person and family

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PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONSAtty. Ma. Liza Lopez - RosarioPRELIMINARY CHAPTER CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES I. REPULIC ACT !"# A. CIVILLA$ % CIVIL CODE Ci&i' La( t)e *ass o+ pre,epts ()i,) eter*ies a re/0'ates t)ose re'atio o+assista,e1 a0t)ority a o2eie,e e3isti/ a*o/ *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y as (e'' as a*o/ *e*2erso+ a so,iety +or t)e prote,tio o+ pri&ate iterests. 4Sa,)ez Ro*a5 Ci&i' C678 ,o''e,tio o+ 'a(s

()i,) re/0'ates t)e pri&ate re'atios o+ t)e *e*2ers o+ ,i&i' so,iety1 eter*ii/ t)eir respe,ti&e ri/)tsa o2'i/atios (it) re+ere,e to persos1 t)i/s a ,i&i' a,ts. 4To'etio5 9: Does t)e CC ,otais ae++e,ti&ity ,'a0se; 6 7es. 8e year a+ter its p02'i,atio1 t)e ,oe too< e++e,t. 9: $)e oes t)e CC too=e++e,t; 6 0/0st >?1 @45? 9: Ca (e ,o,'0e t)at it (as p02'is)e o A0/0st !1 676; 6 B ara &s. 1e'Rosario1 t)e S- sai t)at t)e re,<oi/ ate is t)e a,t0a' ate o+ ,ir,0'atio. T)e Se*p)asize t)ei*porta,e o+ p02'i,atio . p02'i,atio as a e3er,ise o+ 0e pro,ess. 02'is)e o 0'y @441 t)e ,opieso+ t)e -- (ere si*p'y store. Se,ie to *a<e 0se o+ t)e ate o+ ,ir,0'atio 4 0/0st >?1 @445 a ott)e ate o+ p02'i,atio 40'y @41 @445 2e,a0se t)e p0rpose o+ p02'i,atio is e+eate ()e ,opies o+ t)e-- (ere re'ease. 8a<a &s> De' ?osa<io1 @ Ap<i' 647 a,ts6 1e' Rosario o(er o+ !5 ta3i ,a2s operate ata3i 20siess. Ge e*p'oye > *e,)ai,s a 4 ri&ers. 8 Septe*2er 1 @45?1 (it)o0t /i&i/ sai*e,)ai,s a ri&ers >? ays a&a,e oti,e1 1e' Rosario so' )is !5 ta3i ,a2s to a a''or,a1 atrasportatio ,o*pay1 as a res0't o+ ()i,) t)e e*p'oyees 'ost t)eir #o2s. T)ey 2ro0/)t t)is a,tioa/aist 1e' Rosario to re,o&er ,o*pesatio +or o&erti*e (or< a ser&i,es reere o S0ays a'e/a' )o'iays pro&ie +or i rti,'e >?! o+ t)e -oe o+ -o**er,e 2e,a0se o+ t)e +ai'0re o+ t)eire*p'oyer to /i&e t)e* @ *ot) oti,e. Bss0e6 )et)er or ot t)e -i&i' -oe is app'i,a2'e. Ge'6 s to t)e*ot) pay 0er rti,'e >?! o+ t)e -oe o+ -o**er,e1 rti,'e !!"? o+ t)e -i&i' -oe appears to )a&erepea'e sai rti,'e >?! ()e it repea'e t)e pro&isios o+ t)e -oe o+ -o**er,e /o&eri/ a/e,y.T)is repea' too< p'a,e o 0/0st >?1 @45?1 ()e t)e Je( -i&i' -oe (et ito e++e,t1 t)at is1 @ year a+terits p02'i,atio i t)e o++i,ia' /azette. T)e S- r0'e t)at t)e -i&i' -oe too< e++e,t o 0/0st >?1 @45?1 @year a+ter its ,ir,0'atio1 0/0st >?1 @44 a ot +ro* t)e p02'i,atio o 0'y @41 @44 +or ,opies (ere otre'ease o s0,) ate. N6<8> T)e ara -ase at t)e o0tset 'oo<s 'i<e a 'a2or ,ase. 8 t)e iss0e o+ ()at'a( is app'i,a2'e1 t)e S- sai t)at t)e -- too< e++e,t repea'i/ t)e -oe o+ -o**er,e. 0'y @41 @44 : p02'i,atio 0/0st >?1 @44 : ,ir,0'atio 0/0st >?1 @45? : e++e,ti&ity . CIVIL LA$ % COMMON LA$C6??6@ La( : syste* o+ #0rispr0e,e 2ase o #0i,ia' pre,eets rat)er t)a stat0tory 'a(s or'e/is'ati&e ea,t*ets. Bt oes ot ,osist o+ a2so'0te1 +i3e a i+'e3i2'e r0'es 20t rat)er o+ 2roa1,o*pre)esi&e pri,ip'es 2ase o #0sti,e1 reaso a ,o**o sese. II. LA$S La( : r0'e o+,o0,t1 #0st a o2'i/atory1 pro*0'/ate 2y 'e/iti*ate a0t)ority +or ,o**o o2ser&a,e a 2ee+it.4Sa,)ez Ro*a5 KRe+ers ot #0st to stat0tes 20t a'so i,'0es e3e,0ti&e orer1 presietia' e,rees1a*iistrati&e r0'es1 ,etra' 2a< ,ir,0'ars. B,'0es t)ose ea,te 2y t)ose e3er,isi/ 0asi.'e/is'ati&e+0,tio. A. PULICATION ARTICLE 4 OF THE CIVIL CODE AS AMENDED Y E.O. 455 B.R.> 02'i,atio is a iispesa2'e re0isite +or t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e 'a(s 4Taaa &s. T0&era5 BE1-8.<i6@> @. T)e a( is iterpretati&e i at0re !. a( is itera' i at0re >. etters o+ istr0,tios : r0'es to 2e +o''o(e 2y s02oriates . 0i,ipa' oria,es are ,o&ere 2y t)e o,a' o&er*et -oe.

Cases: > 5aBaa &s> 50&e<a1 @7 Ap<i' 64 a,ts6 Taaa1 Sar*ieto a t)e o&e*et o+ ttoreys +orrot)er)oo1 Bte/rity a Jatioa'is* 4 BJB5 see< a (rit o+ *aa*0s to ,o*pe' respoet p02'i,o++i,ia's to p02'is) i t)e o++i,ia' /azette o+ &ario0s 1s1 8Bs1 8s1 pro,'a*atios1 ;os1 etters o+B*p'e*etatio a 8s. Respoets ,ote t)at p02'i,atio i t)e o++i,ia' /azette is ot a sie 0ao re0ire*et +or t)e e++e,ti&ity i+ 'a(s ()ere t)e 'a(s t)e*se'&es pro&ie +or t)eir o( e++e,ti&ityates so p02'i,atio i t)e o++i,ia' /azette is ot e,essary. Bss0e6 )et)er or ot p02'i,atio is a

iispesa2'e re0isite +or t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ 'a(s. Ge'6 02'i,atio is a iispesa2'e re0isite +or t)ee++e,ti&ity o+ 'a(s. '' stat0tes i,'0i/ t)ose o+ 'o,a' app'i,atio a pri&ate 'a(s s)a'' 2e p02'is)e asa ,oitio +or t)eir e++e,ti&ity1 ()i,) s)a'' 2e/i @5 ays a+ter p02'i,atio 0'ess a i++eret e++e,ti&ityate is +i3e 2y t)e 'e/is'at0re. -o&ere 2y t)is r0'e are 1s a ;os pro*0'/ate 2y t)e resiet i t)ee3er,ise o+ 'e/is'ati&e po(ers ()ee&er t)e sa*e are &a'i'y e'e/ate 2y t)e 'e/is'at0re or at presetire,t'y ,o+erre 2y t)e -ostit0tio. *iistrati&e R0'es a Re/0'atios *0st a'so 2e p02'is)e i+t)eir p0rpose is to e+or,e or i*p'e*et e3isti/ 'a( p0rs0at to a &a'i e'e/atio. T)e p0rpose o+ p02'i,atio is to /i&e ae0ate oti,e o+ t)e &ario0s 'a(s 333 1s t)at pro&ie +or +ies1 +or+eit0res or pea'ties s)a'' 2e p02'is)e. 8t)er 1s ()i,) app'y o'y to parti,0'ar persos or ,'ass o+ persos s0,) as8s a ;os ee ot 2e p02'is)e o t)e ass0*ptio t)at t)ey )a&e 2ee ,ir,0'arize to a'' ,o,ere. N6<8> a@-8 6 <8 6&!< : e/is'ati&e1 ;3e,0ti&e1 0i,ia' 4separatio o+ po(ers5 A?8@7?8@< N6. # 6 G#! C6@<i<<i6@ . T)e presiet is /i&e t)e po(er to ea,t 'a(s. 1eop'e &s>90e 1o 8ay1 ->?> 8.6 a,ts6 A0e o ay is appea'i/ +ro* t)e e,isio o+ t)e -B +ii/ )i* /0i'tyo+ &io'ati/ - -ir,0'ar !? a sete,i/ )i* to s0++er *ot)s i*priso*et 333. T)e ,)ar/e (ast)at A0e ()o (as i possessio o+ a +orei/ e3,)a/e ,osisti/ o+ C.S. o''ars1 C.S. ,)e,<s a C.S.*oey orers a*o0ti/ to D"1??? +ai'e to se'' t)e* to -. T)e appea' o+ A0e is 2ase o t)e ,'ai*t)at t)e sai ,ir,0'ar (as ot p02'is)e i t)e o++i,ia' /azette. T)e So'i,itor eera' ,otee t)at p02'i,atio is ot e,essary.

Bss0e6 EJ ot t)e - -ir,0'ar s)o0' 2e p02'is)e. Ge'6 - -ir,0'ar i+ p0iti&e i at0re s)o0' 2e p02'is)e. s a r0'e1 ,ir,0'ars a re/0'atios ()i,) pres,ri2es a pea'ty +or its &io'atio s)o0' 2e p02'is)e 2e+ore 2e,o*i/ e++e,ti&e o t)e /eera' pri,ip'e a t)eory t)at 2e+ore t)e p02'i, is 2o0 2y its ,otets espe,ia''y its pea' pro&isios1 a 'a(1 re/0'atio or ,ir,0'ar *0st +irst 2e p02'is)e at)e peop'e o++i,ia''y a spe,i+i,a''y i+or*e o+ sai ,otets a pea'ities. !> 1)i'> t' &s>!0/e A/e'es1 @ G,to2e< 66 a,ts6 T)e ,otro&ersy spri/s +ro* t)e iss0a,e 2y t)e BT- o+ a 8 0er()i,) app'i,atios to t)e BT- +or i*portatio +ro* -)ia *0st 2e a,,o*paie 2y a &ia2'e a,o+ir*e ;3port ro/ra* o+ )i'ippie ro0,ts. or +ai'0re to ,o*p'y (it) t)eir 0erta<i/s to s02*ite3port ,reits e0i&a'et to t)e &a'0e o+ t)eir i*portatio as re0ire 2y t)e 81 +0rt)er i*portapp'i,atios (ere (it))e' 2y BT-. Bss0e6 EJ t)e 8 s)o0' 2e p02'is)e. Ge'6 *iistrati&e r0'es are/0'atios *0st 2e p02'is)e i+ t)eir p0rpose is to e+or,e or i*p'e*et e3isti/ 'a( p0rs0at to a&a'i e'e/atio. 7> !0/e Dao'e &s> CGA1 ! De,e2e< @@ a,ts6 o,a' 0/et -ir,0'ar 55 iss0e 2yt)e 1 ()i,) re0,e t)e *ot)'y a''o(a,es /i&e 2y o,a' o&er*ets to RT- a T- #0/es (as0estioe i t)is ,ase. etitioer #0/es +i'e a protest a/aist t)e oti,es. Bss0e6 EJ t)e 1 ,ir,0'aris &a'i. Ge'6 - 55 is &oi o a,,o0t o+ its 'a,< o+ p02'i,atio. *iistrati&e r0'es a re/0'atios*0st 2e p02'is)e i+ t)eir p0rpose is to e+or,e or i*p'e*et e3isti/ 'a( p0rs0at to a &a'ie'e/atio. Bterpretati&e re/0'atios a t)ose *ere'y itera' i at0re1 t)at is1 re/0'ati/ o'y t)e persoe' o+ a a*iistrati&e a/e,y a t)e p02'i, ee ot 2e p02'is)e. Jeit)er is p02'i,atiore0ire o+ t)e so ,a''e 8Bs iss0e 2y a*iistrati&e s0periors ,o,eri/ t)e r0'es or /0ie'ies to 2e +o''o(e 2e t)eir s02oriates i t)e per+or*a,e o+ t)eir 0ties. . $HERE SHOULDPULICATION TA"E PLACEJ B.R.> @. 8++i,ia' azette or !. Je(spaper o+ eera' -ir,0'atio 4asa&s. er,ao5 BE1-8.<i6@> T)e ,ase o+ Ga/ooy ar<et Feor sso,iatio &s. 0i,ipa'ity o+ Ga/ooy0'a,a. Cases: > #asa &s> e<,ao1 1"8 ! a,ts6 T)e #0/e o+ -B a*pa/a a''o(e a pro2ate t)e 'ast (i'' a testa*et o+ Bes asa 4t)e

e,ease5. T)e sa*e #0/e appro&e t)e a,,o0t o+ t)e a*iistrator o+ t)e estate1 e,'are )i* t)eo'y )eir o+ t)e e,ease a ,'ose t)e a*iistratio pro,eei/s. T)e petitioers +i'e a *otio i()i,) t)ey praye t)at t)e sai pro,eei/s 2e re.opee a a''e/e t)at t)e ,o0rt 'a,<e #0risi,tioto a,t i t)e *atter 2e,a0se t)ere (as a +ai'0re to ,o*p'y (it) re0ire*ets as to p02'i,atio o+ oti,ea )eari/ pres,ri2e i t)e -oe o+ -i&i' ro,e0re. T)ey a'so ,ote t)at t)e (ee<'y e(spaperB/ Hatip0aI i ()i,) t)e oti,e a )eari/ (as p02'is)e (as ot a e(spaper o+ /eera'

,ir,0'atio i t)e pro&i,e o+ a*pa/a. Bss0e6 EJ t)e B/ Hatip0a is a J-. 4)at is a J-Q5 Ge'6 Btis a J- +or t)e +o''o(i/ reasos6 @. Bt is p02'is)e +or t)e isse*iatio o+ 'o,a' e(s a /eera'i+or*atio !. Bt )as a 2oa +ie s02s,riptio 'ist o+ payi/ s02s,ri2ers >. Bt is p02'is)e at re/0'ariter&a's 4t)e tria' ,o0rt orere t)e p02'i,atio to 2e *ae i sai e(spaper pre,ise'y 2e,a0se it (asa J-5 . Bt is ot a e(spaper e&ote to t)e iterests or p02'is)e +or t)e etertai*et o+ a parti,0'ar ,'ass1 pro+essio1 trae1 ,a''i/1 ra,e or re'i/io0s eo*iatio. @> "a/ooy &s> 0i,ipa'ity1 Je2<0a<y @@ a,ts6 T)e Sa//0ia/ aya o+ Ga/ooy 0'a,a ea,te a oria,e ()i,)i,rease t)e sta'' reta's o+ t)e *ar<et &eors i Ga/ooy. rti,'e > o+ t)e sai oria,e pro&ie t)atit s)a'' ta<e e++e,t 0po appro&a'. T)e oria,e (as poste +ro* Jo&e*2er to !51 @44. B t)e 'ast(ee< o+ Jo&e*2er @44"1 petitioers (ere persoa''y /i&e ,opies a (ere i+or*e t)at it s)a'' 2ee+or,e o a0ary @44. T)e petitioers ,otee t)at t)e s02#e,t oria,e (as ot poste asre0ire 2y 'a(. Bss0e6 EJ t)e oria,e (as poste as re0ire 2y 'a(. Ge'6 oria,e ()i,)i,rease t)e sta'' reta's o+ t)e *ar<et &eors )as ,o*p'ie (it) t)e p02'i,atio re0ire*et ()et)e sa*e (as poste i > ,ospi,0o0s p'a,es si,e t)ere (as o e(spaper o+ 'o,a' ,ir,0'atio i t)e*0i,ipa'ity ()i,) is i a,,ora,e (it) Se,tio @ o+ t)e -. C. EFFECTIVITY B.R.> a( s)a''ta<e e++e,t o t)e ate it is e3press'y pro&ie to ta<e e++e,t. BE1-8.<i6@> B+ o s0,) ate is *ae a+ter @5ays +o''o(i/ t)e ,o*p'etio o+ its p02'i,atio. Cases:

> 8a #0/a' : #'aa &s> ?aos1 @ !a0a<y @7 a,ts6 res. 0io iss0e ;8 !"4 a0t)orizi/ t)e 1;JRSe,retary to a,,ept1 ,osier1 a e&a'0ate proposa's +ro* +orei/.o(e ,orporatios +or ,otra,tsi&o'&i/ te,)i,a' or +ia,ia' assista,e et,. res. Ra*os appro&e R. . "4! to /o&er t)ee3p'oratio1 e&e'op*et1 0ti'izatio a pro,essi/ o+ *iera' reso0r,es. +ter p02'i,atio i ! J-s1t)e 1;JR Se,retary iss0e 1;JR 8s ot)er(ise <o( as B*p'e*eti/ R0'es a Re/0'atios o+ R. ."4!. etitioer ,otee t)at t)e ;8s i ot ,o*e ito e++e,t. Bss0e6 )et)er t)e ;8s i ot ,o*e itoe++e,t. Ge'6 ,,ori/ to petitioers ;8 !"4 (as si/e ito 'a( 2y res. 0io o 0'y !51 @4"1 ! ays 2e+ore t)e opei/ o+ t)e -o/ress o 0'y !"1 @4". Se,tio o+ t)e sai ;8 states t)at t)e sa*e s)a''ta<e e++e,t i**eiate'y. T)is pro&isio a,,ori/ to petitioer r0s ,o0ter to Se,tio @ o+ ;8 !??()i,) pro&ies t)at 'a(s s)a'' ta<e e++e,t 333 4o( rti,'e ! o+ t)e --5. 8 t)at pre*ise1 petitioers,ote t)at ;8 !"4 ,o0' )a&e o'y ta<e e++e,t @5 ays a+ter its p02'i,atio at ()i,) ti*e -o/ress )aa'reay ,o&ee a t)e resietLs po(er to 'e/is'ate )a ,ease. etitioerLs ,otetio )as o*erit. T)ere is ot)i/ i ;8 !?? t)at pre&ets a 'a( +ro* ta<i/ e++e,t o a ate ot)er t)a : e&e 2e+ore : t)e @5 ay perio a+ter its p02'i,atio. Bee1 t)is is t)e &ery esse,e o+ t)e p)rase 0'ess it isot)er(ise pro&ieI. Se,tio @ o+ ;8 !?? t)ere+ore app'ies o'y ()e a stat0te oes ot pro&ie +or itso( ate o+ e++e,ti&ity. T)0s1 ;8 !" 2e,a*e e++e,ti&e i**eiate'y 0po its p02'i,atio i t)e o++i,ia'/azette o 0/0st >1 @4". @> C? &s> 8)0i''ie<1 4 !0'y @! a,ts6 -BR iss0e a e*ora0* 8rer @5.4@i*posi/ a 5M 'ei/ i&estorLs ta3 o pa(s)ops. T)e BR iss0e a assess*et a/aist )0i''iere*ai/ pay*et o+ e+i,ie,y ta3. )0i''ier ,otee t)at t)e sai *e*o is a e( a aitioa'ta3 *eas0re o pa(s)ops ()i,) -o/ress ,o0' ea,t. Bss0e6 EJ t)e sai *e*oraa are &a'i e&e(it)o0t p02'i,atio. Ge'6 iterpretati&e r0'e is esi/e to pro&ie /0ie'ies to t)e 'a( ()i,) t)ea*iistrati&e a/e,y is i ,)ar/e o+ e+or,i/ 333 )et)er a a*iistrati&e r0'e is *ere'yiterpretati&e i at0re1 its app'i,a2i'ity ees ot)i/ +0rt)er t)a its 2are iss0a,e +or it /i&es o rea',ose0e,e *ore t)a ()at t)e 'a( itse'+ )as a'reay pres,ri2e. )e t)e a*iistrati&e a/e,y /oes 2eyo *ere'y pro&ii/ +or t)e *eas t)at ,a +a,i'itate or reer 'east ,0*2erso*e t)e



i*p'e*etatio o+ t)e 'a( 20t s02statia''y i,reases t)e 20re o+ t)ose /o&ere1 it 2e)oo&es t)ea/e,y to a,,or at 'east to t)ose

!

ire,t'y a++e,te a ,)a,e to 2e )ear a t)erea+ter to 2e 0'y i+or*e. T)e sai orers ,aot 2e&ie(e si*p'y as i*p'e*eti/ r0'es or ire,ti&e *eas0res re&o<i/ i t)e pro,ess pre&io0s r0'i/s o+ past ,o**issioers 333 T)e 0e o2ser&a,e o+ t)e re0ire*ets o+ p02'i,atio s)o0' ot )a&e 2eei/ore. NOTE> PULICATION % EFFECTIVITY 9: 5)e ?e,to 8a( (as app<o&e 2y t)e Keate o!a0a<y 1 @4> t ,otais a e++e,ti&ity ,'a0se ()i,) s)o0' ta=e e++e,t ieiate'y a+te< t)esi/i/ o+ t)e 1<esiet> $)e oes t)e 'a( ta=e e++e,t; 6 NSteps6 4@5 Ta<e ito ,osieratio t)e

r0'i/ i Taaa. 4!5 Ta<e ote o+ t)e /eera' r0'e a t)e e3,eptio. 4>5 1eter*ie ()at B+ t)e 'a( )as e++e,ti&ity ,'a0se1 +o''o(t)e e++e,ti&ity ,'a0se. E:C.> pp'y t)e @5.ay perio ,o0te a+ter t)e p02'i,atio i+ t)ere is o e++e,ti&ity,'a0se. 9: $)at is t)e p0<pose o+ p02'i,atio; 6 To i+or* t)e p02'i, N6<8> Ta2'ois are p02'is)eat re/0'ar iter&a's III. ARTICLE ! INORATIA KURIS NON E:CUSAT

#0/e ,o0,te a pre'i*iary i&esti/atio a t)erea+ter iss0e (arrats +or t)e arrest o+ t)e,o*p'aiats. -o*p'aiats +i'e a a*iistrati&e ,ase a/aist t)e #0/e +or /ross i/ora,e o+ t)e'a(. T)ey ,otee t)at t)e #0/e eit)er )as a0t)ority to ,o0,t a pre'i*iary i&esti/atio ot toiss0e (arrats +or t)eir arrest. T)e #0/e sai t)at it (as )is +irst 'i2e' ,ase a t)at )e iss0e t)e(arrats i /oo +ait). Bss0e6 EJ respoet is /0i'ty o+ /ross i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a(. Ge'6 0/es aree3pe,te *ore t)a #0st ,0rsory a,0aita,e (it) stat0tes a pro,e0ra' r0'es. T)ey *0st <o( t)e'a( a app'y t)e* proper'y i /oo +ait). T)e pro&isios o+ rti,'e >? o+ t)e R- o t)e persosa0t)orize to ,o0,t pre'i*iary i&esti/atio i 'i2e' ,ases is so e'e*etary1 ot to <o( it,ostit0tes /ross i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a(. @> state o+ #oo &s> -ee1 ! a<,) 6@@ a,ts6 -)eo/ oo1 a ati&eo+ -)ia ie itestate i Pa*2oa/a. Ge 'e+t property (ort) @??1???. T)e estate o+ t)e e,ease (as,'ai*e o oe )a 2y ee1 ()o a''e/e t)at )e (as a 'e/iti*ate ,)i' 2y a *arria/e ,otra,te 2yoo (it) Ta 1it i -)ia i @45. T)e estate (as ,'ai*e1 o t)e ot)er )a 2y ora o/ ()o a''e/et)at s)e )a 2ee 'a(+0''y *arrie to oo i @4. ee itro0,e i e&ie,e a o,0*et i -)iesestati/ t)e *arria/e ,ere*oy t)at too p'a,e i *oy1 -)ia. Bss0e6 EJ t)e o,0*et presete 2y ee*ay 2e re,o/ize )ere i t)e )i'ippies. Ge'6 B/ora,e o+ a +orei/ 'a( is ot i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a( 20t o+ +a,t 2e,a0se s0,) +orei/ 'a( *0st 2e +irst a''e/e a pro&e as a *atter o+ +a,t1 t)ere 2ei/ o#0i,ia' oti,e o+ sai +orei/ 'a(. T)e -)iese *arria/e (as ot ae0ate'y pro&e. P6-8a'P8?.<i6@ : i+ t)e +orei/ 'a( is ot proper'y a''e/e a pro&e1 t)e pres0*ptio is t)at it is t)e sa*eas o0r o( 'a(. 4;state o+ S0tay &s. S0tay5 !> K0tay &s> K0tay1 ! !0'y 647 a,ts6 8 ay @1 @4>1ose S0tay ie i *oy1 -)ia. Ge *arrie t(i,e1 t)e +irst ti*e to a0e'a -r0z (it) ()o* )e )ase&era' ,)i're o( resii/ i t)e )i'ippies a t)e se,o ti*e to aria i''ia (it) ()o* )e )a aso. po'oio 4so o+ a0e'a5 +i'e oseLs itestate i t)e -B. aria a'so istit0te t)e preset pro,eei/s +or t)e pro2ate o+ a (i'' a''e/e'y 'e+t 2y t)e e,ease. ,,ori/ to Si'&io 4so o+ aria51 2e+ore t)e e,ease ie i -)ia1 t)e e,ease 'e+t a (i'' (it) o To)1 arreto a opez as attesti/(itesses. o To) arri&e i t)e )i'ippies (it) t)e (i''1 0+ort0ate'y1 t)e sos o+ a0e'a sat,)e it.o To) sai t)at t)e (i'' (as a'reay pro2ate i -)ia.

9: $)y i/o<a,e o+ t)e 'a( e,0ses o oe; 6 rti,'e ! oes ot e*p)asize p02'i,atio 20t e++e,ti&ity.P8?.<i6@6 ;&ery perso is pres0*e to <o( t)e 'a(1 si,e t)e /o&er*et )as a'reay ,o*p'ie(it) t)e re0ire*et o+ p02'i,atio. .R.> B/ora,e o+ t)e 'a( e3,0ses o oe +ro* ,o*p'ia,et)erei. E:C.> @. B/ora,e o+ +a,t *ay e3,0se a party +ro* t)e 'e/a' ,ose0e,es o+ )is ,o0,t.4B/oratia a,ti5 ;3. B/ora,e o+ +orei/ 'a( is a *ista<e o+ +a,t. ista<e as to i++i,0't 0estios()i,) is t)e sa*e as *ista<e o+ +a,t. Rea rti,'es 5!1 @>>1 !@5 a !@55 --

!.

Cases: > ia;0e &s> !0/e 1aoa/1 @ a<,) @! a,ts6 -o*p'aiats ()o (ere ,oe,te (it) t)e



1ai'y B+or*er 4a (ie'y ,ir,0'ate e(spaper i ester Fisayas5 (ere ,)ar/e 2e+ore t)e T- 2y0/e a*oa/ o+ t)e ,ri*e o+ 'i2e'. Respoet

G

Bss0e6 EJ t)e )i'ippie ,o0rt *ay re,o/ize t)e pro2ate o+ t)e (i'' i -)ia. Ge'6 )ere it appearst)at t)e pro,eei/s i t)e ,o0rt o+ a +orei/ ,o0try (ere )e' +or t)e p0rpose o+ ta<i/ t)e testi*oyo+ ! attesti/ (itesses to t)e (i'' a t)e orer o+ t)e pro2ate ,o0rt i ot p0rport to a''o( t)e (i''1t)e pro,eei/s ,aot 2e ee*e to 2e +or t)e pro2ate o+ t)e (i'' as it (as ot oe i a,,ora,e(it) t)e 2asi, a +0a*eta' ,o,epts a pri,ip'es +o''o(e i t)e pro2ate a a''o(a,e o+ (i''s.T)e (i'' i t)is ,ase ,aot 2e a''o(e. B t)e a2se,e o+ proo+ t)at t)e *0i,ipa' istri,t ,o0rt o+

*oy1 -)ia is a pro2ate ,o0rt a o t)e -)iese a( o+ ro,e0re i pro2ate *atters1 it *ay 2e pres0*e t)at t)e pro,eei/s i t)e *atter o+ pro2ati/ or a''o(i/ a (i'' i t)e -)iese ,o0rts are t)esa*e as t)ose pro&ie +or i o0r 'a(s o t)e s02#e,t. 4ro,ess0a' res0*ptio5 IV. ARTICLE PROSPECTIVITY B.R.> rospe,ti&ity o+ 'a(s BE:C.> $8@ 'a( -a@ 8 i&8@ 8<6a-<i&8 88-<> @.a( e3press'y pro&ies +or its retroa,ti&ity. 0t i o ,ase *0st a e3 post +a,to 'a( 2e passe. !. a(is ,0rati&e i at0re 4'a(s itee to ,orre,t errors or irre/0'arities i,0rre i #0i,ia' ora*iistrati&e pro,eei/s. !. a( is re*eia' i at0re . t)ere are o &este ri/)ts i r0'es o+ pro,e0re 4eia &s. - 5 . a( is pea' 20t +a&ora2'e to t)e a,,0se 4 rt. !! o+ t)e R-5 5. a(s,reati/ e( ri/)ts pro&ie t)at o &este ri/)t is i*paire 4 rt. !!5>1 ar. !9 A0izaa &s. Re0/erio5. ;*er/e,y 'a(s : a0t)orize 2y t)e po'i,e po(er o+ t)e /o&er*et. N6<8> a( is pea' 20t+a&ora2'e to t)e a,,0se. E3a*p'es: -ase o+ Ro2i ai''a : t)ere (as a 2i'' propose re0,i/ t)esete,e o+ i''e/a' possessio o+ +irear*s. T)e 2i'' (as a0t)ore 2y Seator Ra*o Re&i''a1 Sr.. T)eresiet e,ie to re*o&e t)e eat) pea'ty. -o&i,ts ()o are i t)e eat) ro( (ere ot p0is)e 2e,a0se o+ t)e 'a(. 9: Does t)e Jai'y Coe ,otai a <et<oa,ti&ity ,'a0se; 6 7es. rti,'e !5 o+ t)ea*i'y -oe pro&ies t)at t)is ,oe s)a'' )a&e retroa,ti&e e++e,t iso+ar as it RETROACTIVITY VS.

