mecha-nistic-empirical method which aim at the limitation of fa-tigue cracking in the asphalt layers (Eq (8)), the limitation of fatigue cracking in the cement bound layers (Eq  (9)) and the limitation of permanent deformation originated in the subgrade (Eq (10)) (Antunes et al. 2008).

, (8)

, (9)

, (10)

where εt − the maximum tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer; Vb − the volumetric binder content in the asphalt, %; E − the stiffness of the asphalt, Pa; N − the number of standard axle load repetitions; σt − the maxi-mum horizontal tensile stress in the cement bound layers; σr − the bending tensile strength; εc − the maximum verti-cal compression strain at the top of subgrade.

The stresses and strains induced by the 130 kN stan-dard axle load were calculated using multi-layer linear

elastic analysis. Calculations were performed using input data from Table 2. The results are summarized in Table 3. The maintenance activities considered for LCCA of the pavement structures under study were selected taking into account the models presented above and the current practice in Portugal. Since the purpose of the study was to compare different pavement alternatives, there was no need to consider the maintenance activities that were not directly associated with the pavement. Table 4 summarizes the type of maintenance measures considered throughout the life cycle of each structure. The specific treatments ap-plied within each type of maintenance measure were se-lected assuming that there were no restrictions associated with local conditions, such as limitations to the surface le-vel. These treatments are shortly described in Table 5.

Whenever the timing for application of two different types of measures was close, these were combined, either by bringing forward one of them, or by delaying the other. The maintenance schedule considered for each pavement along with its residual life at the end of the design life is presented in Table 6. For the calculation of residual values at the end of the analysis period, only the residual life of structural rehabilitation treatments is taken into account.

From the results presented above, it can be seen that there is a significant difference in the total duration of road works (and therefore user costs) between flexible and se-mi-rigid pavements, for higher traffic volumes. For lower volumes, the influence of the type of structure is not so important, since distresses associated with ageing will be more critical then traffic associated distresses.

The volume of materials used and removed from the pavements during construction and maintenance of each

Table 3. Structural design life of pavement structures

Pavement IDStresses and strains Design criteria (CESAL)

Design life, yearsεt εc

σt,MPa

Fatigue Perm. Deform. 130 kN·106 ·106 ·106

FL5.T5.F3 171 –434 – – 1.84 2.95 1.84 27.6FL7.T5.F3 181 –363 – – 1.49 6.05 1.49 23.8FL9.T5.F3 130 –487 – – 8.00 1.87 1.87 27.9SR4.T5.F3

– –115 0.685 0.46 unlimited 6.09E+08 6.09E+08 >35SR4.T5.F3.AFSR6.T5.F3

– –129 0.746 0.50 unlimited 380 380 >35SR6.T5.F3.AFFL4.T1.F3 92 –235 – – 36.2 34.7 34.7 28.3FL6.T1.F3 101 –223 – – 2.50 4.23 2.50 23.4FL8.T1.F3 71 –256 – – 137 24.6 24.6 23.2SR3.T1.F3

– –82 0.585 0.39 unlimited 2300 2300 >35SR3.T1.F3.AFSR5.T1.F3

– –94 0.565 0.38 unlimited 1330 1330 >35SR5.T1.F3.AF

Notes: εt – maximum horizontal tensile strain; εc – maximum vertical compression strain; σt – maximum horizontal tensile stress; σr – bending tensile strength.

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48 M. de Lurdes Antunes et al. Decision to Paving Solutions in Road Infrastructures...

Table 4. Maintenance thresholds and types of maintenance measures

Type of pavement Distress type Indicator Maintenance

thresholdMaintenance

measures Comments

Flexible

Surface cracking CI CI > 150 SuR –Fatigue damage RLf RLf < 20% StR –

Permanent def. damage RLpd RLpd < 20% StR –

Lack of skid resistance age / traffic 12 years/T1; 15 years/T5 SuR Based on current practice

Semi-rigid

Surface cracking CI CI > 150 SuR –Reflective cracking crack/km, N N > 20 CS or SuR –

Fatigue damage RLf RLf < 20% StR The threshold is not reached within the analysis period

Permanent def. damage RLpd RLpd < 20% StR The threshold is not reached within the analysis period

Lack of skid resistance age / traffic 12 years/T1; 15 years/T5 SuR Based on current practice

Notes: RL – structural residual life; SuR – surface rehabilitation; StR – structure rehabilitation; CS – crack sealing.

Table 5. Maintenance treatments

Measure ID

Measure type

Duration of road works, days

Measurement treatmentsTask Quantity

1 SuR 29Milling and replacing, 5 cm 20% areaAsphalt concrete surface, 5 cm 100% area

2 SuR 28Milling and replacing, 5 cm 20% areaThin open texture asphalt concrete surface, 4 cm 100% area

3 StR 39Milling and replacing, 5 cm 30% areaAsphalt concrete binder course, 8 cm 100% areaAsphalt concrete surface, 5 cm 100% area

5 StR 42Milling and replacing, 5 cm 30% areaAsphalt concrete base course, 8 cm 100% areaThin open texture asphalt concrete surface, 4 cm 100% area

8 CS 4 Cleaning and sealing transversal cracks 20 cracks /km

Table 6. Maintenance schedules and total duration of road works per 10 km lane during the analysis period

Pavement IDDesign

life, years

Maintenance and rehabilitation schedule Residual life,

years

Duration of road works,

days

Volume of materials used,

m3/m2YS/MT YS/MT YS/MT YS/MT YS/MT

FL5.T5.F3 25 15/ 1 30/ 3 – – – – – – 15 68 –FL7.T5.F3 20 17/ 3 32/ 1 – – – – – – 2 68 –FL9.T5.F3 25 15/ 1 30/ 3 – – – – – – 10 68 –SR4.T5.F3 >35 6/ 8 12/ 1 18/ 8 24/ 1 30/ 8 0 69 –SR4.T5.F3.AF >35 12/ 1 24/ 1 – – – – – – 0 58 –SR6.T5.F3 >35 6/ 8 12/ 1 18/ 8 24/ 1 30/ 8 0 69 –SR6.T5.F3.AF >35 12/ 1 24/ 1 – – – – – – 0 58 –FL4.T1.F3 25 10/ 2 20/ 5 30/ 2 – – – – 5 97 0.75FL6.T1.F3 20 10/ 2 20/ 5 30/ 2 – – – – 5 97 0.90FL8.T1.F3 20 10/ 2 20/ 5 30/ 2 – – – 5 97 0.71SR3.T1.F3 >35 6/ 8 12/ 2 18/ 8 24/ 2 30/ 8 0 66 0.71SR3.T1.F3.AF >35 12/ 2 24/ 2 – – – – – – 0 55 0.71SR5.T1.F3 >35 6/ 8 12/ 2 18/ 8 24/ 2 30/ 8 0 66 0.69SR5.T1.F3.AF >35 12/ 2 24/ 2 – – – – – – 0 55 0.69

Notes: YS – year in service; MT – maintenance treatment (Table 5).

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pavement designed for the higher traffic category (T1) were also calculated, as the indicator of environmental costs.

4. Calculation and assessment of life-cycle costs

The information on costs of pavement construction and maintenance works was gathered from the Road Agency database concerning costs of paving works performed during the year of 2007 in Portugal. For each activity, the minimum, maximum and average unit costs were gath-ered. The life-cycle costs associated with each of the pave-ment alternatives considered were analyzed using NPV for an analysis period of 35 years and a 3% discount rate. The total NPV for each structure was the sum of three compo-nents: the initial construction cost, the total maintenance cost and the residual value at the end of the analysis period. The residual value is negative, which in the present study was estimated on the basis of the cost of the last structural rehabilitation, multiplied by its relative damage at the end of the analysis period (residual life divided by total design life) (NCHRP 2004). For the pavement structures that had no structural rehabilitation during the analysis period, the residual value was zero. Fig. 2 presents the total NPV of the selected structures, split into two components: initial construction costs; maintenance costs minus the respec-tive residual values at the end of the analysis period.

The results presented in Fig. 2 show that, for this par-ticular case study, the life-cycle costs of flexible structures are lower than the ones for semi-rigid structures, for the lower traffic category (T5). For higher traffic volumes (T1), semi-rigid structures are more economic in the long term, even if they have higher construction costs.

It can also be seen, in the examples presented in this paper, that the pavement structures that include a soil-ce-ment sub-base – FL9 and SR6, for lighter traffic and FL8 and SR5 for the heavier traffic – are more economic than the corresponding structures with granular sub-bases. When we compare the life-cycle costs of semi-rigid pave-ments with anti-reflective cracking measures – referenced as AF – with the costs associated with similar structures without such measures, we conclude that the differences in the total life-cycle costs are insignificant. However, the use

of anti-reflective cracking measures minimizes the need for crack sealing interventions and therefore, will result in lower user costs due to maintenance (Antunes et al. 2008).

Finally, a sensitivity analysis of discount rate was per-formed in order to assess if it could influence significant-ly the previous mentioned results, using values from 3% to 20%. Fig. 3a shows that, for lighter traffic, the results are similar to the ones achieved with a 3% discount rate in terms of the most economical structures. However, for heavier traffic, if it were considered higher discount rates (over 8%) the flexible pavement structures are always pre-ferable (Fig. 3b). The higher maintenance costs of flexi-ble pavement structures contribute decisively to this fact.

