Personal Development Personal Development Health and Physical EducationHealth and Physical Education

HSC Enrichment Day2013

Core 1

Health Priorities in Australia

The Role of Epidemiology

The health status of a country or community is determined by combining the health status of each member of the population. Therefore, Australia’s health status is a reflection of the status of all individual Australians. (Gunstone et al, 2009, p. 8)

Epidemiology is…•The study of causes and distribution of sickness and death of a population •It is the study of disease among particular populations or groups

within society

The key measures used to determine health status are:

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Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends

Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends

Measure of Epidemiology Trend Reason

MortalityImprovements in road safety measures, falls in smoking rates. Improvements in prevention, detection & treatment of diseases.

MorbidityIllness/disease with the biggest ‘burden’ is largely treatable; an increase in certain risk factors such as body mass and high BP

Life ExpectancyThe control of infectious diseases, improved hygiene & sanitation, advances in medical care, better working conditions, & nutrition; health education & reductions in smoking.

Infant MortalityChanges in behaviours, exposures, health interventions, social & environmental circumstances & the effects of medical & technological advances.

Cancer

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start - for example, cancer that begins in the lung is called lung cancer; cancer that begins in the melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.

Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start - for example, cancer that begins in the lung is called lung cancer; cancer that begins in the melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.

Cancer

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The term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and includes conditions such as:

CVD Condition Also known as…

Coronary heart disease Ischaemic heart disease

Cerebrovascular disease Stroke

Hypertension High blood pressure

Peripheral vascular disease Heart disease in the legs and feet

Myocardial infarction Heart attack

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

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An injury is the physical damage (for example, a bruise, broken bone or brain damage) that results when a human body is suddenly or briefly subjected to intolerable levels of energy

There are many causes of injury, including being struck by an object (a car, for example), cut by a knife, falling, or coming in contact with fi re or with a toxic chemical. The focus here is on the causes of injury (referred to as ‘external causes’) rather than the physical damage.

(AIHW, 2012)

Injuries are further categorised into two main types: 1.Unintentional (for example, motor vehicle crashes, falls) 2.Intentional (for example, assault, self-harm).

(AIHW, 2012)

Injury

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Risk and Protective Factors

• Chronic disease is related to diet and are a major cause of death and disability in Australia, and their prevalence is steadily increasing.

• Almost 60% of Australians aged 15 & over do not do enough physical activity to benefit their health,

• Being overweight or obese• Tobacco smoking is the single

most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia

• Excessive use of alcohol leads to substantial health and social harms each year.

Risk Factors: Protective Factors:

• Screening• Regular check-ups• Education al programs.• OH &S legislation• Seeking support networks• Managing stress• Wear protective clothing

Determinants

Sociocultural Socioeconomic Environmental

Cancer

• Young females smoking

• Habits – “tanning” culture

• smoking rates in unemployed

• education levels; awarenesseg. screening

• Outdoor workers• Workplace

hazards/chemicals• Rural/remote

CVD

• Family history• Gender: males• ATSI

• income and unemployment

• Rural/remote

Injury

• ATSI • Risk taking in

males• Social pressure• Relationship

breakdown

• income and unemployment

• Workplace hazards• Rural/remote• Unsafe environments

Groups at Risk