oes ot pre#0i,e or i*pair &este or a,0ire ri/)ts i a,,ora,e (it) t)e -- or ot)er 'a(s. 9: Ai''e/itiate ,)i' (as 2o< p<io< to t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e JC1 (i'' t)e p<o&isio o+ <et<oa,ti&ity 0e<t)e JC app'y to t)e i''e/itiate ,)i'; 6 B+ t)e +at)er ie prior to t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -1 ,o*p0'sory)eirs a'reay a,0ire &este ri/)ts e&e i+ t)e istri20tio o+ property )as ot yet ta<e p'a,e. B+ t)e+at)er ie 0ri/ t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -1 retroa,ti&ity app'ies 2e,a0se ass0*i/ t)e +at)er )as'e/iti*ate ,)i'1 t)ere is o &este ri/)t yet. Cases: > eia &esti/atio &s> CA1 @ a<,) @a,ts6 Ta20ra' (as )ire 2y petitioer as se,0rity /0ar a (as assi/e to 2eso1 B,. Ta20ra'(as re'ie&e 0e to &io'atios p0rs0at to )is ser&i,e ,otra,t. Ge t)e +i'e a ,ase a/aist )is e*p'oyer.T)e 'a2or ar2iter r0'e i +a&or o+ Ta20ra'. etitioer appea'e to t)e JR- ()i,) is*isse t)e sa*e+or 'a,< o+ #0risi,tio. etitioer +i'e a petitio +or ,ertiorari i t)e - ()i,) is*isse t)e petitio +or)a&i/ 2ee +i'e 2eyo t)e ?.ay re/'e*etary perio. - r0'e t)at t)e petitio (as +i'e o t)e "t) ay si,e petitioers re,ei&e o Jo&e*2er @?1 @444 t)e orer ate 0/0st !1 @444 o+ t)e JR- a t)eR (as +i'e o @4 Jo&e*2er @444. -opy o+ t)e orer eyi/ t)e sai *otio (as re,ei&e 2y petitioerso > pri' !??? ()i'e t)e petitio (as +i'e (it) t)e o >@ ay !???. etitioers ,otee t)at t)eir petitio (as (it)i t)e perio : t)at t)e a*e*et 0er .. ??.!.?> o+ t)e S- ()erei t)e ?.ay perio to +i'e a petitio +or ,ertiorari is re,<oe +ro* re,eipt o+ t)e reso'0tio eyi/ t)e R s)o0' 2e ee*e app'i,a2'e. Bss0e6 EJ t)e sai .. *ay 2e retroa,ti&e'y app'ie. Ge'6 T)e a*e*ets)o0' 2e ee*e app'i,a2'e. Bt too< e++e,t o @ Septe*2er !???. Re*eia' stat0tes or stat0tesre'ati/ to re*eies or *oes o+ pro,e0res ()i,) o ot ,reate or ta<e a(ay &este ri/)ts 20t o'yoperate i +0rt)era,e o+ t)e re*ey or ,o+ir*atio o+ ri/)ts a'reay e3isti/1 o ot ,o*e (it)i t)e'e/a' ,o,eptio o+ a retroa,ti&e 'a( or t)e /eera' r0'e a/aist retroa,ti&e operatio o+ stat0tes.Stat0tes re/0'ati/ t)e pro,e0re o+ t)e ,o0rts (i'' 2e ,ostr0e as app'i,a2'e to a,tios pei/ a0eter*ie at t)e ti*e o+ t)eir passa/e. T)e retroa,ti&e app'i,atio o+ pro,e0ra' 'a(s is ot&io'ati&e o+ ay ri/)t o+ a perso ()o *ay +ee' t)at )e is a&erse'y a++e,te. T)e reaso is t)at as a/eera' r0'e1 o &este ri/)t *ay atta,) to or arise +ro* pro,e0ra' 'a(s. @> '&i<a A0 G) &s> CA1 !0e @! a,ts6 Spe,i+i, per+or*a,e (as +i'e a/aist ;'&ira +or +ai'0re to pay t)e pie,es o+ #e(e'rys)e p0r,)ase +ro* So'i o' Bteratioa'. ,o*pro*ise

a/ree*et (as etere 2et(ee So'i o' a ;'&ira ()erei t)e 'atter iss0e post ate ,)e,<s. T)esai ,)e,<s 2o0,e. T)e RT- +o0 ;'&ira /0i'ty o+ &io'atio o+ !!. ;'&ira appea'e to t)e - a''e/i/t)at t)e RT- )as o #0risi,tio o&er t)e o++ese. ;'&ira ,otee t)at t)e - erre i ot reso'&i/ t)e#0risi,tioa' iss0e i )er +a&or1 t)ere2y1 0#0st'y epri&i/ )er o+ t)e 'e/a' 2ee+its o+ /i&i/retroa,ti&e e++e,t to t)e pro&isios o+ R "4@ e3pai/ t)e #0risi,tio o+ t)e i+erior ,o0rts 4T-5 to,o&er t)e o++eses i&o'&e i )er ,ase. Bss0e6 EJ 'a(s e+ii/ #0risi,tio o+ ,o0rts s)o0' 2e /i&e

retroa,ti&e e++e,t. Ge'6 a(s e+ii/ #0risi,tio o+ ,o0rts are s02stati&e i at0re a ot pro,e0ra' +or t)ey o ot re+er to t)e *aer o+ tryi/ ,ases 20t to t)e a0t)ority o+ t)e ,o0rts to )eara e,ie ,ertai ,ases i t)e &ario0s ista,es o+ ()i,) t)ey are s0s,epti2'e. R "4@ is a s02stati&e'a( a ot a pea' 'a( as o()ere i its pro&isio e+ies a ,ri*e eit)er oes it pro&ie a pea'ty o+ay <i. 0risi,tio is eter*ie 2y t)e 'a( i +or,e at t)e ti*e o+ t)e +i'i/ o+ t)e ,o*p'ait ao,e a,0ire1 #0risi,tio is ot a++e,te 2y s02se0et 'e/is'ati&e ea,t*ets p'a,i/ #0risi,tio iaot)er tri20a'. Ge,e1 t)e ,otetio o+ ;'&ira is i,orre,t. !> 90iaa &s> ?e0/e<io1 ay 646a,ts6 T)e a,tio is 2ase o a a,tioa2'e o,0*et ()i,) states t)at i t)e e&et t)at t)e e+eats+ai'e to pay A0izaa t)e a*o0t o+ 55?1 t)e +or*er (i'' tras+er t)e 'a spe,i+ie i t)e a/ree*et.)e t)e e+eats +ai'e to pay1 t)e o++ere to p'e/e t)e 'a a tras+er possessio t)ereo+ to t)e p'aiti++ 20t t)e 'atter re+0se t)e o++er. Bss0e6 EJ t)e se,o part o+ t)e (ritte o2'i/atio i ()i,)t)e o2'i/ors a/ree a pro*ise to e'i&er a *ort/a/e o&er t)e 'a 0po t)eir +ai'0re to pay t)e e2tis &a'i 0po t)e p'aiti++. Ge'6 T)is se,o part o+ t)e o2'i/atio i 0estio is ()at is <o( i 'a(as a +a,0'tati&e o2'i/atio e+ie i rti,'e @!? o+ t)e --. T)is is a e( pro&isio a is ot +o0 it)e 8' Spais) -i&i' -oe ()i,) (as i +or,e at t)e ti*e o+ t)e e3e,0tio o+ t)is a/ree*et. T)ere isot)i/ i t)e a/ree*et ()i,) (o0' ar/0e a/aist its e+or,e*et. Bt is ot ,otrary to 'a( or p02'i,*ora's or p02'i, po'i,y a ot(it)stai/ t)e a2se,e o+ ay 'e/a' pro&isio at t)e ti*e it (asetere ito /o&eri/ it1 as t)e parties )a +ree'y a &o'0tari'y etere ito it1 t)ere is o /ro0 orreaso ()y it s)o0' ot 2e /i&e e++e,t. Bt is a e( ri/)t ()i,) s)o0' 2e e,'are e++e,ti&e at o,e.V. ARTICLE # $AIVER OF RIHTS

@. C'ess (ai&er is ,otrary to 'a(1 p02'i, orer1 p02'i, po'i,y1 *ora's or /oo ,0sto*s. !. ai&er is pre#0i,ia' to a t)ir perso. F6 (ai&8 <6 8 &a'i7 <88 ?< 8> @. &este ri/)t !. &o'0taryre'i0is)*et o+ s0,) &este ri/)t. >. T)e perso (ai&i/ *0st <o( o+ t)e e3iste,e o+ )is ri/)t. N6<8> Fitiate ,oset s)o0' ot 2e preset ,t0a' ri/)t s)o0' 2e e3isti/. 9: st0ets +ie't<ip1 t)e pa<ets a<e ae to si/ a (ai&e<> s t)is i a,,o<a,e (it) A<ti,'e ; 6 4T)e ri/)t i&o'&e)ere is t)e ri/)t to +i'e a a,tio +or a*a/es a/aist t)e s,)oo' i+ so*et)i/ (o0' )appe i t)e +ie'trip5. Cp to o(1 t)ere is o S- e,isio re/ari/ t)is *atter. T)is )appes a'so i )ospita's 2e+oreoperatio. -otrary to p02'i, po'i,y (i'' ot 2e app'ie si,e 0p to o( it is 2ei/ pra,ti,e. T)ere is oe3isti/ ri/)t yet. Jo a,t0a' ri/)t. ;&e i+ yo0 <eep o si/i/ t)e (ai&er1 it oes ot /i&e ay e++e,t 2e,a0se t)ere is o ri/)t e3isti/. Ka,)e &s> CA1 @6 Kepte2e< 66 a,ts6 Rosa'ia 0/o is t)e o'y,)i' o+ Spo0ses 0a Sa,)ez a aria Fi''a+ra,a ()i'e rt0ro 0/o1 ;&e'y 0/o.Raises aRo2ert 0/o are t)e 'e/iti*ate ,)i're o+ Rosa'ia 4pri&ate respoets5. etitioers are t)e i''e/iti*ate,)i're o+ 0a Sa,)ez. o''o(i/ t)e eat) o+ )er *ot)er aria1 Rosa'ia +i'e a petitio +or 'ettersa*iistratio o&er t)e estate o+ )er *ot)er a t)e estate o+ )er +at)er 0a. T)e petitioers +i'e a petitio +or 'etters a*iistratio o&er t)e itestate estate o+ 0a1 ()i,) petitio (as oppose 2yRosa'ia 333 T)e parties e3e,0te a ,o*pro*ise a/ree*et ()erei t)ey a/ree to i&ie t)e propertieso+ 0a. Rosa'ia1 t)e appoite a*iistrati3 +ai'e to e'i&er so*e properties to t)e petitioers. T)etria' ,o0rt i e,ii/ t)e ,ase i ot +o''o( t)e ,o*pro*ise a/ree*et. T)e - is*isse t)e petitioerLs petitio. Bss0e6 EJ t)e ,o*pro*ise a/ree*et is &a'i. Ge'6 ,o*pro*ise a/ree*etetere ito 2y t)e )eirs re/ari/ t)eir proportioate s)are i t)e estate o+ t)eir e,ease +at)er oesot ,ostit0te re'i0is)*et o+ a ri/)t to properties ()i,) (ere ot <o(. S0,) (ai&er is &a'i 2e,a0se t)e parties (ai&e a <o( a e3isti/ iterest : t)eir )ereitary ri/)t ()i,) (as a'reay



&este i t)e* 2y reaso o+ t)e eat) o+ t)eir +at)er. rti,'e """ pro&ies t)at t)e ri/)t to s0,,essio istras*itte +ro* t)e *o*et o+ t)e eat) o+ t)e e,eet.

B.R.> Ri/)ts *ay 2e (ai&e. BE:C.>

#

V8<87 Ri< is oe ()ose e3iste,e1 e++e,ti&ity a e3tet oes ot epe 0po e&ets +orei/ to t)e(i'' o+ t)e )o'er. .R.6 Bt is ot possi2'e to (ai&e o2'i/atios a 0ties. E:C.6

is ot +ia' a ,o,'0si&e a is *ere'y a o2iter i,t0*. Bss0e6 EJ t)e proo0,e*et o+ t)e ,o0rtis o2iter i,t0*. Ge'6 +ii/ o+ a ,o0rt is ee*e a proo0,e*et o a *ateria' iss0e a is ot ao2iter i,t0*. Bt is +ia' a ,o,'0si&e a/aist parties i&o'&e a *ay ot 0er t)e pri,ip'e o+ res

#0i,ata 2e a/ai raise i iss0e 2y t)e* i ay tri20a'1 #0i,ia' or a*iistrati&e. T)e r0'i/ o+ t)e,o0rt t)at toio is ot etit'e to t)e 2ee+its o+ a*esty is ot a o2iter i,t0* 20t is a r0'i/ o+ t)e,o0rt o a iss0e e3press'y raise 2y t)e party o +a,ts or e&ie,e a0,e i t)e ,o0rse o+ t)e tria' o+t)is ,ase. @> 5a'a ?ea'ty &s> #a,o Ji'ipio1 @ !0e @ a,ts6 +a,e a 'e/a' pro2'e* (it) respe,tto its 2ra,) site )o'i/s. T)e eera' a<i/ ,t pro&ies t)at 2a<s *ay o'y i&est i rea' estate 0pto 5?M o+ t)eir et (ort). To aress t)e pro2'e*1 its *a#or sto,<)o'ers a/ree tot set 0p a etity to()i,) its e3isti/ 2ra,) sites +or (it) a'' s0,) 2ra,) sites i,'0i/ t)ose 0'oae to 2e 'ease to. so' @@ rea' estate properties to Ta'a i,'0i/ t)e 1a&ao 2ra,) site 4s02#e,t o+ t)is s0it5. Ta'a'ease t)e sa*e 2ra,) to . T)e petitio ste*s +ro* a a,tio o+ e#e,t*et ()erei t)e iss0e (as()i,) o+ t)e ! i++eret ,otra,ts o+ 'ease presete 2y ea,) party /o&ers t)e*. Ta'a presete a @@year 'ease a/ree*et. presete a !? year 'ease ,otra,t. T- a RT- 2ot) re+0se to e3er,ise#0risi,tio. T)e - r0'e t)at si,e ot)er si*i'ar e#e,t*et s0its (ere 2ro0/)t 2e+ore it i ()i,) t)e!?.year 'ease ,otra,t (as 0p)e'1 it r0'e i +a&or o+ . Bss0e6 EJ stare e,isis s)o0' 2e app'ie it)is ,ase to reso'&e t)e iss0e o+ ()i,) o+ t)e ! ,otra,ts s)o0' 2e proo0,e as &a'i. Ge'6 Bt is t)e 2etter pra,ti,e t)at ()e a ,o0rt )as 'ai o( a pri,ip'e o+ 'a( as app'i,a2'e to a ,ertai set o+ +a,ts1it (i'' a)ere to t)at pri,ip'e a app'y it to a'' +0t0re ,ases ()ere t)e +a,ts are s02statia''y t)esa*e. ;&e t)o0/) t)e 'o,atios o+ t)e properties are i++eret i t)e ! ,ases1 t)e ,o,'0sio rea,)e ioe ,a &ery (e'' 2e app'ie i t)e ot)er ias*0,) as ot o'y are t)e parties t)e sa*e 20t *orei*portat'y t)e iss0e is oe a t)e sa*e a )e,e s)o0' o 'o/er 2e re.'iti/ate. !> 50/ C)i "0i&s> ?o<i/0e1 @ Ap<i' @ a,ts6 etitioer a Tai(aese arri&e i t)is ,o0try as te*porary &isitor.Ge (as arreste 2y po'i,e*e ()o t0re )i* o&er to t)e B1. s0**ary eportatio orer (as iss0e+ii/ )i* /0i'ty o+ possessi/ a ta*pere passport. etitioer +i'e 2e+ore t)e RT- a petitio +orGa2eas -orp0s. T)e RT- /rate t)e petitio. Respoets +i'e a appea'

.

!.

)e a0t)orize 2y 'a( 482'i/atio is ,o,o*itat o+ a ri/)t t)at is (ai&e. ;3a*p'es6 Rea rti,'es a ! o+ t)e --5 )e a0t)orize 2y t)e )o'er o+ t)e ,orre'ati&e ri/)t.

VI. ARTICLE " KUDICIAL DECISIONS HAVE THE FORCE AND EFFECT OF A LA$ D6-<i@8 6S<a8 D8-ii : )e a ,o0rt )as 'ai o( a pri,ip'e o+ 'a( as app'i,a2'e to a ,ertai set o+ +a,ts1 it(i'' a)ere to t)at pri,ip'e a app'y it to a'' +0t0re ,ases ()ere t)e +a,ts are s02statia''y t)e sa*e.H6i;6@<a' S<a8 D8-ii : a i&isio o+ t)e S- *ay or *ay ot +o''o( t)e e,isio o+ aot)er i&isio.4Sis i&ie 2y se&era' i&isios1 0s0a''y1 i @ i&isio t)ere are 5 #0sti,es5 V8<i-a' S<a8 D8-ii :,o0rts )a&e o optio 20t to +o''o( t)e e,isios or orers o+ t)e S-. T)is is o2'i/atory o t)e part o+t)e ,o0rts 2e,a0se #0i,ia' e,isios )a&e t)e +or,e a e++e,t o+ a 'a(. 0i,ia' e,isios are ,a''e#0/e.*ae 'a(sI. Ferti,a' stare e,isis )appes ()e S- )a r0'e e 2a,. Ra<i6 D8-i78@7i %Oi<8 Di-<? Pa< 6 a D8-ii6@> G. Ra<i6 D8-i78@7i it is t)e pri,ip'e ()i,) t)e ,ase esta2'is)e. Btis t)e reaso +or t)e e,isio. 4. Oi<8 Di-<? : opiios e,essary to t)e eter*iatio o+ a ,ase ot 2ii/ a ,aot )a&e t)e +or,e o+ #0i,ia' pre,eets 4eop'e &s. a,aae/5 Cases: > 1eop'e &s>a,aae/1 @ ay 64@ a,ts6 toio 0i''er*o (as ,o&i,te o+ *0rer. T)e petitioer ,otee t)at t)e

-B r0'e i its #0/*et o+ ,o&i,tio t)at toio is ot etit'e to t)e 2ee+its o+ a*esty 2e,a0se t)e*0rers o+ ()i,) )e (as ,o&i,te (ere ,o**itte ot i +0rt)era,e o+ t)e resista,e *o&e*et 20t i t)e ,o0rse o+ a +ratri,ia' stri+e 2et(ee ! ri&a' /0eri''a 0itsI. T)e "t) 0eri''a *esty-o**issio ,o*pose o+ Go. a,aae/1 e,so a Sa ose to/et)er (it) ,o&i,te toio opposet)e petitio a''e/i/ t)at t)e e,isio o+ t)e ,o0rt oes ot pre&et toio +ro* i&o<i/ )is ri/)t to t)e pro&isios o+ a*esty 2e,a0se sai ri/)t (as ot at iss0e at t)e tria' o+ t)e ,ase a/aist )i* a t)e

proo0,e*et o+ t)e ,o0rt

a (as /i&e 0e ,o0rse 2y t)e RT-. T)e petitioer appea'e 20t t)e - r0'e i +a&or o+ respoets.10ri/ t)e pee,y o+ t)e pro,eei/s 2e+ore t)e - 1 petitioer +i'e a petitio +or ,ertiorari i t)eS,otei/ t)at t)e RT- s)o0' )a&e re#e,te t)e appea' o+ t)e respoets 2ei/ +i'e 'ate or 2eyot)e .)o0r perio pro&ie 0er t)e R0'es o+ -o0rt. T)e S- eie t)e petitio. Bss0e6 Bs t)ere/'e*etary perio (it)i ()i,) to appea' i )a2eas ,orp0s ,ases )o0rs +ro* oti,e o+ t)ee,isio appea'e +ro* 4as petitioer ,otes5 or is it @5 ays si*i'ar to ot)er ,ases 4as ,otee 2y

respoets5Q Ge'6 T)is ,o0rt a'reay re#e,te t)e sa*e ar/0*ets o+ t)e petitioer i .R. @>"5"@.ertiet portios o+ t)at e,isio are repro0,e 2e'o(6 IT)e re/'e*etary perio +or +i'i/ a appea'i a )a2eas ,orp0s ,ase is o( si*i'ar to t)at i oriary ,i&i' a,tios 4Se,. >1 R0'e @1 R8-5I. Staree,isis pres0pposes t)at t)e +a,ts o+ t)e pre,eet a t)e ,ase to ()i,) it is app'ie are s02statia''yt)e sa*e. )ere a +ii/ o+ ,o0rt (as 2ase o a pro,e0re o+ 'a( t)at )as 2ee repea'e1 t)e +a,ts0er t)e sa*e ,aot 2e re'ie 0po 2y ,o0rts o t)e s0,,eei/ ,ases. VII. ARTICLE GTERRITORIALITY PENAL LA$ THEORY OF

is a,,reite. ,os0' is ot e3e*pt +ro* ,ri*ia' prose,0tio +or &io'atios o+ t)e 'a(s o+ t)e ,o0try()ere )e resies. VIII. ARTICLE GA PRINCIPLE OF NATIONALITY

N6<8> -i&i' 'a(s pertaii/ to +a*i'y ri/)ts E 0ties1 stat0s1 ,oitio1 'e/a' ,apa,ity +o''o( t)e pri,ip'e o+ atioa'ity. R8a7> R. . 4!!5 : 10a' -itizes)ip ,t S8-. 4 R.A. 44A : 1e,'aratio o+ o'i,y6'' )i'ippie ,itizes ()o 2e,o*e ,itizes o+ aot)er ,o0try s)a'' 2e ee*e ot to )a&e 'ost t)eir)i'ippie ,itizes)ip s02#e,t to ,oitios. S8-. ! R.A. 44A : Retetio o+ )i'ippie -itizes)ip6Jat0ra'.2or ,itizes o+ t)e )i'ippies ()o )a&e 'ost t)eir )i'ippie ,itizes)ip 2y reaso o+ t)eirat0ra'izatio as ,itizes o+ a +orei/ ,o0try are )ere2y ee*e to )a&e re.a,0ire )i'ippie,itizes)ip 0po ta<i/ t)e +o''o(i/ oat) o+ a''e/ia,e to t)e rep02'i, 333. D8i&a<i&8 Ci<i;[email protected],. 1 R. . 4!!55 : T)e 0*arrie ,)i' ()et)er 'e/iti*ate1 i''e/iti*ate or aopte1 2e'o( @ years o+a/e o+ t)ose ()o re. a,0ire )i'ippie -itizes)ip 0po e++e,ti&ity o+ t)is a,t s)a'' 2e ee*e ,itizeso+ t)e )i'ippies. Cases: > ?oe)< &s> ?o<i/0e1 @ !0e @! a,ts6 etitioer1 a er*a a aresiet o+ er*ay *arrie -ar*e Rori/0ez 4a i'ipia5 i Ga*20r/1 er*ay. T)eir *arria/e (asrati+ie i Tayasa1 Je/ros 8rieta'. 80t o+ t)eir 0io (ere 2or -aro'ye a 'e3ara. -ar*e +i'e a petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity o+ )er *arria/e 2e+ore t)e RT-. etitioer +i'e a *otio to is*iss 20t(as eie 2y t)e ,o0rt. etitioer a'so o2taie a e,ree o+ i&or,e i er*ay. T)e -B o+ er*ayisso'&e t)e *arria/e 20t pareta' ,0stoy +or t)e ,)i're (as /rate to petitioer. etitioer o(a''e/es t)at t)ere is ot)i/ 'e+t to 2e ta,<'e 2y t)e )i'ippie -o0rt as t)ere are o ,o#0/a' assetsa''e/e i t)e petitio a t)e ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i're )a a'reay 2ee a(are to petitioer. Bss0e6EJ t)e ,o0rt *ay retai #0risi,tio o&er t)e ,ase espite t)e +a,t t)at t)e petitioer )as a'reayo2taie a e,ree o+ i&or,e +ro* t)e er*a -o0rt. Ge'6 1i&or,e e,rees o2taie 2y +orei/ers iot)er ,o0tries are re,o/iza2'e i o0r #0risi,tio 20t t)e 'e/a' e++e,ts t)ereo+ : ,0stoy1 ,are as0pport o+ ,)i're *0st sti'' 2e eter*ie 2y o0r ,o0rts. e+ore o0r ,o0rts ,a /i&e t)e e++e,t o+ res#0i,ata to a +orei/ #0/*et s0,) as t)e a(ar o+ ,0stoy to petitioer 2y t)e er*a -o0rt1 it *0st 2e s)o( t)at t)e parties oppose to t)e #0/*et )a 2ee /i&e

B.R.> ea' 'a( +o''o(s t)e t)eory o+ territoria'ity a /eera'ity re/ar'ess o+ atioa'ity. BE:C.>@. ri,ip'es o+ 02'i, Bteratioa' a( o ip'o*ati, i**0ity. !. rese,e o+ treaty stip0'atios. E1<8i<6ia'i< : territoria' #0risi,tio o+ oe state +or*s a e3tesio o+ t)e territory o+ aot)er state.;3a*p'e6 ;*2assy E1<a<8i<6ia'i< : e3e*ptio 2y &irt0e o+ treaty stip0'atio. ;3a*p'e6*2assaor K,)e,=e20</e< &s> o<a1 ! !0'y 6! a,ts6 etitioer (as 0'y a,,reite )oorary,os0' o+ Cr0/0ay at ai'a. Ge (as ,)ar/e i t)e -B o+ ai'a (it) t)e ,ri*e o+ +a'si+i,atio o+ a pri&ate o,0*et. Ge o2#e,te to t)e #0risi,tio o+ t)e ,o0rt o t)e /ro0 t)at 2ot) 0er t)e,ostit0tios o+ C.S. a t)e )i'ippies1 t)e ,o0rt 2e'o( )a o #0risi,tio to try )i*. Bss0e6 EJ a



,os0' is i**0e +ro* s0it. Ge'6 ,os0' is ot etit'e to t)e pri&i'e/es a i**0ities o+ aa*2assaor or *iister 20t is s02#e,t to t)e 'a(s a re/0'atios o+ t)e ,o0try to ()i,) )e

"

a*p'e opport0ity to o so o t)e /ro0s a''o(e 0er Se,tio 5?1 R0'e >41 R8- 4o( Se,tio 1R0'e >45 : T)e e++e,t o+ a #0/*et o+ a tri20a' o+ a +orei/ ,o0try1 )a&i/ #0risi,tio to proo0,e #0/*et is as +o''o(s6 4a5 B ,ase o+ a #0/*et 0po a spe,i+i, t)i/1 t)e #0/*et is,o,'0si&e 0po t)e tit'e to t)e t)i/. 425 B ,ase o+ a #0/*et a/aist a perso1 t)e #0/*et is pres0*pti&e e&ie,e o+ a ri/)t as 2et(ee t)e parties a t)eir s0,,essors. i.iterest 2y a s02se0ettit'e 20t t)e #0/*et *ay 2e repe''e 2y e&ie,e o+ a (at o+ #0risi,tio1 (at o+ oti,e to t)e

party1 333I. ,eptioa' Case: @> Ca Do< &s> ?oi''o1 G,to2e< 64 a,ts6 'i,e Fa 1or is a,itize o+ t)e )i'ippies ()i'e pri&ate respoet 4Ri,)ar Cpto5 is a ,itize o+ C.S. T)ey (ere*arrie i Go/ Ho/. T)ey esta2'is)e t)eir resie,e i t)e )i'ippies a 2e/ot ! ,)i're. T)e parties (ere i&or,e i Je&aa1 C.S. a re*aie a t)at 'i,e re.*arrie i Je&aa1 t)is ti*e toT)eoore Fa 1or. Ri,)ar +i'e a s0it a/aist 'i,e stati/ t)at 'i,eLs 20siess i ;r*ita1 ai'a is,o#0/a' property o+ t)e parties a as<i/ t)at petitioer 2e orere to reer a a,,o0ti/ o+ t)at 20siess a t)at Ri,)ar 2e e,'are (it) ri/)t to *aa/e t)at ,o#0/a' property. 'i,e ,otee t)atrespoet is estoppe +ro* 'ayi/ ,'ai* o t)e a''e/e ,o#0/a' property 2e,a0se o+ t)erepresetatio )e *ae i t)e i&or,e pro,eei/s 2e+ore t)e *eri,a -o0rt t)at t)ey )a o ,o**0ityo+ property. Respoet a&ers t)at t)e i&or,e e,ree ,aot pre&ai' o&er t)e pro)i2iti&e 'a(s o+ t)e)i'ippies. Bss0e6 EJ t)e e,ree o+ i&or,e is &a'i i t)e )i'ippies. Ge'6 T)e e,ree is 2ii/ oRi,)ar as a *eri,a ,itize. or ista,e1 Ri,)ar ,aot s0e 'i,e as )er )0s2a i ay State o+ t)eCio. 8(i/ to t)e atioa'ity pri,ip'e 4 rti,'e @55 : o'y )i'ippie atioa's are ,o&ere 2y t)e po'i,ya/aist a2so'0te i&or,es t)e sa*e 2ei/ ,osiere ,otrary to o0r ,o,ept o+ p02'i, po'i,y a*ora'ity. Go(e&er1 a'ies *ay o2tai i&or,es a2roa ()i,) *ay 2e re,o/ize i t)e )i'ippies pro&ie t)ey are &a'i a,,ori/ to t)eir atioa' 'a(. B t)is ,ase1 t)e i&or,e i Je&aa1 re'easeRi,)ar +ro* t)eir *arria/e +ro* t)e staars o+ *eri,a 'a(1 0er ()i,) i&or,e isso'&es t)e*arria/e. 0rs0at to )is atioa' 'a(1 Ri,)ar is o 'o/er t)e )0s2a o+ 'i,e. Ge (o0' )a&e ostai/ to s0e i t)e ,ase 2e'o( as 'i,eLs )0s2a etit'e to e3er,ise ,otro' o&er ,o#0/a' assets. Geis 2o0 2y t)e e,isio o+ )is o( ,o0tryLs ,o0rt1 ()i,) &a'i'y e3er,ise #0risi,tio o&er )i* a()ose e,isio )e oes ot

rep0iate. Ri,)arLs ,otetio t)at 0er o0r 'a(s1 'i,e is ,osiere *arrie to )i* ,aot 2e #0st.TaC8 N6<8> A<i-'8 4# Pa. 4 Fa?i' C678 : i+ a'ie spo0se o2taie t)e e,ree o+ i&or,e1i'ipio spo0se (i'' )a&e t)e ri/)t to re*arry. 9: !0a a a<ia (o0' 'i=e to /et a<<ie> 5)e p<o2'e is !0a is i t)e 1)i'ippies a a<ia is i Kpai (o<=i/> a<ia is o'y yea<s o' a !0ais @ yea<s o'> a<ia 'ea<e t)at 0e< Kpais) 'a(1 t)e a<<yi/ a/e +o< +ea'e is 7 yea<s o' a +o<a'e is yea<s o'> De< t)e Kpais) 'a(1 a<<ia/e 2y p<oy is a''o(e> !0a )as o oey to /o iKpai> 5)ei< a<<ia/e E2y p<oyF (as t)e ,e'e2<ate i Kpai> s t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 4e+oreas(eri/1 yo0 are ,o*pe''e to app'y rti,'e @5 : Jatioa'ity T)eory app'ies5. e/a' ,apa,ity : +or as 'o/as aria is a i'ipia1 t)e a*i'y -oe /o&ers )er. T)e *arryi/ a/e )ere is @ years o'. Re/ari/*arria/e 2y pro3y 0p to o( t)ere are ,o+'i,ti/ e,isios. 'terati&e as(ers6 @. ro+. Sta. aria : J0''a &oi 20t ot o t)e ar/0*et t)at 0er t)e )i'ippie 'a( 0ri/ *arria/e ,ere*oy t)ey s)o0' 2e p)ysi,a''y preset. !. -osieri/ *arria/e ,ere*oy is *ere'y +or*a'1 app'yi/ rti,'e @" : 'e3 'o,i,e'e2ratiois 4'a( o+ t)e p'a,e ()ere t)e ,otra,t is ,e'e2rate5. 0t t)is rti,'e is ,o+ie o'y to +or*sa so'e*ities *eai/ e3trisi, &a'iity o+ t)e ,otra,t1 as 'o/ as it is &a'i t)ere a ot pro)i2ite)ere1 *arria/e 2y pro3y is &a'i )ere. 4)at is pro)i2ite is i,est0o0s *arria/e1 2i/a*o0s *arria/e3335. rti,'e @" oes ot i,'0e itrisi, &a'iity. rti,'e @" app'ies o'y to +or*s a so'e*ities. N6<8> rti,'e @" *ay 2e app'ie as a /eera' r0'e. ;3,eptio : e3territoria'ity. To as(er6 ,oe,t a*i'y-oe to rti,'e @" a state a0t)ority. B+ t)e pro2'e* is too /eera'1 *a<e a 0a'i+i,atio. B+ itrisi,1app'y rti,'e @5. B+ e3trisi,1 app'y rti,'e @". 9: Ass0i/ t)e a<<ia/e is &a'i1 !0a +e'' i 'o&e (it)aot)e<> Does a<ia )a&e t)e <i/)t to s0e !0a; 6 pp'y rti,'e @. 4Re*e*2er t)e ,ase o+ ar< i*eeza Ro Str0<. ar< : e3traitio ,ase. Ro : a''e/e ,ri*e (as ,o**itte )ere i t)e )i'ippies.5

Territoria'ity t)eory app'ies. 9: + a spo0se a<<ie aot)e< i "o/=o/1 ay yo0 as t)e +i<st spo0se+i'e a ,<iia' ,ase o+ 2i/ay o< a ,i&i' ,ase )e<e i t)e 1)i'ippies; 6 B+ ,ri*ia' ,ase1 it ,aot 2e +i'e)ere 2e,a0se rti,'e @ pro&ies t)at pea' 'a(s are o'y app'ie i

J

,ri*es ,o**itte )ere i t)e )i'ippies. Re/ari/ t)e ,i&i' ,ase1 it (i'' prosper 2e,a0se rti,'e @5 pro&ies 'ia2i'ity +or &io'atio o+ s0,). 9: Da&i a<<ie C)ato i t)e 1)i'ippies> A (ee= a+te< Da&ie,ie to /o 2a,= to Ka0i A<a2ia to (o<=> Da&i +e'' i 'o&e (it) Ay,e i Ka0i> Da&i (as a2'e to/et a ,e<ti+i,atio ,apa,itati/ )i to a<<y> 5)ey /ot a<<ie> C)ato 'ea<e o+ t)e a<<ia/e>$)at a<e t)e possi2'e ,ases; 6 42e+ore as(eri/1 t)is re0ires yo0 to app'y rti,'es @ a @5. B+ ,ri*ia',ase1 o ,)oi,e 20t -)ato )as to /o to Sa0i ra2ia a +i o0t i+ Sa0i (i'' a''o( )er to +i'e a ,ase +or