Fig. 2. Total NPV associated with pavement structures: a – traffic T5; b – traffic T1

Fig. 3. Sensitivity analysis of the total NPV in relation to the discount rate: a – traffic T5; b – traffic T1

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The use of discount rate has the underlying assumption of equal inflation rates for all the materials used. In the presence of distinct materials such as asphalt and cement related product, the inflation rates for each case may be significantly different and affect the LCCA results (Mack 2012). However, based on the available data, this effect was not considered.

As referred, apart from the direct costs related to construction and maintenance directly supported by the road administration, there are other costs associated with pavement construction and maintenance that should be taken into account in LCCA studies, such as user costs due to traffic constrains during maintenance, or environmental costs corresponding to the use of raw materials and CO2

emissions due to paving works. Although user costs and environmental costs are not easily quantifiable, specifically in a life cycle context, some indicators like the duration of road works or volume of materials used and deposited due to road works can be used for the purpose of comparing different solutions.

The duration of maintenance works associated to each maintenance task considered in Table  5 were estimated from the database produced by COST 343 (COST 2003) and from interviews with road construction companies. The total durations of road works per 10 km lane associa-ted with each treatment are presented in Table 5. The total duration of road works (excluding initial construction) as-sociated with different pavement solutions during the ana-lysis period was calculated (Table 6).

From the results presented above, it can be seen that there is a significant difference in the total duration of road works (and therefore user costs) between flexible and se-mi-rigid pavements, for higher traffic volumes. For lower volumes, the influence of the type of structure is not so important, since distresses associated with ageing will be more critical then traffic associated distresses. The volume of materials used and removed from the pavements during construction and maintenance of each pavement designed for the higher traffic category (T1) was also calculated, as an indicator of environmental costs associated with mate-rials (Antunes et al. 2008).

5. Multi-criteria analysis

Using the NPV values calculated for different alternatives (administration costs), as well as the indicators presented above for user costs and environmental costs, a multi-crite-ria analysis can be performed for the comparison of differ-ent paving solutions. This analysis resulted from the com-bination of normalized costs, where for the worst solution, considered for each type of cost, was given the value of zero and for the best the value of one (Valadares et al. 1996).

In this context, the weighting coefficients, in percen-tage and assigned to each attribute, reflect the decision ma-ker’s preferences. In the absence of these weights, it is useful to perform a sensitivity analysis for both user and environ-mental costs weights in the alternative global evaluation. Regarding user costs, Fig. 4 shows the effect of user costs weighting coefficient in the global result (considering NPV and user costs). Fig. 5 shows the effect of environmental costs weighting coefficient for higher traffic structures (T1).

The results presented in Fig. 4 shows that, although flexible pavement structures for low traffic categories have lower NPV, semi-rigid structures with anti-reflective crac-king measures will have a higher ranking when the weight assigned to user costs is higher, due to the lower need of future interventions. For higher traffic structures (T1), also due the lower maintenance needs, semi-rigid structu-res perform better when user costs are considered more important (Fig. 4). Figs 4 and 5 illustrate that semi-rigid pavement structures and flexible structures with soil-ce-ment sub-bases have a better classification even when the

Fig. 4. Sensitivity analysis of the global evaluation in relation to the user costs: a – traffic T5; b – traffic T1

Fig. 5. Sensitivity analysis of the global evaluation in relation to the environmental costs (traffic T1)

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The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, 11(1): 43–52 51

relative weight assigned to user costs or environmental costs is modest.

These results were obtained following a determinis-tic approach. However, the pavement performance mo-dels are necessarily a source of variability regarding the prediction of long term future condition. Also the existing price volatility of pavement materials should guide further developments of LCCA studies to a stochastic approach (Pittenger et al. 2012).

6. Conclusions

1. The work presented in this paper concerns the life-cycle cost analysis of different flexible and semi-rigid paving al-ternatives and a new framework is described with the ob-jective to contribute for a better support in the decision process when designing new pavement structures.

2. The performance models needed to the pavement distresses evaluation are a fundamental issue in the analy-sis due to their relation to the maintenance and rehabilita-tion strategies. The most important distress mechanisms in the case of flexible and semi-rigid pavements are: fa-tigue cracking originated in the bituminous and cement-bound layers; permanent deformation or rutting; surface cracking, predominantly in the wheel path; reflective crac-king on semi-rigid pavements; deterioration of skid resi-stance. Both, the proposed models and the maintenance and rehabilitation strategies, have taken into consideration the results from long term performance studies and the best current practice in the European context.

3. The use of semi-rigid pavement structures is an in-teresting alternative to the more common flexible pavement structures, especially for roads with higher traffic volumes. For the same traffic volume and subgrade category, pave-ment structures with soil-cement sub-bases are generally more economic then the ones with granular sub-bases.

4. Net present values calculated for different alter-natives are important inputs for multi-criteria analysis of different paving solutions, taking into account user costs associated with the application of maintenance treatments and environmental costs. Although user costs due to road works are difficult to quantify, it was demonstrated that the total duration of road works per 10 km lane could be used as a good indicator for the comparison of different pave-ment alternatives from this point of view. The total volume of materials involved in road building and maintenance operations can also be taken as an indicator for the envi-ronmental costs associated with raw materials expenditure and landfill volumes.

5. Using the above indicators together with the net present values, a multi-criteria analysis was proposed for the comparison of the different paving solutions. It was de-monstrated that this methodology could be a simple and useful tool in order to achieve the most adequate paving solutions of a road network, in terms of construction and maintenance activities, based simultaneously on technical, economic and environmental criteria.

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Antunes, M. L.; Marecos, V.; Neves, J.; Morgado, J. 2008. Econom-ical Evaluation of Different Paving Solutions through the Life-cycle Assessment of Road Infrastructures. Report No. 37/2009 NIRA. LIsbon: LNEC (in Portuguese).

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Pavement Design Method. Final Report of the Action. European Commission. Directorate General Transport. Brussels.

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Management. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company. 583 p. Hall, K. T.; Correa, C. E.; Carpenter, S. H.; Elliot, R. P. 2003.

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Received 12 August 2013; accepted 24 February 2014

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ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2016 Volume 11(1): I a–I c

Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika

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ABSTRACTS IN LITHUANIAN

Władysław Koc, Katarzyna Palikowska. 2016. Skirtingo išlinkio susijungiančių maršrutų modeliavimas, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 1–10.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje pateikiamas naujas bendrasis maršruto dalių išlinkio modeliavimas naudojant diferen-cialines lygtis. Šis metodas leidžia sujungti skirtingo išlinkio maršruto dalis. Linijinių ir netiesinių kreivių virsmo kreivės buvo nustatytos susijungiant dviem apskritiems lankams, pagal S formos ir C ovalius perėjimus. Gautosios S formos kreivės buvo palygintos su kubinėmis C Bezė kreivėmis ir su Pitagoro hodografo kvantine Bezė kreive, naudojant pagreičio šoninio pokyčio diagramą ir dinaminį modelį. Dinaminių savybių analizė parodė netiesinio iškrypimo gautos virsmo kreivės pranašumą prieš Bezė kreives.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: išlinkis, Bezė kreivė, diferencialinės lygtys, dinaminė analizė, šoninio pagreičio pokytis, virsmo kreivė.

Marco Domaneschi, Maria Pina Limongelli, Luca Martinelli. 2016. Vėjo sukeltos žalos kabančiam tiltui lokalizacija, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 11–21.

Santrauka. Pagrindinis dėmesys straipsnyje skiriamas neseniai pasiūlytam vėjo padarytos žalos lokalizacijos metodo plėtojimui. Vėjo sukeltos ilgaamžių tiltų vibracijos gali būti registruojamos neuždarant infrastruktūros eismui, suteikiančios naudingų duomenų sveikatos stebėsenos tikslais. Viena pagrindinė žalos identifikavimo problema – ant pažeistų nekilnojamųjų konstrukcijų įrašyti riboti duomenys. Detalus įtempio elemento modelis, galintis taisyklingai ir patikimai atkurti nekilnojamųjų konstrukcijų funkcionavimą pagal aplinkos sužadinimą, gali būti neįkainojama priemonė, leidžianti modeliuoti keletą skirtingų pažeidimo scenarijų ir patikrinti bet kurios stebėjimo siste-mos veikimą. Šiame darbe panaudotas esančio ilgaamžio tilto kalibruoto įtempio elemento modelis, taikomas struktūrinei reakcijai į vėją imituoti. Keletas žalos scenarijų imituojami kitoje vietoje ir skirtingu sunkumu siekiant patikrinti priimto identifikacinio metodo jautrumą. Ilgio ir triukšmo trikdžių duomenys taip pat tiriami.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: žalos lokalizacija, įtempio elementas, ilgaamžis tiltas, stebėsena, triukšmas, vėjas.

