personal dose computation using monitoring systems and ......personal dose computation using...
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Personal Dose Computation Using
Monitoring Systems and 3D Cameras
Mahmoud Abdelrahman, Pasquale Lombardo, Filip Vanhavere, and PODIUM team
19th EAN Workshop: "Innovative ALARA Tools“
Athens, 2019
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Framework for individual monitoring: why is dosimetry needed
l Routine monitoring of the individual exposure of workers is an integral part of any radiation protection program
Individual monitoring of workers
Control occupational exposure
Dose limits and ALARA principle
Inform workers of their exposure
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Quantities in dosimetry and RP
Physical quantitiesDose = dE/dm, Kerma, Particle
Fluence
Protection quantitiesDT, HT, E, E(t)
Operational quantitiesHp(d), H*(d), H’(d)
Monitored quantitiesInstrument responses
ICRU sphere
Revision to ICRU operational quantities
(ICRU Report Committee 26, 2016)
Inte
rnal
dosim
etry
Personal dose equivalent, Hp(d) Effective Dose
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Limitations of Personal Dosimetry: Safety Aspects
l Risk of health effect is given by tissue doses and effective dose.
However, tissue doses are not measurable
l Personal dose equivalents are supposed to be conservative estimation of tissue doses and effective dose.
l No dosimeter is perfect for Hp(10)
l Non-linearity, fading,…
l Energy and angular dependences,…
Dosimeters are subject to high uncertainties (up to 50%),
especially in highly inhomogeneous fields.
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Limitations of Personal Dosimetry: Safety Aspects
• The main source of radiation dose to the doctor is the patient body
• Highly inhomogeneousscatter field
• Physical dosimeters will measure dose equivalents far from protection quantities
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Neutrons personal dosemeters have highly energy-dependent responses:
±2 orders of magnitude variation in workplace fields!
Limitations of Personal Dosimetry: Safety Aspects
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Limitations of Personal Dosimetry: Practical Aspects
l Workers do not like wearing their dosimeterl Sometimes they forget to wear it…l Sometimes they forget to change it, or they lose it…
l Sometimes they place it in the wrong position…
l Workers really do not enjoy wearing more than one dosimeterl Still, not all body is covered by dosemeters
lDepending on the application, the use of dosemeters can hinder worklAdded complexity in handiling and extra workload for read-out
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Personal Dosimetry: what brings the future?
l May be no need for physical dosimeters?l Suppose we can use Monte-Carlo simulations to calculate on-line all dosesl Advantages:
l No more need for physical dosimeterl No more loosing dosimetersl No more need for operational quantitiesl No more worries for changing quantities/weighting factorsl Doses to all organs can be knownl Personalized dosimetry possiblel Better accuracy possiblel Faster feedback to workersl ….
mSv
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Use of computational methods for individual monitoring
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PODIUM Objectives
l Improve occupational dosimetry via an online dosimetry application using computer simulations: without the use of physical dosemeters
l Develop an online application in which we will calculate individual occupational doses
l In a limited time frame, simultaneously use an intermediate approach with pre-calculated fluence to dose conversion coefficients for phantoms of different statures and postures
l Apply and validate the methodology for two situations where improvements in dosimetry are urgently needed: neutron workplaces and interventional radiology
l The legal aspects to introduce this or similar techniques as an official dosimetry method will also be established
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MCDose
Calculation
Motion Tracking
Input
Radiation Source Input
Geometry Input
How is our virtual dosimetry system working?
Staff movement monitoring and Radiation field mapping
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Motivation: Computers
Computational power increases significantly and it is foreseen that the trend will keep up for the next decades
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Motivation: 3D modeling
3D modeling and visualization are now widely available and affordable as ever
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Geometry Input: Human Phantoms
2000’sB-REB Phantoms
1980’sVoxel phantoms
1960’s Stylized phantoms
1950’sSimple phantoms
BOMAB Phantom
ORNLPhantom
Irene, Baby& Child
Voxel PhantomsUF Adult male
PhantomRealistic
Anthropomorphic Flexible Phantom*
*PhD: P. Lombardo
PersonalizedPhantoms
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RAF phantom (2018)
• Polygonal Mesh B-Rep phantom designed with 3Ds Max
• Tissue masses (without blood) were fit to ICRP 89, with
differences within ±10%.
• The phantom has about 2900 segmented tissues forming 78 (+ 1)
organs, grouped in ≈ 500 clusters.
• We performed a dosimetric validation for idealized external
irradiation by comparing with ICRP 116. For most of the organs
and energies, differences were within ± 30%.
*P A. Lombardo, F Vanhavere, A L. Lebacq, L Struelens, and R Bogaerts. “Development and Validation of
the Realistic Anthropomorphic Flexible (RAF) Phantom” Health Phys., 114(5), pp 486-499, 2018.