2i/a*y. B+ s)e ,aot +i'e1 s)e )as to (ait +or t)e )0s2a to /o 2a,< )ere to/et)er (it) t)e y,e a,oti0e to 'i&e to/et)er a t)e ,ase o( is ,o,02ia/e. B+ 1a&i (as t)e o'y oe ()o ,a*e 2a,<1o ,ri*e or ,ase to 2e +i'e. Jote t)at a0'tery a ,o,02ia/e are ot ,ri*es a/aist t)e state1 T)eyare persoa'. N6<8> rt. @" : re+ers to e3trisi, &a'iity rt. @5 : re+ers to itrisi, &a'iity rt. @1 par. ! : a++ir*atio o+ ()at ,otais i rt. @5 B+ t)ere are +orei/ p'a,es i&o'&e i t)e ,ase1 ()at 'a(s)o0' /o&er1 #0st re*e*2er rti,'es @ to @" 2e,a0se yo0 ,a app'y t)e* si*0'taeo0s'y. T)ey o ot,otrai,t ea,) ot)er. orei/er e3e,0ti/ a (i'' re*e*2er6 'e3 'o,i ,e'e2ratiois1 atioa' 'a(1o*i,i'iary 'a(. D> $ i i< <a< i@ i@<8<a<8 --8i6@ @a<i6@a' 'a( 6 <8 78-878@< i 6''6(87J 6 rt.@5 : ()e it ,o*es to +a*i'y ri/)t 4ri/)t to s0,,essio is a +a*i'y ri/)t5 t)e it +o''o(s t)at atioa' 'a(s)o0' /o&er. I:. ARTICLE PROPERTY G# LA$ OVERNIN REAL

o its *erit 2e,a0se #0sti,e (o0' 2e 2etter ser&e 2y t)e tria' o&er t)e ,ase i aot)er #0risi,tio.L6@ a? S<a<<8 : re+ers to a0t)orize s02stit0te ser&i,e. Cases: > i,iao &s> #<io1 o&e2e< 6@a,ts6 T)e partitio o+ t)e estate 'e+t 2y t)e e,ease osep) ri*o is i 0estio i t)is ,ase. T)e#0i,ia' a*iistrator o+ t)e estate +i'e a s,)e*e o+ partitio. re ri*o1 oe o+ t)e 2rot)ers o+ t)ee,ease oppose it. Ge ,otee t)at t)e partitio i 0estio p0ts ito e++e,t t)e pro&isios o+osep) ri*oLs (i'' 4()i,) states t)at osep)Ls (i'' s)a'' 2e /o&ere 2y )i'ippie 'a(s5 ()i,) areot i a,,ora,e (it) t)e 'a(s o+ )is T0r<is) atioa'ity1 +or ()i,) reaso t)ey are &oi as 2ei/ i&io'atio o+ rti,'e @? 4o( rt. @5 o+ t)e --. Bss0e6 EJ )i'ippie 'a(s *ay /o&er t)e (i'' o+ osep)ri*o1 a T0r<is). Ge'6 re i ot pro&e t)at sai testa*etary ispositios are ot i a,,ora,e(it) t)e T0r<is) 'a(s1 ias*0,) as )e i ot preset ay e&ie,e s)o(i/ ()at t)e T0r<is) 'a(s areo t)e *atter a i t)e a2se,e o+ e&ie,e o+ s0,) 'a(s1 t)ey are pres0*e to 2e t)e sa*e as t)ose o+ t)e )i'ippies. T)ere is o e&ie,e i t)e re,or t)at t)e atioa' 'a( o+ t)e testator (as &io'ate it)e testa*etary ispositios i 0estio ()i,) ot 2ei/ ,otrary to o0r 'a(s *0st 2e ,o*p'ie (it)a e3e,0te. T)ere+ore1 t)e appro&a' o+ t)e s,)e*e o+ partitio is ot erroeo0s. Re/ari/ t)ee3,'0sio o+ re as 'e/atee1 ias*0,) as )e is oe o+ t)e persos esi/ate as s0,) i t)e (i''1 ()i,)says 333 t)e istit0tio o+ 'e/atees i t)is (i'' is ,oitioa' a t)e ,oitio is t)at t)e istit0te'e/atees *0st respe,t t)e testatorLs (i'' to istri20te )is property1 ot i a,,ora,e (it) t)e 'a(s o+)is atioa'ity 20t i a,,ora,e (it) t)e 'a(s o+ t)e )i'ippies 333I. B+ t)is ,oitio is &a'i1 ay'e/atee ()o +ai's to ,o*p'y (it) t)e (i'' 'i<e re is pre&ete +ro* re,ei&i/ )is 'e/a,y. Sai,oitio is &oi 2ei/ ,otrary to 'a( +or rti,'e "4! pro&ies t)at i*possi2'e ,oitios s)a'' 2e,osiere as ot i*pose 333 Sai ,oitio is ,otrary to 'a( 2e,a0se it e3press'y i/ores t)etestatorLs atioa' 'a(. @> #e''is &s> #e''is1 !0e 6 a,ts6 *os e''is (as a ,itize a resiet o+Te3as at t)e ti*e o+ )is eat). e+ore )e ies1 )e )a *ae ! (i''s1 oe isposi/ o+ )is Te3as properties1 t)e ot)er isposi/ o+ )is )i'ippie properties. B 2ot) (i''s1 )is re,o/ize i''e/iti*ate,)i're (ere ot /i&e ayt)i/. Te3as )as o ,o+'i,ts r0'e 4r0'e o+ ri&ate Bteratioa' a(5/o&eri/ s0,,essioa' ri/)ts. 0rt)er*ore1 0er Te3as 'a(1 t)ere are o ,o*p0'sory )eirs at)ere+ore o 'e/iti*es. T)e

N6<86 B+ t)e pro2'e* i&o'&es property1 app'y t)e 'e3 sit0s. B.R.> e3 rei sitae B E:C> Btestate atesta*etary s0,,essio6 4a5 8rer o+ s0,,essio 425 *o0t o+ s0,,essioa' ri/)t 4,5 Btrisi, &a'iity o+ (i'' 4 rt. @5 45 e/a' ,apa,ity to s0,,ee R8@&6i D6-<i@8 E Ta@?ii6@ T86 : re+erri/ 2a,<I.1e,eet is a atioa' o+ oe ,o0try a a o*i,i'e o+ aot)er. )e t)e ,o+'i,t r0'e o+ t)e +or0*



re+ers a *atter to a +orei/ 'a( +or e,isio. 4e''is &s. e''is5 F6? N6@ C6@&8@i8@ : a o,trie ()ere2ya ,o0rt o+ 'a( )a&i/ +0'' #0risi,tio o&er a ,ase 2ro0/)t i a proper &e0e or istri,t e,'ies toeter*ie t)e ,ase

i''e/iti*ate ,)i're oppose t)e (i''s o t)e /ro0 t)at t)ey )a&e 2ee epri&e o+ t)eir 'e/iti*es to()i,) t)ey (o0' 2e etit'e1 i+ )i'ippie 'a( (ere to app'y. Bss0es6 4@5 EJ t)e i''e/iti*ate ,)i'reare etit'e to t)eir 'e/iti*es. 4!5 EJ re&oi o,trie *ay 2e app'ie i t)is ,ase. Ge'6 )ere t)e parties ,a'' +or t)e app'i,atio o+ t)e i,iao ,ase a t)e re&oi o,trie1 t)e sa*e ,aot 2e *ae 2e,a0se +irst1 t)e i,iao ,ase ,aot app'y si,e 0er t)e e,eetLs atioa' 'a( 4Te3as51 t)e syste*o+ 'e/iti*es oe ot app'y to estate o+ a ,itize o+ Te3as. Se,o1 t)e i''e/iti*ate ,)i're ,aot ,a''

+or t)e app'i,atio o+ t)e re&oi o,trie1 t)ere 2ei/ o ,o+'i,t o+ 'a(s i&o'&e. T)e re&oi o,trie0s0a''y pertiet ()ere t)e e,eet is a atioa' i oe ,o0try a o*i,i'e i aot)er. Bt oes otapp'y to a ,ase ()ere t)e e,eet (as a ,itize o+ Te3as a (as o*i,i'e t)erei at t)e ti*e o+ )iseat). pro&isio i a +orei/erLs (i'' t)at )is properties s)o0' 2e istri20te i a,,ora,e (it))i'ippie 'a( a ot i a,,ora,e (it) )is atioa' 'a( is &oi1 2ei/ ,otrary to rti,'e @5 o+ t)e --.!> Aa< &s> -a<,ia1 ! !a0a<y 6! a,ts6 ;(ar -)ristese (as a ,itize o+ C.S. a a resiet o+-a'i+oria. ;(ar e3e,0te a (i'' i ai'a 2e0eat)i/ to aria 0,y -)ristese a'' )is i,o*e a property a to aria Ge'e -)ristese 4)is a,<o('e/e at0ra' ,)i'5 >1??. 8ppositio to t)eappro&a' o+ t)e pro#e,t o+ partitio (as +i'e 2y Ge'e iso+ar as it epri&es )er 'e/iti*e as aa,<o('e/e at0ra' ,)i'. T)e ,o0rt 2e'o( r0'e t)at as ;(ar (as a ,itize o+ C.S. at t)e ti*e o+)is eat)1 t)e s0,,essioa' ri/)ts a itrisi, &a'iity o+ t)e pro&isios i )is (i'' are to 2e /o&ere 2y t)e 'a( o+ -a'i+oria1 C.S. . Ge'e ,otee t)at )i'ippie 'a( s)o0' 2e app'ie Bss0e6 EJ)i'ippie 'a( s)o0' 2e app'ie i t)is ,ase. Ge'6 )ere t)e testator (as a ,itize o+ -a'i+oria ao*i,i'e i t)e )i'ippies1 t)e a*o0t o+ s0,,essioa' ri/)ts s)o0' 2e /o&ere 2y )is atioa' 'a(.Go(e&er1 si,e t)e ,o+'i,t o+ 'a( r0'es o+ -a'i+oria pro&ies t)at i ,ase o+ ,itizes ()o are resietso+ aot)er ,o0try1 t)e 'a( o+ t)e ,o0try o+ o*i,i'e s)o0' app'y1 t)e )i'ippie 'a( o 'e/iti*es(as app'ie. Ge,e1 0er )i'ippie 'a(s1 t)e a,<o('e/e at0ra' a0/)ter ,aot 2e epri&e o+ )er 'e/iti*e. :. ARTICLE G# LA$ OVERNIN E:TRINSIC VALIDITY OF CONTRACTS $ILLSPULIC INSTRUMENTS.

B.R.6 e3 'o,i ,e'e2ratiois 4+or*s a so'e*ities5 or 'o,0s re/it a,t0*. A..'i-a<i6@ 6 8@8a' R'8>4@5 rt. @5 : (i''s *ae 2y i'ipios a2roa *ay 2e i t)e +or* esta2'is)e 2y s0,) ,o0try. E1-> 4a5 ! par1 rt. @" 4ip'o*ati, or ,os0'ar o++i,ia's5 425 rti,'e @4 i re'atio to rt. @ : #oit (i''s e3e,0tea2roa1 ot &a'i i t)e )i'ippies 4,5 rt. @ : i'' *ae 2y a a'ie a2roa *ay2e e3e,0te a,,ori/to +or*a'ities pres,ri2e 2y 'a( ()ere )e resies1 )is ,o0try or ()at ,i&i' ,oe pres,ri2es. 45 rt1 @" :(i'' *ae 2y a a'ie i t)e )i'ippies e3e,0te i a,,ora,e (it) 'a( o+ )is ,o0try or 'a( a''o(e 2y )is ,o0try. 4!5 rt. !1 a*i'y -oe : *arria/es ,otra,te 2y i'ipios a2roa i a,,ora,e (it)'a(s i +or,e i t)e sai ,o0try. E1-.> 4a5 rt. >51 par @ . a/e 425 rt. >51 par. : 2i/a*o0s *arria/e 4,5 rt.>51 par. 5 : *ista<e o+ ietity 45 rt. >51 par. : &oi 0er rt. 5> 4e5 rt. > : psy,)o'o/i,a' i,apa,ity4+5 rt. >" : i,est0o0s *arria/e 4/5 rt. > : &oi +or reasos o+ p02'i, po'i,y HUMAN RELATIONS I.ARTICLE G ACTIONALE AUSE OF RIHT IS

B.R.6 rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry1 ot a,tioa2'e 4as)e* S)oo<at &s. - 9 Ger*osisi*a &s. - 5 BE:C.6rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry R so*e a,t or e&et S ,i&i' a,tio +or a*a/es 4e &s. e9 ass*er &s.Fe'ez5 Cases: > -as)e K)oo=at #a=s) &s> CA1 @ 6 KC?A 4 a,ts6 ari'o0 oza'es +i'e a ,o*p'ait +ora*a/es a/aist petitioer +or t)e a''e/e &io'atio o+ t)eir ar/0*et to /et *arrie. ari'o0 a''e/est)at s)e is !! years o' a pretty 'ass o+ /oo *ora' ,)ara,ter ()i'e petitioer is a Braia. T)e 'atter,o0tere a propose to *arry )er. etitioer +or,e )er to 'i&e (it) )i* 20t petitioerLs attit0eto(ars )er starte to ,)a/e1 )e *a'treate a t)reatee to <i'' )er. etitioer rep0iate t)eir*arria/e a/ree*et. Bss0e6 EJ a 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry is a a,tioa2'e (ro/.

Ge'6 T)e e3isti/ r0'e is t)at a 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry per se is ot a a,tioa2'e (ro/. T)isot(it)stai/1 t)e sai -oe ,otais a pro&isio1 rti,'e !@1 ()i,) is esi/e to e3pa t)e ,o,epto+ torts i t)is #0risi,tio 2y /rati/ ae0ate 'e/a' re*ey +or t)e 0to' 0*2er o+ *ora' (ro/s()i,) is i*possi2'e +or )0*a +oresi/)t to spe,i+i,a''y e0*erate a p0is) i t)e stat0te 2oo<s. Bt)e 'i/)t o+ t)e a2o&e 'a0a2'e p0rpose o+ rt. !@1 t)e S- )e' t)at ()ere a *aLs pro*ise to *arry is i+a,t t)e pro3i*ate ,a0se o+ t)e a,,epta,e o+ )is 'o&e 2y a (o*a a )is represetatio to +0'+i'' )is

pro*ise1 t)erea+ter 2e,o*es t)e pro3i*ate ,a0se o+ t)e /i&i/ )erse'+ 0to )i* i a se30a' ,o/ress1()e i rea'ity )e )a o itetio o+ *arryi/ )er1 a t)at t)e pro*ise (as o'y a s02t'e s,)e*e too2tai )er ,oset to t)e se30a' a,t1 s0,) (o0' #0sti+y t)e a(ar o+ a*a/es p0rs0at to rt. !@1 ot 2e,a0se o+ s0,) pro*ise to *arry 20t 2e,a0se o+ t)e +ra0 a e,eit 2e)i it a t)e (i''+0' i#0ry to)er )oor a rep0tatio. S0,) i#0ry s)o0' )a&e 2ee ,o**itte i a *aer ,otrary to *ora's1/oo ,0sto*s or p02'i, po'i,y. @> "e<osisia &s> CA1 6 1"8 @6 a,ts6 So'ea -a/i/as4,o*p'aiat51 +i'e a ,o*p'ait +or t)e a,<o('e/*et o+ )er ,)i'1 -)ris Ger*osisi*a1 as at0ra',)i' o+ sai petitioer1 as (e'' as +or s0pport o+ sai ,)i''s a *ora' a*a/es +or a''e/e 2rea,) o+ pro*ise. etitioer a*itte t)e paterity o+ t)e ,)i' a e3presse (i''i/ess to s0pport t)e 'atter 20teie )a&i/ e&er pro*ise to *arry t)e ,o*p'aiat. 0/*et (as reere e,'ari/ -)ris as t)eat0ra' a0/)ter o+ t)e e+eat a oreri/ e+eat to pay a,t0a'1 ,o*pesatory a *ora'a*a/es. Bss0e6 EJ *ora' a*a/es are re,o&era2'e 0er o0r 'a(s +or 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry.Ge'6 Bt is t)e itet o+ t)e -o/ress ot to sa,tio a,tios +or 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry. Go(e&er1()e t)e 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry )as 2ee pre,ipitate 2y se0,tio1 *ora' a*a/es *ay 2ere,o&ere. T)ere is o se0,tio i t)is ,ase ()ere t)e (o*a (as (i''i/ to )a&e iti*ate re'atios(it) a *a. B s0,) a ,ase1 t)e *a ,aot 2e sai to 2e *ora''y /0i'ty o+ se0,tio. )ere a (o*a1()o (as a is0ra,e a/et a +or*er )i/) s,)oo' tea,)er1 aro0 > years o+ a/e aappro3i*ate'y @? years o'er t)a t)e *a o&er()e'*e 2y )er 'o&e +or a *a appro3i*ate'y @? yearsyo0/er t)a )er1 )a iti*ate re'atios (it) )i*1 2e,a0se s)e (ate to 2i )i* 2y )a&i/ a +r0it o+t)eir e/a/e*et e&e 2e+ore t)ey )as t)e 2ee+it o+ ,'er/y1 it ,aot 2e sai t)at )e is *ora''y /0i'tyo+ se0,tio.

!> 1e &s> 1e1 ! ay 6@ a,ts6 *arrie *a 4 '+oso e51 ()o (as t)e aopte so o+ a re'ati&e o+ a/ir'Ls +at)er a ()o )as t)e sa*e +a*i'y a*e as t)e /ir'1 2e,a*e &ery ,'ose to t)e /ir' a )er+a*i'y. B @45!1 t)e *a +re0ete t)e )o0se o+ t)e /ir' 4o'ita5 o t)e prete3t o+ esiri/ to tea,) )er)o( to pray t)e rosary. T)e ! e&et0a''y +e'' i 'o&e. B @45"1 t)e '+oso as<e o'ita to ate )i*. o'ita,a*e to )i* a e&er ,a*e 2a,<. o'itaLs parets1 2rot)ers a sisters o( s0e t)e e+eat 0errti,'e !@. Bss0e6 EJ t)e ,o*p'ait is a,tioa2'e. Ge'6T)e S-1 app'yi/ rt. !@ r0'e t)at iee )e1 a*arrie *a1 )as se0,e o'ita t)ro0/) a i/eio0s a tri,<y s,)e*e to t)e e3tet o+ *a<i/ )er+a'' i 'o&e (it) )i*. Feri'y1 )e )as ,o**itte a i#0ry to o'itaLs +a*i'y i a *aer ,otrary to*ora's1 /oo ,0sto*s a p02'i, po'i,y. 7> $asse< &s> Ce'e1 @ KC?A 7 a,ts6 ra,is,o Fe'eza eatriz ass*er1 +o''o(i/ t)eir *0t0a' pro*ise o+ 'o&e1 e,ie to /et *arrie a set Septe*2er1 @45 as t)e 2i/ ay. 8 Septe*2er 1 @451 Fe'ez 'e+t a ote +or )is 2rie.to. 2e stati/ t)at t)eir(ei/ s)o0' 2e postpoe 2e,a0se t)e *ot)er o+ ra,is,o opposes it. T)e e3t ay1 )e set aot)er te'e/ra* te''i/ ass*er t)at Fe'ez (i'' ret0r soo. T)erea+ter1 Fe'ez i ot appear or (as )e )ear+ro* a/ai. ass*er s0e Fe'ez +or a*a/es. Bss0e6 EJ 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry is a a,tioa2'e(ro/. Ge'6 ere 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry is ot a,tioa2'e (ro/1 20t to +or*a''y set a (ei/a /o t)ro0/) a'' t)e preparatios t)ere+ore1 o'y to (a'< o0t o+ it ()e t)e *arria/e is a2o0t to 2eso'e*ize is 0ite i++eret. 82&io0s'y1 it is ,otrary to /oo ,0sto*s a t)e e+eat ,ose0et'y*0st 2e )e' as(era2'e +or a*a/es i a,,ora,e (it) rti,'e !@. 4> Kea Co &s> CA1 @4 o&e2e< 666a,ts6 Sea,o* is a ,orporatio e/a/e i t)e 20siess o+ se''i/ a istri20ti/ a/ri,0't0ra'*a,)iery1 pro0,ts a e0ip*et. Sea,o* a BB etere ito a ea'ers)ip a/ree*et ()ere2ySea,o* appoite t)e +or*er as e3,'0si&e ea'er i t)e ,ity a pro&i,e o+ B'oi'o a -apiz. B t)e

,o0rse o+ t)e 20siess re'atios)ip1 BB a''e/e'y i,0rre a 2a'a,e o+ @1> +or 0pai e'i&eriesa Sea,o* 2ro0/)t a a,tio to re,o&er sai a*o0t p'0s iterest. BB a''e/e t)at as a ea'er i -apiz1BB ,otra,te to se'' ! 0its o+ po(er ti''ers to a /ro0p o+ +ar*ers 20t Sea,o* ta<i/ a&ata/e o+t)e sai i+or*atio a i 2a +ait)1 (et ire,t'y to t)e +ar*ers a ea't (it) a so' !@ 0itst)ere2y epri&i/ BB o+ 0rea'ize pro+its. Bss0e6 EJ Sea,o* (as i 2a +ait).

Ge'6 7es. T)e pri,ip'e o+ a20se o+ ri/)ts 0er rt. @4 eparts +ro* t)e ,'assi,a' t)eory t)at )e ()o0ses a ri/)t i#0res o oeI. T)e *oer tee,y is to epart +ro* t)e ,'assi,a' a traitioa' t)eory1a to /rat ie*ity +or a*a/es i ,ases ()ere t)ere is a20se o+ ri/)ts e&e ()e t)e a,t is oti''i,it. rti,'e @4 (as itee to e3pa t)e ,o,ept o+ torts 2y /rati/ ae0ate 'e/a' re*ey +or 0to'0*2er o+ *ora' (ro/s ()i,) is i*possi2'e +or )0*a +oresi/)t to pro&ie spe,i+i,a''y i stat0tory'a(. 2se,e o+ /oo +ait) is essetia' to a20se o+ ri/)t. oo +ait) is a )oest itetio to a2stai +ro*

ta<i/ ay ,os,ietio0s a&ata/e o+ aot)er. T)e e'e*ets o+ a20se o+ ri/)ts 0er rt. @41 are6 4@5 t)ereis a 'e/a' ri/)t or 0ty9 4!5 ()i,) is e3er,ise i 2a +ait)9 4>5 +or t)e so'e itet o+ pre#0i,i/ ori#0ri/ aot)er. N6<86 'e/a' ri/)t ,eases to e3ist ()e t)e 'a( /rati/ it )as ot 2ee ,o*p'ie(it). > et<o2a= &s> $o/1 @ !0e @ a,ts6 iaao rais 45 app'ie +or a ,reita,,o**oatio (it) etro2a< 45 to +ia,e its ri,e a ,or (are)o0si/ 20siess. s a se,0rity +ors0,) ,reit a,,o**oatio1 respoet e3e,0te a R; i +a&or o+ . 10e to Ls +ai'0re to pay t)eo2'i/atio1 e3tra#0i,ia''y +ore,'ose t)e property. re0este to postpoe t)e s,)e0'e a0,tio. pai !?1??? +or t)e postpoe*et o+ t)e a0,tio sa'e. T)e sa*e (o0' 2e postpoe +or ?ays. 1espite pay*et1 t)e s)eri++ pro,eee (it) t)e a0,tio sa'e. e( T-T (as iss0e i t)e a*e o+. Respoet 0a(are o+ t)e +ore/oi/ e&e'op*ets app'ie +or a ,reit a,,o**oatio (it)ro0,ers a< 0si/ as se,0rity t)e sa*e T-T ()i,) ,otais t)e *ort/a/e to . Bt (as o'y t)e t)at)e 'eare t)at )is property (as a'reay +ore,'ose. Bss0e6 EJ (as i 2a +ait). Ge'6 2a< *0ste3er,ise its ri/)t to +ore,'ose a *ort/a/e 0po t)e *ort/a/orLs +ai'0re to pay )is o2'i/atio ia,,ora,e (it) t)e ,'ear *aate o+ t)e 'a( /rati/ s0,) ri/)t. ;a,) a e&ery re0ire*et o+ t)e'a( *0st 2e ,o*p'ie (it)1 'est1 t)e &a'i e3er,ise o+ t)e ri/)t (o0' e. Bt *0st 2e re*e*2ere t)att)e e3er,ise o+ a ri/)t es ()e t)e ri/)t isappears a it isappears ()e it is a20se espe,ia''y to pre#0i,e ot)ers. > A'e/0i &s> CA1 a<,) @@ a,ts6 resietia' apart*et 'o,ate i aa'0yo/-ity (as +or*er'y o(e 2y Sera+ia rea' estate1 a ,o*pay o(e 2y t)e arettos. or *ore t)a !?years1 0it o. @5 (as 'ease 2y Sera+ia to Sps. e/0yo. B a 'etter1 t)e teats (ere i+or*e t)at t)eassets o+ Sera+ia )a a'reay 2ee tras+erre to

.. aretto ;terprises. ppre)esi&e t)at t)ey (ere a2o0t to 2e e#e,te1 t)e teats +or*e t)e aor/aizatio ,a''e t)e aretto part*et Teats sso,iatio. T)ey e'e,te r'e/0i as F a 0 as a0itor.e'ie&i/ t)at e/otiatios (ere sti'' o /oi/1 t)e e/0yos (ere s0rprise to 'ear t)at t)e 0it t)ey(ere 'easi/ )a a'reay 2ee so' to 0. 0 t)e so' it to r'e/0i. Bss0e6 EJ 0 a r'e/0i (ere i 2a +ait). Ge'6 )i'e ,ostr0,ti&e tr0sts arisi/ o0t o+ +ra0 or 0ress 2e a a,tioa2'e (ro/1 S-e,'are )erei t)at ,ostr0,ti&e tr0st *ay a'so arise o0t o+ a20se o+ ,o+ie,e ()i,) is o( a'so 2ea a,tioa2'e (ro/. S0,) t)at ()ere o++i,ers o+ a asso,iatio o+ teats (ere tas<e to e/otiate t)e p0r,)ase o+ 0its 'ease 2y teat : *e*2ers1 a,te to p0r,)ase t)e 0its o t)e*se'&es istea1&io'ate t)e tr0st a ,o+ie,e repose o t)e*. T)e a,ts o+ 0 a r'e/0i ire,t'y &io'ate t)e pri,ip'es e0,iate i rt. @4. > ?aos &s> CA1 Ap<i' @@ a,ts6 Ra*os (as a&ise to 0er/o aoperatio +or t)e re*o&a' o+ a stoe i )er /a'' 2'aer. y "6>? ..1 ;r'ia (as a'reay 2ei/ prepare +or operatio. S)e (as a,,o*paie 2y -r0z1 )er sister. i.'a( ()o (as t)e 1ea o+ t)e -o''e/eo+ J0rsi/ at -apito' ei,a' -eter. Ger s0r/eo1 1r. Gosa<a1 arri&e 'ate 4@!6@5 ..5. 1r. 0tierrez4aest)esio'o/ist5 i*proper'y it02ate ;r'ia. 1r. Gosa<a istr0,te aot)er o,tor to it02ate t)e patiet. ;r'ia (as p'a,e i a tree'e20r/ positio : a positio ()ere t)e )ea o+ t)e patiet is p'a,e i a positio 'o(er t)a )er +eet. T)e operatio i ot /o (e''. ;r'ia staye i t)e B-C +or a*ot) 0ti' s)e ie. etitioers +i'e (it) t)e RT- a ,i&i' ,ase +or a*a/es. Bss0e6 EJ pri&aterespoets (ere 'ia2'e +or a*a/es. Ge'6 1r. Gosa<aLs irresposi2'e ,o0,t o+ arri&i/ &ery 'ate +ort)e s,)e0'e operatio o+ ;r'ia is &io'ati&e ot o'y o+ )is 0ty as a p)ysi,ia 20t a'so o+ rti,'e @4. 6>80i &s> ati''ao1 @ ay @7 a,ts6 ariosa (as e*p'oye as 'a2orer i a store o(e 2y e aHiao. #a,et to t)e sai store (as aot)er store o(e 2y HiaoLs so1 0i. 8 8,to2er @41 ariosa(as ta<e i'' a (as per*itte to ta<e t)e ay o++. Ge (et to t)e )o0se o+ )is a0t 4ati''ao5. ariosa

reporte +or (or< t)e ay a+ter 20t Hiao to' )i* t)at )is e*p'oy*et (as ter*iate. Ge (as a2'e to,o''e,t o'y )is 2a,<(a/es. Ge (it)re( *oey +ro* )is 2a< a,,o0t a 2o0/)t a ,assette as0/'asses. ariosa (as a,,0se o+ ro22ery : )e a''e/e'y sto'e *oey +ro* e. 0i *a0'e ariosaa +or,e t)e 'atter to a*it t)e ,ri*e. 0i to/et)er (it) at. eo Ro#as (et to t)e )o0se o+ Sps.ati''ao a too< pats1 +'oor *at a 'aies s)oes.

!

T)ey a'so (et to ariosaLs /ir'+rie a +or,i2'y too< t)e ,assette a s0/'asses. ariosa e3e,0tea 0,o0se'e ,o+essio ()ere )e state t)at )e sto'e ?1?? to 20y app'ia,es1 ,assette et,.ariosa s0e 0i 20t t)e ,ase (as is*isse. Sps. ati''ao s0e 0i +or a*a/es. Bss0e6 EJ petitioers (ere 'ia2'e +or a*a/es. Ge'6 Cer rti,'es @4 a >! i re'atio to rti,'e !@1 t)e is*issa' o+ t)e ,o*p'ait a/aist petitioers are o+ o re'e&a,e to t)e ,i&i' ,o*p'ait +or a*a/es +i'e 2y t)ei#0re party a/aist t)e*. T)e a,tio +or a*a/es *ay sti'' pro,ee espite t)e is*issa' o+ t)e

,ri*ia' a a*iistrati&e a,tios. > $KK &s> A,t 5)eate<1 !0e @7 a,ts6 e*p'oyees o+ ,tT)eater (ere appre)ee 2y t)e *e*2er o+ t)e po'i,e +or,e +or a''e/e'y ta*peri/ (ater *eter. 8a,,o0t o+ t)e i,iet1 t)e respoetLs (ater ser&i,e ,oe,tio (as ,0t o++. ,t T)eater +i'e a ,i&i',ase a/aist SS a''e/i/ t)at t)e 'atter a,te ar2itrari'y i ,0tti/ o++ t)e respoetLs (ater ser&i,e,oe,tio (it)o0t prior oti,e. 10e to 'a,< o+ (ater1 t)e )ea't) a saitatio o+ respoetLss0rro0i/s a patros (ere a++e,te. Bss0e6 EJ t)e a,t o+ SS i ,0tti/ o++ t)e respoetLs(ater ser&i,e ,oe,tio (it)o0t prior oti,e is pre#0i,ia' to t)e 'atter #0sti+yi/ t)e a(ar o+a*a/es 0er rti,'e @4. Ge'6 ri/)t is a po(er1 pri&i'e/e or i**0ity /0aratee 0er t)e ,ostit0tio1stat0te or e,isioa' 'a(1 or re,o/ize as a res0't o+ 'o/ 0sa/e1 ,ostit0ti&e o+ a 'e/a''y e+or,ea2'e,'ai* o+ oe perso a/aist t)at ot)er. Go(e&er1 t)e e3er,ise o+ ri/)t is ot (it)o0t 'i*itatios. Ga&i/t)e ri/)t s)o0' ot 2e ,o+0se (it) t)e *aer 2y ()i,) s0,) ri/)t to 2e e3er,ise. rti,'e @4 o+ t)e -- pre,ise'y sets t)e or*s +or t)e e3er,ise o+ oeLs ri/)ts ()i,) is t)at it *0st 2e e3er,ise i a *aeri ,o+or*ity (it) #0sti,e a /i&e e&ery perso ()at is 0e )i*. > i==o "ote' &s> ?eyes1 @Je2<0a<y @4 a,ts6 +or*a' party (as )e' at Ji<<o Gote'. T)e party (as +or i&itatio o'y t)ro( +ort)e )ote'Ls *aa/er1 a apaese atioa'. T)e ,a*e a perso 4Ro2erto Reyes a.<.a. *ay isaya5 ()o(as ,'ear'y 0i&ite 2y t)e ,e'e2rat. T)e or/aizer1 s. i*1 approa,)e Reyes a to' )i* to 'ea&e.,,ori/ to s. i*1 s)e po'ite'y approa,)e Reyes. ,,ori/ to Reyes1 s. i* )0*i'iate )i*. 10e to)is tra0*ati, e3perie,e1 )e +i'e a ,ase +or a*a/es a/aist Ji<<o )ote' a i*. Ji<<o )ote',otee t)at p0rs0at to t)e o,trie o+ &o'eti o +it i#0ria1 t)ey ,aot 2e *ae 'ia2'e +ora*a/es as Reyes ass0*e t)e ris< o+ 2ei/ as<e to 'ea&e as )e (as a /ate ,ras)er.