Tomas Skuturna, Juozas Valivonis. 2016. Tiltų plokščių, armuotų FRP strypais, laikomosios galios skaičiavimo metodų įvertinimas, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 22–34.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje pateikiamas betoninių elementų, armuotų kompozitine pluošto armatūra, laikomosios galios skaičiavimo metodų statistinis tyrimas. Siekiant atlikti tyrimą, buvo surinkta eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatų duomenų bazė. Laikomoji galia apskaičiuota remiantis trimis projektavimo rekomendacijomis. Siekiant nustatyti statistinį eksperimentinių ir teorinių duomenų pasiskirstymą, naudotas Wilk ir Shapiro testas. Atliekant skaičiavimo metodų statistinę analizę, patikrintos statistinės hipotezės apie skirtumus tarp teorinių ir eksperimentinių laikomo-sios galios reikšmių. Pasiūlytas patikimumo koeficientas skaičiavimo metodų tikslumui įvertinti.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: betoninė tilto plokštė, FRP strypinė armatūra, skaičiavimo metodai, statistinė analizė.

Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk, Agnieszka Molendowska, Adam Kłak. 2016. Plieno pluošto savaime sutankėjančio betono, skirto šaligatviams, atsparumas šalčiui, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 35–42.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje pateikiami rezultatai, gauti naudojant savaime sutankėjančio betono su skirtingu plieno pluošto kiekiu. Buvo paruoštas standartinis savaime sutankėjančio betono mišinys. Vėliau jis pakeistas įdėjus plieno pluošto 0‒60 kg/m3, taip pat taikytas oro tiekimo polimerinėmis mikrosferomis būdas (skersmuo – 40 µm). Pagrin-dinis šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti plieno pluošto ir oro poveikį savaime sutankėjančio betono mišinio savybėms, taip pat grūdinto betono ilgaamžiškumą šalčiui. Vidinis skilinėjimas ir atsparumo pleišėjimui įvertinimas įtrauktas į ciklinį užšaldymo ir atšildymo procesą atliekant bandymus. Ore užšaldytos dvi sijos, kitos dvi sijos buvo iš dalies pa-

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nardintos į vandenį ir tada užšaldytos. Atsparumas pleišėjimui buvo išbandytas taikant plokštės metodą bandiniams, kurių paviršius supjaustytas, ir bandiniams, kurių paviršius natūralus. Ne oru pernešamas plieno pluoštu sustiprintas betonas, neskaitant didelės bandinių stiprumo klasės (C55/67–C60/75) ir vidutinės absorbcijos (4,34–5,11 %), parodė nepatenkinamą atsparumą vidiniam skilinėjimui ir pleišėjimui. Iš dalies į vandenį panardintos sijos suskilo po 100 užšaldymo ir atšildymo ciklų. Bandymo rezultatai rodo, kad oro tiekimo polimerinėmis mikrosferomis metodas yra efektyvesnis ir leidžia išgauti geresnius oro porų struktūros parametrus bei atsparumo šalčiui rezultatus. Bandiniai, kurių paviršius padengtas iš viršaus, patyrė mažiau žalos atliekant atsparumo pleišėjimui bandymus, palyginti su bandymais, atliekamais su pjaustytu paviršiumi.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: oro pernešimas, užšaldymo ir atšildymo ilgaamžiškumas, mikrosferos, savaime sutankėjantis betonas, plieno pluoštas.

Maria de Lurdes Antunes, Vânia Marecos, José Neves, João Morgado. 2016. Kelio infrastruktūros dangos sprendimai paremti gyvavimo ciklo vertinimu, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 43–52.

Santrauka. Kelių tinklo statybai ir priežiūrai reikia didelių biudžeto išlaidų. Todėl projektuotojai ir sprendimų vykdytojai turėtų turėti geriausias priemones kelio dangos sprendimams kiekvienoje konkrečioje situacijoje, kad optimizuotų kelio infrastruktūros investicijas. Gyvavimo ciklo įvertinimas – svarbi priemonė priimant sprendimus dėl skirtingų kelio dangų. Straipsnyje pristatoma skirtingų lanksčiųjų ir pusiau standžių kelio dangos alternatyvų gy-vavimo ciklo sąnaudų analizės studija, tikslingai paremti bendradarbiavimą priimant naujų kelio dangos konstrukcijų projektavimo sprendimus. Analizė buvo atliekama naudojant tipinių kelio dangos konstrukcijų sąnaudų duomenis ir atsižvelgiant į tinkamus kiekvienos parinktos konstrukcijos rūšies veikimo modelius. Modeliai buvo patikrinti naudojant ilgalaikių veiklos tyrimų visoje Europoje rezultatus. Pasirinktos priežiūros strategijos atsižvelgė į praktiką Europos kontekste. Be gyvavimo ciklo administravimo išlaidų, pasiūlyta metodologija taip pat nagrinėja vartotojo ir aplinkos išlaidas jų įtraukimo į sprendimų procesą požiūriu, naudojant daug kriterijų turinčią analizę. Buvo parodyta, kad ši metodologija gali būti paprasta ir naudinga priemonė, padedanti pasiekti pačių tinkamiausių kelių tinklo dan-gos sprendimų, kalbant apie projektavimo ir priežiūros veiklas, tuo pat metu grindžiamas techniniais, ekonominiais ir aplinkos kriterijais.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: kelias, kelio danga, gyvavimo ciklas, projektavimas, priežiūra, išlaidos.

Zigang Xu, Qiang Han, Chao Huang. 2016. Gelžbetoninių stačiakampių tuščiavidurio skerspjūvio kolonų būklės vertinimas veikiant ašiniam gniuždymui ir dviašiam lenkimui, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 53–61.

Santrauka. Norint įvertinti gelžbetoninių kolonų su stačiakampe tuščiavidure sekcija funkcionavimą, taikomą ašiniam suspaudimui ir dviašiam palenkimui, keliamosios galios ir momentinio iškrypimo santykio skaičiavimo formulė išvesta pagal neutraliosios ašies pasiskirstymą. Šiomis formulėmis grindžiami ir analizuojami trijų gelžbetoninių tiltų su stačiakampe tuščiavidure atkarpa pavyzdžiai, jų keliamoji galia ir sukimosi plastiškumas, pagal ašinio suspaudimo laipsnį armatūros ir kilpos santykį. Mx–My sąveikos kreivės ir tilto kolonų pavyzdžių momentinio išlinkio kreivės kilo iš teorinio skaičiavimo, gerai sutampančio su eksperimentiniais duomenimis, gautais iš ciklinio bandymo pavyzdžių pagal ašinį suspaudimą ir dviašį lenkimą. Rezultatai rodo, kad P–Mx–My sąveika turi didelį poveikį gelžbetoninių kolonų su stačiakampe tuščiavidure atkarpa funkcionavimui. Jeigu šie sąveikos poveikiai ig-noruojami, tada apkrova ir deformacija yra pervertinamos, ir šis faktas gali būti lemiamas dizaino požiūriu.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: dviašis lenkimas, tilto kolona, deformacija, keliamoji galia, stačiakampė tuščiavidurė at-karpa.

Jiří Ambros, Veronika Valentová. 2016. Kelio trasos neatitikimų identifikavimas – bandomasis tyrimas iš Čekijos, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 62–69.

Santrauka. Esama problema ‒ netinkamo važiavimo greičio pasekmės, susijusios su horizontaliu Čekijos kaimo kelių sureguliavimu. Nuoseklumo suderinimo vertinimas, t. y. laipsnis, pagal kurį kelias yra suprojektuotas ir sukon-struotas, kad būtų išvengta kritinių posūkių, buvo žinomas kaip viena iš perspektyviausių priemonių šioje srityje. Pateikto bandomojo tyrimo tikslai: 1) įrodyti praktinį pritaikymą istoriniam kaimo keliui, trūkstant konstrukcinių duomenų, naudojant pigias technologijas; 2) ištirti gautų lygiavimo nuoseklumo priemonių ryšį su tikruoju saugu-mu; 3) pasiūlyti tolesnius veiksmus praktiniam įgyvendinimui, pvz., kelių eismo tarnybos poreikiams. Atsižvelgiant į šiuos tikslus ir peržiūrint literatūros išvadas, duomenims rinkti buvo pasirinkta GPS technologija, siekiant suderinti nuoseklumo lygius. Bandomojo kelio kaimo atkarpa buvo maždaug 2,5 km ilgio ir susidėjo iš trijų tiesių atkarpų ir trijų tiesių kreivių. Centrinės trajektorijos apibrėžimas, horizontalaus lygiavimo elementai ir segmentacija, nuoseklu-mo priemonių skaičiavimas ir neatitikimų identifikavimas buvo įtraukti į duomenų apdorojimą. Pateikiami rezulta-

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tai apie atskirų kreivių nuoseklumo lygį, patvirtinus eismo įvykių duomenų analizės rezultatus. Gale pateikiama ir aprašoma keletas praktinių taikymų.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: kaimo kelias, horizontalus lygiavimas, nuoseklumas, greitis, eismo įvykis, saugumas.