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Animating Computational Phantoms
Principles of computer animationsTwo approaches are used for posing:
(1) a volume-preserving, skeleton- and
influence-region-based approach
that allows real-time posing
(2) a physical-simulation-based approach
that allows the user to first prescribe the
position of bones, then performs a tissue
mechanics simulation of the passive
deformation of the soft tissues, resulting
in more-realistic joint-region geometries
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l MC codes like MCNP cannot yet load Polygonal Meshes as input geometry
Voxelization of the RAF phantom
Mesh Voxelization MC
Topological voxelization algorithm
1st objective: Preserve thicknesses of organ walls2nd objective: Reduce uncertainty in mass of the voxelized organs
Skin layer from ICRP Publication
Skin layer from voxelized RAF Phantom
Laine S 2013 A topological approach to voxelizationComput. Graph. Forum 32 77–86
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l Few MC codes like Geant-4 adapts Polygonal Meshes as input geometry
RAF phantom for MC codes
Polygonal mesh
geometry in Geant-4
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Function 1: change posture
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Function 2: voxelization
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Geometry Input: CAD modeling
l Define of the workplace geometry for the calculations
l Simple geometries can be easily modeled
l Complex geometries can be prepare by:q converting CAD files to different formats
q by scanning of the workplace
l Modeling and tracking of important moving objects (shielding) is also needed
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Staff Motion Tracking
l Markerless tracking based on computer visionl RGB-D cameras: combine color information with per-pixel depth informationl Existed for years for high prices (~ $10k to $30k), very cheap nowadays…l Two technologies: Structrued light & Time-of-Flight (ToF)l Microsoft® Kinect V2 .0
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Storing XYZ coordinates or send to a cloud
Real-time processing
Depth Image
Staff Motion Tracking
Skeleton Tracking
Tracking system based on single depth camera
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From Motion Tracking to Computational Phantom
Realistic Anthropomorphic Flexible Phantom (RAF)
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Animation of RAF phantomMotion capture data applied to a personalized skin mesh
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Interventional Radiology and Cardiology Parameters
Parameter RangeHigh Voltage 60-120 kVp
Intensity 5-1000 mA
Inherent filtration 3-6 mm Aleq
Additional filtration 0.2-0.9 mm Cu
Energy range of scattered spectra 20 keV – 100 keV
X-Ray spectrum• Tube potential (kVp value)• Dose at the reference point or DAP• Added filtration• Field size: collimated area (cm2)• Source-detector distance (cm)• Patient’s table position (x,y,z) • Position of the source (x,y,z)
Tube Angulation• C-arm projections
Patient’s data:• Gender• Height, weight• Anatomical region examined
Radiological Input: Radiology Case
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1. Use MC to calculate:- Fluence in cone angles of 45°, for each 45° horizontal plane- Fluence components in vertical cones
2. Convolve with tally multipliers within MCNP to give various angular components of effective dose
3. Normalize result in each cone to account for full 4p fluence-field
Scale results by source activity, and sum to give E rates…Scale results by source activity, and sum to give E rates…
Field Characterization: Neutron Workplaces
If characterizing fluence-energy, can also calculate H*(10) map:• Useful as a check• Useful for confirmatory measurements with survey instruments• Useful to provide scaling factor• Useful as an alarm in time-dependent fields (e.g. with installed monitor)
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Neutron Workplaces: Dose Mapping
• Avoid phantom problems by determining effective dose rate field map of modelled geometry in advance… (x,y,q)dependent dose rates
• Build map by characterizing fluence-energy-angle distribution of neutron and photon field as function of position Þ Then apply E(j)/F conversion coefficients
òE dt
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Simulations in IR
Use of different techniques to speed-up thesimulation:
• Geometries consisting of quadrics• Use of a computer cluster (>40 CPU cores)• Detection Forcing (variance reduction)
technique:• Photon Fluence Point tally
Photon Fluence Point tally:• This tally estimates the energy photon fluence
spectrum at a detection point D• Radiological protection quantities can be
calculated by using the correspondingconversion coefficients
Parallelization among several GPU cards:• MPI implementation
Computational time performance:• A set of functions have been developed to
automatically set the optimal values for:• Number of blocks per kernel• Number of threads per block• Number of histories per thread to be
simulated in the GPU
MAKING SIMULATIONS FASTER
PENELOPE/PenEasyIRMCNPX
MC-GPU IR
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Simulations in IR
FAST MONTE CARLO METHODS FOR INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY: ONLINE DOSIMETRY TOOLS
Tracking of thelocation and posture of
medical staff
Information aboutthe procedure
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
Input files
Cluster(CPU+GPU)
Results
RDSR
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Example: MCNP Framework
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MCNP Framework
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Validation
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Controlled Experiment – SUS Malmö
DC16
EDDDC20
EPD1 EPD2
EPD1
EPD2
4 cm
14.5cm
24.5cm DC20 DC16
EDD
Operator
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