Bss0e6 EJ Ji<<o )ote' s)o0' 2e )e' 'ia2'e +or a*a/es. Ge'6 T)e o,trie ,aot 2e 0se as a s)ie'a/aist a a,tioa2'e (ro/ si,e t)e parties )erei1 a't)o0/) )a&i/ a ri/)t to as< a /ate ,ras)er +ro*'ea&i/ t)e )ote' (as sti'' 0er t)e o2'i/atio 4as re0ire 2y rti,'es @4 a !@5 to treat s0,) perso+air'y i orer ot to e3pose )i* to 0e,essary rii,0'e a s)a*e. rti,'e@4 <o( to ,otai t)e pri,ip'e o+ a20se o+ ri/)ts is ot a paa,ea +or a'' )0*a )0rts a so,ia' /rie&a,es. T)e o2#e,t o+t)is arti,'e is to set staars ()i,) *0st 2e o2ser&e ot o'y i t)e e3er,ise o+ oeLs ri/)t 20t a'so it)e per+or*a,e o+ oeLs 0ties. )e t)is arti,'e is &io'ate1 a a,tio +or a*a/es is proper 0errti,'es !? a !@. T)e ,o**o t)e*e 0er rti,'es @4 a !@ is t)at t)e a,t ,o*p'aie o+ *0st 2eitetioa'. N6<86 Reyes i ot (i i t)is ,ase +or pie,es o+ e&ie,e (ere presete t)at t)e )ote'i ot a20se its ri/)t. D6-<i@8 6 V6'8@<i N6@ Fi< I@Fia : re+ers to se'+. i+'i,te i#0ry1 ()i,) pre,'0es t)e re,o&ery o+ a*a/es 2y oe ()o )as <o(i/'y a &o'0tari'y e3pose )i*se'+ toa/er1 e&e i+ )e is ot e/'i/et i oi/ so. Da?@? A8 I@Fia : )e ()o 0ses a ri/)t i#0re ooe. 9: $)at is t)e <easo 2e)i Da0 A2s;0e H0<ia; 6 or as 'o/ as t)e perso is e3er,isi/)is ri/)t pro&ie 0er rti,'e @41 )e ,aot 2e )e' 'ia2'e. 0t i+ t)ere is a a20se o+ t)e ri/)t1 )e ,ao( 2e )e' 'ia2'e. ;3a*p'e6 J0isa,e 4,a 2e a2ate #0i,ia''y or e3tra#0i,ia''y5 II. ARTICLE 45CONTRARY TO LA$

J<a,is,o &s> CA1 @6 o&e2e< 666 a,ts6 . ra,is,o Rea'ty o+ ()i,) a'ia ra,is,o is t)e presietetere ito a 'a e&e'op*et a ,ostr0,tio ,otra,t (it) Ger2y -ostr0,tio represete 2y its presiet ai*e 8/1 p0rs0at to a )o0si/ pro#e,t +ia,e 2y SBS. Ger2y +i'e a ,o*p'ait a/aistra,is,o a SBS +or t)e ,o''e,tio o+ 0pai 2a'a,e 0er t)e pro#e,t. T)ey etere ito a,o*pro*ise a/ree*et. B @4"41 a+ter a e3a*iatio o+ t)e re,ors o+ t)e SBS1 8/ is,o&ere t)at

1iaz a ra,is,o )a e3e,0te " ,)e,<s ra( a/aist Bs0'ar a< a paya2'e to Ger2y. 8/ ,'ai*st)at t)ese ,)e,<s (ere e&er e'i&ere to Ger2y. Cpo i0iry (it) 1iaz1 8/ 'eare t)at t)e SBS /a&era,is,o t)e ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)e,<s. ra,is,o +or/e t)e si/at0re o+ 8/ to *a<e it appear t)at Ger2y)a iorse t)e ,)e,<s.

G

Bss0e6 EJ petitioers are 'ia2'e +or a*a/es +or +or/i/ t)e si/at0re o+ 8/. Ge'6 or/i/ t)esi/at0re o+ aot)er (it)o0t )is <o('e/e or ,oset +or t)e p0rpose o+ iorsi/ a ,)e,< aepositi/ t)e sa*e 0er t)e +or/erLs a,,o0t is ,otrary to 'a(. Cer t)e 'a(1 e&ery perso ()o,otrary to 'a(1 (i''+0''y or e/'i/et'y ,a0ses a*a/e to aot)er s)a'' ie*i+y t)e 'atter +or t)esa*e. III. ARTICLE 4G CONTRARY TO MORALS OOD CUSTOMS PULIC POLICY Cases:> A<a+i'es &s> 1)i'ippie !o0<a'ists1 @4 a<,) @7 a,ts6 8 pri' @1 @4"1 ()i'e ora'es1 a reporter

o+ eop'eLs o0ra' (as at t)e 11 ;r*e'ita1 a e*p'oyee o+ Jatioa' Bstit0te o+ t*osp)eri, S,ie,es4JB S51 'o/e a ,o*p'ait a/aist petitioer 4JB S ire,tor5 +or +or,i2'e a20,tio (it) rape a+or,i2'e a20,tio (it) atte*pte rape. ora'es t)ere0po persoa''y iter&ie(e ;r*e'ita +or t)e p0rpose o+ reporti/ t)e sa*e i t)e e3t iss0e o+ eop'eLs o0ra'. Ge trie to ,otra,t ra+i'es to&eri+y ;r*e'itaLs story 20t +ai'e. ora'esL report appeare as a )ea'ie o eop'eLs o0ra'. etitioer istit0te a ,o*p'ait +or a*a/es arisi/ t)ere+ro*. Bss0e6 EJ ra+i'es *ay re,o&er a*a/es. Ge'6 Borer t)at a is,reita2'e i*p0tatio to a p02'i, o++i,ia' 2e a,tioa2'e1 it *0st eit)er 2e a +a'sea''e/atio o+ +a,t or a ,o**et 2ase o +a'se s0ppositio. B+ t)e ,o**et is a e3pressio o+ opiio 2ase o esta2'is)e +a,ts t)e it is i**ateria' t)at t)e opiio )appes to 2e *ista<e as 'o/ as it*i/)t 2e reasoa2'y i+erre +ro* t)e +a,ts. Gere1 t)e /ir'.&i,ti* /a&e )er state*et i t)e prese,e o+t)e *eia ()o s02se0et'y iter&ie(e )er. B a,tios +or a*a/es +or 'i2e'1 it is a3io*ati, t)at t)e p02'is)e (or< a''e/e ,otai 'i2e'o0s *ateria' *0st 2e e3a*ie a &ie(e as a ()o'e. T)e presetatio o+ t)e e(s ite* ()i,) is t)e s02#e,t o+ petitioerLs ,o*p'ait *ay )a&e 2ee i asesatioa' *aer 20t it is ot i''e/a' per se. T)e e(spapers *0st 2e /i&e s0,) 'ee(ay a to'era,eto ea2'e t)e* to ,o0ra/eo0s'y per+or* t)eir i*portat ro'e i o0r e*o,ra,y. @> #0Ba/ &s> CA1 !0'y 66@ a,ts6 0a/ 2ro0/)t -iri'o to a *ote' ()ere s)e (as rape. 0a/ pro*ise to *arry -iri'o.T)ey 'i&e to/et)er as )0s2a a (i+e +or !@ ays a +i'e t)eir respe,ti&e app'i,atios +or a*arria/e 'i,ese. +ter 'ea&i/ -iri'o1 0a/ +i'e a a++ia&it (it)ra(i/ )is app'i,atio +or *arria/e'i,ese. ,o*p'ait +or a*a/es +or a''e/e 2rea,) o+ pro*ise to *arry (as +i'e 2y -iri'o a/aist0a/.

Bss0e6 EJ -iri'o is etit'e to a*a/es. Ge'6 T)e a,ts o+ petitioer irre*issi2'y ,ostit0te a,ts ,otraryto *ora's a /oo ,0sto*s. T)ese are /ross'y isesate a repre)esi2'e tras/ressios ()i,)iisp0ta2'y (arrat a a20at'y #0sti+y t)e a(ar o+ *ora' a e3e*p'ary a*a/es p0rs0at torti,'e !@ i re'atio to para/rap)s > a @? o+ rt. !!@41 !!!4 a !!>. IV. ARTICLE 44 MISTA"EACCION IN REM VERSO NO

Pi@-i.'8 6 U@F< E@i-?8@< : app'ie i rti,'e !! 4a,0isitio o+ so*et)i/5 a rti,'e !>1 -i&i' -oe4oe 2ee+ite t)r0 a,t or e&et ,a0si/ a*a/e to aot)er5. 9: $)at is t)e 0H0st e<i,)et p<o&isio i p<ope<ty; 6 rti,'e "@4 : re/ar'ess o+ t)e a*o0t1 yo0 are re0ire to /i&e to t)e p02'i,o++i,er a proper oti,e is /i&e to t)e p02'i,. Bt is o'y a+ter t)e 'apse o+ *ot)s ()e t)e +ier,o0' a,0ire o(ers)ip o&er it. ro&isios o 20i'er1 p'ater so(er : ay e3peses ()i,) i&o'&ee,essary or 0se+0' e3peses o+ t)e 20i'er1 p'ater or so(er1 )e )as t)e ri/)t to retai it i )is possessio 0ti' 2ei/ rei*20rse 2y t)e o(er1 ot)er(ise1 tata*o0t to 0#0st eri,)*et. N86<i6? 8<i6 : 4 rt. !@5 ayoe ()o &o'0tari'y ta<es ,)ar/e o+ t)e a/e,y or *aa/e*et o+ t)e 20siess o+ property o+ aot)er (it)o0t ay <o('e/e o+ t)e 'atter s)a'' ,oti0e oi/ t)e sa*e 0ti't)e ter*iatio o+ t)e e/'e,t or a2ao*et o+ sai property. S6'<i6 I@78i ">8> Ca<'os &s> a<ia1 @6!a0a<y @7 a,ts6 aria properties etere ito a ,otra,t 4,ostr0,tio o+ )ase > o+ aria ayGo*es5 (it) G.. -ar'os +or >5 ays. G.. -ar'os istit0te a ,ase +or s0* o+ *oey a/aist ariasee<i/ t)e pay*et o+ @1???1???. Bss0es> 4@5 EJ t)ere (as 0#0st eri,)*et9 4!5 EJ G..-ar'os *ay re,o&er a reasoa2'e &a'0e o+ t)e ser&i,es it reere. Ge'6 T)ere is 0#0st eri,)*et



0er rti,'e !! ()e a perso is 0#0st'y 2ee+ite a s0,) 2ee+it is eri&e at t)e e3pese o+ or (it)a*a/es to aot)er. Cer t)e pri,ip'e o+ 0at0* *er0it1 a ,otra,tor is

a''o(e to re,o&er t)e reasoa2'e &a'0e o+ t)e t)i/ or ser&i,e reere espite t)e 'a,< o+ (ritte,otra,t i orer to a&oi 0#0st eri,)*et. A0at0* *er0it *eas t)at i a,tio +or (or< a 'a2or1 pay*et s)a'' 2e *ae i s0,) a*o0t as t)e p'aiti++ reasoa2'y eser&es. To ey pay*et +or a 20i'i/ a'*ost ,o*p'ete a a'reay o,,0pie (o0' 2e to per*it 0#0st eri,)*et at t)e e3peseo+ t)e ,otra,tor. @> A/0i'a< &s> CA1 !0'y @ a,ts6 /0i'ar etere ito a 'ease a/ree*et (it)Sps. 0/0i'o. etitioer pai a&a,e reta's. To ,o*p'y (it) t)eir o2'i/atios1 t)e spo0ses &a,ate t)e

se,o +'oor 20t t)ey *o&e 2a,< 2e,a0se t)e spo0sesL o( 20i'i/ is 0er ,ostr0,tio. /0i'aristit0te a a,tio +or spe,i+i, per+or*a,e a/aist t)e spo0ses. Bt praye t)at t)e spo0ses 2e orereto e'i&er to )i* t)e etire property ()i,) (as t)e s02#e,t *atter o+ t)e 'ease ,otra,t. Bss0e6 EJt)ere (as 0#0st eri,)*et. Ge'6 Bt is 20t +air t)at t)e spo0ses *ae to pay a +air reta' &a'0e +or t)e0se a o,,0patio o+ a portio o+ t)e 'ease pre*ises +ro* t)e ti*e t)ey )a&e ret0re to sai 20i'i/. Bt (o0' 2e 0#0st eri,)*et +or t)e pri&ate respoets to e*a ret +or t)e etire'ease pre*ises ()e t)ey t)e*se'&es are at t)e sa*e ti*e o,,0pyi/ a portio t)ereo+. V. ARTICLE4 UNDERDO COURT!S PROTECTION OF THE

a,ts6 i*pi a posto' oi/ 20siess 0er t)e a*e o+ 1a&ao i2ra B0stria' Sa'es +i'e aapp'i,atio +or a irre&o,a2'e o*esti, 'etter o+ ,reit (it) sso,iate a< +or t)e a*o0t o+ 45H i+a&or o+ S arts Gar(are +or t)e p0r,)ase o+ s,rap iros. T)e a< iss0e a tr0st re,eipt. T)ee+eats i*pi a posto' +ai'e to ,o*p'y (it) t)eir 0erta<i/ 0er t)e tr0st re,eipt. 1e+eats,'ai* t)at t)ey ,aot 2e )e' 'ia2'e as t)e s,rap iro (ere 'ost ()e t)e &esse' trasporti/ t)e* s0<.RT- a - r0'e a/aist petitioers. etitioers o( ,otes t)at - )a eparte +ro* t)e app'i,a2'e 2asi, pri,ip'e a pro,e0re to t)e ,ase e*2oyi/ sso,iate a<Ls ,'ai* +or t)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity o+ 45H ot )a&i/ 2ee e3press'y reser&e 2y it1 )as 2ee ot o'y i*p'ie'y 20t i +a,t e3press'yistit0te i ,ri*ia' ,ase. t)e app'i,a2'e 2asi, pri,ip'e a pro,e0re to t)e ,ase e*2oyi/sso,iate a<Ls ,'ai* +or t)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity o+ 45H ot )a&i/ 2ee e3press'y reser&e 2y it1 )as 2eeot o'y i*p'ie'y 20t i +a,t e3press'y istit0te i ,ri*ia' ,ase. Bss0e6 EJ t)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity isee*e istit0te Ge' 6 )i'e a reai/ o+ R0'e @@@ s)o(s t)at t)e o++ee party is re0ire to *a<e areser&atio o+ )is ri/)t to istit0te a separate ,i&i' a,tio1 #0rispr0e,e istr0,ts t)at s0,) reser&atio*ay ot e,essari'y 2e e3press 20t *ay 2e i*p'ie ()i,) *ay 2e i+erre ot o'y +ro* t)e a,ts o+ t)eo++ee party 20t a'so +ro* a,ts ot)er t)a t)ose o+ t)e 'atter. Jot)i/ i t)e re,ors at )a s)o(st)at pri&ate respoet e&er atte*pte to e+or,e its ri/)t to re,o&er ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity 0ri/ t)e prose,0tio o+ t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio a/aist petitioers. VIII. ARTICLE !5 CIVIL OLIATIONSARISIN FROM CRIMINAL OFFENSE. ARTICLE !A RESERVATION OF CIVIL ACTIONSHOULD E MADE EFORE THE PROSECUTION PRESENTS EVIDENCE IAQ ARTICLE G55RPC PERSON CRIMINALLY LIALE IS ALSO CIVILLY LIALE .R.> ;3ti,tio o+ pea'a,tio oes ot ,arry e3ti,tio o+ ,i&i' a,tio 4Se,. !1 R0'e @@@1 R8-5 R8a6@> A0at0* o+ e&ie,e i,i&i' ,ase T ,ri*ia' ,ase E:C.6 B+ a,0itta' is 2ase o a +ii/ t)at t)e a,,0se i ot ,o**it t)e,ri*ia' a,ts i*p0te to )i* 4ester &s. Sa'as5 $este< &s> Ka'as1 @ A0/0st 66 Ge'6 )ere t)ea,0itta' is o a +ii/ t)at t)e e+eat i ot ,o**it t)e ,ri*e ,o*p'aie o+1 a

Pa8@ Pa<ia8 : so&erei/ po(er o+ t)e state i sa+e/0ari/ persos 0er isa2i'ity. VI. ARTICLE 4PROOF EYOND REASONALE DOUT % PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCEH ACDUITTALIN CRIMINAL ACTION % RELIEF FROM CIVIL LIAILITY E:C.6 -ri*ia' ,ase oes ot e3ist. VII.INDEPENDENT CIVIL ACTION IARTICLE !GQ CIVIL OLIATION NOT ARISIN FROM AFELONY [email protected]@78@< Ci&i' A-<i6@ : oe 2ro0/)t isti,t'y a separate'y +ro* t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase 4Se,. >R0'e @@@1 R8-5 IAQ ART. !4 REACH OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER RIHTS IQ ART. !!DEFAMATION FRAUD PHYSICAL INKURIES ICQ ART. ! REFUSAL OR FAILURE OF CITYE MUNICIPAL POLICE TO IVE PROTECTION IDQ ART. 4G## DUASI DELICT OR CULPAADUILIANA Ka<ieto I 8ipi &s> CA1 @ De,e2e< @@



#

,i&i' a,tio e3.e'i,toI ,aot prosper. ,0itta' i a ,ri*ia' a,tio 2ars t)e ,i&i' a,tio arisi/t)ere+ro* ()ere t)e #0/*et o+ a,0itta' )o's t)at t)e a,,0se i ot ,o**it t)e ,ri*ia' a,tsi*p0te to )i*. IQ EFFECT OF DEATH OF THE ACCUSED TO THE CIVIL LIAILITY ISEC. RULE GGG ROCQ Cases: > 1eop'e &s> Keayie/o1 @ !a0a<y 6 Ge'6 1eat) o+ t)e e+eat0ri/ t)e appea' or 2e+ore t)e #0/*et o+ ,o&i,tio 2y t)e 'o(er ,o0rt 2e,o*e +ia' a e3e,0torye3ti/0is)e )is ,ri*ia' 'ia2i'ity 20t )is ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity s0r&i&es. 4 J18J;1U5 @> 1eop'e &s> #ayotas1

@ Kepte2e< 667 Ge'6 1eat) o+ t)e a,,0se pei/ o+ )is ,o&i,tio e3ti/0is)e )is ,ri*ia' 'ia2i'ity as(e'' as )is ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity 2ase so'e'y t)ereo. T)is *eas t)at i+ t)e ,i&i' a,tio is oe ,a''e e3 e'i,toor arisi/ +ro* t)e ,ri*e1 t)e eat) o+ t)e a,,0se e3ti/0is)es 2ot) t)e ,ri*ia' a ,i&i' aspe,t o+ t)e,ase. Go(e&er1 a ,i&i' a,tio ot arisi/ +ro* t)e ,ri*e s0,) as t)ose arisi/ +ro* ot)er so0r,es o+o2'i/atio ()i,) is ot a ,ri*e 4s0,) as 'a(1 ,otra,ts1 0asi. ,otra,ts a e'i,ts5 t)e ,'ai* +or ,i&i''ia2i'ity s0r&i&es ot(it)stai/ t)e eat) o+ t)e a,,0se. )ere t)at ,i&i' a,tio s0r&i&es1 a a,tio+or re,o&ery +ro* s0,) *ay 2e p0rs0e o'y 2y (ay o+ +i'i/ a separate ,i&i' a,tio. T)is separate ,i&i'a,tio *ay 2e e+or,e eit)er a/aist t)e e3e,0tor1 a*iistrator o+ t)e estate o+ t)e a,,0se epei/o t)e so0r,e o+ t)e o2'i/atio. res,riptio (i'' ot 'ie a/aist t)e +i'i/ o+ a separate ,i&i' a,tio ()et)e o++ee party opte to istit0te t)e ,i&i' a,tio si*0'taeo0s'y (it) t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio a t)e'ater1 t)e ,i&i' a,tio (as e3ti/0is)e to/et)er (it) t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio a+ter t)e eat) o+ t)e a,,0se.T)e stat0te o+ 'i*itatios o t)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity is ee*e iterr0pte 0ri/ t)e pee,y o+ t)e,ri*ia' ,ase a ,o+or*a2'y (it) pro&isios o+ rti,'e @@55 o+ t)e --1 t)at s)o0' a&oi ayappre)esio o a possi2'e pri&atio o+ ri/)t 2y pres,riptio. ICQ SEC. G RULE GGG ROC UNDERTHE G" RULES ON CRIMPRO INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ACTION $ITH CRIMINAL ACTION$AS E:TENDED TO ARTICLES !4 !! ! AND 4G## OF THE CC. UNDER THE 4555 REVISEDRULES ON CRIMPRO ONLY CIVIL LIAILITY ARISIN FROM OFFENSE CHARED ISDEEMED INSTITUTED $ITH THE CRIMINAL CASE .R.6 -i&i' 'ia2i'ity arisi/ +ro* t)e o++ese,)ar/e is ee*e istit0te (it) t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio.

E:C.> 4@5 8++ee party (ai&es ,i&i' a,tio 4!5 8++ee party reser&es t)e ri/)t to istit0te itseparate'y 4>5 -i&i' a,tio istit0te 2e+ore ,ri*ia' a,tio. N6<8> T)e reser&atio o+ t)e ri/)t toistit0te separate'y t)e ,i&i' a,tio s)a'' 2e *ae 2e+ore t)e prose,0tio starts preseti/ its e&ie,ea 0er ,ir,0*sta,es a++ori/ t)e o++ee party a reasoa2'e opport0ity to *a<e s0,)reser&atio. Ka<ieto &s> CA1 @ De,e2e< @@ Ge'6 T)e reser&atio to +i'e a separate ,i&i' a,tio*ay ot 2e e,essari'y 2e e3press 20t *ay 2e i*p'ie ()i,) *ay 2e i+erre ot o'y +ro* t)e a,ts o+t)e o++ee party. ai'0re o+ t)e ,o0rt to *a<e ay proo0,e*et1 +a&ora2'e or 0+a&ora2'e as to t)e,i&i' 'ia2i'ity o+ t)e a,,0se a*o0ts to a reser&atio o+ t)e ri/)t to )a&e t)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity 'iti/ate aeter*ie i a separate a,tio1 +or o()ere i t)e R8- is it pro&ie t)at i+ t)e ,o0rt +ai's to eter*iet)e ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity1 it 2e,o*es o 'o/er e+or,ea2'e. T)e appeara,e o+ t)e o++ee party i t)e,ri*ia' ,ase t)ro0/) a pri&ate prose,0tor *ay ot per se 2e ,osiere eit)er as a i*p'ie e'e,tio to)a&e )is ,'ai* +or a*a/es eter*ie i sai pro,eei/s or a (ai&er o+ )is ri/)t to )a&e iteter*ie separate'y. Ge *0st a,t0a''y or a,ti&e'y iter&ee i t)e ,ri*ia' pro,eei/s as to 'ea&e oo02t (it) respe,t to )is itetio to press a ,'ai* +or a*a/es i t)e sa*e a,tio. B t)e preset ,ase1t)e (it)ra(a' o+ appeara,e o+ o++ee partyLs ,o0se' i t)e ear'y sta/e o+ t)e ,ri*ia' pro,eei/sis a ,'ear itetio o+ ot s02*itti/ its ,'ai* +or ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity a/aist t)e e+eat i t)e ,ri*ia',ase. N6<8> 10e to t)e 0a' ,o,ept o+ ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity1 *ore t)a oe ,i&i' a,tio to re,o&er ,i&i' 'ia2i'ityarisi/ +ro* t)e sa*e a,t or o*issio is a''o(e1 o'y 'i*itatio is a/aist o02'e #eopary. Cases: >A,e "a0'e<s &s> CA1 @! A0/0st @ Ge'6 B e/'i/e,e ,ases t)e o++ee party )as t)e optio 2et(ee a a,tio +or e+or,e*et o+ ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity 2ase o ,0'pa ,ri*ia' 0er rti,'e @?? o+ t)e R-a a a,tio +or re,o&ery o+ a*a/es 2ase o ,0'pa a0i'iaa 0er rti,'e !@"" o+ t)e --. rti,'e !@"")o(e&er1 pre,'0es re,o&ery o+ a*a/es t(i,e +or t)e sa*e e/'i/et a,t or o*issio. )ere a,,0se)as 2ee ,ri*ia''y ,)ar/e 4/rati/ re,o&era2'e ie*ity5 a i t)e separate ,i&i' a,tio1

a*a/es )as 2ee a(are1 t)e o++ee party *ay o'y 2e etit'e to t)e 2i//er a(ar o+ t)e t(o1 i+t)e a*o0ts &ary. @> a,,ay &s> Kps> o2e'a1 ! a<,) @4 Ge'6 ,o0rt tryi/ a ,ri*ia' ,ase ,aot/rat t)e a(ar o+ a*a/es i +a&or o+ t)e a,,0se. T)e ,o0rt tryi/ a ,ri*ia' ,ase s)o0' 'i*it itse'+to t)e ,ri*ia' a ,i&i' 'ia2i'ity o+ t)e a,,0se. 'so1 0er Se,. @4a51 R8-1 t)e a,,0se ,aot +i'e a,o0ter.,'ai*1 ,ross. ,'ai* or >r party ,o*p'ait1 t)e s02#e,t *atter t)ereo+ s)o0' 2e 'iti/ate i aseparate ,i&i' a,tio. Di-i6@ 6 A<i-'8 4 <6 !A 4 6.> G. Fi< 6. : rti,'es !41 >? a >5.

it) reser&atio. Re'ate t)ese arti,'es to rti,'e @?? o+ t)e R- a Se,. @1 R0'e @@@1 R8-. 4. S8-6@7 6. :rti,'es >@.> a !@". ;&e (it)o0t reser&atio. 9: $)y /<o0pe; 6 2e,a0se i t)e +irst /ro0p1 a perso ,ri*ia''y 'ia2'e is a'so ,i&i''y 'ia2'e. ay arise +ro* tort. 9: $)at a<e t)e so0<,es o+o2'i/atio; 6 'a(1 ,otra,t1 0asi.,otra,t1 e'i,t1 0asi.e'i,t. ;3a*p'es6 S'appi/ i,iet i p02'i,,a 2e a s'aer 2y ee. ! 'ia2i'ities *ay arise1 oe ,i&i' a oe ,ri*ia'. Fe)i,0'ar a,,iet a t)e passe/ers ie. -i&i' ,ase : a*a/es. -ri*ia' ,ase : re,<'ess i*pr0e,e res0'ti/ to )o*i,ie. 9:$)at a<e t)e possi2'e so0<,es; 6 A0asi e'i,t : i*portat e'e*et is e/'i/e,e. ;&e (it)o0treser&atio1 ,i&i' ,ase *ay 2e +i'e. Go(e&er1 i+ p0rs0i/ 2ase o e'i,t1 reser&atio s)o0' 2e *ae. :.ARTICLE !# PREKUDICIAL DUESTION. SEE SECTIONS # AND # RULE GGG ROC P8F7i-ia'D8<i6@ : oe ()i,) *0st 2e e,ie +irst 2e+ore a ,ri*ia' a,tio *ay 2e istit0te or *ay pro,ee 2e,a0se a e,isio t)erei is &ita' to t)e #0/*et i t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase. E'8?8@< 6 P8F7i-ia' D8<i6@> I?8?6i;8Q 4@5 -i&i' a,tio i&o'&es a iss0e si*i'ar or iti*ate'y re'ate to t)e iss0e raise i t)e,ri*ia' a,tio 4!5 Reso'0tio o+ s0,) iss0e eter*ies ()et)er or ot t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio *ay pro,ee.4>5 0risi,tio to try sai iss0e *0st 2e 'o/e i aot)er tri20a' 45 -i&i' a,tio *0st 2e +i'e +irst 2e+ore t)e ,ri*ia' a,tio

t)e iss0e i t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase is etire'y i++eret i t)e ,i&i' ,ase 20t t)e iss0e i t)e 'atter is iti*ate'yre'ate (it) t)e +or*er

Ti.> B t)e ar ;3a* @5 !5 B**eiate'y ieti+y ()at are t)e ! ,ases i&o'&e. s a r0'e @ ,i&i' @ ,ri*ia',ase T)e ,i&i' ,ase s)o0' 2e +i'e +irst. a. B+ t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase pre,ee t)e ,i&i' a it appeare t)att)e a,,0se +i'e t)e ,i&i' ,ase1 it (o0' s)o( t)at )e +i'e it to 2ee+it )i*1 i+ t)e a,,0se +i'e a *otioto s0spe t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase1 2ase o t)e e3iste,e o+ a A. p0rs0at to e'e*ets1 /o 2a,< to ,ri*ia',ase a eter*ie )o( is t)e ,ri*e ,o**itte I8'8?8@<Q /o 2a,< to t)e ,i&i' ,ase1 i+ t)e ,i&i' ,ase(o0' 2e e,ie i +a&or o+ t)e a,,0se1 (o0' it )a&e ay e++e,t as to t)e e'e*ets o+ ,ri*e1 i+ yes1t)ere is A1 i+ o e++e,t o A

!55

;3a*p'e> @5 !5 >5 1e,'aratio o+ J0''ity o+ arria/e 4-i&i'5 i/a*y 4-ri*ia' -ase5 ss0*i/ t)at t)eJ0''ity is +i'e a)ea1 t)e /o to e'e*ets o+ i/a*y. ;'e*ets o+ i/a*y6 i/a*y is ,o**itte 2y ay*arrie perso 4a5 +irst &a'i *arria/e 425 ot yet 'e/a''y isso'&e 0ri/ t)e e3iste,e o+ t)e +irst*arria/e 4,5 a,,0se ,otra,te se,o *arria/e 45 ()i,) )as a'' t)e essetia' a +or*a' re0isites o+a *arria/e

E8-< 6 Fi< Maia8 a a N''i< 9: + t)e +i<st a<<ia/e is a 0''ity1 (i'' it a++e,t t)e #i/ay,aseQ oes it ea t)at t)e a,,0se i ot ,oit #i/ay; 6 Jo ()e t)e a,,0se ,otra,te t)e !*arria/e1 t)e +irst *arria/e is sti'' e3isti/ 4oe o+ t)e e'e*ets5 so i+ 'ater o it (i'' 2e e,'are &oi1 it(i'' ot e/ate t)e +a,t t)at at t)e ti*e )e ,otra,te t)e ! *arria/e1 t)ere a'reay is 2i/a*y si,e att)e ti*e o+ ! arria/e1 t)e @st *arria/e is yet to 2e e,'are as a0''e T)ere+ore a'' e'e*ets o+

i/a*y is preset1 t)e 0''ity o+ t)e @st *arria/e )as o e++e,t e&e i+ 'ater o e,'are &oi. E8-< 6S8-6@7 Maia8 a a N''i< B+ t)e /ro0 o+ e,'aratio o+ 0''ity o+ ! *arria/e is a2se,e o+arria/e i,ese1 i+ t)e ! *arria/e is e,'are &oi1 (i'' it a++e,t e'e*et o+ i/a*y 4;'e*et 0*2er 51 t)at +or 2i/a*y to e3ist ! *arria/e s)o0' a'so 2e &a'i1 i+ t)ere is o arria/e i,ese1 t)e t)et) e'e*et is ot preset )e,e t)ere is A.

"

9: + t)e /<o0 is psy,)o'o/i,a' i,apa,ity1 (i'' t)e as(e< 2e t)e sae; 6 Jo1 sy,)o'o/i,a'B,apa,ity is ot a essetia' or +or*a' re0isite o+ arria/e1 a't)o0/) is a /ro0 +or e,'aratio o+J0''ity o+ *arria/e Bt (o0' ot )a&e ay e++e,t i i/a*y ,ase1 e&e i+ 'ater a0''e 2e,a0se at t)eti*e ! *arria/e (as ,otra,te1 it )as a'' e'e*et o+ a &a'i *arria/e1 it #0st )appe t)at psy,)o'o/i,a' i,apa,ity is a /ro0 at preset 0er t)e a*i'y -oe a s0,) /ro0 )as oretroa,ti&e e++e,t as to t)e e,isios o+ J0''ity1 ()y; B+ t)e /ro0 is B1 ,)i're 2or 2e+ore t)e

e,'aratio o+ 0''ity (i'' re*ai 'e/iti*ate1 20t i+ t)e /ro0 is 'a,< o+ essetia' or +or*a' re0isites o+ *arria/e1 ,)i're a't)o0/) 2or 2e+ore t)e e,'aratio o+ 0''ity t)ey (i'' 2e ,osiere i''e/iti*ate1 2e,a0se t)e e,isio ,a 2e /i&e a retroa,ti&e app'i,atio. E1a?.'8> A@@'?8@< 6 C6@<a-< 6@ <8 6@7 6 a7 ICi&i'Q. P 44 ICi?i@a' -a8Q 4!5 rati/ t)e ,i&i' ,ase (as +i'e a)ea o+ ,ri*ia' ,ase.4>5 !! is &io'ate 2y iss0i/ a ,)e,< ()i,) )as ot 2ee s0++i,iet'y +0e. 45 i+ t)e ,otra,t (i'' 2e a0''e o t)e /ro0 o+ +ra01 (i'' it a++e,t t)e e,isio i !!1 J81 2e,a0se1 i !!1 re/ar'esso+ t)e reaso +or t)e 2o0,i/ o+ t)e ,)e,<1 ()at is *ateria' is t)at 0po iss0i/1 t)ere is o +0 +ro*()i,) is *ay 2e ra(1 t)at is ()y t)ere is o e+ese i !!. D> I <8 -i&i' -a8 i@ E<aa ICi?i@a' Ca8Q A@@'?8@< 6C6@<a-< ICi&i'Q. 9: $)at is oe o+ t)e ipo<tat e'eet i t)e ,oissio o+ sta+a; 6 ra01 so i+ it)e a0'*et ,ase t)e e3iste,e o+ +ra0 )a 2ee esta2'is)e a t)e ,otra,t (as a0''e1 it is t)e possi2'e t)at it (o0' )a&e a e++e,t 0po t)e e3iste,e o+ esta+a 2e,a0se i+ it is pro&e t)at t)e,o*p'aiat i t)e ,ri*ia' ,ase )as ,o**ite +ra0 +or t)e a0'*et o+ ,otra,t1 t)e it +o''o(s t)att)e e+eat i ,ri*ia' ,ase i ot ,o**it esta+a. Gere t)ere is a A. !0/e 5ai1 66@ S- /a&e ae3,eptioa' ,ase1 t)at e&e i+ t)ere are ! ,i&i' ,ase1 t)ere ,a 2e a A1 t)is is a iso'ate ,ase. e,a0se asa /eera' r0'e1 +or a A to e3ist t)ere *0st 2e @ ,i&i' a @ ,ri*ia'. B t)is ,ase1 it i&o'&es a ,aastra',ase a e#e,t*et ,ase1 a t)e ,o0rt r0'e t)at e&e i+ t)ere are ! ,i&i' ,ases t)ere is a A1 2e,a0se it)is ,ase1 e+eat i t)e e#e,t*et

,ase is ,'ai*i/ t)at t)e property (ere )e is i possessio 2e'o/s to )i*. B+ t)e ,aastra' pro,eei/(i'' p0s) t)ro0/) a (i'' 2e reere i )is +a&or1 t)e it (i'' +o''o( t)at )e is ot a i''e/a' sett'er1t)at t)e property rea''y 2e'o/s to )i*. Di=ti/ &s> CA1 @ Gere it i&o'&es a itra.,orporate iss0e.T)ere is a a0t)ority /i&e 2y t)e ,orporatio to a t)ir perso to a,t i 2e)a'+ o+ t)e ,orp. T)e ot)er,ase is a esta+a ,ase. S- )e' t)at t)e reso'0tio o+ t)e iss0e raise i t)e itra.,orporate isp0te (i''eter*ie t)e /0i't or io,e,e o+ respoet +or t)e ,ri*e o+ esta+a +i'e a/aist )i*. 8e o+ t)ee'e*et o+ t)e ,ri*e o+ esta+a is (it) a20se o+ ,o+ie,e 0er rt >@5 par @4251 is a e*a *ae 2yt)e o++ee party to t)e o++eer. Cer t)e ,ir,0*sta,e si,e t)e a''e/e o++ee party1 t)e &a'iityo+ t)e e*a to e'i&er t)e s02#e,t &e)i,'e rest 0po t)e a0t)ority o+ t)e perso *a<i/ s0,) e*a.Gere t)is is a spe,ia' <i o+ esta+a1 ()ere oe o+ t)e e'e*ets is t)e a0t)ority o+ t)e perso ()o *aet)e e*a1 it #0st t)at i t)e ,i&i' ,ase t)e iss0e is ()et)er or ot t)ere (as rea''y a a0t)ority /i&eto t)e perso ()o *ae t)e e*a. So i+ it ,a 2e s)o( t)at t)ere (as rea''y a a0t)ority t)e it+o''o(s t)at t)ere is o esta+a ,o**itte. Gere t)ere is a'so a A. PERSONS I. CLASSIFICATION OFPERSONS 4 5 Jat0ra' erso 45 0rii,a' erso 9: $)at i+ i t)e p<o2'e1 t)e ;0estio (o0' 2e0'tip'e ,)oi,e a yo0 (i'' 2e as= to ieti+y ()o is a H0<ii,a' pe<so> N6<86 -o.o(ers)ip oesot )a&e a #0rii,a' persoa'ity1 a parters)ip oes. a. 2. ,. . e. +. -o.o(ers)ip arters)ip -reit Cio1epart*et o+ 0sti,e 8++i,e o+ t)e 8*20s*a o,a' o&Lt o+ Ha'oo<a KURIDICAL CAPACITY %

II. ARTICLE !# CAPACITY TO ACT

0rii,a' perso1 )as its o( #0rii,a' persoa'ity. 0rii,a' -apa,ity is i++eret +ro* ,apa,ity to a,t. Ki7i-a' Ca.a-i< : +itess to 2e t)e s02#e,t o+ 'e/a' re'atios. res0pposes persoa'ity a isisepara2'e +ro* it. Ca.a-i< <6 A-< : po(er to o or ,arry o0t a,ts t)at (i'' )a&e #0rii,a' e++e,t. -a



2e a,0ire or *ay 2e 'ost 2y a perso i &aryi/ e/rees.