Raitis Lacis. 2016. Apvalių tuštymėtųjų ertmių jungtys medienos ir betono sudėtiniuose konstrukciniuose elementuose, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 70–76.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje pateikiami medienos ir betono konstrukcinių jungčių, taikomų (bet ne ribojamų) kelių/pėsčiųjų tiltams laboratorijos bandymų rezultatai. Išbandyti elementai yra atskiros apvalių tuščiavidurių dalių jungtys, įmontuotos į priklijuotų konstrukcijos elementų angas, įgręžtas iš anksto. Atliekami dviejų jungčių grupių simetriniai išstūmimo testai: 1) su neišimta medienos šerdimi; be tarpsluoksnių tarp medienos ir betono; 2) su betonu atnaujinta šerdimi vietoj medienos šerdies; hidroizoliacinis membranos tarpsluoksnis tarp betono ir medienos elementų. Pagrin-diniai statybiniai/ struktūriniai jungčių elementai yra įtaisyti naudojant didžiausią kerpamąją jėgą ir slydimo modulį. Nustatyti jungčių standumo ir didžiausios kerpamosios jėgos ryšiai ir trumpai aptarti nepakankami mechanizmai.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: tiltai, apvalios tuštymėtosios ertmės, sudėtiniai elementai, jungtys, klijuotosios konstruk-cijos elementas, šlyties testas, slydimo modulis, mediena ir betonas.

Kateryna Krayushkina, Olegas Prentkovskis, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Johny Gigineishvili, Aleksandra Skrypchenko, Alfredas Laurinavičius, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Jurijus Tretjakovas. 2016. Bazalto pluošto armuojančių gijų naudojimo perspektyvos tiesiant ir rekonstruojant automobilių kelių bei aerodromų kilimo ir tūpimo takų dangas, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 77–83.

Santrauka. Senstant kelių transporto infrastruktūrai, daugelis agentūrų visame pasaulyje yra sutelkusios dėmesį į paklotų dangų atnaujinimą ir tobulinimą. Tai reiškia, kad nusimato daug kelio dangos atnaujinimo darbų. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad kasmet sparčiai didėja transporto priemonių eismo intensyvumas, kelio dangos atnaujinimo darbų sąlygos tampa vis griežtesnės. Dėl to svarbu suprojektuoti ir nutiesti naujus kelius arba atnaujinti esamų kelių dangas, suteikiant joms didesnį ilgaamžiškumą, tinkamą šiurkštumą ir glotnumą, kas savo ruožtu leidžia padidinti tarpremontinius inter-valus. Bazalto pluošto naudojimas kelio dangose leido pagerinti jų patvarumą bei gerąja prasme pakeisti asfaltbetonio ir cementbetonio mišinių fizines ir mechanines savybes. Straipsnyje pateikiama naujų duomenų ir įžvalgų apie bazalto pluošto naudojimo asfaltbetonio ir cementbetonio mišiniuose. Duomenys gauti atliekant teorines ir eksperimen-tines studijas. Rezultatai gali būti naudingi projektuojant, tiesiant ir rekonstruojant automobilių kelių bei aerodromų kilimo ir tūpimo takų dangas.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: pluoštas, ilgaamžiškumas, mišinys, kelio danga, armuojančios gijos.

Ainars Paeglitis, Andris Freimanis. 2016. Pastovios trukmės ir linijinio metodo įtakos palyginimas su ilgaamžių tiltų apkrovos skaičiavimais, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 84–91.

Santrauka. Eismo apkrovos modeliai, prieinami statybos standartuose, dažniausiai pritaikyti trumpos ar vidutinės gyvavimo trukmės tiltams. Tačiau būtina plėtoti tik ilgaamžių tiltų eismo apkrovos modelius dėl pačių nepalankiausių skirtingų eismo situacijų. Šioje studijoje buvo panaudoti sistemų, pasveriančių transporto priemonę jai judant A1 ir A3 magistralėmis, duomenys. Matavimo paklaidos iš duomenų buvo ištrintos naudojant dvi filtrų grupes. Pirmoji grupė buvo grindžiama transporto priemonių galiojimo kodais, registruojamais abiejų sistemų. Jeigu kokios nors aplinkybės galėjo turėti įtakos matavimui, antroji grupė atrinko duomenis, taikydama bendruosius filtrus visoms transporto priemonėms ir specialiuosius filtrus sunkvežimiams bei lengviesiems automobiliams. Papildo-mai transporto priemonės buvo pritaikytos temperatūros įtakai. Duomenų atranka padidino vidutinių transporto priemonių apkrovą. Šeši eismo scenarijai, kiekvienas su skirtingu automobilių procentu eisme, buvo sukurti sieki-ant įvertinti apkrovų skirtumą. Ilgaamžių tiltų eismo apkrovos buvo apskaičiuotos dviem būdais: pirmuoju darant ilgaamžiškumo prielaidą, antruoju naudojant šiuo metu projektuojamo tilto įtakos linijas. Apkrovoms apskaičiuoti buvo panaudotas Gumbelio pasiskirstymas. Rezultatai rodo, kad dėl linijinės įtakos susidaro didesnės apkrovos. Tačiau apkrovos padidėjimas galėjo būti sukeltas dėl padidėjusios transporto priemonės masės.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: tiltas, duomenų atrinkimas, apkrovos, apkrovos modeliavimas, ilgaamžiai tiltai, judančių transporto priemonių svėrimo sistemos (WIM).

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THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2016 Volume 11(1): II a–II c

Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika

http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt

ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH

Władysław Koc, Katarzyna Palikowska. 2016. Ceļa posmu ar dažādu liekumu savienojuma posmu modelēšana, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 1–10.

Kopsavilkums. Dotajā rakstā prezentēta jauna vispārīga metode, kas ļauj modelēt ceļa posmu liekumu, izman-tojot diferenciālvienādojumus. Metode ļauj savienot ceļu posmus ar atšķirīgu liekumu. Divu riņķveida loku savieno-juma gadījumam ar S veida un C ovālo pārejas līknēm izmantotas pārejas līknes ar lineāru un nelineāru liekumu. Ar laterālā paātrinājuma izmaiņu diagrammu un dinamisko modeli savā starpā salīdzinātas autoru izmantotā S veida līkne, kubiskā C-Bezjē līkne un Pitagora hodogrāfiskā Bezjē līkne. Ar dinamisko īpašību analīzes palīdzību pierādītas autoru piedāvātās pārejas līknes ar nelineāru liekumu priekšrocības salīdzinājumā ar Bezjē līknēm.

Atslēgvārdi: liekums, Bezjē līknes, diferenciālvienādojumi, dinamiskā analīze, autoceļš, paātrinājuma laterālas izmaiņas, pārejas līkne.

Marco Domaneschi, Maria Pina Limongelli, Luca Martinelli. 2016. Vēja radītu bojājumu lokalizācija iekārtajam tiltam, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 11–21.

Kopsavilkums. Raksts koncentrējas uz nesen izstrādātas bojājumu lokalizācijas metodes papildināšanu. Tā ņēma vērā to, ka konstrukcija tiek pakļauta zināmam vibrācijām, kuras rada nezināmas vēja slodzes iedarbība. Vēja izraisītas vibrācijas, kas gara laiduma tiltiem var ierakstīt, neslēdzot tiltu satiksmei, tādā veidā iegūstot noderīgu informāciju par tilta stāvokli. Viena no svarīgākajām datu identifikācijas problēmām lielām konstrukcijām ir nepi-etiekamais datu daudzums par reālo konstrukcijas stāvokli. Detalizēti izstrādāts galīgo elementu modelis, kas spēj pareizi un ticami atveidot apkārtējo iedarbju ietekmi uz reālu konstrukciju darbību, var būt nenovērtējams rīks, kas ļauj modelēt vairākus bojājumu attīstības scenārijus, tā pārbaudot jebkuras monitoringa sistēmas veiktspēju. Šajā pētījumā tiek pielietots liela laiduma iekārtā tilta kalibrēts galīgo elementu modelis, lai modelētu konstrukcijas reakciju uz vēja darbību. Lai pārbaudītu izstrādātās identifikācijas metodes jūtīgumu, tika modelēti vairāki bojājumu attīstības scenāriji ar dažādu bojājumu izvietojumu un bojājumu nopietnību. Kā arī tika pētīts iegūstamo datu jūtīgums uz garuma un trokšņa ietekmi.

Atslēgvārdi: bojājuma lokalizācija, galīgais elements, liela laiduma tilts, monitorings, troksnis, vējš.

Tomas Skuturna, Juozas Valivonis. 2016. Ar stiegrota plastikāta stiegrojumu stiegrotas brauktuves klātnes momenta pretestības aprēķina metodes novērtējums, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 22–34.

Kopsavilkums. Aprēķina metodes statiskā izpēte lielākā aprēķina momenta noteikšanai betona elemen-tiem ar stiegrota plastikāta stiegrojumu. Tika izveidota datubāze ar eksperimentāli iegūtiem rezultātiem. Lielākā momenta pretestības tika noteikta, izmantojot trīs aprēķina metodes. Wilka-Šapiro tests tika izmantots, lai noteiktu eksperimentālo un teorētisko datu izkliedi. Lai novērtētu aprēķina metodes, tika veikti statiski pētījumi, testējot hipotēzes par teorētisko un eksperimentālo rezultātu starpību novērtējumu. Tiek piedāvāts, aprēķinu metodes precizitātes novērtēšanai, ieviest ticamības koeficientu.

Atslēgvārdi: tilta betona klājs, stiegrota plastikāta stiegrojums, projektēšanas metodes, statiskā analīze.

Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk, Agnieszka Molendowska, Adam Kłak. 2016. Ar tērauda šķiedrām stiegrota pašblīvējoša autoceļa segu betona salturība, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 35–42.

Kopsavilkums. Dotajā rakstā parādīti pašsablīvējoša betona ar dažādu tērauda šķiedru piemaisījumu izpētes rezultāti. Par references maisījumu izvēlēts betons ar ūdens/cementa attiecību 0.33, kuru modificēja ar tērauda šķiedrām apjomā 0–60 kg/m3 un gaisa poras veidojošām polimēra mikrosfērām 40 µm diametrā. Pētījuma galvenais mērķis bija izpētīt tērauda šķiedru un gaisa satura ietekmi uz pašsablīvējoša betona javas īpašībām un sacietējuša betona

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salturību. Salizturības testu gaitā tika izvērtēta betona paraugu iekšējo plaisu veidošanās un izdrupšanas pretestība – divas sijas sasaldēja gaisa vidē un divas sijas pirms sasaldēšanas daļēji iegremdēja ūdenī un tad sasaldēja. Izdrupšanas pretestību pārbaudīja paraugiem ar nozāģētu virsmu un ar dabiski izveidojušos virsmu. Ar tērauda šķiedru stiegrotais betons bet bez gaisa poru veidojošajām piedevām, neskatoties uz tā augsto stiprību (C55/67–C60/75) un vidēju ūdens absorbciju (4.34–5.11%), uzrādīja neapmierinošu kā izdrupšanas pretestību tā arī pretestību iekšējo plaisu veidošanās procesam. Daļēji ūdenī iegremdētās sijas sabruka pēc 100 sasalšanas – atkušanas cikliem, kas norāda uz būtisku ūdens absorbcijas ietekmi sasalšanas – atkušanas ciklu gaitā un sabrukšanas procesa paātrināšanu. Pārbaužu rezultāti pierādīja, ka gaisa poru veidošana ar polimēra mikrosfērām ir ļoti efektīva metode, kas ļauj sasniegt labus gaisa poru parametrus un salizturības rezultātus. Izdrupšanas pretestības testu gaitā noskaidrots, ka paraugi ar teicami sagata-votu virsmu uzrādīja mazākus bojājumus salīdzinājumā ar paraugiem ar zāģētu virsmu.

Atslēgvārdi: gaisa poru veidošana betonā, salizturība, mikrosfēras, pasblīvējošs betons, tērauda šķiedras.

Maria de Lurdes Antunes, Vânia Marecos, José Neves, João Morgado. 2016. Uz darbmūža izvērtējumu balstīts lēmums par segas risinājumiem ceļu tīklā, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 43–52.

Kopsavilkums. Autoceļu tīkla būvniecībai un uzturēšanai nepieciešami lieli līdzekļi un līdz ar to lēmumu pieņēmējiem nepieciešami instrumenti, kas ļautu pieņemt vispiemērotākos lēmumus par segas konstrukciju katrā konkrētajā situācijā, kas ļautu optimizēt investīcijas ceļu nozarē. Šim nolūkam piemērota metode ir ceļa segas darbmūža izvērtēšana. Dotajā rakstā parādīti pētījuma rezultāti par dažādu alternatīvu elastīgu un daļēji elastīgu segu darbmūža izmaksu analīzi, kas palīdz labāk pamatot izvēli, projektējot jaunas segas. Analīzē izmantoti dati par konkrētās segas konstrukcijas būvniecības izmaksām un ņemti vērā katram izvēlēto konstrukciju tipam atbilstošie darbības modeļi. Modeļi kalibrēti ar Eiropā veikto ilgtermiņa darbības modeļu pētījuma datiem, un ņemta vērā ierastā uzturēšanas stratēģiju prakse Eiropā. Bez darbmūža administratīvajām izmaksām piedāvātā metodoloģija ar daudzkritēriju analīzes palīdzību ņem vērā uz lietotāju un apkārtējo vidi attiecināmās izmaksas. Rakstā parādīts, ka šī metodoloģija varētu būt vienkārša un lietderīga, palīdzot gan no būvniecības gan uzturēšanas viedokļa raugoties, pieņemt lēmumu par adekvātu segas konstrukcijas risinājumu ceļu tīklā, kas vienlaicīgi balstīti uz tehniskiem, ekono-miskiem un apkārtējas vides kritērijiem.

Atslēgvārdi: ceļš, sega, darbmūžs, bojājumi, būvniecība, uzturēšana.

Zigang Xu, Qiang Han, Chao Huang. 2016. Aksiālai spiedei divasu liecē pakļautas stiegrotas betona kolonnas ar taisnstūra veida dobu šķērsgriezumu īpašību noteikšana, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 53–61.

Kopsavilkums. Lai novērtētu aksiālai spiedei divasu liecē pakļautas stiegrotas betona kolonnas ar taisnstūra veida dobu šķērsgriezumu īpašības, šajā rakstā ir iegūta formula nestspējas un momenta-liekuma attiecībai, saskaņā ar neitrālās ass izkliedes tipu. Tiek analizēta trīs dzelzsbetona kolonnas ar taisnstūra veida dobu šķērsgriezumu pa-raugu kontrolētās apakšējās sekcijas nestspēja un rotācijas spēja pie dažādas spiedes lieluma attiecības, stiegrojuma un aptveru satura. Teorētisku aprēķinu rezultātā iegūtās tilta kolonnu paraugu Mx–My un momenta-liekuma līknes labi sakrita ar eksperimentāli iegūtajiem rezultātiem cikliski testējot trīs paraugus ass spiedē un divasu liecē. Iegūtie rezultāti parādīja, ka P–Mx–My mijiedarbībai ir būtiska ietekme uz dzelzsbetona kolonnas ar taisnstūra veida dobu šķērsgriezumu īpašībām. Ja šo mijiedarbības efektu ignorē, tad nestspēju un deformācijas var novērtēt par augstu un no projektēšanas viedokļa, tad tas var būt izšķiroši.

Atslēgvārdi: divasu liece, tilta kolonnas, deformācijas, nestspēja, taisnstūra veida dobs šķērsgriezums.

Jiří Ambros, Veronika Valentová. 2016. Autoceļa plāna nepilnību identifikācija – pilotpētījums Čehijas republikā, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 62–69.

Kopsavilkums. Uz Čehijas ceļiem ārpus apdzīvotajām vietām neveiksmīga autoceļu plāna risinājumu dēļ ir problēmas ar ātruma izvēli. Plānojuma secīguma izvērtējums, t.i. cik lielā mērā ceļa projekts un tā izbūve ļauj izvairīties no kritiskiem braukšanas manevriem, ir zināms kā daudzsološs šīs problēmas risināšanas rīks. Pilotstudi-jas mērķi bija (1) ar zemu izmaksu tehnoloģiju praktiski pārbaudīt metodi vēsturiskā ārpilsētu ceļā, par kuru nav pieejami projekta dati, (2) izpētīt plānojuma secīguma veidošanas metožu ietekmi uz satiksmes drošību, un (3) iet-eikt turpmākos praktiskās realizācijas pasākumus, piemēram, ceļu administrācijas vajadzībām. Ņemot vērā minētos mērķus un literatūras izpētes rezultātus, ar nolūku izmantot projekta risinājumu secīguma līmeņus, par datu vākšanas metodi tika izvēlēta GPS tehnoloģija. Pilotpētījumu posms bija aptuveni 2.5 km garš un to veidoja 3 taisnes un 3 plāna līknes. Datu apstrādes gaitā tika noteikta centrālā trajektorija, plāna elementi un segmentācija, aprēķināti secīguma īstenošanas pasākumi un noteiktas nepilnības. Aprēķinu rezultāti parādīti ar atsevišķu līkņu secīguma līmeņu palīdzību un validēti ar ceļu satiksmes negadījumu datu analīzes rezultātiem. Nobeigumā doti metodes praktiskas izmantošanas piemēri un apraksts.

Atslēgvārdi: ceļš ārpus apdzīvotas vietas, ceļa plāns, secīgums, ātrums, negadījums, drošība.

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Raitis Lacis. 2016. Cilindrveida savienojumi koka un betona kompozītos būvelementos, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 70–76.

Kopsavilkums. Rakstā atspoguļoti koka un betona savienotājlīdzekļu laboratorijas testu rezultāti, kuru pielietošana paredzēta galvenokārt gājēju un autosatiksmes tiltiem. Testētie elementi veidoti kā diskrēti cilindrveida savienojumi, kurus ievieto koksnē iepriekš izurbtās ligzdās. Simetriskas konfigurācijas bīdes testi veikti divu veida savienojumiem: 1) bez koksnes serdes izņemšanas urbumā un bez starpslāņa betona un koksnes kontakta virsmā; 2) aizvietojot koksnes serdi ar betona pildījumu, kā arī iestrādājot hidroizolācijas membrānu starp betona un koksnes materiālu virsmām. Testu gaitā noteikti galvenie konstruktīvie savienojumu parametri, tajā skaitā atteices nestspēja bīdē un izslīdes modulis. Tiek noteikta sakarība starp savienojumu stinguma īpašībām un atteices nestspēju bīdē, kā arī tiek sniegts atteices mehāniskā rakstura apraksts katrā no testa konfigurācijām.