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Controlled Experiment – SUS Malmö: results
Experimental measurements include the associated uncertainty (k=2)Monte Carlo data includes both statistical uncertainty and the uncertainty related to normalization (k=2)
RESULTS:OPERATOR DOSES
Ratio: (PENELOPE/penEasyIR)/ExperimentalExperiment EPD1 EPD2 DCxx Dxx
1 1.16 1.11 0.70 (xx=52) 0.84 (xx=48)
2 0.77 0.79 0.63 (xx=36) -
Ratio: (MCGPU-IR)/ExperimentalExperiment EPD1 EPD2 DC48/36 DC52
1 1.10 0.78 0.56 (xx=52) 1.13 (xx=48)
2 0.77 0.63 0.59 (xx=36) -
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Test at UZ-VUB - BrusselsKinect 2
View from Kinect 1
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Test at UZ-VUB - Brussels
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Test at UZ-VUB - Brussels
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Test at CHU-Liège
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Test at CHU-Liège
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Skeleton tracking of the first operator
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Clinical Test– SUS Malmö: results
SpineBase (z = 111 cm)
SpineMid (z = 136 cm)
ShoulderLeft (z = 151 cm)ShoulderRight (z = 148 cm)
Neck (z = 162 cm)
Simulation points
• Four Mirion DMC 3000 and 35 NaCl pellets • Renal artery angiography
Measurement points
MCGPU-IR
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Clinical Test– SUS Malmö: results
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Mirion DMC 3000 Hp(10) = 7 µSv
Simulated 36.59 µSv
Heat map: NaCl pellets
Mirion DMC 3000 Hp(10) = 30 µSv
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Clinical Validation: Results
Validation CaseSimulations
Accumulated Hp(10)
Measured EPDAccumulated
Hp(10)
Clinical ExperimentsEndoVasc CHU-Liège Case 4 (PCI) 38 μSv 23 μSv
EndoVasc SJH Case B 7.7 μSv 5 μSvEndoVasc SJH Case C 68.3 μSv 55 μSv
EndoVasc SJH Case D (EVAR) In progress 63 μSv
Cardiac SJH Case 1 388 μSv(without shielding)
31 μSv(with Shielding)
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• Kinect set-up in laboratory to track people in real-time…
Neutron Case 1: Simulates Field PHE
Images courtesy of PHE58
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Neutron Dose Rate - GNU: µSv/h
:MCNP & Measurement locations
: Measurement locations
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Neutron Dose Rate – T405: µSv/h
:MCNP & Measurement locations
: Measurement locations
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• Kinect set-up in laboratory to track people in real-time…
Tracking Output File+ Dose Rate Map+ Dose Conversion Algorithm
Dose Data !
Simulated field: PHE
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Effective dose ~1µSv in ~1minute Þ 60 µSv/hr average
Simulated field: PHE
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Neutron fields: SCK-CEN
• Test in real workplace field (SCK-CEN) also performed(full results available soon…)Features MOX spent fuel-flasks on concrete platform
Particularly challenging: Precise source composition / geometry unknown!
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Neutron fields: SCK-CEN
MCNP modelling again used to generate dose rate mapUse plausible guess spectra for source ® Iterative approach
50´50cm2 (x,y) grid, heights: 18, 55 and 125 cm
C, E, F
G
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Neutron fields: SCK-CEN
Personal dosemeter response varies greatly with position…
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
DS5
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Neutron fields: SCK-CEN
Early comparisons of Modelled vs. Measured data look promising…
• Guess spectrum approach for source successful!
• Iteration of source term likely to give even better agreement
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Neutron fields: SCK-CEN
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Conclusionl The feasibility study has been a success:
l The technology is available for:
– Tracking people to be monitored,
– Calculating doses fast (by look-up table / dose mapping or Monte-Carlo)
– having detailed and personalized phantoms.
l Within PODIUM project, a computational dosimetry system was developed to overcome limitations of physical dosimeters in certain workplaces
l Preliminary validation results show the validity of the method in interventional radiology and some neutron workplaces
l Challenges: – Privacy, ethics, data protection and IT security
– Complete automatic set-up.
– to gain real-time position and dose information from X-ray machines
www.podium-concerth2020.eu
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POD
IUM
diss
emin
atio
nw
orks
hop
and
19th
Euro
pean
ALAR
A N
etw
ork
–At
hens
, Nov
embe
r201
9
Rick Tanner
Ariel Von Barnekow
PasqualeLombardo Maria
Zankl Mercè Ginjaume
FilipVanhavere
MahmoudAbdelraman
MartinAndersson
Joan ArandaZoi
ThrapsaniotiUna O’Connor
Nina Petoussi
AnjaAlmen
VictorGarcía
Jan Janssen
Jon Eakins Olivier van Hoey
Maria A.Duch
The PODIUM team
PODIUM is part of the CONCERT project. It has received funding from the Euratom research andtraining programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 662287.
Thank you for your attention
https://podium-concerth2020.eu/
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Copyright © 2014 - SCK�CEN
PLEASE NOTE!This presentation contains data, information and formats for dedicated use ONLY and may not be copied, distributed or
cited without the explicit permission of the SCK•CEN. If this has been obtained, please reference it as a “personal communication. By courtesy of SCK•CEN”.
SCK•CENStudiecentrum voor Kernenergie
Centre d'Etude de l'Energie NucléaireBelgian Nuclear Research Centre
Stichting van Openbaar Nut Fondation d'Utilité PubliqueFoundation of Public Utility
Registered Office: Avenue Herrmann-Debrouxlaan 40 – BE-1160 BRUSSELSOperational Office: Boeretang 200 – BE-2400 MOL