J

9: 5<0e o< Ja'se1 a pe<so t)at )as H0<ii,a' ,apa,ity )as ,apa,ity to a,t; 6 a'se1 2e,a0se e&e i+ oe)as #0rii,a' ,apa,ity1 t)ere *ay2e ,ertai restri,tio i oes ,apa,ity to a,t5 ;3a*p'e6 02oy a e'')as #0rii,a' ,apa,ity 20t t)ey o ot )a&e t)e ,apa,ity to ta<e t)e R e3a*1 i+ t)eir e0,atioa'attai*et restri,t t)eir ,apa,ity1 2e,a0se t)ey *ay 2e ,o''e/e /ra0ate 20t ot a 'a( /ra0ate. 9: 5<0eo+ Ja'se: pe<so (it) a ,apa,ity to a,t1 )as a H0<ii,a' ,apa,ity; 6 Tr0e1 2e,a0se i+ oe )as t)e ,apa,ityto a,t it +o''o(s t)at t)e sai perso ,a eter ito ay #0rii,a' re'atios)ip1 ()o *ay 2e a at0ra' or

#0rii,a' perso t)at )as a #0rii,a' ,apa,ity. III. ARTICLES !" AND ! CAPACITY TO ACTRESTRICTIONS ON

+a&ora2'e to it. T)e (or +a&ora2'e is i*portat1 2e,a0se e&e i+ t)e ,)i' sti'' isie t)e (o*21 t)ere isa a,t per+or*e 2y a t)ir perso i +a&or o+ t)e ,o,ei&e ,)i'1 20t t)at a,t is ot +a&ora2'e to t)e,o,ei&e ,)i'1 t)e pro&isioa' persoa'ity 2ei/ /i&e to t)e ,o,ei&e ,)i' (i'' ot 2e app'i,a2'e. rt?1 app'y o'y i+ t)e a,t per+or*e 2y t)e t)ir perso is +a&ora2'e. ;36 i t)e (i'' o+ t)e 2io'o/i,a'+at)er1 it a''e/e t)at )e is a,<o('e/i/ t)e ,)i' 2ei/ ,o,ei&e 2y )is 'o/ti*e 'i&e i parter aria1)e (i'' oate )is )o0se a 'ot to t)e 2a2y 2ei/ ,o,ei&e 2y aria. T)e a,t o+ a,<o('e/*et aoatio is 2ot) +a&ora2'e. 0t ()at i+ t)e 2io'o/i,a' +at)er (o0' state t)at a'' )is o2'i/atio (i'' a'so 2e ass0*e 2y *y ,)i' (it) aria1 t)e sa*e ,a o 'o/er 2e ,osiere as +a&ora2'e1 )e,e t)e pro&isioa' persoa'ity o+ t)e ,)i' (i'' o 'o/er 2e app'i,a2'e to t)e ,o,ei&e ,)i' T)at pres0*pti&e persoa'ity s)o0' 2e,o*e ,o,'0si&e 'ater o a t)e 'a( /i&es t)e re0ire*et +or it to 2e ,o,'0si&ea t)e 'a( re0ires t)at i+ t)e ,)i' )a a itra.0terie 'i+e o+ 'ess t)at " *ot)s1 it s)o0' 2e a'i&e+or at 'east ! )o0rs +ro* t)e ti*e o+ its ,o*p'ete e'i&ery1 20t i+ t)e ,)i' )as itra.0terie 'i+e o+ "*ot)s or *ore1 it ee ot s0r&i&e +or ! )rs. ()at is i*portat is t)at it is a'i&e +ro* t)e ti*e it is,o*p'ete'y e'i&ere. oi/ 2a,< to t)e ,ase o+ 2a2y o+ aria1 ,a s)e ,'ai* t)e i)erita,e or e*a+or s0pport a+ter t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i'1 yes1 pro&ie t)at1 app'yi/ rt @1 i+ t)e ,)i' is 'ess t)a "*ot)1 it s0r&i&e +or ! )rs1 2e,a0se i+ it i ot s0r&i&e e&e i+ t)ere is a oatio i a (i''1 t)e ,)i'i ot a,0ire #0rii,a' ,apa,ity1 )e,e 'e/a''y spea<i/ )as e&er 2e,o*e a at0ra' perso. 0t i+ t)e,)i' s0r&i&es +or ! )rs1 t)e a+ter 'apse o+ ! )rs )e ie1 ,a aria sti'' re,o&er t)e oatioQ 7;S1 2e,a0se t)e ! )rs re0ire*et )as 2ee ,o*p'ie (it)1 ass0*i/ it )a 'ess t)a " *ot)s o+itra.0terie 'i+e1 t)0s 'e/a''y spea<i/ ()e it (as 2or it (as ,osiere as a at0ra' perso1 t)e*ot)er 2ei/ a ,o*p0'sory ,'ai*1 )as t)e ri/)t to ,'ai* t)e oatio /i&e to t)e ,)i'. 0t i+ t)e ,)i'is " *ot)s or *ore1 t)e a+ter e'i&ery it ,rie1 t)e ie1 aria1 *ay sti'' /et t)e oatio 2e,a0se t)e,)i' ee ot 'i&e +or at 'east ! )rs. ss0*i/ t)e pro2'e* /i&e is so /eera'1 a it i ot state )o(o' is t)e ,)i' ()e it (as e'i&ere1 yo0 *0st *a<e a 0a'i+i,atio1 pro&ie t)at t)e a,t is i&o'&e is+a&ora2'e to t)e ,o,ei&e ,)i'1 ot)er(ise o ee to *a<e a 0a'i+i,atio1 i t)at sese1 t)e ,o,ei&e,)i' e&er )a a pres0*pti&e persoa'ity to spea< o+. res0*pti&e persoa'ity pertais o'y to a,o,ei&e ,)i'. Bt oes ot app'y to ,orporatio a2o0t

[email protected]< : is t)e restri,tio o+ a persoLs ,apa,ity to a,t. rt >.>41 restri,tio o ,apa,tity to a,t 1 (eo ot app'y t)e ;3pressio Cios R0'e. T)ere are ,erati resri,tio ()i,) *i/)t ot appear i t)ee0*eratio 20t *ay sti'' 2e ,osiere as a restri,tio to o,e ,apa,ity to a,t. So i+ oe esires to pra,ti,e t)e pro+essio o+ 'a( i t)e )i'ippies1 20t )e is ot a i'ipio ,itize1 )is atioa'ity (o0' 2e,osiere as a restri,tio o )is ,apa,ity to pra,ti,e 'a( i t)e )i'. 4 C'a8 6 R8<i-<i6@ E [email protected]<> 4@5 Jat0ra' i,apa,ity6 4a5 10e to 'a,< o+ e&e'op*et : *iority 425 10e to isease : isaity1ea+.*0te1 i*pote,y 4!5 -i&i' i,apa,ity6 4a5 10e to ,ri*e : ,i&i' iteri,tio 425 10e to p02'i, po'i,y :+a*i'y re'atios1 o*i,i'e1 Jatioa'ity1 iso'&e,y1 a2se,e BV. ARTICLE 5 ARTICLE G A<i-'8 5a@7 G irt) eter*ies ersoa'ity. 0t a ,o,ei&e ,)i' s)o0' 2e ,osiere 2or +or a'' p0rposes+a&ora2'e to it. De !es0s &s> Ky;0ia I -e'01 4 1"8 T)e ,ase o+ 1e es0s )as so*et)i/ to o (it)a oatio to a ,o,ei&e ,)i'. B t)e 'atter ,ase1 it i&o'&es a ,'ai* +or a*a/es +or a a2orte ,)i'.B t)e +or*er1 t)e oatio as ,osiere as &a'i a 2ii/ to t)e ,o,ei&e ,)i'1 e&e i+ t)e ,)i'

(as ot yet 2or. $)y; Ta<e ote o+ t)e p)rase1 s)a'' 2e ,osiere 2or 4e&e i+ sti'' ,o,ei&e51 +or p0rposes CIVIL PERSONALITY

to 2e re/istere1 t)e 'a( is &ery ,'ear1 it pertais o'y to a ,o,ei&e ,)i'. 8iHo,o &s> state o+J<a/ate1 67 S- )e' t)at t)e estate o+ t)e e,ease is a #0rii,a' perso. So t)at i s0,,essioa't)o0/) t)e e+iitio o+ s0,,essio i,'0es tras+er o+ ri/)ts property a o2'i/atio1 stri,t'yspea<i/ t)e o2'i/atio is ot 2ei/ tras+erre. $)y; e,a0se1 prior to partitio1 t)e ,reitors (i'' 2et)e to 2e sett'e +irst1 t)ey ,a s0e t)e estate 2e,a0se it is a ,osiere a #0rii,a' perso. ARTICLE !PRESUMPTION ON SURVIVORSHIP E SIMULTANEOUS DEATH. FACTS ARE UN"NO$N

APPLIES $HENEVER PARTIES $HO DIED ARE CALLED TO SUCCEED EACH OTHER.OTHER$ISE SEC. ! PAR KK RULE G!G OF THE ROC ON DISPUTALE PRESUMPTIONSAPPLIES. N6<8> See R0'e @>@1 Se,. 5 4HH51 R89: Ass0i/ t)at !0a a a<ia /ot <o(e i a+'oo ,a0se 2y o&e<+'o(i/ o+ t)e a1 ()o (as t)e +i<st oe ()o pe<is)e; $i'' a<ti,'e 7! 2eapp'ie; 6 Jo1 e&e i+ t)ey )a&e 2ee 'i&i/ to/et)er as )0s2a a (i+e +or *ore t)at @? years1 20tot 'e/a''y *arrie1 )e ,aot app'y rti,'e > 2e,a0se t)is arti,'e (i'' o'y app'y i+ peop'e i&o'&e is,a''e to s0,,ee to ea,) ot)er1 t)at ()y t)is s)o0' 2e ,oe,te to t)e r0'es o s0,,essio as to ()ois ,osiere as a ,o*p0'sory )eir. B+ 'i&e i parter1 o app'i,atio. res0*ptio o s0r&i&ors)ipi&o'&es perso ()o ie are ,a''e to s0,,ee to ea,) ot)er 'e/a''y. 9: $)at i+ i t)e (i'' t)e ae is(<itte as &o'0ta<y )ei<; 6 Bstit0te )eir 20t ot ,o*p0'sory )eir1 so sti'' ot app'i,a2'e. R'8 G!GS8- ! a@7 A i&es t)e pres0*ptio as to ()o ie a)ea o+ ()o*. B t)e 2ar e3a*1 sti,< to t)is pres0*ptio. D6?i-i'8 a@7 R8i78@-8 I@ Ci&i' La( D6?i-i'8 : t)ere is a e'e*et o+ per*ae,e1 p'a,e()ere oe ites to ret0r R8i78@-8 : te*porary i ,)ara,ter I@ P6'i<i-a' La( IE'8-<i6@ La( i@ .a<i-'aQ T)e isti,tio )as isappeare. FAMILY CODE EFFECTIVITY A< ! G""

Cer rti,'e !51 t)e a*i'y -oe *ay 2e /i&e retroa,ti&e e++e,t1 pro&ie t)at it (i'' ot a++e,t &esteri/)ts. 8e *i/)t e,o0ter a pro2'e* i t)e 2ar e3a* ()erei1 i+ t)e ate is ii,ate1 t)at ser&es a(ari/ ()et)er t)e +a*i'y ,oe or t)e ,i&i' ,oe (o0' app'y. B+ t)ere is o ate1 t)e t)e e( ,i&i',oe (o0' app'y. So*eti*es t)e sit0atio (o0' +a'' 0er t)e p)rase pro&ie t)at it (i'' ot a++e,t&este ri/)tsI : -ase o+ Ty &s. - . Maia8 A<i-'8 G I?8?6i;8Q 9: t says t)e<e t)at a ,ot<a,t o+a<<ia/e is a spe,ia' ,ot<a,t> $)y spe,ia'; 6 e,a0se i a oriary ,otra,t1 t)ere is a *eeti/ o+t)e *i 20t at t)e sa*e ti*e parties )a&e t)e is,retio to eter ito ay A<o,e<os istr0*et etit'e <as00a e3e,0te 2y t)e )0s2a a t)e (i+e (as e,'are 0''a &oi +or 2ei/ a/aist p02'i, po'i,y. arties are ot a''o(e to stip0'ate +or t)e*se'&es t)eirseparatio a a''o( t)e ot)er party to *arry o+ t)e ot)er i t)e a2se,e o+ #0i,ia' iter&etio. T)atis a a/ree*et t)at is a/aist t)e 'a(. t)e e+iitio o+ rti,'e @ 4-51 is e3p'i,it1 its o'y 0ri/ a ate.0ptia' a/ree*et t)at a party ,a eter ito a stip0'atio as to ()at <i o+ property re'atios)ip(o0' /o&er t)e properties t)at t)ey (o0' a,0ire 0ri/ t)eir *arria/e. 0t ()e it ,o*es to ri/)ta o2'i/atios1 t)ey are i*pose 2y 'a( ot 2y t)e parties to a *arria/e. 9: A1 +e't 'i=e )e 'i=es o<eto p'ay (it) o''s t)a <o2ots1 so a+te< ta=i/ t)e 2a<1 A (et to "o/=o/ a ()e )e <et0< 2a,= it)e 1)i'ippies1 )e ,op'ete'y ,)a/e> A a<<ie # Ea /0y a'soF1 a+te< se&e<a' attept t)ey (e<e ot 2'esse (it) a ,)i'1 'ate< # +o0 o0t t)at A is a /0y> s t)e a<<ia/e ,osie<e &a'i; $o0' t)ea<<ia/e 2e &oia2'e o t)e /<o0 o+ +<a0; Ca t)at 2e ,osie<e +<a0 i t)e +i<st p'a,e; 6 Ta<eote t)at t)e e0*eratio o+ +ra0 i t)e - is e3,'0si&e1 so ,aot +a'' 0er ra0Q 0t ,a it 2e 0se asa /ro0 +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity o+ *arria/eQ 7;S1 o t)e /ro0 o+ '8a' -a.a-i<L MMM*arria/e is a 0io 2et(ee a *a a a (o*a. Ki'&e<io &s> ?ep02'i, Gas so*et)i/ to o (it) a/0y ()o 'ater o 2e,a*e a (o*a. Ge )a a se30a' trasp'at. Ge +i'e a petitio +or ,orre,tio o+ etryi )is 2irt) ,erti+i,ate )e (ats to ,)a/e )is a*e a )is se3 to

a +e*a'e. S- )e' t)at etry i t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate s)o0' re+er to ata at t)e ti*e o+ 2irt) ot to aye&et ()i,) (o0' 'ater traspire. T)e tria' #0/e erroeo0s'y /rats t)e petitio to ,)a/e t)e se3 o+t)e petitioer1 2e,a0se at t)e ti*e o+ )is 2irt) petitioer is a *a ot a (o*a. T)ere is a ,ase1 ()ere a/ir'1 ()o )a a se30a' trasp'at a ,)a/e )er /eita' or/a ito a peis. Go(e&er 0ti' o( s)ere*ais to )a&e ! o&aries a @ 0ter0s1 so ot(it)stai/ )er trasp'at1 t)ey ,aot to/et)er (it) )er(i+e1 pro0,e a ,)i'. So t)ey e,ie to )a&e a arti+i,ia' ise*iatio1 ()erei s)e )erse'+ /ot

i*pre/ate. B+ i ,ase1 a pro2'e* i t)e 2ar (o0' 2e as< ()et)er t)e *arria/e is &a'i1 #0st sti,<(it) rti,'e @1 a *arria/e is a 0io 2et(ee a *a a a (o*a. arria/e (it) t)e sa*e se3 ,aot 2e,osiere &a'i )ere i t)e )i'1 0'ess t)e e+iitio (o0' 2e a*ee. A@6<8 C6?.6@8@< 6 L8a'Ca.a-i< A8 Cer t)e Spais) -i&i' -oe1 t)e *arryi/ a/e is sti'' @ +or +e*a'e1 @ +or *a'e. Cer-ao a(1 @ +or +e*a'e @ +or *a'e. ss0*i/ t)at oe e,ie to so'e*ize t)e *arria/e o+ 2e'o( @si,e t)at is t)e *arryi/ a/e 0er t)e -ao a(1 re*e*2er t)at -ao a( (o0' a'(ays s02*it to-i&i' a(. 1a<eta' Coset 2et(ee t)e a/es : to @ 1 a2se,e o+ ()i,) (i'' o'y *a<es t)e *arria/e&oia2'e. 1a<eta' A&i,e 2et(ee t)e a/es : @ to @41 a2se,e o+ ()i,) (o0' ot *a<e t)e &a'iity o+*arria/e. 9: s t)e<e a ,ot<ai,tio as to a/e o+ .@ @ .@4; 6 Jo1 ()at is t)e <easo; e,a0se iapp'i,atio +or *arria/e1 oe ,aot ,osier )i*se'+ to 2e e3a,t'y !@1 re*e*2er rt @>1 @ ay is e0a'sto ! )o0rs1 a i e&ery se,o t)at passes1 oe /ets o'er1 a t)atLs t)e reaso ()y t)e 'a( states@.!@ E !@.!5. T)at is ()y i o0r 2irt) ,erti+i,ate (e ,o0' see t)e )o0r a ti*e o+ o0r 2irt)1 t)is *eas+or ista,e t)at (e are !@ years o+ a/e at t)at parti,0'ar )o0r a *i0te a a+ter t)at 'apse1 (e /eto'er 2y aot)er se,o or *i0te +or t)at *atter. -a<,ia ?e,io &s> ?e,io T)e a2se,e o+ ,erti+i,ate o+ 'e/a' ,apa,ity is *ere'y a irre/0'arity i ,o*p'yi/ (it) t)e +or*a' re0ire*et o+ pro,0ri/ a*arria/e. irre/0'arity ()i,) (i'' ot a++e,t t)e &a'iity o+ t)e *arria/e. $)y; e,a0se itLs i++ereti+ ()at is a2set is t)e *arria/e 'i,ese ot t)e ,erti+i,ate o+ 'e/a' ,apa,ity. Bt is i++eret )o(e&er1 i+oe o+ t)e ,otra,ti/ parties is a +orei/er1 2e,a0se a +orei/er ()o ,otra,ts *arria/e )ere i t)e)i'ippies (o0' ot 2e a2'e to o2tai a *arria/e 'i,ese. So i 'ie0 o+ t)e *arria/e 'i,ese1 t)e+orei/er (o0' )a&e to se,0re a

,erti+i,ate +ro* )is e*2assy t)at )e )as t)e ,apa,ity to ,otra,t a *arria/e. T)e sa*e t)i/ (it)i'ipio ()o (o0' ,otra,t *arria/e a2roa1 t)ey i ot )a&e to se,0re t)e 'i,ese +ro* t)e )i'1 t)e,erti+i,ate ,o*i/ +ro* t)e )i' ;*2assy s0++i,e. C6@8@< F88' i&8@ ot)er essetia' re0isite o+*arria/e1 a2se,e o+ ()i,) (o0' *a<e t)e *arria/e &oi a2 itio. 4Fi,es o+ -oset5 N6<8> i+ i t)e 2ar t)e 0estio )as so*et)i/ to o (it) t)e &i,es o+ ,oset i *arria/e1 as(er t)e 0estio ire'atio to ,otra,ts i /eera' e/a' -apa,ity a -oset +ree'y /i&e are t)e essetia' e'e*ets. rti,'e@5 i re'atio to rti,'e @"1 t)e +or*er spea<s o+ atioa'ity t)eory1 i+ oe is /oi/ to *arry a2roa1 oe )asto *a<e s0re1 t)at t)e essetia' re0ire*ets as to e/a' -apa,ity e./. a/e a se31 a ,oset +ree'y/i&e1 t)e 'a( t)at /o&ers s)o0' 2e t)e a*i'y -oe +or i'ipio ()ere e&er t)ey *ay 2e +o0. s tot)e +or*a' re0isites1 t)e a0t)ority o+ t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er1 *arria/e 'i,ese1 *arria/e ,ere*oy1,oe,ti/ (it) arti,'e @" o+ t)e -i&i' -oe1 'e3 'o,i ,e'e2ratiois1 e3trisi, e'e*ets. So i+ oe (o0'*arry a2roa1 i+ i t)at ,o0try1 *arria/e 'i,ese is ot a e'e*et1 t)e *arria/e (o0' 2e &a'i )ere it)e )i'. pp'yi/ rti,'e @" o+ t)e -i&i' -oe1 i re'atio to t)e a*i'y -oe. e,a0se it oes ot +a'' 0eray o+ t)e pro)i2ite *arria/es1 i t)e sa*e (ay ()e (e spea< o+ *arria/e 2y ro3y. A<6i< 6S6'8?@i;i@ Oi-8 M8?6i;8> persos ()o are /i&e t)e a0t)ority to so'e*ize *arria/e. 9: ayo<o+ ai'a1 ,e'e2<ate t)e a<<ia/e A0/0st @1 661 is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 Re*e*2er1 i+ t)ereLs a ate1 itser&es a (ari/ 2e,a0se1 t)e 'a( t)at is app'i,a2'e (o0' eit)er 2e t)e -i&i' -oe or t)e a*i'y -oe.7es1 0er t)e -i&i' -oe t)e ayor is oe o+ t)ose persos a0t)orize to ,e'e2rate *arria/e. T)ata0t)ority is )o(e&er ta<e a(ay +ro* )i* 2y t)e a*i'y -oe. 9: $)at i+ t)e a<<ia/e is ,e'e2<ate o!a> 1 66 1 is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 Jo1 re*e*2er t)at t)e o,a' o&er*et -oe too< e++e,t oe yeara+ter its pro*0'/atio o a. @1 @44@1 )e,e e++e,ti&e o a @1 @44!1 t)at is t)e o'y ti*e ()e t)ea0t)ority o+ t)e ayor (as /i&e 2a,< to so'e*ize *arria/e. Ti?8 a?8> 0/0st > @4 : 1e, >@1 @44@1

9: $)at i+ t)e pa<ties 2e'ie&e i /oo +ait) t)at t)e ayo< )a t)e a0t)o<ity to so'eie i a<<ia/e1is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 Jo1 i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a( e3,0ses o oe i ,o*p'ia,e t)ere(it). i t)e a*i'y-oe1 ()e (e re+er to ,ir,0*sta,e o+ oo ait)1 it s)o0' re+er to a *ista<e o+ a,t ot a *ista<e o+'a(. Re*e*2er t)at as 'o/ as t)e state )as ea,te a 'a(1 e&e i+ oe i ot rea it1 i/ora,e t)eretoe3,0ses o oe +ro* ,o*p'yi/ t)ere(it)1 a si,e 0er t)e a*i'y -oe1 a ayor is ot /i&e t)ea0t)ority to so'e*ize *arria/e1 /oo +ait) o+ t)e ,otra,ti/ parties (o0' ot *a<e t)e *arria/e

&a'i. 8aaaa &s> #a'taa<1 6@ 1"8 !@ 9: $)at i+ t)e Ci,e.ayo< so'eie t)e a<<ia/e is it &a'i;6 B+ t)e Fi,e.ayor is a,ti/ as a ayor t)e *arria/e is &a'i. So *a<e a 0a'i+i,atio. So ot)er(ise1 i+)e is a,ti/ i )is ,apa,ity as a Fi,e.ayor1 t)e *arria/e is 0'' a &oi. e,a0se a Fi,e *ayor is ot/i&e t)e a0t)ority 0er t)e o,a' o&er*et -oe to so'e*ize arria/e. 9: !0sti,e Leaia'ipaio1 ,e'e2<ate t)e a<<ia/e o+ A a #1 is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 Jo1 ta<e ote t)at 0sti,ePeaia ;'ipaio is ot oe o+ t)e #0sti,es o+ t)e Re/0'ar -o0rt1 20t o'y o+ t)e 8++i,e o+ t)e ,o0rt*iistrator1 20t o'y (it) a tit'e o+ t)e #0sti,e. ;&e i+ s)e ass0*e t)e positio o+ t)e #0sti,e1 s)e isot oe o+ t)ose a0t)orize to so'e*ize *arria/e 2e,a0se o'y t)e #0sti,es o+ t)e S-1 - 1 -T 1Sai/a2aya1 RT-1 ()i,) are a''o(e to so'e*ize *arria/e. ot)er e3a*p'e1 t)e Se,retary o+ 181(e aress )i* as 0sti,e Ra0' oza'es 20t )e is ot a #0sti,e or e&e a *e*2er o+ t)e 0i,iary 20t)e )o's a tit'e o+ a #0sti,e. i<e(ise a2or r2iters1 are aress as #0/e1 2e,a0se t)eir positio is,o.e0a' (it) #0/es o+ RT-1 )o(e&er t)ey sti'' o ot +a'' (it)i t)e e0*eratio a t)ere+ore ay*arria/e ,e'e2rate 2y t)e* is 0'' a &oi. N6<8> so +i o0t ()o are i,0*2et at preset a asto <o( ayor o+ etropo'ita ai'a. a&a<<o &s> !0/e Doa/toy1 6 !0'y 66 B&o'&es a #0/eso'e*izi/ a *arria/e o0tsie )is territoria' #0risi,tio. ,,ori/ to t)is r0'i/1 t)at it is si*p'y,osiere as a irre/0'arity. 9: $)at i+ it is t)e ayo< ()o ,e'e2<ates a<<ia/e o0tsie )is te<<ito<ia'H0<isi,tio; 6 pp'y 2y aa'o/y t)e r0'i/ i Ja&arro1 2e,a0se so +ar t)ere is yet o S0pre*e -o0rtR0'i/ re/ari/ t)at *atter. 4a*Ls opio6 s)e oes ot a/ree (it) t)e r0'i/1 it (o0' )a&e 2ee 2etter a( i+ t)e reaso /i&e 2y

t)e poete is t)at t)e parties 2e'ie&e i oo ait)1 t)at a #0/e ,a ,e'e2rate *arria/e e&e o0tsie)is territoria' #0risi,tio1 2e,a0se t)e #0risi,tio o+ a #0/e ,a o'y 2e <o( 2y 'a(yers or 'a(st0ets so*e)o(. 0t +or p0rposes o+ t)e 2ar1 sti,< (it) r0'i/ i Ja&arro ,ase1 t)at it is *ere'y,osiere as a irre/0'arity. Pi8< ai i?a? ?i@i<8 6 <8 C- ;3a*p'e6 i<e Fe'areo+ ;' S)aai oes ot )a&e t)e a0t)ority to so'e*ize *arria/e. Ge is sti'' a ,at)o'i,. ;' S)aai1 isre,o/ize /ro0p o+ t)e Ro*a -at)o'i, a t)at )e is ot a ,'er/y *ere'y t)at )ea o+ s0,) /ro0p.Ge,e a *arria/e so'e*ize 2y )i* is 0'' a &oi 2e,a0se )e is ot a priest Si. Ca.<ai@ Ai.'a@8-i8 ?i'i<a -6??a@78 8@8a' -6@' &i-8 -6@' B**eiate'y ,oe,t to *arria/e 0ere3,eptioa' ,)ara,ter1 ()y; e,a0se t)is peop'e are /i&e t)e a0t)ority i ,ases ()ere ti*e is o+ t)eesse,e. 8e o+ t)e parties is i arti,0'o *ortis1 ()i,) is t)e ,o**o +a,tor. or t)e* to 2e /i&e t)ea0t)ority1 *a<e s0re t)at t)e e'e*ets are a'' preset1 ot)er(ise i+ oe is a2set i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a(e3,0ses o oe +ro* ,o*p'ia,e t)ere(it)1 /oo +ait) o+ t)e ,otra,ti/ parties (o0' ot *a<e t)e*arria/e &a'i. ;3a*p'e6 *arria/e ,e'e2rate 2y a s)ip ,aptai ot o &oya/e 2et(ee parties ()ere iot oe o+ t)e* is at t)e poit o+ eat)1 &oi. So (it) a &i,e ,os0' ()o ret0r )ere i t)e )i'1 aso'e*ize a *arria/e )ere1 is &oi. s i t)e ,ase o+ t)e i'itary -o**aer1 ta<e ote t)at t)ere *0st 2e o -)ap'ai1 i+ t)ere is t)e it is t)e ,)ap'ai t)at is /i&e t)e a0t)ority ot t)e i'itary -o**aer.9: $)at i+ i t)e ai<p'ae1 soe oe is i a<ti,0'o o<tis a t)e<e is a p<iest1 ()o s)o0'so'eie; : riest1 0er ay ,ir,0*sta,e )as t)e a0t)ority to so'e*ize +or as 'o/ as t)ey )a&es0,) 'i,ese to ,e'e2rate *arria/e1 t)e prese,e o+ t)e s)ip ,aptai or airs)ip ,aptai oes ot re*o&es0,) a0t)ority +ro* t)e priest. T)e a0t)ority o+ t)e ,aptais are i&o<e o'y i,ases ()ere t)ere are oot)er perso a0t)orize 2y 'a( to so'e*ize *arria/e are preset. 9: a<<ia/e so'eie 2y a ,os0' 2et(ee oe o+ t)e pa<ties is a Ji'ipio a +o<ei/e< is t)is &a'i; 6 ! 8TB8JS6 45 @6< &a'i7 +o,0s ot)e pro&isio o+ t)e +a*i'y ,oe1 t)at a ,os0' is o'y /i&e a0t)ority to so'e*ize i t)e p'a,e ()ere

)e is appoite as a ,os0' a 2et(ee i'ipio ,itize 45 &a'i7 i+ t)e ar/0*et is 2ase 0er a<i-'8G# '81 '6-i -8'8a-i6@i. Re*e*2er t)at t)e a0t)ority to so'e*ize *arria/e is *ere'y a

!