Atslēgvārdi: apaļi cauruļveida profili, bīdes testi, cilindrveida pretbīdņi, izslīdes modulis, kompozīti elementi, līmētā koksne, savienojumi, koka un betona kompozīti, tilti.

Kateryna Krayushkina, Olegas Prentkovskis, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Johny Gigineishvili, Aleksandra Skrypchenko, Alfredas Laurinavičius, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Jurijus Tretjakovas. 2016. Bazalta šķiedru piedevas izmatošanas perspektīvas autoceļu segu būvniecībā, autoceļu un lidostu skrejceļu atjaunošanā, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 77–83.

Kopsavilkums. Reizē ar transporta infrastruktūras novecošanos visā pasaulē lielāka uzmanība tiek pievērsta eksistējošo segu uzlabošanai un atjaunošanai. Tas norāda uz ceļa darbu apjoma palielināšanos pie nepārtrauktas sa-tiksmes. Tā kā pēdējos gados palielinājies satiksmes apjoms, tad darba apstākļi uz ceļa ir sarežģījušies. Līdz ar to ir nepieciešams projektēt un būvēt segas ar garāku kalpošanas laiku, atbilstošu raupjumu un līdzenumu, kurām būtu garāki periodi starp periodiskās uzturēšanas darbiem. Bazalta šķiedru lietošana, pateicoties to izkliedes radītajam stie-grojumam, parādījusi, ka pagarinās betona un asfalta maisījumu darbmūžs un uzlabojas mehāniskās īpašības. Dotajā rakstā sniegti jauni dati par bazalta šķiedru lietošanu betonā un asfalta maisījumos, kas balstās uz teorētiskajiem un eksperimentālajiem pētījumiem un kas var būt noderīgi projektējot, būvējot un atjaunojot autoceļu un skrejceļu segas.

Atslēgvārdi: šķiedras, darbmūžs, maisījums, ceļa sega, stiegrojuma šķiedras.

Ainars Paeglitis, Andris Freimanis. 2016. Konstanta laiduma un ietekmes līniju metožu salīdzinājums gara laiduma tiltu slodžu aprēķinam, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 84–91.

Kopsavilkums. Būvniecības standartos pieejamie transporta slodzes modeļi pārsvarā tiek izstrādāti priekš īsa un vidēja laiduma tiltiem, taču ir svarīgi izstrādāt satiksmes slodzes modeļus gara laiduma tiltiem, jo visnelabvēlīgākās satiksmes situācijas ir atšķirīgas. Šajā rakstā tika izmantoti svēršanas gaitā sistēmu dati no autoceļiem A1 un A3. Mērījumu kļūdas datos tika iztīrītas, lietojot divas filtru grupas. Pirmā grupa balstījās uz atbilstības kodiem, ku-rus transportlīdzekļiem reģistrēja abas sistēmas, ja konstatēja jebkādus apstākļus, kas varēja ietekmēt mērījumus, otrā grupa tīrīja datus ar vispārējiem filtriem visiem transportlīdzekļiem un specifiskiem filtriem kravas un vieglajām automašīnām. Papildus transportlīdzekļus koriģēja pret temperatūras ietekmi. Datu tīrīšana palielināja transportlīdzekļu vidējo svaru, tādēļ tā uzskatāma par konservatīvu izvēli. Tika izveidoti seši satiksmes scenāriji, katrs ar dažādu vieglo automašīnu procentuālo daudzumu satiksmē, lai novērtētu slodžu mainību atkarībā no dažādiem satiksmes sastāviem. Satiksmes slodzes gara laiduma tiltiem tika aprēķinātas ar divām metodēm: pirmajā pieņemot konstantu laiduma garumu, otrajā, izmantojot ietekmes līnijas tiltam, kurš pašlaik atrodas skiču projekta stadijā. Aprēķinātajām slodzēm tika pieskaņots Gumbela sadalījums un tās ekstrapolētas līdz pārsniegšanas varbūtībai 5% 50  gadu periodā. Rezultāti rāda, ka ietekmes līniju metode dod augstākas slodzes kā konstanta laiduma metode. Rezultāti no abām metodēm bija lielāki par 1. Eirokodeksa Slodzes Modeli 1, taču palielinājumu varēja būt izraisījis arī transportlīdzekļu svara pieaugums.

Atslēgas vārdi: tilts, datu tīrīšana, slodzes, slodžu modelēšana, gara laiduma tilti, svēršana gaitā (WIM).

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THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2016 Volume 11(1): III a–III c

Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika

http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt

ABSTRACTS IN ESTONIAN

Władysław Koc, Katarzyna Palikowska. 2016. Erinevate plaanikõverike ühendussegmentide modelleerimine, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 1–10.

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis käsitletakse uut, diferetsiaalvõrranditel põhinevat trassikõverike segmentide modelleeri-mise meetodit. Meetod võimaldab ühendada erinevate kõverikega trassi segmente. Määratletakse lineaarsed ja mit-telineaarsed siirdekõverikud kahe ringikujulise kaare ühendamiseks S-kujulise ja C-ovaalse üleminekuga. Saadud S-kujulisi kõverikke võrreldakse C-Bezier kuupkõverikuga ja Pythagorose hodograafilise kvantitatiivse Bezier’i kõverikuga kasutades tsentrifugaaljõu muutuse kiirendusdiagrammi ja dünaamilist mudelit. Dünaamiliste omaduste analüüs näitas saadud mittelineaarse siirdekõveriku eelist Bexier’i kõverike ees.

Võtmesõnad: plaanikõverik, Bezier’i kõverik, diferentsiaalvõrrandid, dünaamika analüüsid, maantee, tsentrifu-gaaljõu muutuse kiirendusdiagramm.

Marco Domaneschi, Maria Pina Limongelli, Luca Martinelli. 2016. Tuule põhjustatud kahjustuse lokaliseerimine rippsillal, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 11–21.

Kokkuvõte. Artikkel käsitleb hiljuti pakutud kahjustuse lokaliseerimise meetodi laiendamist, mis oli määratud ehitistele, millele mõjus teadmata tuule tekitatud muutuv vibratsioon. Tuule tekitatud vibratsiooni saab määrata pi-kaavalistel sildadel ilma neid liikluseks sulgemata sildade seisukorra hindamiseks. Suurte ehitiste kahjustuste iden-tifitseerimise üheks peamiseks probleemiks on kahjustatud reaalsetes ehitistes registreeritud vähesed andmed. De-tailne lõplike elementide meetod, mis võimaldab korrektselt ja tõeselt taasesitada ehitise käitumist mõjuolukorras, võib olla väärtuslik tööriist simuleerimaks erinevaid kahjustusstsenaariume. Käesolevas töös kasutatakse konstrukt-siooni reaktsiooni hindamiseks tuule mõjule eksisteeriva pikaavalise silla kalibreeritud lõplike elementide meetodit. Simuleeritakse erinevaid kahjustusolukordi ja –ulatust erinevates asukohtades hindamaks kasutatava meetodi tund-likkust. Samuti uuriti andmete tundlikkust mõju kestusele ja müra häiringule.

Võtmesõnad: kahjustuse lokaliseerimine, lõplik element, pikaavaline sild, jälgimine, müra, tuul.

Tomas Skuturna, Juozas Valivonis. 2016. Plastkiuga armeeritud silladeki suurimate vastupanumomentide arvutusmeetodite hindamine, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 22–34.

Kokkuvõte. Esitatud on plastkiuga armeeritud betoonelementide suurimate momentide arvutamise meetodite statistiline uuring. Selleks koguti katseandmete baas. Suurimale momendile vastupanu arvutused teostati vastavalt kol-mele projekteerimissoovitusele. Wilk-Shapiro katset kasutati katseliste ja teoreetiliste andmete jaotuse määramiseks. Statistiline uuring arvutusmeetodite hindamiseks teostati hinnates statistilist hüpoteesi teoreetiliste ja eksperimentaal-sete andmete erinevusest. Soovitatud on arvutada tõenäosustegur arvutusmeetodi täpsuse hindamiseks.

Võtmesõnad: betoonsilla dekk, plastkiuga armeering, projekteerimismeetodid, statistiline analüüs.

Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk, Agnieszka Molendowska, Adam Kłak. 2016. Teraskiuga isetiheneva teekatte betooni külmakindlus, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 35–42.