+or*a' e'e*et1 a 0er rti,'e @"1 'e3 'o,i ,e'e2ra,iois1 re+erri/ to e3trisi, e'e*ets1 ()i,) is a'so<o( as a +or*a' e'e*et1 i+ i t)e ,o0try ()ere t)e *arria/e (as ,e'e2rate1 a t)e ,os0' isassi/e1 a t)e 'a( o+ t)e ,o0try /i&es t)e ,os0' t)e a0t)ority to so'e*ize s0,) *arria/e1 i+ it is&a'i i t)at ,o0try a it ot pro)i2ite )ere1 it is &a'i i t)e )i'ippies. oo ait) re+ers o'y toista<e o+ a,t a ot a( 2e,a0se o+ t)e prese,e o+ rti,'e >1 i/ora,e o+ t)e 'a( e3,0se o oe. 9:A1 a e.seia<ia1 +<0st<ate seia<ia1 &o'0tee<e as a sa,<ista1 oe ay1 a a<<ia/e (as a2o0t

to 2e ,e'e2<ate1 t)e p<ies (as ot a&ai'a2'e so )e as= A to ,a'' aot)e< p<iest> A p<etee to 2eassistat p<iest a ,e'e2<ate t)e a<<ia/e1 is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 7;S1 re*e*2er t)at a priest is oeo+ t)ose a0t)orize to so'e*ize *arria/e1 so i+ t)e parties 2e'ie&e i /oo +ait) t)at )e is t)e priest1Fa'i1 t)is i&o'&es a *ista<e o+ +a,t. 0t i+ i t)e pro2'e* 0sti,e Ra0' oza'es ,e'e2rate t)e*arria/e1 it is ot &a'i1 2e,a0se )e is ot a0t)orize 2y 'a( to o so. ;&e i+ t)e parties are i /oo+ait)1 20t si,e 0sti,e oza'es is ot oe o+ t)ose e0*erate 0er t)e 'a( t)at )as t)e a0t)ority toso'e*ize *arria/e1 t)e *arria/e is ot &a'i. 4ista<e o+ 'a(5 Maia8 Li-8@8 Jote6 Go( to,o*p0te t)e 'i+e e3iste,e o+ arria/e 'i,ese. Bt s)o0' 2e @!? ays ,o0te +ro* ate o+ iss0a,e.)yQ ;&e i+ a o,0*et is presete 2y t)e ,otra,ti/ parties 2e+ore t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er1 a t)e*arria/e is ,e'e2rate a it (o0' appear t)at t)e @!? ays )a 'apse1 t)e *arria/e is &oi a2 iitio1/ro06 'a,< o+ *arria/e 'i,ese. T)ere is o e3tesio o+ s0,) 'i+eti*e. Bt is a&isa2'e to +i'eapp'i,atio at 'east ! or > (ee<s 2e+ore t)e itee ay o+ t)e *arria/e1 2e,a0se t)e posti/ is o'y+or @? ays. B ,ases ()ere t)e @!? ays )a 'apse a a *arria/e )as 2ee ,otra,te1 it is &oi1 so i+t)e ,i&i' re/istrar re+0se to re,or t)e sa*e 2e,a0se o+ s0,) +a,t1 t)e it (o0' 2e 2etter +or t)e partiesto se,0re +irst aot)er *arria/e 'i,ese a t)e +or t)e priest to so'e*ize t)e *arria/e a/ai e&e i+t)e ,ao 'a( pro)i2its aot)er so'e*izatio 2et(ee t)e sa*e parties1 t)e ,i&i' ,oe *0st 2e 0p)e'.0to*ati, 0po 'apse o+ @!? ays1 *arria/e 'i,ese o 'o/er e++e,ti&e -ase6 -os,a &. a'aypayo T)e#0/e1 so'e*ize a *arria/e (it)o0t a *arria/e 'i,ese1 ()at t)e parties *ere'y i is t)at t)eye3e,0te a a++ia&it o+ ,o)a2itatio. 0/e

+ai'e to rea'ize1 t)at1 t)o0/) t)e parties )a 2ee ,o)a2iti/ +or years1 at t)e ti*e t)ey i so1 t)ey(ere sti'' *iors. 0t i t)is ,ase1 t)e *arria/e (as ot e,'are &oi si,e t)e sa*e (as ot t)e iss0eat 2ar. T)e #0/e (as repri*ae o''o(i/ t)e o,trie i ia'1 t)e i*pei*et s)o0' ot 2ee3isti/ +or at 'east 5 years1 it s)o0' 2e ,oti0o0s. Ca8> S8ia &. Ca78@a T)e ,erti+i,atio iss0e 2y t)e -R1 *0st ,ate/ori,a''y state1 t)at t)e parti,0'ar etry1 o,0*et ,o0' ot 2e +o0 i t)eiro++i,e espite i'i/et sear,) B t)is ,ase1 t)ere (as o sear,) ,o0,te1 t)e ii&i0a' i&o'&e *ere'y pres0*e t)at t)ereLs o s0,) o,0*et t)at e3ist. So i t)e ,ase o+ *arria/e 'i,ese to 2e as proo+1as< i t)e -R a ,erti+i,atio1 si,e i t)e *arria/e ,otra,t itse'+1 it states t)ere t)e *arria/e 'i,eseo1 ate o+ iss0e. So to eter*ie i+ t)ere rea''y is a *arria/e 'i,ese1 /o to t)e -R t)at iss0e t)e*arria/e 'i,ese. So i+ t)ere is o s0,) *arria/e 'i,ese i t)eir +i'e 'ist1 t)e as< +or ,erti+i,atio pro&ii/ t)at -R e3erte e++ort to 'oo< +or t)e *arria/e 'i,ese N6<86 e*orize arria/e o+ ;3,eptioa' -)ara,ter D8<i6@> )y are t)ey ,a''e *arria/es o+ ;3,eptioa' -)ara,terQ e,a0se1 t)e 'a(,osiers t)e &a'iity o+ t)e *arria/e e&e i+ it (as ,e'e2rate (it)o0t a *arria/e 'i,ese. G. A<i-'6?6<i

-ase o+ Soriao6 a+ter t)e ,e'e2ratio o+ t)e *arria/e (it)o0t *arria/e 'i,ese 2et(ee oe o+ t)e parties ()o (as rea''y si,< ()i,) 'ater o s0r&i&e1 (i'' t)at a++e,t t)e &a'iity o+ t)e *arria/eQ J81ot(it)stai/ t)e s0r&i&a' o+ t)e party at t)e poit o+ eat)1 it (o0' ot *a<e t)e *arria/e &oi.)at i+ ,e'e2rate 2et(ee a 'i&i/ a a e,ease1 is t)e *arria/e &a'iQ : it *0st 2e ,osiere t)at ae,ease )as o 'o/er #0rii,a' ,apa,ity a o 'o/er ,osier a at0ra' perso. ea perso ,aot/i&e a ,oset +ree'y /i&e. 4. I@ 8?6<8 .'a-8

Reaso6 ,otra,ti/ parties ,aot /o to t)e o++i,e o+ -R1 to +i'e a app'i,atio o+ *arria/e 'i,ese.

0t ()at is iroi,a' i t)is ,ase is t)at it is t)e 0ty o+ t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er1 t)at )e e3e,0tes aa++ia&it stati/ t)at 2e+ore )e so'e*ize t)e *arria/e )e *a<es s0re to +i o0t ()et)er t)e,otra,ti/ parties )a&e t)e ,apa,ity1 ()i,) a++ia&it s)o0' 2e atta,) to

G

t)e *arria/e ,otra,t ()i,) s)o0' 2e +i'e 2e+ore t)e -R ()ere t)e *arria/e too< p'a,e. Broi, 2e,a0se o+ t)e priest )as t)e a,,ess to t)e -R1 t)e )o( ,o*e t)at t)e parties ,o0' ,'ai* t)at t)ey arei t)e re*ote p'a,e !. Maia8 i@ A<i-'6 M6<i i@ a Si. 6 a P'a@8 -oe,t t)is to peop'e ()o )at)e spe,ia' a0t)ority 0er e3,eptioa' ,ases to so'e*ize t)e *arria/e 4 irp'ae -)ie+ a a S)ip-aptai5 . Maia8 i@ A<i-'6 M6<i (i<i@ <8 ;6@8 6 Mi'i<a O.8a<i6@. ;36 (as ia/ose to)a&e o'y @? *ore ays to 'i&e1 ,a a *arria/e 2e &a'i'y ,e'e2rate i+ a perso (as ia/ose to ie

a+ter @? ays1 ,a (e ,osier )i* i arti,0'o *ortisQ J81 2e,a0se1 +or a perso to 2e ,osiere iarti,0'o *ortis1 ,osier t)e a,t0a' stat0s o+ t)e perso at t)e ti*e t)e *arria/e is a,t0a''y 2ei/,e'e2rate. T)e +a,t t)at )e (as /i&e o'y @? ays to 'i&e as pres0*e 2y t)e o,tor1 ,aot ee*e to 2e oe i a ,oitio o+ arti,0'o *ortis. A. E<@i- C'<a' C6??@i<i8 ;3a*p'es6 i+0/ao1 aetas1<a'i/a #. C6ai<a<i6@ F6 A Y8a To 2e ,osiere as *arria/e 0er e3,eptioa' ,)ara,ter1 t)ei*pei*et s)o0' ot 2e e3isti/ e3,'0si&e'y1 ,oti0o0s'y1 +or 5 years. I?.87i?8@< : t)is is ,ostr0ei its /eera' ter*1 e*2ra,i/ a'' <is o+ i*pei*et i,'0i/ *iority. E1a?.'8> 2ot) at yea<s o't)e pa<ties sta<te ,o)a2iti/ (it) oe aot)e< +o< 4 yea<s1 ,a t)ei< a<<ia/e 2e ,osie<e 0e<e,eptioa' ,)a<a,te< as ,o)a2itatio +o< 4 yea<s; -ase o+ or#a.azao &. 0/e Sa,)ez1 aa*iistrati&e *atter1 ()ere t)e S- si*p'y state1 t)e ,ir,0*sta,es ()i,) s)o0' 2e ,osiere i aa++ia&it o+ ,o)a2itatio1 a oe o+ t)e* t)ere is o i*pei*et e3isti/ at t)e ti*e t)e *arria/e is,e'e2rateI. 1oes t)is *ea t)at t)e or#a 1o,trie rep'a,e t)e o,trie i Jia' -aseQ 48piio o+*aa* : it i ot a2ao51 20t ()at s)o0' 2e ,osiere is t)e 0er'yi/ reaso ()y ,o)a2itatio+or 5 years is ee*e *arria/e 0er e3,eptioa' ,)ara,ter1 ()i,) isV. T)e )i'ippie 'a( oes ota,,ept a ,o**o 'a( re'atios)ip1 20t (o0' 'i<e to prote,t t)e ri/)ts o+ ,o**o 'a( spo0ses1 4t)atLs()y t)e pro)i2itio +or oatio 2et(ee )0s2a a (i+e is a'so app'i,a2'e to t)e*1V. T)e )i'ippie'a( oes ot a,,ept a ,o**o 'a( re'atios)ip1 20t (o0' 'i<e to prote,t t)e ri/)ts o+ ,o**o 'a(spo0ses1 4t)atLs ()y t)e pro)i2itio +or oatio 2et(ee )0s2a a (i+e is a'so app'i,a2'e to t)e*1rt @" a @1 a'so te''s 0s

t)e property re'atio o+ ,o**o 'a( spo0se1 ()i,) is -o.o(ers)ip1 )o(e&er espite a'' o+ t)is t)ea*i'y -oe (o0' ot to'erate ay <i o+ i''i,it re'atios)ip1 so i+ (e (o0' ,o,'0e t)at azaoa2ao t)e r0'i/ i Jia'1 it (o0' e+eat t)e p0rpose o+ ,o)a2itatio. T)is oe is ,osiere as*arria/e 0er e3,eptioa' ,)ara,ter 48a6@Q to e,o0ra/e ,o**o 'a( spo0ses to 'e/iti*ize t)eir0io. D> $)at i+ t)e ;0estio is t)at A a # +o< t)e +i<st @ yea<s )a 2ee 'i&i/ to/et)e< +o< (it)ipeiet 20t +o< t)e 'ast ! yea<s 0ti' t)e ,e'e2<atio o+ t)ei< a<<ia/e1 t)e<e (as o ipeiet1)o( (o0' yo0 as(e< t)is; 6 IO.<i6@ GQ sti,< to t)e r0'i/ i Jia'1 a'(ays i&o<i/ t)e 0er'yi/reaso 2e)i t)e pro&isio. IO.<i6@ 4Q i&o<e t)e azao r0'i/1 ()ere i i+ (e (o0' try to aa'yzeit1 t)e state*et (as *ore o+ a o2iter1 2e,a0se it (as ot t)e *ai iss0e1 it *ere'y re+ers t)at oe o+t)e t)i/s i,'0e i t)e a++ia&it o+ ,o)a2itatio1 a oe o+ t)e* is t)at t)ere is o i*pei*ete3isti/ at t)e ti*e o+ so'e*izatio o+ *arria/e. 9: + t)e so'eii/ o++i,e< 'ea<e t)at a ay 2e+o<e t)e a<<ia/e1 t)e pa<ties H0st app'ie +o< a a<<ia/e 'i,ese1 oes t)e o++i,e< )a&e t)e <i/)t to<e+0se to so'eie t)ei< a<<ia/e; 6 Jo1 2e,a0se1 t)ey are ot 0ty 2o0 to eter*ie ()et)er'i,ese )as 2ee rea''y iss0e. B+ app'i,atio o+ *arria/e 'i,ese (as *ae o t)e sa*e ay t)e*arria/e (as so'e*ize1 t)ere (as *ere'y a irre/0'arity a t)e perso i&o'&e i t)e irre/0'arity(o0' 2e sa,tioe +or t)at1 2e,a0se t)ere s)o0' 2e a @? ay p02'i,atio re0ire*et 2e+ore a*arria/e 'i,ese ,a 2e iss0e. Maia8 C88?6@ 9: + t)e ?e,to< o+ Ka Ke2astia ,e'e2<ates t)ea<<ia/e i a p'a,e o0tsie t)e ,)0<,)1 is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; 6 7es1 e&e i+ t)e a*i'y -oe states1isie t)e pri&ate ,)a*2er or ,)0r,)1 ()e it ,o*es to t)e p'a,e ()ere t)e *arria/e (o0' 2e )e'1 it,a 2e ,)a/e1 0po t)e re0est o+ t)e ,otra,ti/ parties )e it ,o*es to 'o,atio t)e p'a,e ,a 2e,)a/e1 20t ()at is i*porta,e i *arria/e ,ere*oy is t)at t)e parties persoa''y i +rot o+ t)eo++i,er a e3,)a/e t)eir &o(s or B os. B t)at sese1 a *arria/e is a ,oses0a' ,otra,t 2ase o per+e,tio. T)e a2se,e o+ a *arria/e ,otra,t (i'' ot e/ate t)e e3iste,e o+ a ,e'e2rate *arria/e.



B t)e a2se,e o+ t)e (itesses1 ()o are t)e sposor1 t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er *ay testi+y t)at t)e*arria/e (as

,e'e2rate1 ot(it)stai/ t)at oe o+ t)e parties s)o0' )ie t)e *arria/e ,otra,t. B re*eia' 'a(1te3t *assa/i/ is a'reay a,,epte as e&ie,e> 5)e ;0estio is i+ t)e a<<ia/e (as ,e'e2<atet)<o0/) t)e 0se o+ a ite<et ite<atioa' ,o+e<e,e o< &ieo ,o+e<e,e is t)e a<<ia/e &a'i; tt)e ti*e t)e +a*i'y -oe (as ea,te1 t)ere is yet to ,e''p)oes a iteret1 app'yi/ t)e r0'e ostat0tory ,ostr0,tio1 i t)e iterpretatio o+ t)e pro&isio1 oe r0'e is t)at ta<e ito ,osieratio t)e,ir,0*sta,es ()e t)e 'a( (as ea,te. )e t)e a*i'y -oe (as ea,te1 t)e +ra*ers i,'0e t)e

*arria/e ,ere*oy1 persoa' appeara,e a e,'aratio o+ ,oset1 2e+ore t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er1t)at *eas t)at t)ey s)o0' 2e p)ysi,a''y preset i +rot o+ t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er. 8o<ia Case T)ere(as +ai'0re o t)e part o+ oe o+ t)e parties to a++i3 t)eir si/at0re o t)e *arria/e ,otra,t1 oes it*ea t)at t)ere is o *arria/e ,e'e2rateQ J81 *arria/e is a ,oses0a' ,otra,t ot a +or*a' ,otra,t1e&e i+ it is ot si/e it (i'' ot e/ate t)e ,e'e2ratio o+ a &a'i *arria/e. testate state o+ De'-ao Cer R0'e @>@1 Se,. > par. 4 4a5 oe o+ t)e isp0ta2'e pres0*ptios 0'ess ,otrai,te1 *aa (o*a eporti/ t)e*se'&es as )0s2a a (i+e etere ito a 'a(+0' o+ ,otra,t o+ *arria/e1a2se,e o+ *arria/e ,otra,t is ot a proo+ t)at o *arria/e too< p'a,e1 o,e pres0*ptio arises ot)ere&ie,e *ay 2e presete. T)ere is a'(ays a pres0*ptio t)at ()e a *arria/e is ,e'e2rate it is pres0*e to 2e &a'i 0'ess e,'are ot)er(ise. s (e see it1 (itesses are ot part o+ re0isites !(itesses9 t)e a0t)ority o+ so'e*izi/ o++i,er is a +or*a re0isite1 i+ t)e a<<ia/e is ,e'e2<ate(it)o0t (itesses is t)is &a'i; 7;S1 2e,a0se it is eit)er a +or*a' re0isite or a essetia' re0isite. e,aot say t)at it +or*s part o+ t)e *arria/e ,ere*oy 2e,a0se1 *arria/e ,ere*oy re+ers o'y to t)e p)ysi,a' prese,e o+ t)e parties 2e+ore t)e so'e*izi/ o++i,er at t)e ti*e o+ t)e e3,)a/e o+ t)eir BoLs. 2se,e o+ (itesses is *ere'y a irre/0'arity ()i,) (i'' ot a++e,t t)e &a'iity o+ t)e *arria/e.0/eio &s> Ce'e T)e ,otro&ersy i&o'&es t)e ,orpse o+ t)e e,ease1 as 2et(ee t)e 'e/iti*ate a,o**o 'a( spo0se. S- )e' t)e (or spo0se i arti,'e @ o+ t)e -i&i' -oe9 re+er to a 'a(+0''y (eespo0se. )i'ippie 'a( oes ot re,o/ize ,o**o 'a( *arria/e. Maia8 C8'8a<87 A6a7

-oe,t rti,'e @51 @"1 rt >5 par/ @115 1 >1 >"1 !. e3 o,i -e'e2ratiois i+ it is &a'i t)ere1 it is &a'i)ere a it is ot pro)i2ite )ere1 it (i'' 2e &a'i i t)e )i'ippies1 pro&ie t)at it o'y i&o'&es as tot)e +or*a' re0isites 4a0t)ority o+ o++i,er1 *arria/e 'i,ese a *arria/e ,ere*oy5 0t i+ it i&o'&es'e/a' ,apa,ity1 ,oset +ree'y /i&e1 i+ it &a'i t)ere ot )ere1 it (i'' ot 2e &a'i i t)e )i'ippies. ;3a*p'e6 B+ a i'ipio *arrie to sa*e se3 a2roa1 t)at is a essetia' e'e*et 'e/a' ,apa,ityI (e oot app'y rt @" 20t rt @5 o+ t)e -i&i' -oe i re'atio to t)e a*i'y -oe. N6<8> B+ it i&o'&es t)e iss0e o+&a'iity o+ *arria/e1 e0*erate t)e essetia' a +or*a' re0isites. B+ t)ere is t)e prese,e o+ a'' t)eessetia' a +or*a' re0isites a it oes ot +a'' 0er t)e pro)i2ite *arria/e1 it is &a'i. +ter,osieri/ i+ t)ere is a /ro0 o+ 0''ity1 /o o( to a0'*et. e+ore oi/ so1 re*e*2er t)e pres,ripti&e perio o+ a0'*et1 i+ it )as pres,ri2e t)ere is o ee to /o t)r0 t)e /ro0s o+a0'*et. res,ripti&e perio1 0s0a''y 5 years e3,ept1 isaity a 'a,< o+ pareta' ,oset1 t)e pres,ripti&e perio o+ t)e paret is i++eret 20t +or t)e parties it is sti'' 5 years. RIHTS ANDOLIATIONS A. T6 Li&8 T68<8 IA<. #"Q ''0so<io &s> ''0so<io.#0i'e< T)e parties at t)eti*e t)at t)e ,ase (as +i'e a t)e ,ase (as e,ie t)e )0s2a (as sti'' a'i&e1 a it (as t)e (i+e()o +i'e a ,ase +or *aatory i#0,tio a/aist t)e )0s2a. Bt *0st 2e re*e*2ere1 t)at a *arria/eis a spe,ia' ,otra,t1 a ()at *a<es it spe,ia' is t)at t)e parties ,aot stip0'ate o t)e ter*s a,oitios a 0'i<e i a oriary ,otra,t1 ()erei i,ase t)ere is a 2rea,) o+ t)e ter*s1 t)e re*ey(o0' 2e spe,i+i, per+or*a,e or res,issio. Gere1 i+ oe o+ t)e spo0ses (o0' ot 'i<e to 'i&e (it)ot)er spo0se1 is it p<ope< to +i'e a petitio +o< aato<y iH0,tio1 as=i/ t)e ,o0<t to ,ope' t)e)0s2a i<e,ti/ )i to 'i&e (it) t)e (i+e; N6 S- )e' t)at t)e 'i&i/ to/et)er is so*et)i/ persoa' 2et(ee t)e )0s2a a t)e (i+e1 its a'so t)e sa*e t)i/ (it) respe,t to ot)er o2'i/atio1 4to re*ai+ait)+0'1 *0t0a' respe,t51 t)is o2'i/atio a't)o0/) i*pose 2y 'a(1 t)e ,o0rt ,aot iter&ee a,o*pe' t)e ot)er spo0se to 2e 2o0 2y t)e sa*e. T)e ,ase (as is*isse. Jo *aatory i#0,tio,a 2e +i'e i orer to ,o*pe' t)e spo0se to 'i&e (it) oe aot)er.



#

D> Does it ea t)at i t)is ,ase i+ t)e ot)e< spo0se <e+0se1 is t)e<e o ot)e< <e,o0<se; : J81 t)ere aresa,tios +or t)is 2rea,) o+ o2'i/atio.

. pp'y to ,o0rt +or Re'ie+ 4 rt "!1 -5 : re+ers +or a*a/es. C. M<a' H8'. a@7 S..6 8a0<o Gere1 t)e (i+e1 2e,a*e pre/at a it (as t)e i. 'a(s ()o a,,o*paie

)er to t)e )ospita'1 a t)e )0s2a (as ot t)ere. T)e i.'a(s (ere as<e to pay +or t)e *ei,a' 2i''()i,) (as re+0se. S- sai1 o ot )a&e t)e o2'i/atio to pay +or t)e )ospita' 2i'' 20t it is t)e )0s2a.Spo0ses are t)e +irst i t)e 'ist ()o )a&e t)e o2'i/atio to /i&e s0pport. D. K6i@< Ma@a8?8@< 6 <8 H686'7 !ae< aa'o &s> Kps> Caaisa T)is oe s)o0' 2e ,oe,te (it) t)e property re'atios)ip o+t)e spo0se1 i+ t)e property re'atios)ip is oe o+ ,o#0/a' parters)ip or a2so'0te ,o**0ity a t)ereis ispositio i t)e property t)at +or*s part t)ereo+1 0er t)e - t)e re0ire*et is t)at t)ere *0st 2ea (ritte ,oset o+ t)e ot)er spo0se. 2se,e o+ ()i,)1 t)e t)e sa'e (o0' 2e &oi. N6<8 E <i.> t)at itis possi2'e i t)e 2ar a ate *i/)t 2e /i&e. Re*e*2er t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e - is 0/0st >1 @4. $)y;B+ t)e trasa,tio too< p'a,e 2e+ore t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e a*i'y -oe1 a t)ere is o (ritte ,oset1()at is t)e stat0s o+ t)e ,otra,t o+ sa'eQ Cer t)e @45? -i&i' -oe1 t)e ,otra,t o+ sa'e is *ere'y&oia2'e ot &oi a2 iitio as ()e it )appe a+ter t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ -. Re+er to -i&i' ,oe rt @1,o*pare to pro&isio o+ t)e a*i'y -oe as to t)e ispositio o+ property t)at +or*s part o+ t)e - or -1a ()i,) is state i t)is r0'i/. E. Ri< <6 E18-i8 L8i<i?a<8 P68i6@ T)ere is o ee +or,oset. Spo0se ot i a/ree*et o+ t)e pro+essio *ay o2#e,t t)ereto o'y o &a'i serio0s a *ora'/ro0s. Aya'a &estet &s> CA Gere1 it s)o0' sti'' 2e ,oe,te (it) t)e iss0e o+ propertyre'atios)ip1 2e,a0se it is a 0estio o+1 i+ oe o+ t)e spo0ses (ate to o2tai a 'oa1 9: s t)e<e aee to se,0<e +i<st t)e ,oset o+ t)e ot)e< spo0se; 6 Jo1 t)e (ritte ,oset o'y i&o'&es t)eispositio o+ property ot ()e i ,ases o+ se,0ri/ a 'oa. T)e i+ t)is 'oa (o0' reo0 to t)e 2ee+it o+ t)e +a*i'y1 t)e t)e ,reitor ,o0' see< re'ie+ +ro* t)e - or -1 i t)is ,ase i+ t)e - or - (o0'ot 2e o2'i/e to pay t)e ,reitor it (o0' a*o0t to 0#0st eri,)*et. Bt is t)e ,reitors 20re to pro&e t)at t)e sa*e reo0e to t)e 2ee+it o+ t)e +a*i'y. T)at is t)e reaso ()y at

45 45 4!5

T)e oe ()o 'ea&es t)e ,o#0/a' (e''i/ s)a'' ot 2e etit'e +or s0pport //rie&e party *ay app'y+or re,ei&ers)ip1 a0t)ority (it) so'e a*iistrator o+ t)e ,o#0/a' parters)ip or a2so'0te ,o**0ityi'e a petitio +or separatio1 or isso'0tio or ,o#0/a' parters)ip or ,o**0ity property.

A<<oyo &s> Cas;0es e A<<oyo Gere t)e S- /a&e a e3,eptio1 ()e t)e spo0se (i'' 2e a''o(e ot to,oti0e 'i&i/ (it) t)e ot)er spo0se. B t)is ,ase1 e&ery ti*e t)e )0s2a (o0' )a&e a se30a'iter,o0rse (it) )is (i+e1 )e (o0' e*a 2ar2ari, *eas o+ )a&i/ se3. B+ t)ere is a'reay a p)ysi,a'&io'e,e i&o'&e1 t)e 'a( a''o(s t)e spo0se to 'ea&e t)e ,o#0/a' (e''i/ a t)at (o0' ot a*o0tto a2ao*et.. B t)is ,ase1 t)is a2ao*et (o0' ot ,ostit0te as a /ro0 +or 'e/a' separatio1o'y ()e t)ere is a 2a +ait) i t)e a2ao*et ()i,) is a /ro0. B t)is ,ase1 S- a''o(s it as ae3,0se +or t)e (i+e ot +0'+i'' )er o2'i/atio to 'i&e (it) )is )0s2a ;&e i t)e a*i'y -oe rt 41 as()e t)e spo0ses o ot a/ree ()ere to 'i&e1 t)e t)e ,o0rt (o0' iter&ee1 20t i rea'ity t)e a*i'y,o0rt (o0' sti'' t)ro( t)e iss0e 2a,< at t)e parties 2e,a0se it is a persoa' e,isio o t)eir part. -ase()e oe is a''o(e to 'i&e separate'y +ro* t)e spo0se6 4@5 8e s)o0' 'i&e a2roa i t)e pra,ti,e o+ pro+essio E ,o*pe''i/ reaso 4!5 arita' Rape . M<a' L6&8 R8.8-< a@7 Fi78'i< Sa@-<i6@ 68a-> @. ro0 +or e/a' Separatio6 Cer t)e @45? -i&i' -oe1 t)ere is o'y ! /ro0s1 atte*pta/aist t)e 'i+e a a0'tery a ,o,02ia/e. Jo(1 rt. 55 451 - : Se30a' B+ie'ity or per&ersio.T)is is +a&ora2'e to (o*e1 2e,a0se it is easier a (o*a +or a0'tery a i++i,0't +or a *a to 2e,o&i,te o+ ,o,02ia/e. !. B,apa,ity to S0,,ee >. 1isi)erita,e

preset1 it is t)eir pra,ti,e t)at i se,0ri/ a 'oa t)e ot)er spo0se is a'so re0ire to a++i3 )is si/at0rea't)o0/) t)e sa*e is ot re0ire 2y 'a(. TITLE V THE FAMILY 9: $)o a<e t)e e2e<s o+ t)e+ai'y; 4e*orize5 A<. GA5. a*i'y re'atios i,'0e t)ose6 4@5 et(ee )0s2a a (i+e9 4!5et(ee parets a ,)i're9 4>5 *o/ 2rot)ers a sisters1 ()et)er o+ t)e +0'' or )a'+.2'oo.R8a6@> Ho('e/e o+ t)e *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y (i'' )e'p yo0 as(er t)e 0estio ()et)er or ot t)e+a*i'y )o*e is e3e*pte +ro* atta,)*et. Cer t)e -ostit0tio1 t)e State (o0' 'i<e to prote,t t)e

iterest o+ t)e *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y 2y *a<i/ s0re t)at t)e +a*i'y )as a p'a,e ()ere t)ey ,a stay soi re'atio to +a*i'y )o*e1 t)e +a*i'y )o*e is /eera''y e3e*pte +ro* atta,)*et pro&ie t)at o'y*e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y are t)e oe a,t0a''y i possessio o+ t)e +a*i'y )o*e. 9: s siste<.i.'a( o<a0/)te<.i.'a( e2e< o+ +ai'y; 6 S- r0'e J8U So i+ si'a 'a/ a/ a<itira sa +a*i'y )o*e pee/iatta,).. 9: s Ca<e/i&e< o< yaya e2e< o+ +ai'y; 6 Ha)it a sa i'ipio setti/ (e o ot ,osier ayaya a oriary yaya 20t treat t)e* as *e*2er o+ t)e +a*i'y. CT re*e*2er t)at t)e e0*eratio0er t)e - is ;$-CSBF;..e3pressio 0i0s r0'e..i+ it is ot i,'0e i t)e e0*eratio1 it is ee*ee3,'0e..t)ere+ore i+ oe o+ t)e* is i possessio o+ t)e +a*i'y )o*e..it is s02#e,t +or atta,)*et..EARNEST EFFORT TO COMPROMISE A<. GAG. Jo s0it 2et(ee *e*2ers o+ t)e sa*e +a*i'y s)a'' prosper 0'ess it s)o0' appear +ro* t)e &eri+ie ,o*p'ait or petitio t)at earest e++orts to(ar a,o*pro*ise )a&e 2ee *ae1 20t t)at t)e sa*e )a&e +ai'e. B+ it is s)o( t)at o s0,) e++orts (ere i+a,t *ae1 t)e sa*e ,ase *0st 2e is*isse. T)is r0'es s)a'' ot app'y to ,ases ()i,) *ay ot 2e t)es02#e,t o+ ,o*pro*ise 0er t)e -i&i' -oe. Jo( ,oe,t it to yo0r re*eia' 'a(..t)is re+ers to ,asesi&o'&i/ *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y a S- sai t)at 2e+ore t)e ,o0rt ,a a,0ire #0risi,tio o&er it t)eres)o0' 2e a proo+ t)at earest e++ort to ,o*pro*ise (as etere ito.. or t)e parties trie to,o*pro*ise..a/ pro2'e*a /a 'a/ i rea'ity a 2ase o e3perie,e i+ it is ,o+'i,t 2et(ee*e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y1 t)ey se'o* ,o*pro*ise..a't)o0/) t)at is a re0ire*et 0er re*eia' 'a(a e&e 0er t)e -..