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis esitatakse erineva teraskiusisaldusega isetiheneva betooni uuringutulemusi. Valmistati iseti-heneva betooni võrdlussegu vesitsementteguriga 0.33, millele lisati teraskiudu koguses 0–60 kg/m3 ja õhk haarati sisse polümeerist mikrosfääridega (40 µm diameeter). Uuringu peamiseks eesmärgiks oli teraskiu ja õhusisalduse mõju isetiheneva betoonsegu omadustele ja tardunud betooni külmakindlusele. Katsed sisaldasid samuti sisemise pra-gunemise ja ketendamise vastupanu hindamist külmumis-sulamistsüklitega mõjutatud proovikehades – kaks tala külmutati õhus ja kaks proovikeha paigutati osaliselt vette ja siis külmutati. Ketendamisvastupanu hinnati kasutades plaadi meetodit saetud pinnaga ja naturaalse pinnaga proovidel. Õhku täiendamvalt mitte sisaldavad teraskiuga

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betoonid, vaatamata nende suurele tugevusklassile (C55/67–C60/75) ja keskmisele absorbtsioonile (4.34–5.11%), näitasi mitterahuldavat vastupanu sisemisele pragunemisele ja ketendamisele. Osaliselt vette paigaldatud tala la-gunes peale sadat külmumis-sulamisttsüklit, mis kinnitab keskkonnast imenduva niiskuse suurt mõju külmumis-sulamisprotsessi ajal ja lagunemise kiirendamist. Katsetulemused näitava, et täiendava õhu haaramine polümeerist mikrosfääridega on väga efektiivne meetod ja võimaldab saavutada väga head õhupooride struktuurparameetrid ja külmakindluse tulemused. Pinnatöötlusega proovid näitasid võrreldes saetud pinnaga proovidega paremaid tulemusi ketendusvastupidavuse katsetes.

Võtmesõnad: õhu haaramine, külmumis-sulamisvastupidavus, mikrosfäärid, isetihenev betoon, teraskiud.

Maria de Lurdes Antunes, Vânia Marecos, José Neves, João Morgado. 2016. Teedetaristu kattelahenduste valik lähtudes katte tööea hindamisest, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 43–52.

Kokkuvõte. Teedevõrgu ehitus ja korrashoid vajavad järjest suuremat eelarvet ja seetõttu peavad projekteeri-jad ja otsustajad omama vahendit, et lähtudes olukorrast teha valik kõige sobivamate kattelahenduste seast, et op-timeerida investeeringud teedetaristusse. Selleks eesmärgiks on sobiv vahend katte eluea hindamine. Käesolevas artiklis esitatakse erinevate elastsete ja jäikade katete alternatiivide tööea maksumuse uuring, mille eesmärgiks on uute katete projekteerimise otsustusprotsessi parem toetamine. Analüüs teostati, kasutades teatud tüüpkatendite ehi-tusmaksumusi ja arvestades igale valitud konstruktsioonile sobivate käitumismudelitega. Mudelid kalibreeriti kas-utades üleeuroopalisi pikaajalisi käitumisuuringuid ja kasutatud korrashoiustrateegiad arvestasid samuti praeguseid Euroopa trende. Lisaks tööea administratiivkuludele tegeleb esitatud metoodika ka teekasutaja- ja keskkonnaku-ludega, kaasates need otsustusprotsessi kasutades mitme kriteeriumiga analüüsi. Näidati, et see metoodika on lihtne ja kasulik töövahend teedevõrgule kõige sobivamate kattelahenduste valikul lähtudes nii ehitus- kui ka korrashoiute-gevustest ja tuginedes samaaegselt tehnilistele, majanduslikele ja keskkondlikele kriteeriumitele.

Võtmesõnad: tee, kate, tööiga, lagunemine, ehitus, korrashoid, maksumus.

Zigang Xu, Qiang Han, Chao Huang. 2016. Teljelisele survele ja kaheteljelisele paindele allutatud ristkülikukujulise õõnsusega armeeritud betoonsammaste käitumise uuring, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 53–61.

Kokkuvõte. Selleks, et hinnata ristkülikukujulise õõnsusega armeeritud betoonsamba käitumist teljelisel sruvel ja kaheteljelisel paindel, on käesolevas artiklis tuletatud seos jõu suuruse ja paindemomendi vahel lähtudes neutraal-telgede jaotustüübist. Nimetatud seose abil on analüüsitud kolme katselise ristkülikukujulise õõnsusega sillasamba koormustaluvust ja alumise kontrollsektsiooni pöördeduktiilsust erinevatel survetasemetel, armeerimisulatusel ja kinnitussuhtel. Sillasammaste Mx–My vastastikuse mõju kõverad ja paindemomendi kõverad, mis saadi teoreetil-iste arvutustega, näitavad head korrelatsiooni katsetulemustega, mis saadi kolme katsekeha teljelise survega ja ka-heteljelise paindega tsüklilisel katsetamisel. Tulemused näitavad, et P–Mx–My vastastikusel mõjul on arvestatav mõju riskülikukujulise õõnsusega armeeritud betoonsammaste käitumisele. Kui seda vastastikuse mõju efekti ignoreerida, siis koormustaluvus ja deformatsioon on üle hinnatud ja see fakt võib olla projekteerimisel otsustav.

Võtmesõnad: kaheteljeline paine, sillasammas, deformatsioon, koormustaluvus, ristkülikukujulise õõnsusega sektsioon.

Jiří Ambros, Veronika Valentová. 2016. Teetrassi plaanielementide ebakõlade määramine – pilootuuring Tšehhi Vabariigist, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 62–69.

Kokkuvõte. Tšehhi maanteedel esineb probleemi trassi plaani ja mittesobivate kiiruste vahel. Trassi plaani terviklikkuse hindamine, so tase millele vastavalt tee on projekteeritud ja ehitatud selleks, et vältida kriitilisi sõi-dumanöövreid, on tuntud kui üks lubav töövahend selleks. Esitatud pilootuuringu eesmärgid olid: 1) ajaloolistel maanteedel, mille kohta puuduvad projekteerimisandmed, kasutada odavat tehnoloogiat, 2) uurida kogutud trassi plaani terviklikkuse andmeid tegeliku ohutusega, ja 3) soovitada järgnevaid praktilisi tegevusi, näiteks teede halda-jale. Lähtudes eesmärkidest ja kirjanduse analüüsist, valiti andmete kogumiseks GPS-tehnoloogia. Pilootuuringusse kaasatud maanteelõigud olid umbes 2.5 km pikad, koosnedes 3-st sirgest lõigust ja 3-st kõverikust. Andmetöötlus sisaldas keskse trajektoori määramist, trassi plaanielementide määramist ja segmenteerimist, terviklikkuse väärtuste arvutamist ja ebakõlade väljaselgitamist. Tulemused on esitatud üksikute kõverike terviklikkuse tasemetena võrrel-duna õnnetusandmete analüüsiga. Lõpus on loetletud ja kirjeldatud mitmeid praktilisi näiteid.

Võtmesõnad: maantee, trassi plaan, terviklikkus, kiirus, õnnetus, ohutus.

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The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, 11(1) 101III c

Raitis Lacis. 2016. Puit-betoon komposiitelementide ümmargused õõnsad sektsiooni ühendajad, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 70–76.

Kokkuvõte. Käesolevas artiklis esitatakse puit-betoonist konstruktiivsete ühenduste laborikatsetuste tulemused, mis on kasutatavad (mitte ainult) tee/jalakäija sildades. Katsetatud elemendid on eraldiseisvad ümmargused õõnsad sektsiooni ühendajad, mis paigaldatakse eelpuuritud avaustesse. Sümmeetrilise väljasurumise katsed teostati kahte tüüpi ühenduste grupile: 1) mitte eemaldatud puusüdamikuga; betooni ja puu vahel vahekiht puudub; 2) betoontäidis südamikus, mitte puusüdamik; veekindel membraan betooni ja puuelementide vahel. Määratud on ühenduste peam-ised konstruktiivsed parameetrid – maksimaalne nihketaluvus ja hõõrdetegur. Määratud on seos ühenduste jäikuse ja maksimaalse nihketaluvuse vahel ning lühidalt on kirjeldatud purunemismehhanismi.

Võtmesõnad: sillad, ümmargune õõnes sektsioon, komposiitelemendid, ühendused, nihkekatse, hõõrdetegur, puit-betoon.

Kateryna Krayushkina, Olegas Prentkovskis, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Johny Gigineishvili, Aleksandra Skrypchenko, Alfredas Laurinavičius, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Jurijus Tretjakovas. 2016. Basaltfiibri kiudude kasutusperspektiivid maanteede ja lennuradade katete ehitamisel ja remondil, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 77–83.

Kokkuvõte. Transporditaristu vananemisega seoses keskenduvad paljud teedeorganisatsioonid üle maailma olemasolevate katete remondile ja parendamisele. See tähendab rohkem teetöid liiklusele avatud teedevõrgul. Võttes arvesse nii liikluse mahu kui ka sageduse kasvu viimastel aastatel, on töötingimused teel muutunud raskeks. Seetõttu on tekkinud vajadus projekteerida pika tööeaga katteid, millel on suur vastupidavus, nõutav tasasus ja haarduvus ning mis aitaks suurendada remontidevahelist perioodi. Basaltkiu kasutamine on näidanud betoon- ja asfaltsegude vastu-pidavuse ja mehaaniliste omaduste paranemist läbi armeerimise. Käesolevas artiklis esitatakse teoreetilise ja eksperi-mentaalse uuringu tulemusena saadud uusi andmeid ja vihjeid basaltkiu kasutamise kohta betoon- ja asfaltsegudes, mis võivad olla kasulikud teekatete ja lennuradade projekteerimisel, ehitamisel ja remondil.

Võtmesõnad: kiud, vastupidavus, segu, teekate, armeerivad kiud.

Ainars Paeglitis, Andris Freimanis. 2016. Konstantse sillaava ja mõjujoonte meetodi võrdlus pikaavaliste sildade koormuste arvutamisel, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11(1): 84–91.