A'&a<e &s> ?ai<e arita' 1is0a'i+i,atio R0'e 41R5. Sa re*eia' 'a(..i <a pee *a/i/ (itess<, asa(a *o 0..pee/ *a/i/ +a&ora2'e <, sa <aya..S- r0'e t)at t)e *arita' is0a'i+i,atio r0'e isapp'i,a2'e o'y i+ (a'a/ straie re'atios)ip 2et(ee t)e )0s2a a t)e (i+e. #0t ()at )appee it)is ,ase; si0o/ / 'a'a<i 0/ 2a)ay / <apati ya a a'a* ya a 0/ asa(a ya asa 'oo2 / 2a)ay..S- r0'e t)at it is o2&io0s..straie a 0/ re'atios)ip../0sto / i)a(i / asa(a 0/ 2a2ae..2a<it *o pa iaapp'y 0/ earest e++ortQUQ ;) papatayi a 0/ 2a2ae..<aya tayo *ay *arita'is0a'i+i,atio r0'e pare i *astrai 0/ re'atios)ip..e) <0/ strai a ta'a/a 2<it pa iaapp'y a/ 1R.."iyas Ka&i/ S- r0'e i re'atio to earest e++ort to ,o*pro*ise t)at (i'' o'y 2e app'i,a2'e i+ t)e parties i&o'&e i t)e ,ase are t)e *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y..i+ t)ere is a'reay a stra/er or a t)ir perso ()o is i&o'&e i t)e ,ase t)is earest e++ort to ,o*pro*ise is ot ay*ore app'i,a2'e.. 9:$)y; 6 <, <a(a(a a*a 0/ t)ir persoVi 2a <apa/ sia2i ati/ earest e++ort to,o*pro*ise..*aee'ay a/ 'itit/atio..<ay ()y *o )a)ayaa/ *ae'ay a/ 'iti/atio #0st to /i&e t)e*e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y to ,o*pro*ise at t)e e3pese o+ t)ir perso.. a<tie &s> a<tie S- r0'et)at t)e p)rase *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'yI *0st 2e ,ostr0e i re'atio to RT. @5? o+ t)e rt. @5?. a*i'yre'atios i,'0e t)ose6 4@5 et(ee )0s2a a (i+e9 4!5 et(ee parets a ,)i're9 4>5et(ee as,eats a es,eats9 45 *o/ 2rot)ers a sisters1 ()et)er o+ t)e +0'' or )a'+.2'oo.CT a sister.i.'a( or 2rot)er.i.'a( is ot i,'0e i t)e e0*eratio. Katos &s> Katos 9: Mpa/(a'a/ ea<est e++o<t to ,op<oise1 i+ t)e<e is o p<oo+1 ()at (i'' t)e ,o0<t o; 6 T)e ,o0rt (i'' )a&eto is*iss t)e ,ase. 9: $)at )appee i t)is ,ase; 6 1ito a/ a/yari ii&o<e ya 0/ +ai'0re to,o*pro*ise 0 sa a,tio to re&i&e #0/*et..ist i yo0r re*eia' 'a(1 yo0 are /i&e a perio o+ 5years o ()i,) to e3e,0te t)e #0/*et ot)er(ise yo0 +i'e a a,tio to re&i&e t)e #0/*et..a//ia(a ito1 a,tio to re&i&e a..so para *pre&et a/ a,tio +or re&i&a'1 iraise ya a/ iss0e a(a'a/ earest e++ort to ,o*pro*ise..



"

S- r0'e t)at it is ot app'i,a2'e to a a,tio re&i&e #0/*et.. t)at earest e++ort to ,o*pro*ise ,ao'y app'i,a2'e i a ori/ia' a,tio 20t ot i a a,tio to re&i&e #0/*et.. FAMILY HOME IFHQKE:CEPTION FROM ATTACHMENT (i'' o'y app'y i+ *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y are t)e oes i possessio o+ t)e +a*i'y )o*e. T)ere+ore1 i+ oe o+ t)e +a*i'y *e*2ers is stayi/ i t)e +a*i'y )o*e1it (i'' 2e t)e 2e ay*ore e3e*pte +ro* atta,)*et T)is is oe pro&isio i t)e - t)at ,o0' J8T ;BF;J R;TR8 -TBF; B- TB8J. 9: $)y; 6 Cer t)e @45? --1 2e+ore a )o0se a 'ot ,a 2e

,osiere as a G1 t)ere is a ee +or a #0i,ia' or e3tra#0i,ia' ,ostit0tio1 t)is is ota0to*ati,..0er t)e -1 its a0to*ati,..i ot)er (ors1 +or as 'o/ as t)e )o0se a 'ot 2e'o/s to oe or 2ot) o+ t)e spo0ses a *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y are stayi/ t)ere (it)o0t ay a,t1 a0to*ati,a''y it isee*e istit0te as a G 9: M0/ =iasa' a a/ a/0'a/ ati tapos (a'a/ /ia(a/ steps 2e+o<e pa<a a/i/ J" sya1 ass0i/ a 0e< 64CC 0/ a<<ia/e1 tapos a)i' e++e,ti&e a /ayo a/ JC1ay t)e JC <e/a<i/ ,ostit0tio o+ t)e J" 2e o( /i&e <et<oa,ti&e app'i,atio; 6 BT 1;;J1S. )et)er or ot t)ere (as a 'oa o2taie 2e+ore t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -. Ta<e ote o+ RT !5- t)is ,oe s)a'' 2e /i&e retroa,ti&e app'i,atio pro&ie t)at it (i'' ot a++e,t &este ri/)tI. T)ere+ore1 i+ a 'oa (asa'reay o2taie 2e+ore t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e - 2y ay o+ t)e spo0ses t)e t)is pro&isio re/ari/ t)e,ostit0tio o+ t)e G 0er t)e - ,aot 2e /i&e retroa,ti&e app'i,atio 2e,a0se ,reitors )a&ea'reay a,0ire a &este ri/)t o t)e property o+ t)e spo0ses.. 8BJB8J JB 6 T)at is ()y i t)e pro2'e*1 too /eera'..o ii,atio ()et)er t)ere is a 'oa o2taie or ot. B (i'' SC;ST1 yo0 *a<ea 0a'i+i,atio pro&ie t)at (e are ta'<i/ o+ a sit0atio ()erei t)e spo0se /ot *arrie 2e+ore t)ee++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -. Hapa/ 0/ pro2'e*1 a<as0'at a*a a <iasa' a+ter t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -1 oee to 0a'i+y 2e,a0se it is a0to*ati, (it)o0t #0i,ia' or e3tra#0i,ia' ,ostit0tio. R8FB1;1 t)at t)e)o0se a 'ot 2e'o/s to ayoe or 2ot) spo0ses.. 9: 1apa/0'o>> Ki !0a at a<ia a/pa=asa' a+te<t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e JC1 a/0pa)a)a>> 6>>a+te< y<s 0 pa >Ca t)atapa<tet 2e ,osie<e as a J"; 6 Jo1 oe re0ire*et is t)at it s)o0' 2e o(e 2y oe or 2ot) o+ t)espo0ses.. t)at is t)e reaso ()y it is

e3e*pte +ro* atta,)*et.. to prote,t t)e iterest o+ t)e *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y.. 1at<i,io &s> 8a<io T)e G ee*e ,ostit0te +ro* t)e ti*e it is o,,0pie as a +a*i'y resie,e. 8,,0pa,y o+ t)e+a*i'y o+ t)e G eit)er 2y t)e o(er or 2y ay o+ its 2ee+i,iaries *0st 2e a,t0a'. So*et)i/ rea'.,t0a''y e3isti/. Jot *ere'y possi2'e. Jot ,ostr0,ti&e possessio. -oe,t it to yo0r property1 isLt possessio ,a 2e a,t0a' or ,ostr0,ti&e possessio. So )ere +or it to 2e prote,te +ro* e3e*ptio. Bt*0st 2e a,t0a' ot ,ostr0,ti&e possessio a it s)o0' 2e o,,0pie 2y t)e *e*2ers o+ t)e +a*i'y ase0*erate 0er t)e -. N6<8> rt. @5>. T)e +a*i'y )o*e is ee*e ,ostit0te o a )o0se a 'ot+ro* t)e ti*e it is o,,0pie as a +a*i'y resie,e. ro* t)e ti*e o+ its ,ostit0tio a so 'o/ as ayo+ its 2ee+i,iaries a,t0a''y resies t)erei1 t)e +a*i'y )o*e ,oti0es to 2e s0,) a is e3e*pt +ro*e3e,0tio1 +or,e sa'e or atta,)*et e3,ept as )ereia+ter pro&ie a to t)e e3tet o+ t)e &a'0ea''o(e 2y 'a(. LIFE E:ISTENCE N6<8> A<. GA. T)e +a*i'y )o*e s)a'' ,oti0e espite t)e eat)o+ oe or 2ot) spo0ses or o+ t)e 0*arrie )ea o+ t)e +a*i'y +or a perio o+ te years or +or as 'o/ ast)ere is a *ior 2ee+i,iary1 a t)e )eirs ,aot partitio t)e sa*e 0'ess t)e ,o0rt +is ,o*pe''i/reasos t)ere+or. T)is r0'e s)a'' app'y re/ar'ess o+ ()oe&er o(s t)e property or ,ostit0te t)e+a*i'y )o*e. 9: 1ao a =apa/ aatay; 6 Bt (i'' ,oti0e +or perio o+ @?yrs +ro* t)e eat) o+ oe o+t)e spo0ses or +or as 'o/ as t)ere is a *ior ,)i'..a *ior 2ee+i,iary o+ t)e G.. 9: Mapa/ aatay0/ a/asa(a1 a/ ai(aa/ aa= ay 0/ y< o'>>)o( 'o/; 6 ore t)a @?yrs pa.. +or as 'o/ ast)ere is a *ior ,)i'I..i t)is ,ase1 ti'' *a/rea,) sya / @yrs o' tsa<a 'a/ *a/teter*iate a/e3iste,e / G.. NOT E:EMPT FROM E:ECUTION N6<8> rt. @55. T)e +a*i'y )o*e s)a'' 2e e3e*pt+ro* e3e,0tio1 +or,e sa'e or atta,)*et e3,ept6 4@5 or opay*et o+ ta3es9 4!5 or e2ts i,0rre prior to t)e ,ostit0tio o+ t)e +a*i'y )o*e9 4>5 or e2ts se,0re 2y *ort/a/es o t)e pre*ises 2e+ore or a+ter s0,) ,ostit0tio9 a 45 or e2ts 0e to 'a2orers1 *e,)ai,s1 ar,)ite,ts1 20i'ers1*ateria'*e a ot)ers ()o )a&e reere ser&i,e or +0ris)e *ateria' +or t)e ,ostr0,tio o+ t)e



20i'i/. 4@5 Ta3es 0er t)is pro&isio re+er o'y to rea' estate ta3es.

J

9: $)at i+ i =a a/2aya / i,oe ta; 6 a'a sya/ <ia'a*a ito..t)ere+ore1 e3e*pte pa ri +ro*atta,)*et 8BJB8J JB 6 Fery iroi,a' <, sa2i / State.. B (i'' prote,t t)e +a*i'y..pero sa2i / State1i+ i <a a/2aya / rea' property ta31 t)e State B (i'' ot prote,t yo0..B (i'' /et yo0r G..415 4!5 e2tsi,0rre prior to t)e ,ostit0tio o+ t)e +a*i'y )o*e . Bt is i ,osoa,e (it) rt!5- 2e,a0se,reitors a'reay )a&e a,0ire &este ri/)t..,oe,t it (it).. 4>5 e2ts se,0re 2y *ort/a/es o t)e pre*ises 2e+ore or a+ter s0,) ,ostit0tio 45 or e2ts 0e to 'a2orers1 *e,)ai,s1 ar,)ite,ts1 20i'ers1

*ateria'*e a ot)ers ()o )a&e reere ser&i,e or +0ris)e *ateria' +or t)e ,ostr0,tio o+ t)e 20i'i/. 9: De2t to 'a2o<e<s1 =apa/ i =a a/2aya / =at0'o/1 =asaa 2a ito ito; 6 Jo.B,'0e'a/ ito ay a/ 'a2orers ()o o'y (or< +or t)e ,ostr0,tio o+ t)e G.. Kps> Ca<so'a &s> CA S- o'y*ae *etio a2o0t ()e it is ,ostit0te as a G..+ro* t)e ti*e it is o,,0pie as a G..o ee +or#0i,ia' or e3tra.#0i,ia' ,ostit0tio.. oi;0i''o Case Hapa/ a/0ta/ a 2e+ore e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -1yo0 ,aot /i&e ay*ore a retroa,ti&e app'i,atio to t)is pro&isio o ,reatio o+ t)e G..G7Q 2e,a0seit (i'' a++e,t t)e &este ri/)t o+ t)e ,reitors.. TITLE VI PATERNITY AND FILIATION MaC8 86 C@6( <8 ?8a@i@ 6 <8 6''6(i@> . aterity . re'atios)ip 2et(ee a +at)er a a ,)i' .aterity -. i'iatio 1. e/iti*ate ;. B''e/iti*ate . opte -)i' P8?.<i6@> B+ a ,)i' is 2or i a'a(+0' *arria/e1 t)e ,)i' is pres0*e to 2e 'e/iti*ate. KKK &s> A/0as S- r0'e t)at t)e pres0*ptio 2e,o*es ,o,'0si&e i+ t)ere is a2se,e o+ proo+ o+ p)ysi,a' i*possi2i'ity to )a&e se30a' iter,o0rse(it) a (i+e a t)e a,tio o+ i*p0/i/ t)e 'e/iti*a,y or i''e/iti*a,y is so*et)i/ persoa' to t)e)0s2a

N6<8> A<. G##. e/iti*a,y o+ a ,)i' *ay 2e i*p0/e o'y o t)e +o''o(i/ /ro0s6 4@5 T)at it(as p)ysi,a''y i*possi2'e +or t)e )0s2a to )a&e se30a' iter,o0rse (it) )is (i+e (it)i t)e +irst @!?ays o+ t)e >?? ays ()i,) i**eiate'y pre,ee t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i' 2e,a0se o+6 4a5 t)e p)ysi,a'i,apa,ity o+ t)e )0s2a to )a&e se30a' iter,o0rse (it) )is (i+e9 425 t)e +a,t t)at t)e )0s2a a(i+e (ere 'i&i/ separate'y i s0,) a (ay t)at se30a' iter,o0rse (as ot possi2'e9 or 4,5 serio0si''ess o+ t)e )0s2a1 ()i,) a2so'0te'y pre&ete se30a' iter,o0rse9 4!5 T)at it is pro&e t)at +or 2io'o/i,a' or ot)er s,ieti+i, reasos1 t)e ,)i' ,o0' ot )a&e 2ee t)at o+ t)e )0s2a1 e3,ept i t)eista,e pro&ie i t)e se,o para/rap) o+ rti,'e @9 or 4>5 T)at i ,ase o+ ,)i're ,o,ei&et)ro0/) arti+i,ia' ise*iatio1 t)e (ritte a0t)orizatio or rati+i,atio o+ eit)er paret (as o2taiet)ro0/) *ista<e1 +ra01 &io'e,e1 iti*iatio1 or 00e i+'0e,e. Co,ep,io &s> CA B t)is ,ase1*ot)er eyi/ t)at t)e ,)i' is )er o( ,)i'..S- r0'e t)at *aterity is e&er 0,ertai..e&eryreasoa2'e pres0*ptio *0st 2e *ae i +a&or o+ 'e/iti*a,y..G7Q 2e,a0se o'y t)e (o*a <o(s ()ois t)e rea' +at)er o+ )er ,)i'.. N6<8> A<. G##. T)e ,)i' s)a'' 2e ,osiere 'e/iti*ate a't)o0/) t)e*ot)er *ay )a&e e,'are a/aist its 'e/iti*a,y or *ay )a&e 2ee sete,e as a a0'teress. A<.G#". B+ t)e *arria/e is ter*iate a t)e *ot)er ,otra,te aot)er *arria/e (it)i t)ree )0reays a+ter s0,) ter*iatio o+ t)e +or*er *arria/e1 t)ese r0'es s)a'' /o&er i t)e a2se,e o+ proo+ tot)e ,otrary6 4@5 ,)i' 2or 2e+ore oe )0re ei/)ty ays a+ter t)e so'e*izatio o+ t)e s02se0et*arria/e is ,osiere to )a&e 2ee ,o,ei&e 0ri/ t)e +or*er *arria/e1 pro&ie it 2e 2or (it)it)ree )0re ays a+ter t)e ter*iatio o+ t)e +or*er *arria/e9 4!5 ,)i' 2or a+ter oe )0reei/)ty ays +o''o(i/ t)e ,e'e2ratio o+ t)e s02se0et *arria/e is ,osiere to )a&e 2ee ,o,ei&e0ri/ s0,) *arria/e1 e&e t)o0/) it 2e 2or (it)i t)e t)ree )0re ays a+ter t)e ter*iatio o+ t)e+or*er *arria/e. B @45?--1 i+ t)e )0s2a ie1 t)e (i+e is ot a''o(e to ,otra,t *arria/ei**eiate'yVso t)ere is a /ra,e perio +or t)e iss0a,e o+ a *arraia/e 'i,ese. $)y; 2e,a0se t)e 'a((o0' ot 'i<e to )a&e a pro2'e* re/ari/ paterity a +i'iatio o+ a ,)i'.. Jo( i ,ase i+ t)ere is ayiss0e re/ari/ t)e paterity a +i'iatio1 i+ yo0 (i'' oti,e t)e pro*iet 0*2ers i paterity a+i'iatio1 yo0 )a&e t)ree6

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@. @!? ays !. @? ays >. >?? ays R;-H8JBJ 8BJT6 2e+ore or a+ter @? ays +ro* t)e se,o*arria/e 20t (it)i >?? ays +ro* t)e +irst *arria/e R8a6@> 4S;$ ;1C- TB8J JB 5 T)at is t)eti*e t)at t)ere is a *eeti/ o+ *i o+ t)e sper* a e// ,e''.. +or /ir's )a&i/ re/0'ar *estr0atio1!aysV i&ie 2y ! e0a's @..t)ere+ore1 +or yo0 to )a&e sa+e se31 ,o0t " ays +ro* t)e +irst*estr0atio a t)e ,o0t !@ to ! 2e,a0se t)at ti*e t)e (o*a is ot i o&0'atio.. @!? ays is ti*et)e +et0s is 2ei/ *aeV ;t,eteraV REMEDIES> @. Re*ey /i&e to a )0s2a ()o oes ot 'i<e to

a,<o('/e t)e ,)i' as )is o( ,)i'ACTION TO IMPUN THE LEITIMACY ORILLEITIMACY OF THE CHILD. ss0*i/ t)at t)e re'atio is oe o+ ,o**o 'a( re'atios)ip. !. +it is t)e ,)i' ()o is s0++e<i/ o< ot t<eate (e''1 ()at is )is <eey; T)e ,)i' is /i&e a re*ey to+i'e a ACTION TO CLAIM LEITIMACY OR ILLEITIMACY a.<.a. AC5G JG? CG1D8KG?A?CG-5G. B re*eia' 'a(1 ay2oy ,a +i'e a a,tio. Jo2oy is pro)i2ite to +i'e a a,tio..20tt)e 0estio is6 are yo0 t)e proper party i +i'i/ t)e a,tioQ B ot)er (ors1 (e ,oe,t o( t)es02stati&e 'a( (it) re*eia' 'a(. 9: !0a De'a C<01 a ,)i'1 ()o (as ot a,=o('e/e 2y t)e+at)e< a t)e ot)e< +i'e a a,tio i 2e)a'+ o+ t)e ,)i' +o< ,op0'so<y <e,o/itio> + yo0 (e<et)e H0/e1 )o( (i'' yo0 e,ie t)e a,tio +i'e 2y t)e ot)e<; 6 e+ore as(eri/1 ,osier +irst t)e+o''o(i/6 4@5 Bs t)e *ot)er t)e proper party i iterestQ Bs s)e t)e rea' party to +i'e a a,tioQ 4!5 Sa*et)i/ as to t)e re*ey to t)e )0s2a1 Bs t)e sister o+ t)e +at)er t)e party i iterest to i*p0/ t)e'e/iti*a,y or i''e/iti*a,y o+ t)e ,)i'Q Je3t step1 'oo< i+ t)ere is ay ate /i&e i t)e pro2'e*. B+ t)ereis1 ,)e,< i+ it is (it)i t)e pres,ripti&e perio. J8T;6 R;S-RBTB8J rt. @4. T)e 'e/iti*a,y ori''e/iti*a,y o+ a ,)i' 2or a+ter t)ree )0re ays +o''o(i/ t)e ter*iatio o+ t)e *arria/e s)a'' 2e pro&e 2y ()oe&er a''e/es s0,) 'e/iti*a,y or i''e/iti*a,y. A<. G#5. T)e a,tio to i*p0/ t)e'e/iti*a,y o+ t)e ,)i' s)a'' 2e 2ro0/)t (it)i oe year +ro* t)e <o('e/e o+ t)e 2irt) or its re,ori/i t)e ,i&i' re/ister1 i+ t)e )0s2a or1 i a proper ,ase1 ay o+ )is )eirs1 s)o0' resie i t)e ,ity or*0i,ipa'ity ()ere t)e 2irt) too< p'a,e or (as re,ore.

B+ t)e )0s2a or1 i )is e+a0't1 a'' o+ )is )eirs o ot resie at t)e p'a,e o+ 2irt) as e+ie i t)e +irst para/rap) or ()ere it (as re,ore1 t)e perio s)a'' 2e t(o years i+ t)ey s)o0' resie i t)e)i'ippies9 a t)ree years i+ a2roa. B+ t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i' )as 2ee ,o,ea'e +ro* or (as0<o( to t)e )0s2a or )is )eirs1 t)e perio s)a'' 2e ,o0te +ro* t)e is,o&ery or <o('e/e o+t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i' or o+ t)e +a,t o+ re/istratio o+ sai 2irt)1 ()i,)e&er is ear'ier. T)e1 is t)e<e a/<o0 o< p<oo+ o+ +i'iatio; B a,tio to i*p0/1 t)e rea' party is t)e )0s2a. T)is is t)e /eera'r0'e. St0y t)e e3,eptio : ()e )eirs o+ t)e )0s2a *ay i*p0/ t)e +i'iatio. 0t ta<e ote ,oe,tt)e )eirsI o ()o are t)e ,o*p0'sory )eir i s0,,essio. T)ere+ore1 i+ it oes ot +a'' (it)i t)ee3,eptio1 e3pressio 0i0s r0'e1 t)e #0/e *0st is*isse t)e ,ase 2e,a0se )e is ot t)e rea' party iiterest. NOTE> ;$-;TB8JS T8 BCJ A<. G#G. T)e )eirs o+ t)e )0s2a *ay i*p0/ t)e +i'iatioo+ t)e ,)i' (it)i t)e perio pres,ri2e i t)e pre,ei/ arti,'e o'y i t)e +o''o(i/ ,ases6 4@5 B+ t)e)0s2a s)o0' ie 2e+ore t)e e3piratio o+ t)e perio +i3e +or 2ri/i/ )is a,tio9 4!5 B+ )e s)o0'ie a+ter t)e +i'i/ o+ t)e ,o*p'ait (it)o0t )a&i/ esiste t)ere+ro*9 or 4>5 B+ t)e ,)i' (as 2ora+ter t)e eat) o+ t)e )0s2a. 8iao Case B t)is ,ase1 t)e ,)i' is ()o +i'e t)e a,tio..i*p0/i/ )is'e/iti*a,y..<, a/ a/yari ito..0/ se,o )0s2a 0/ aay ya ay *as *aya*a <aysa tatayya..so sa2i / 2ata1 )ii ()o a<o a/ aa<..)ii a<o 'e/iti*ateVS- r0'e t)at i*p0/i/ oeLs'e/iti*a,y is persoa' to t)e )0s2a or to t)e +at)er a ot to t)e ,)i'.. 9: $)at a2o0t t)e a,tio to,'ai 'e/itia,y o< i''e/itia,y o+ t)e ,)i'; Does t)e 'a( <e;0i<e t)at it 0st 2e +i'e 0<i/ t)e 'i+etieo+ t)e p0titati&e +at)e<; 6 s yo0 ,o0' see1 t)e pro&isio is si'et o t)e *atter..so *eai/1 as 'o/ ast)e ,)i' is a'i&e..t)e ,)i' ,a +i'e t)e a,tio1 e&e i+ t)e +at)er is ea..20t t)ere is a e3,eptio1 i+ t)e,)i' +i'i/ t)e a,tio is i''e/iti*ate a t)e proo+ o+ +i'iatio presete 2y t)e ,)i' is ope a,oti0o0s possessio..t)e re0ire t)at t)e a,tio *0st 2e +i'e ot #0st 0ri/ t)e 'i+eti*e o+ t)e,)i' 20t a'so 0ri/ at t)e 'i+eti*e o+ t)e p0titati&e +at)er..T)at is t)e o'y e3,eptio t)at re0iri/ t)att)e +at)er *0st 2e a'i&e at t)e ti*e o+ t)e +i'i/ o+ t)e a,tio. N6<8> A<. G#4. T)e +i'iatio o+



'e/iti*ate ,)i're is esta2'is)e 2y ay o+ t)e +o''o(i/6 4@5 T)e re,or o+ 2irt) appeari/ i t)e ,i&i're/ister or a +ia' #0/*et9 or

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4!5 a*issio o+ 'e/iti*ate +i'iatio i a p02'i, o,0*et or a pri&ate )a(ritte istr0*et asi/e 2y t)e paret ,o,ere. B t)e a2se,e o+ t)e +ore/oi/ e&ie,e1 t)e 'e/iti*ate +i'iatio s)a'' 2e pro&e 2y6 4@5 T)e ope a ,oti0o0s possessio o+ t)e stat0s o+ a 'e/iti*ate ,)i'9 or 4!5 yot)er *eas a''o(e 2y t)e R0'es o+ -o0rt a spe,ia' 'a(s. 4!5a1 !a1 !"a5 9: A<e t)e<e ,ases()e<ei t)e )ei<s o+ t)e ,)i' ,a +i'e t)e a,tio; 6 s (e )a&e sai1 it is t)e /eera' r0'e t)at it is t)e,)i' s)o0' +i'e t)e a,tio. ;3,eptio1 t)e )eirs o+ t)e ,)i' ,a +i'e t)e a,tio i+ t)e t(o ,ases6 ()e

t)e ,)i' 1B; 0ri/ 4@5 *iority a 4!5 i a state o+ isaity. 0t (it) respe,t to re*ey o+ )0s2a1 >a/ e3,eptio. N6<8> A<. G#!. T)e a,tio to ,'ai* 'e/iti*a,y *ay 2e 2ro0/)t 2y t)e ,)i' 0ri/ )isor )er 'i+eti*e a s)a'' 2e tras*itte to t)e )eirs s)o0' t)e ,)i' ie 0ri/ *iority or i a state o+isaity. B t)ese ,ases1 t)e )eirs s)a'' )a&e a perio o+ +i&e years (it)i ()i,) to istit0te t)e a,tio.9: $)e to +i'e; 6 B+ it is a re*ey /i&e to t)e )0s2a1 t)ere are t)ree i*portat 0*2ers6 @1 ! a >years. Re*e*2er t)e r0'e o e3,eptio a its app'i,atio. Ho( ()ere t)e ,)i' (as 2or a t)eresie,e o+ t)e +at)er. 9: + t)e ,)i' is 2o< (as 2o< i t)e sae <esie,e o+ t)e +at)e<1 ()at <0'eapp'ies; 6 T)e +at)er is /i&e a perio o+ oe year +ro* t)e <o('e/e or re/istratio o+ t)e 2irt),erti+i,ate..a't)o0/) o+ ,o0rse1 i+ yo0 (i'' oti,e1 2ase o 0e pro,ess1 it s)o0' 2e ,o0te +ro* t)e<o('e/e o+ t)e +at)er..@yr..)ii 'a/ apat a'a* yo <0/ ao/ year iaapp'y 20t <0/ <e'a <ayo*a/2i2i'a/..<, 2a<a a'a* yo @ year tapos e3pire a p'a.. ! yrs app'ies i+ t)e ,)i' (as 2or i a p'a,e ()i,) is i++eret +ro* t)e p'a,e ()ere t)e +at)er resies..so.. 9: + sa Ca<ia' Katosipia/aa= a/ 2ata tapos a/ +at)e< ay <esii/ sa spaa1 ai'a>>()at yea< (i'' yo0 app'y; y<o< @y<s; 6 !yrs <, -aria' Satos is i Sa 0a a yo0 <o( t)at ;spaa is i ai'a..0'ess i+ ;spaa1ari..t)e i t)is ,ase1 >yrs (i'' app'y.. 9: $)at i+ it is t)e )ei< o+ t)e )0s2a +i'i/ t)e ,ase1 ()atis t)e p<es,<iptio pe<io; 6 pp'y t)e sa*e pres,ripti&e perio..@1 ! or > years 9: $)at i+ t)e ,ase is+i'e 2y t)e ,)i'; 6 t ayti*e 0ri/ t)e 'i+eti*e o+ t)e ,)i' as a /eera' r0'e..20t ta<e ote a/ai o+t)e e3,eptio

9:$)at is t)e p<es,<iptio /i&e to )ei<s o+ t)e ,)i'; 6 5 years ,o0te +ro* t)e eat) o+ t)e ,)i'0ri/ *iority or i state o+ e,essity. Re/ari/ -TB8J 8R -8CS8R7 R;-8JBTB8J1 re*e*2ert)e /ro0 0er rt @"! - : proo+ o+ +i'iatios. 8 t)e ot)er )a1 re/ari/ t)e i*p0/i/ o+ t)e +at)er1ta<e ote o+ rt @ -. R8CJ1S6 4@5 T)at it (as p)ysi,a''y i*possi2'e +or t)e )0s2a to )a&e se30a'iter,o0rse (it) )is (i+e (it)i t)e +irst @!? ays o+ t)e >?? ays ()i,) i**eiate'y pre,ee t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i' 2e,a0se o+6 4a5 t)e p)ysi,a' i,apa,ity o+ t)e )0s2a to )a&e se30a' iter,o0rse (it))is (i+e9 425 t)e +a,t t)at t)e )0s2a a (i+e (ere 'i&i/ separate'y i s0,) a (ay t)at se30a'iter,o0rse (as ot possi2'e9 or 4,5 serio0s i''ess o+ t)e )0s2a1 ()i,) a2so'0te'y pre&ete se30a'iter,o0rse9 KS8i6 i''@8 is t)e <i o+ i''ess t)at (i'' rea''y a++e,t or pre&et t)e *aLs ,apa,ity to)a&e se30a' iter,o0rse. Aa' Case S- t)at e&e i+ t)e )0s2a is a'reay s0++eri/ o ,)roi,t02er,o'osis1 t)is pro&isio (i'' ot app'y..ot serio0s i''ess t)at (i'' a++e,t *aLs ,apa,ity to )a&ese30a' iter,o0rse 9: "o( a2o0t i+ t)e )0s2a )as p<ostate ,a,e<; 6 T)is pro&isio (i'' ot app'y.ee pa ri. ay ,apa,ity pa ri to )a&e se30a' iter,o0rse 9: $)at i+ pa<a'ye; 6 0st 0a'i+y. B+ taasor 2a2a a/ para'yze..i+ taas 'a/1 pe pa ri /0*aa 0/ asa 2a2a..or 2etter1 +or t)is pro&isio toapp'y1 t)e *a s)o0' 2e +0''y para'yze KLi&i@ 8.aa<8' *eas ot o'y t)at t)e )0s2a is 'ea&i/t)e ,o#0/a' (e''i/. 9: $)at i+ 0/ 2a2ae asa Ca'aoo,a tapos 0/ 'a'a=i asa aa'0yo/; 6 Bt(i'' ot app'y <, pee pa ri *a/<aroo / se30a' iter,o0rse..*ay pro2a2i'ity pa ri a *a/<itaT)ere+ore1 )0s2a *0st 2e a2roa..t)ere is o possi2i'ity <, a *a<a20o.. 4!5 T)at it is pro&e t)at +or 2io'o/i,a' or ot)er s,ieti+i, reasos1 t)e ,)i' ,o0' ot )a&e 2ee t)at o+ t)e )0s2a1 e3,ept i t)eista,e pro&ie i t)e se,o para/rap) o+ rti,'e @9 or

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Ktiti/a *o 0/ 2ata..i+ o2&io0s +ro* t)e appeara,e o+ t)e ,)i' a i *o aa<..0 a..e3,ept t)r0arti+i,ia' ise*iatio.. T)at i ,ase o+ ,)i're ,o,ei&e t)ro0/) arti+i,ia' ise*iatio1 t)e (rittea0t)orizatio or rati+i,atio o+ eit)er paret (as o2taie 4@5 t)ro0/) *ista<e1 +ra01 &io'e,e1iti*iatio1 or 00e i+'0e,e. Kt)ere *0st 2e a (ritte ,oset. Bt *0st 2e +ree'y /i&e 2e,a0se ay&itiate ,oset is a /ro0 +or t)e a0'*et 9: $)e is t)e (<itte ,oset 2e /i&e; 6 Bt *0st 2e/i&e 2e+ore t)e 2irt) o+ t)e ,)i'. 9: $)at i+ it (as /i&e a+te< t)e ,)i' (as 2o<; ,a t)e s02se;0et

(<itte 2e &a'i; 6 Jo1 2e,a0se t)e 'a( re0ires it to 2e /i&e 2e+ore 9: $)at (i'' 2e t)e <eey o+ t)e)0s2a; 6 T)e o'y re*ey is to aopt t)e ,)i' "ao &s> CA 'oo testi/ /ro0pi/ is ,o,'0si&e asto oe paterity 20t it is ot a proo+ o+ +i'iatio 2e,a0se it oes ot +o''o( t)at i+ yo0 are 2'oo type 1yo0r ,)i' s)o0' 2e 2'oo type .. 9: $)at a2o0t a,tio /i&e to t)e ,)i'; 6 rt@"! - pro&ies +or proo+a++i'iatio a t)ese proo+s o+ a++i'iatio is ,ate/orize ito t(o6 4@5 pri*ary proo+ o+ +i'iatio ase,oary proo+ o+ +i'iatio. PRIMARY PROOF OF FILIATION 4@5 T)e re,or o+ 2irt) appeari/ it)e ,i&i' re/ister or a +ia' #0/*et9 or 4!5 a*issio o+ 'e/iti*ate +i'iatio i a p02'i, o,0*et or a pri&ate )a(ritte istr0*et a si/e 2y t)e paret ,o,ere. Kirt) -erti+i,ate ?o,es Case B+t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate is ot si/e 2y t)e +at)er1 t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate ,aot 2e a,,epte as proo+ o++i'iatio e&e i+ i t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate ii,ates t)e a*e o+ t)e +at)er B t)e o' 2irt) ,erti+i,ate1 t)e+or* o'y pro&ies a 2o3 ()i,) ii,ates ()et)er 'e/iti*ate or i''e/iti*ate. 0t o(1 at t)e 2a,< t)ereis a++ia&it o+ a,<o('e/*et.. E:CEPTION> 'ao Case Bt (as t)e +at)er ()o +i''e 0p t)e 2'a<+or* o+ t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate. /i&es a'' t)e i+or*atio...a/ /ia/a(a <, ay piapa+i''.0p / 0rse0si/ pe,i' or iiiter&ie( t)e ittype / 0rse..pero 0/ 2ii'i< a