Kokkuvõte. Ehitusstandardites olevad liikluskoormuse mudelid on sagedasti koostatud kas lühikese või kesk-mise avapikkusega sildadele, aga on vaja koostada liikluskoormuse mudelid ka pikaavalistele sildadele, kuna kõige ebasoodsamad liiklussituatsioonid on neil erinevad. Käesolevas uuringus kasutati maanteede A1 ja A3 automaatsete kaaluseadmete andmeid. Mõõtmisvead andmetest puhastati kasutades kahte filtrite gruppi. Esimene grupp põhines mõlema süsteemi poolt salvestatud sõidukite tõelevastavuse koodil, kui mingid asjaolud on võinud mõjuda mõõt-mistele, teine grupp puhastas andmeid kasutades kasutades üldiseid filtreid kõigile sõidukitele ja spetsiaalseid filt-reid veokitele ja sõiduautodele. Lisaks korrigeeriti sõidukeid lähtudes temperatuuri mõjust. Andmete puhastamine suurendas keskmist sõidukit, nii et seda võib arvestada konservatiivse valikuna. Koostati kuus liiklusstsenaariumit, igaühes erinev sõiduautode protsent liikluses, hindamaks koormuste erinevust lähtudes erinevast liikluse koossei-sust. Arvutati liikluskoormused pikaavalistele sildadele, kasutades kahte lähenemisviis: esimene eeldab konstantset avapikkust, teine, kasutades projekteerimisel oleva silla mõjujooni. Gumbel’i jaotus sobitati koormuste arvutamiseks ja need ekstrapoleeriti 5% ületustõenäosusega 50 aastasel perioodil. Tulemused näitasid, et mõjujoonte lähenemine andis suuremad koormused, kui konstantse avapikkusega lähenemine. Mõlemad lähenemisviisid annavad suuremad koormused, kui Eurocode 1 koormusmudel 1, kuid suurenemine võib olla põhjustatud sõiduki kaalu suurenemisest.

Võtmesõnad: sild, andmete puhastamine, koormused, koormuse modelleerimine, pikaavalised sillad, automaat-sed kaaluseadmed (WIM).

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Copyright ©2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika

http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt

THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2016 Volume 11(1)

TURINYS

WŁADYSŁAW KOC, KATARZYNA PALIKOWSKASkirtingo išlinkio susijungiančių maršrutų modeliavimas ................................................................................................1

MARCO DOMANESCHI, MARIA PINA LIMONGELLI, LUCA MARTINELLIVėjo sukeltos žalos kabančiam tiltui lokalizacija ............................................................................................................. 11

TOMAS SKUTURNA, JUOZAS VALIVONISTiltų plokščių, armuotų FRP strypais, laikomosios galios skaičiavimo metodų įvertinimas .................................... 22

JERZY WAWRZEŃCZYK, AGNIESZKA MOLENDOWSKA, ADAM KŁAKPlieno pluošto savaime sutankėjančio betono, skirto šaligatviams, atsparumas šalčiui ............................................. 35

MARIA DE LURDES ANTUNES, VÂNIA MARECOS, JOSÉ NEVES, JOÃO MORGADOKelio infrastruktūros dangos sprendimai paremti gyvavimo ciklo vertinimu ............................................................ 43

ZIGANG XU, QIANG HAN, CHAO HUANGGelžbetoninių stačiakampių tuščiavidurio skerspjūvio kolonų būklės vertinimas veikiant ašiniam gniuždymui ir dviašiam lenkimui ........................................................................................................ 53

JIŘÍ AMBROS, VERONIKA VALENTOVÁKelio trasos neatitikimų identifikavimas – bandomasis tyrimas iš Čekijos ................................................................. 62

RAITIS LACISApvalių tuštymėtųjų ertmių jungtys medienos ir betono sudėtiniuose konstrukciniuose elementuose ................. 70

KATERYNA KRAYUSHKINA, OLEGAS PRENTKOVSKIS, ANDRII BIELIATYNSKYI, JOHNY GIGINEISHVILI, ALEKSANDRA SKRYPCHENKO, ALFREDAS LAURINAVIČIUS, KASTHURIRANGAN GOPALAKRISHNAN, JURIJUS TRETJAKOVAS

Bazalto pluošto armuojančių gijų naudojimo perspektyvos tiesiant ir rekonstruojant automobilių kelių bei aerodromų kilimo ir tūpimo takų dangas .................................................................................. 77

AINARS PAEGLITIS, ANDRIS FREIMANISPastovios trukmės ir linijinio metodo įtakos palyginimas su ilgaamžių tiltų apkrovos skaičiavimais .................... 84

SATURS

WŁADYSŁAW KOC, KATARZYNA PALIKOWSKACeļa posmu ar dažādu liekumu savienojuma posmu modelēšana ...................................................................................1

MARCO DOMANESCHI, MARIA PINA LIMONGELLI, LUCA MARTINELLIVēja radītu bojājumu lokalizācija iekārtajam tiltam ........................................................................................................ 11

TOMAS SKUTURNA, JUOZAS VALIVONISAr stiegrota plastikāta stiegrojumu stiegrotas brauktuves klātnes momenta pretestības aprēķina metodes novērtējums .......................................................................................................................................... 22

JERZY WAWRZEŃCZYK, AGNIESZKA MOLENDOWSKA, ADAM KŁAKAr tērauda šķiedrām stiegrota pašblīvējoša autoceļa segu betona salturība ................................................................ 35

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The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2016, 11(1) 103

MARIA DE LURDES ANTUNES, VÂNIA MARECOS, JOSÉ NEVES, JOÃO MORGADOUz darbmūža izvērtējumu balstīts lēmums par segas risinājumiem ceļu tīklā ............................................................ 43

ZIGANG XU, QIANG HAN, CHAO HUANGAksiālai spiedei divasu liecē pakļautas stiegrotas betona kolonnas ar taisnstūra veida dobu šķērsgriezumu īpašību noteikšana ..................................................................................................................................... 53

JIŘÍ AMBROS, VERONIKA VALENTOVÁAutoceļa plāna nepilnību identifikācija – pilotpētījums Čehijas republikā ................................................................. 62

RAITIS LACISCilindrveida savienojumi koka un betona kompozītos būvelementos ......................................................................... 70

KATERYNA KRAYUSHKINA, OLEGAS PRENTKOVSKIS, ANDRII BIELIATYNSKYI, JOHNY GIGINEISHVILI, ALEKSANDRA SKRYPCHENKO, ALFREDAS LAURINAVIČIUS, KASTHURIRANGAN GOPALAKRISHNAN, JURIJUS TRETJAKOVAS

Bazalta šķiedru piedevas izmatošanas perspektīvas autoceļu segu būvniecībā, autoceļu un lidostu skrejceļu atjaunošanā ........................................................................................................................................ 77

AINARS PAEGLITIS, ANDRIS FREIMANISKonstanta laiduma un ietekmes līniju metožu salīdzinājums gara laiduma tiltu slodžu aprēķinam ....................... 84

SISUKORD

WŁADYSŁAW KOC, KATARZYNA PALIKOWSKAErinevate plaanikõverike ühendussegmentide modelleerimine .......................................................................................1

MARCO DOMANESCHI, MARIA PINA LIMONGELLI, LUCA MARTINELLITuule põhjustatud kahjustuse lokaliseerimine rippsillal ................................................................................................ 11

TOMAS SKUTURNA, JUOZAS VALIVONISPlastkiuga armeeritud silladeki suurimate vastupanumomentide arvutusmeetodite hindamine ............................ 22

JERZY WAWRZEŃCZYK, AGNIESZKA MOLENDOWSKA, ADAM KŁAKTeraskiuga isetiheneva teekatte betooni külmakindlus .................................................................................................. 35

MARIA DE LURDES ANTUNES, VÂNIA MARECOS, JOSÉ NEVES, JOÃO MORGADOTeedetaristu kattelahenduste valik lähtudes katte tööea hindamisest........................................................................... 43

ZIGANG XU, QIANG HAN, CHAO HUANGTeljelisele survele ja kaheteljelisele paindele allutatud ristkülikukujulise õõnsusega armeeritud betoonsammaste käitumise uuring ............................................................................................................... 53

JIŘÍ AMBROS, VERONIKA VALENTOVÁTeetrassi plaanielementide ebakõlade määramine – pilootuuring Tšehhi Vabariigist ............................................... 62

RAITIS LACISPuit-betoon komposiitelementide ümmargused õõnsad sektsiooni ühendajad ......................................................... 70

KATERYNA KRAYUSHKINA, OLEGAS PRENTKOVSKIS, ANDRII BIELIATYNSKYI, JOHNY GIGINEISHVILI, ALEKSANDRA SKRYPCHENKO, ALFREDAS LAURINAVIČIUS, KASTHURIRANGAN GOPALAKRISHNAN, JURIJUS TRETJAKOVAS

Basaltfiibri kiudude kasutusperspektiivid maanteede ja lennuradade katete ehitamisel ja remondil ...................... 77

AINARS PAEGLITIS, ANDRIS FREIMANISKonstantse sillaava ja mõjujoonte meetodi võrdlus pikaavaliste sildade koormuste arvutamisel ............................ 84