0/ type(ritte +or*1 t)e +at)er (as ot a2'e to si/ <, )e (as ot aro0 t)e t)e *ot)er si/e.T)ere (as a iss0e o paterity a +i'iatio. T)e +at)er re+0se to a,<o('e/e t)e ,)i' a t)e ,)i' presete t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate. )i,) (as 0si/e 20t ,osieri/ t)e ,ir,0*sta,es t)at pre&ai'e att)e ti*e o+ t)e e'i&ery o+ t)e ,)i'1 S- r0'e t)at e&e i+ t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate (as 0si/e si,e t)e+at)er (as t)e oe ()o /a&e a'' t)e i+or*atio1 as a e3,eptio to t)e /eera' r0'e. Gere1 t)e 2irt),erti+i,ate (as a*itte as e&ie,e.. So i+ a 0estio (i'' 2e as<e i t)e 2ar e3a*..its too /eera'. 9:!0a De'a C<0 p<esete a 2i<t) ,e<ti+i,ate as p<oo/+ o+ +i'iatio a 0si/e 2i<t) ,e<ti+i,ate1 is itaissi2'e i e&ie,e as p<oo+ o+ +i'iatio; 6 7o0 *0st 0a'i+y..i&o<i/ t)e r0'i/ i ,ase o+ Ro,esa B'ao 1eop'e &s> De 8ati1 @ Reiterate t)e ,ase o+ Ro,es 8a2a/a'a Case Reiterate t)e ,ase o+ B'ao D> i&8 a@ 81a?.'8 6 .'i- a@7 .i&a<8 76-?8@< <a< -6'7 8 87 a .66 6 i'ia<i6@. 6Re*e*2er t)e ate.0ptia' a/ree*et. T)ose stip0'atios t)at )as ot)i/ to o (it) t)e ,e'e2ratio o+*arria/e a t)e *arria/e i ot ta<e p'a,e a i+ t)at is a,<o('e/e*et o+ a ,)i' t)at ,o0' 2e,osiere as a p02'i, o,0*et or a pri&ate )a(ritte istr0*et ot)er e3a*p'e1 ast (i'' atesta*et. B+ it is a otaria' (i''1 it is p02'i, istr0*et. B+ it is a )o'o/rap)i, (i''1 it is a pri&ateistr0*et ()erei t)e testator oes ot o'y isposes property 20t a'so a,<o('e/es t)e ,)i' 2ei/,o,ei&e 2y t)e ,o**o 'a( spo0se or 2y t)e (i+e. 4 pare,io &s. ara/0ya5 SECONDARY PROOFOF FILIATION B t)e a2se,e o+ t)e +ore/oi/ e&ie,e1 t)e 'e/iti*ate +i'iatio s)a'' 2e pro&e 2y6 4@5T)e ope a ,oti0o0s possessio o+ t)e stat0s o+ a 'e/iti*ate ,)i'9 or 4!5 y ot)er *eas a''o(e 2y t)e R0'es o+ -o0rt a spe,ia' 'a(s. 9:-i&e eap'es o+ ope a ,oti0o0s possessio o+ t)e stat0so+ a 'e/itiate ,)i'> 6 #a<0ie,o Case )ere t)e +at)er or t)e )0s2a a,,o*paie t)e pre/at(o*a i t)e )ospita' a pai t)e )ospita' 2i''. T)at is t)e e3a*p'e o+ ope a ,oti0o0s possessio.. 'so1 0si/ t)e s0ra*e1 t)ose ,)i're 2or 2e+ore t)e e+e,ti&ity o+ t)e - a 0er t)e --t)ere

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is o pro)i2itio a/aist t)e 0se s0ra*e. 't)o0/) /ayo *a)irap a1 re/ari/ t)e i''e/iti*ate ,)i'0si/ t)e s0ra*e o+ t)e 2io'o/i,a' +at)er. e+ore yo0r app'i,atio ,a 2e a,,epte yo0 )a&e to atta,)o,0*et pro&i/ t)at yo0 (ere a'reay a,<o('e/e 2y yo0r 2io'o/i,a' +at)er 'so1 <aa 20(a p0*0p0ta <a sa tao/ ito at <i0<0)a a/ a''o(a,e *o..or 2iiyara a/ t0itio +ee *o.. 9:ap'es o+ eas a''o(e 2y ?GC> 6 eoa &s> CA B,'0e i t)e p)rase ot)er *easI aret)e 2aptis*a' ,erti+i,ate1 #0i,ia' a*issio1 +a*i'y 2i2'e i ()i,) )is a*e (as etere1 ,o**o

rep0tatio respe,ti/ pei/ree1 a*issio 2y si'e,e1 testi*oy o+ (itess 4R0'e @>? R8-5 9: "o(a2o0t DA; $)at is t)e positio o+ t)e ,o0<t; 6 s ear'y as t)e -ase o+ Te,so1 ,ase i&o'&i/ . T)atis ()e +or t)e +irst ti*e t)e S- *ae *etio o+ 1J . T)e S- sai t)at 'o(er ,o0rt is ot pre&ete +ro*a,,epti/ 1J as proo+ o+ +i'iatio. 't)o0/)1 S- i t)e ,ase o+ "e<<e<a &s> A'&a sai t)at ,o0rt s)o0' 2e,a0tio0s i /i&i/ ,ree,e to 1J . Bt is ot eo0/) t)at ,)i'Ls 1J pro+i'e *at,)es t)at o+ t)e p0tati&e+at)er. T)e ,o0rt s)o0' re0ire 44.4M as *ii*0* &a'0e o+ pro2a2i'ity o+ paterity. T)e ,o0rt s)o0',osier )o( sa*p'es (ere ,o''e,te a )a'e 2e,a0se t)ere ,o0' 2e a possi2i'ity o+,ota*iatio. 1J test oes ot i&o'&e /etti/ sa*p'e o+ yo0r 2'oo. 0t p(ee/ s,rape yo0r s<i or)air (it) t)e root. S,rape t)e to/0e. 8BJB8J JB 6 ()i,) it (o0' 2e 2etter i+ yo0 'e/a''y aopt t)e,)i' 2e,a0se 1J is a'reay a,,epte i aoptio so i+ 'ater o so*e2oy (i'' r0 a+ter t)e ,)i' a it(i'' 2e pro&e t)at yo0 are ot t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret. T)e oe ,'ai*i/ )as t)e ri/)t o t)e ,)i'. <,*ay 1J a tayo. 't)o0/) aoptio ,ost6 5?1???.?1???Va s)o0' 2e per+or*e si*0'taeo0s'y(it) t)e +at)er a t)e ,)i' (it) t)e ,oset o+ t)e 2io'o/i,a' *ot)er.. C<0 &s> C<isto2a' ;ar'yr0'i/1 t)at 2aptis*a' ,erti+i,ate is ot a,,epta2'e..it is o'y a pie,e o+ o,0*et t)at pro&es t)at t)esa,ra*et o+ 2aptis* (as per+or*e..it is a pri&ate istr0*et 20t i t)is ,ase1 *eyo <0*a*2yo1)orizota' stare e,isis1 t)e S- 2aptis*a' ,erti+i,ate is oe o+ t)e a,,epta2'e o,0*etary e&ie,e to proo+ +i'iatio i a,,ora,e o+ R8-. 9: ap'es o+ p<i&ate ist<0et> 6 o&e 'etters1 te3t *essa/ea a'so e*ai' *essa/es 9: + t)e ;0estio )as ot)i/ to o (it) a<ti+i,ia' iseiatio 20t test t02e 2a2y o< ,'oi/1 )o( (i'' yo0 as(e<;

6 y aa'o/y1 app'y t)e pro&isio re/ari/ arti+i,ia' ise*iatio 2e,a0se t)e +ra*ers e&er pro2a2'yrea'ize t)at t)ere ,o0' 2e a test t02e 2a2y or ,'oe 2a2y i t)e +0t0re. ILLEITMATE CHILDREN9: $)at a<e t)e <i/)ts o+ t)e 'e/itiate ,)i'<e; 6 A<. G#. e/iti*ate ,)i're s)a'' )a&e t)e ri/)t64@5 To 2ear t)e s0ra*es o+ t)e +at)er a t)e *ot)er1 i ,o+or*ity (it) t)e pro&isios o+ t)e -i&i' -oeo S0ra*es9 4!5 To re,ei&e s0pport +ro* t)eir parets1 t)eir as,eats1 a i proper ,ases1 t)eir 2rot)ers a sisters1 i ,o+or*ity (it) t)e pro&isios o+ t)is -oe o S0pport9 a 4>5 To 2e etit'eto t)e 'e/iti*ate a ot)er s0,,essioa' ri/)ts /rate to t)e* 2y t)e -i&i' -oe. 9: "o( a2o0t ai''e/itiate +i'iatio; "o( it is esta2'is); $)at a<e t)ei< <i/)ts; 6 A<. G#A. B''e/iti*ate ,)i're *ayesta2'is) t)eir i''e/iti*ate +i'iatio i t)e sa*e (ay a o t)e sa*e e&ie,e as 'e/iti*ate ,)i're.T)e a,tio *0st 2e 2ro0/)t (it)i t)e sa*e perio spe,i+ie i rti,'e @">1 e3,ept ()e t)e a,tio is 2ase o t)e se,o para/rap) o+ rti,'e @"!1 i ()i,) ,ase t)e a,tio *ay 2e 2ro0/)t 0ri/ t)e 'i+eti*eo+ t)e a''e/e paret. A<. G##. B''e/iti*ate ,)i're s)a'' 0se t)e s0ra*e a s)a'' 2e 0er t)e pareta' a0t)ority o+ t)eir *ot)er1 a s)a'' 2e etit'e to s0pport i ,o+or*ity (it) t)is -oe. T)e'e/iti*e o+ ea,) i''e/iti*ate ,)i' s)a'' ,osist o+ oe.)a'+ o+ t)e 'e/iti*e o+ a 'e/iti*ate ,)i'. ;3,ept+or t)is *oi+i,atio1 a'' ot)er pro&isios i t)e -i&i' -oe /o&eri/ s0,,essioa' ri/)ts s)a'' re*ai i+or,e. Ri/)ts o+ i''e/iti*ate ,)i're1 as 'o/ as t)e ,)i' is re,o/ize1 t)e ,)i' is etit'e to s0pport1i)erita,e a (it) t)e e( 'a(. J -T 8BJ TG; -GB1 T8 CS; TG; SCRJ ; 8 TG; B88B- TG;R 4R. . 4!555 a2aoe t)e r0'i/ i MOSESELT . LEITIMATED CHILDREN rt. @"". 8'y,)i're ,o,ei&e a 2or o0tsie o+ (e'o,< o+ parets ()o1 at t)e ti*e o+ t)e ,o,eptio o+ t)e+or*er1 (ere ot is0a'i+ie 2y ay i*pei*et to *arry ea,) ot)er *ay 2e 'e/iti*ate. KT)e - ,oe*a<es 0se o+ t)e (or CONCIEVED a@7 ORN J8T CONCIEVED 6 ORN..yo0 /o 2a,< to yo0rstat,o. T)e e++e,t o+ 0si/ a@7L is ot t)e sa*e as t)e e++e,t o+ 0si/ 6L i t)e pro&isio. B+ it is J1it is *aatory t)at 2ot) s)o0' 2e preset. B+ it is 8R1 it *eas t)at yo0 )a&e a ,)oi,e eit)er or t)e

,)i' ,a 2e 'e/iti*ate i+ t)e ,)i' is ,o,ei&e a 2or. 9: 5)e pa<ets s)o0' ot )a&e ay 'e/a'ipeiet to a<<y ea,) ot)e<>>2e,a0se i+ t)e<e is

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'e/a' ipeiet to a<<y ea,) ot)e< a ()e 2o< t)e ,)i' is 2o<1 t)e<e (as o o<e 'e/a'ipeiet>>()at is t)e <eey; 6 optio ot 'e/iti*atio 2y s02se0et *arria/e.. 9: $)at s)o0' 2e oe i+ t)e ,)i' ,a 2e 'e/itiate 2y s02se;0et a<<ia/e; 6 T)e parets ee o'y toe3e,0te aa++ia&it t)at ()e t)e ,)i' (as ,o,ei&e a 2or.. t)ere (as o 'e/a' i*pei*et to *arry ea,)ot)er e3isti/ 2et(ee t)e* a 'ater o t)ey /ot *arrie..atta,)i/ 2irt) ,erti+i,ate o+ t)e ,)i' a*arria/e ,otra,t a s02*itti/ t)e* to t)e ,i&i' re/istrar o++i,e ()ere t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate o+ t)e ,)i'

is re/istere.. 9: $o0' t)e<e 2e e( 2i<t) ,e<ti+i,ate 2e iss0e; 6 Joe. )at (i'' )appe is t)at t)e,i&i' re/istrar (i'' *a<e a aotatio t)at t)e ,)i' is 'e/iti*ate 2y s02se0et *arria/e. RIHTSOF LEITIMATED A<. G#. e/iti*ate ,)i're s)a'' e#oy t)e a?8 i< as 'e/iti*ate ,)i're.ACTION TO IMPUN A<. G"4. e/iti*atio *ay 2e i*p0/e o'y 2y t)ose ()o are pre#0i,e it)eir ri/)ts1 (i<i@ i&8 8a +ro* t)e ti*e t)eir ,a0se o+ a,tio a,,r0es. ADOPTION DOMESTICADOPTION &. INTERMCOUNTRY ADOPTION 9: $)e (i'' yo0 app'y t)e te<.Co0t<yAoptio; $i'' yo0 app'y it o'y i+ a +o<ei/e< is app'yi/ +o< aoptio; 6 Jo. it is ot o'y app'i,a2'e+or +orei/er ()o is +i'i/ +or aoptio 20t a'so it ,o0' 2e app'ie i+ a i'ipio is app'yi/ +oraoptio. 7o0 ,a 0se Bter.,o0try optio1 i+ petitio +or aoptio is +i'e a2roa 20t i+ i t)e)i'ippies1 app'y o*esti, aoptio. 9: $)e<e (i'' yo0 +i'e i+ it is te<.,o0t<y; 6 (e )a&eBter.,o0try aoptio 2oar..o( ()at yo0 )a&e to o is to /o to t)e )i'ippie ;*2assy a i0ire+ro* t)e )i'ippie e*2assy a yo0 ,a +i'e yo0r petitio +or aoptio t)ere.. 9: Ca ay ,)i' 2e'e/a''y aopte; 6 s 'o/ as t)e ,)i' 2e 78-'a87 '8a'' a&ai'a'8 6 a76.<i6@ a t)e ,)i' is a ?i@6,)i' t)e )e ,a 2e 0a'i+ie to 2e aopte..0'i<e 2e+ore..yo0 ,a #0st aopt ay ,)i' ()o yo0 ,asee i t)e street1it is a0to*ati,..a'so1 i+ yo0 sa( a 2a2y i +rot o+ yo0r oor1 yo0 ,a aopt it t)e 2a2yCT J81 yo0 ee to 2ri/ t)e ,)i' to 1S1 or ay orp)aa/e. G7Q so t)at t)ey ,a o t)e e,'aratioo+ t)e ,)i' as 'e/a''y a&ai'a2'e +or aoptio..i+ ot1 so t)at it (i'' 2e 'ess e3pesi&e1 i o0r petitio +oraoptio t)e prayer (o0' 2e to 4@5 as< t)e ,o0rt to e,'are t)e ,)i' 'e/a''y a&ai'a2'e +or aoptio a4!5 to /rat t)e

petitio +or aoptio ote t)at e,'aratio ,a 2e #0i,ia' or e3tra#0i,ia'.. 9: te<.,o0t<y1 it 0sest)e (o< 'e/a''y.+<ee ,)i' oes it )a&e ay i++e<e,e +<o 'e/a''y a&ai2'e +o< aoptio; 6 Jo. Bt issi*p'y a 0estio o+ se*ati,s.. t t)e sa*e ti*e1 it ,o0' a'so 2e oe #0i,ia''y or e3ta#0i,ia''y 9:$)o ay aopt; 6 at 'east @yrs o'er t)a t)e aoptee 9: s it a2so'0te; 6 Jo. e3,eptio6 @. i+ t)eaopti/ paret is t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret o+ t)e ,)i' to 2e aopte 4or t)e spo0se o+ s0,) paret5 ;3a*p'e6 Ja20tis <a 0/ *ior < t)e 'ater o /0sto *o / a/<ii 0/ 2ata..p(ee <a)it i yrs 0//ap..S o' 'a(1 @5yrs sa yo0t) a (e'+are ,oe..a/ e3p'aatio ay aa/a/a <, a/ *arryi/a/e..8BJB8J JB 6 i sya pa2or sa raso a 0. Bt (o0' pro2a2'y 2e, o+ t)e *ora' as,ea,y t)ats)o0' 2e e3erte 2y t)e aopti/ paret to(ar t)e aopte ,)i'. 't)o0/)1 ()y @yrs o+ a'' a/es. 0st 2e,a0se it is t)e 'a( B 1o*esti, optio1 ALIEN o( *ay aopt pro&ie t)at )e )as t)e0a'i+i,atios o+ a i'ipio ()o ,a aopt p'0s aitioa' re0ire*ets.. NOTE> REDUIREMENTSFILIPINO CITINEN @. 'e/a' a/e1 i possessio o+ +0'' ,i&i' ,apa,ity a 'e/a' ri/)ts9 !. /oo *ora',)ara,ter1 )as ot ,o&i,te o+ ay ,ri*e i&o'&i/ *ora' t0rptit0e1 >. e*otioa''y a psy,)o'o/i,a''y ,apa2'e o+ ,ari/ +or ,)i're G. at 'east @years o'er t)a t)e aoptee 4(ai&87 ()et)e aopter is t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret o+ t)e aoptee1 or is t)e spo0se o+ t)e aopteeLs paret5 ALIEN @.Sa*e as t)e 0a'i+i,atios o+ i'ipio ,itize !. GisE)er ,o0try )as ip'o*ati, re'atios (it) t)eRep02'i, o+ t)e )i'ippies >. )eEs)e )as 2ee 'i&i/ i t)e )i'ippies +or at 'east > ,oti0o0s years prior to t)e +i'i/ +or aoptio a *aitais s0,) resie,e 0ti' t)e aoptio is eter . )eEs)e )as 2ee ,erti+ie 2y )is )er ip'o*ati, or ,os0'ar o++i,e or ay appropriate /o&er*et a/e,y t)at)eEs)e )as t)e 'e/a' ,apa,ity to aopt i )is or )er ,o0try 5. )isE)er /o&er*et a''o(s t)e aoptee toeter )isE)er ,o0try as )isE)er aopte soEa0/)ter

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R;SB1;J-7 a -;RTBB- TB8J o+ t)e a'ieLs 0a'i+i,atio to aopt i )isE)er ,o0try *ay 2e (ai&87+or t)e +o''o(i/6 @. +or*er ,itize ()o see<s to aopt a re'ati&e (it)i t)e t) e/ree o+ ,osa/0iityor a++iity !. 8e ()o see<s to aopt t)e 'e/iti*ate soEa0/)ter o+ )isE)er i'ipio spo0se >. 8e()o is *arrie to a i'ipio ,itize a see<s to aopt #oit'y (it) )isE)er spo0se a re'ati&e (it)i t)et) e/ree o+ ,osa/0iity or a++iity o+ t)e i'ipio spo0se GCS J1 J1 B; SG 8BJT7 18Te3,ept i t)e +o''o(i/ ,ases6 @. i+ oe spo0se see<s to aopt t)e 'e/iti*ate soEa0/)ter o+ t)e ot)er !.

i+ oe spo0se see<s to aopt )isE)er o( i''e/iti*ate soEa0/)ter. ro&ie1 )o(e&er1 t)at t)e ot)erspo0se )as si/i+ie )isE)er ,oset t)ereto >. i+ spo0ses are 'e/a''y separate +ro* ea,) ot)er KBiter.,o0try1 t)e aopter *0st 2e at 'east !" years o' NA'i 2a/ 2asa a/ (a'a tayo/ ip'oati,<e'atio; ti/a ati <, 2a<a 0/ 2ata or *a/aapo a//a'i/ sa 2asa a (a'a tayo/ ip'o*ati,re'atio..i ope a/ 'a)at sa pi'ipias..a<a <, 0 a/ 0estio sa 2ar..C/ resie,yre0ire*ets..ya a/ re0isites sa -. s a r0'e sa -1 a'ie ,aot aopt 0'ess )e )as t)e 0a'i+i,atios 20t i 1o*esti, aoptio. 'ie ,a aopt pro&ie t)at )e )as t)e a'' 0a'i+i,atios o+ t)e i'ipio ()oare 0a'i+ie to *ay aopt a a resie,e o+ t)e )i'ippies +or t)ree years. 'so ta<e ote..()o arei,'0e i t) e/reeQ )aapi a/ ,o**o..sa tatay @e/ree..sa <apati ! e/rees..Ai@i<<a*a/.aa< *o 'a/ a)i' asa(a *o. 9: $)o ay 2e aopte; G?L 6 B 18;STB- 18TB8J1t)e +o''o(i/ *ay 2e aopte6 @. ay perso 2e'o( @ years o+ a/e ()o )as 2ee a*iistrati&e'y or#0i,i'a''y e,'are a&ai'a2'e +or aoptio !. t)e 'e/iti*ates soEa0/)ter o+ oe spo0se 2y t)e ot)erspo0se >. as i''e/iti*ate soEa0/)ter 2y a 0a'i+ie aopter to i*pro&e )is E)er stat0s to t)at o+'e/iti*a,y9 . a perso o+ 'e/a' a/e i+1 prior to t)e aoptio1 sai perso )as 2ee ,osistet'y,osiere a treate 2y t)e aopter4s5 as )is or )er o( ,)i' si,e *iority 5. a ,)i' ()oseaoptio )as 2ee pre&io0s'y res,ie . a ,)i' ()ose 2io'o/i,a' or aopti&e parets4s5 )as ie9 pro&ie1 t)at o

pro,eei/s s)a'' 2e iitiate (it)i *ot)s +ro* t)e ti*e o+ eat) o+ sai paret4s5 B Bter.,o0try1o'y a '8a'' 88 -i'7 *ay 2e t)e s02#e,t o+ iter.,o0try aoptio 9: $)ose (<itte ,oset ise,essa<y; Eeo<ieF ()y it is e,essa<y espe,ia''y ()e it i&o'&es 'e/itate a aopte ,)i'1yea<s; 6 2e,a0se 0'ti*ate'y it (i'' 'esse t)eir s0,,essioa' ri/)ts..'0*i''it a/ s)are..i a,t0a' ,ases1tiatao/ ta'a/a / #0/e a/ 2ata../00 i a/ 2io'o/i,a' paret i ,ases o+ 2io'o/i,a' ri/)t1 )iia sya *a/i/i/ ,o*p0'sory )eir1 pe 'a/ testate s0,,essio 20t ot itestate s0,,essio..testates0,,essio i+ )eEs)e is istit0te as a )eir.. S;-. 4 41o*esti,59 G8S; -8S;JT BS J;-;SS R7 T8 TG;18TB8J @. t)e aoptee1 i+ @? years o+ a/e or o&er !. t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret4s5 o+ t)e ,)i'1 i+ <o(1 or t)e'e/a' /0aria or t)e proper /o&er*et istr0*eta'ity ()i,) )as 'e/a' ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i' >. t)e'e/iti*ate a aopte sosEa0/)ters1 i+ @? years o+ a/e or o&er . t)e i''e/iti*ate sosEa0/)ters1 i+@? years o+ a/e or o&er1 o+ t)e aopter i+ 'i&i/ (it) sai aopter a t)e 'atterLs spo0se1 B+ ay 5. t)espo0se1 i+ ay1 o+ t)e perso aopti/ or to 2e aopte 9: s /0a<ia a''o(e to aopt; 6 8'y a+ter t)eter*iatio o+ t)e /0arias)ip a ,'eara,e o+ )isE)er +ia,ia' a,,o0ta2i'ities. 5aa</o Case 10ri/t)e pee,y o+ t)e petitio +or aoptio. T)e prospe,ti&e aopti&e ,)i' ,a0se a i#0ry to a t)ir perso..i re'atio to t)e - rt@!".@!1 ()o s)o0' 2e 'ia2'eQ T)e parets.2a<it apat *a/i/ 'ia2'e a/ paretsQ e,a0se t)e parets )as a,t0a' s0per&isio o+ t)e ,)i'. )e a petitio +or aoptio is /rate1t)e e,isio /rati/ t)e petitio +or aoptio (o0' retroa,t ()e t)e ,)i' (as 2or. T)is is t)e o'y+irst ti*e t)at t)e 'o,a' ,i&i' re/istry (i'' ,a,e' t)e ori/ia' 2irt) ,erti+i,ate a e( 2irt) ,erti+i,ate(i'' 2e iss0e <, a/ *a<i<ita 0/ 2ta..a*e o+ +at)er ay 0/ aopti/ +at)er..a*e 0/ *ot)er ayaopti/ *ot)er..so )ii ya *a'a'a*a 2ase o t)e o,0*et a ia*po 'a/ sya..<aso 0/ i2a/,i&i' re/istrar a/<a<a*a'i <a)it a<astate a sa i*p'e*eti/ r0'es t)e 2irt) ,erti+i,ate s)o0' ots)o( t)at t)e ,)i' (as si*p'y aopte. So a/ a/yari sa ,ase a ito1 0/ a/<aroo a /e,isio1 ia*po a 0/ 2ata so sye*pre *a/o/o'e<ta a 0/ re'ati&es 0/ 2ata/ asa<ta..sa2i0/ 2io'o/i,a' paret apat )ii <a*i 0/ 'ia2'e..apat 0/ aopti/ parets..<, 0/ aoptioe,isio retroa,te to t)e ate ()e t)e



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,)i' (as 2or so (a'a a <a*i/ pro2'e*a1 (a'a <a*io/ 'ia2i'ity..S- r0'e t)at (ro/..t)is is ae3,eptioa' ,ase ()erei t)e e,isio re/ari/ t)e aoptio (as ot /i&e retroa,ti&e app'i,atio.G7Q 2e,a0se it (i'' 2e 0+air +or t)e aopti/ paret. Ssai at t)e aopte ,)i' ,a0ses i#0ry to t)ir perso1 t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret (ere t)e oes a,t0a' ,0stoy a s0per&isio o+ t)e ,)i'..t)ere+ore1 e&ei+ t)e petitio +or aoptio (as a'reay /rate..t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret s)o0' sti'' 2e 'ia2'e +or t)ei#0ry ,a0se 2y t)e aopte ,)i' 2e,a0se ()e it )appee1 t)e are t)e oes ()o )as a,t0a' ,0stoy

a s0per&isio o+ t)e ,)i'.. Ma/ Case ritte ,oset o+ t)e 2io'o/i,a' parets is iispesa2'e0'ess t)e parets a'reay a2aoe t)e ,)i' 9: $)at a<e t)e e++e,ts o+ aoptio; 6 @. pareta'a0t)ority &este o t)e aopter !. ,osiere as 'e/iti*ate soEa0/)ter o+ t)e aopter >. s0,,essioa'ri/)t BRe*e*2er t)at aoptio is stri,t'y persoa' 2et(ee t)e aopti/ paret a t)e aopte,)i'..t)at is ()y i re'atio to s0,,essio1 as )e' i t)e ,ase o+ a<iate/0e &s> CA1 t)ere is o ri/)to+ represetatio i+ t)e aopte ,)i' pree,ease t)e aopti/ paret. $)y; 2e,a0se t)e re'atios)ip isstri,t'y 2et(ee t)e aopti/ paret a t)e aopte ,)i' A6 o /ayo a/ *a/yayari sa s)are /aopte ,)i'Q 6 i 2a sa s0,,essio *ay tiata(a/ tayo/ a,,retio..i pee a/ ri/)t o+represetatio.. i ri pee a/ s02stit0tio..<, a/ s02stit0tio pee 'a/ sya sa testate s0,,essio..soa,,retio i +a&or o+ t)e s0r&i&i/ 'e/iti*ate ,)i're ()o are t)e ,o*p0'sory )eirs..0/ aa< /aopte1 (a'a *a<0<0)a 0'ess t)e aa< o+ t)e aopte (as istit0te as a &o'0tary )eirRESCISSION is o'y app'i,a2'e or a re*ey a&ai'a2'e to t)e ,)i' 9: $)at a2o0t t)e aopti/ pa<et;i+ a'ita p'a 0/ iaapo1 ao /a/a(i ya; 6 isi)erita,e Ktep)aie Asto</a -a<,ia Case Gere t)e petitioer is a si/'e paret1 'a'a<i a/a*po sya..i 2a <apa/ a/a*po <a *as *a/aa *ay (i+e para at 'east <0*p'eto a/ *a/i/i/ pa/a'a / 2ata..*ay *i'e a*e *ay s0ra*e..a/ 0estioitto / a/a*po ay <a(a(a a*a 0/ ia*po <o <0/ (a'a/ siya/ *i'e a*e..a'a/aa*i/ /a*iti/ 0/ ia*po a/ *i'e a*e / a/a*po <, *a/i/i/ *a/<apati si'a..tatay aya <apati aaya..so t)e petitioer as<

t)e ,o0rt to a''o( t)e ,)i' to retai t)e *i'e a*e 4t)e s0ra*e o+ t)e *ot)er5..+or t)e +irst ti*e t)eSe*p)asizi/ t)e i*porta,e o+ t)e *i'e a*e..it tra,es t)e *atera' 'iea/e. S- /rate t)e petitio..a''o(e t)e ,)i' to retai t)e s0ra*e o+ t)e *ot)er as t)e *i'e a*e. ;&e i+ t)e ,)i' (asa'reay aopte ?ep02'i, &s> "e<ae / /0sto / a/a*po pa'ita i a/ pa/a'a.. S- r0'eJo..a/ ri/)t 'a/ ay pa'ita a/ s0ra*e pero 0/ pa/a'a..yo0 ee to ,oe,t it o( (it) R8-1,)a/e o+ a*e. it pro&ies ()e a''o(e to ,)a/e a*e 4e3. G0*i'iati/1 e*2ara,i/5. -)a/e o+a*e is ot a''o(e i aoptio 20t t)ro0/) R8-. C)i/ 8i/ Case optio is ot a *oe o+ a,0iri/or ,)a/i/ oeLs ,itizes)ip..so i+ yo0r aopti/ paret is a *eri,a ,itize..t)e it is ot a0to*ati,t)at yo0 2e,o*e a *eri,a ,itize..2e,a0se ,itizes)ip is a po'iti,a' ri/)t 20t ot a ,i&i'ri/)t..a't)o0/)1 yo0 ee to ,oe,t it o( (it) 0a' ,itizes)ip a,t.. 78i&a<i&8 -i<i;8@i. it pres0pposes t)at t)e 0*arrie ,)i'1 2e'o( @yrs o+ a/e1 ()et)er 'e/iti*ate1 i''e/iti*ate or aopte$$$ ..aa*po a sya tapos a/<atao 0/ tatay /0sto 0'it *a/rea0ire / )i'ippie ,itizes)ip..oee to ta<e oat) o+ a''e/ia,e 0/ 2ata..s0s0i a 0/ ,itizes)ip / tatay TITLE VIII SUPPORTART.GA a@7 G MEMORINE PERSONS OLIED TO SUPPORT A<. GA. S02#e,t to t)e pro&isios o+ t)e s0,,eei/ arti,'es1 t)e +o''o(i/ are o2'i/e to s0pport ea,) ot)er to t)e ()o'ee3tet set +ort) i t)e pre,ei/ arti,'e6 4@5 T)e spo0ses9 4!5 e/iti*ate as,eats a es,eats94>5 arets a t)eir 'e/iti*ate ,)i're a t)e 'e/iti*ate a i''e/iti*ate ,)i're o+ t)e 'atter9 45arets a t)eir i''e/iti*ate ,)i're a t)e 'e/iti*ate a i''e/iti*ate ,)i're o+ t)e 'atter9 a 455e/iti*ate 2rot)ers a sisters1 ()et)er o+ +0'' or )a'+.2'oo ORDER OF SUPPORT A<. G.)ee&er t(o or *ore persos are o2'i/e to /i&e s0pport1 t)e 'ia2i'ity s)a'' e&o'&e 0po t)e+o''o(i/ persos i t)e orer )erei pro&ie6 4@5 T)e spo0se9 4!5 T)e es,eats i t)e eareste/ree9 4>5 T)e as,eats i t)e earest e/ree9 a 45 T)e 2rot)ers a sisters. 9: Ass0i/ t)atyo0 /ot a<<ie1 oes it ea t)at yo0< o2'i/atio to /i&e s0ppo<t to yo0< pa<ets o< 2<ot)e<s o<siste<s is eee te<iate;



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6 s yo0 ,o0' see1 t)ere is o pro&isio i s0pport t)at pro&ies ()e o2'i/atio to /i&e s0pport ister*iate. T)is is t)e o'y ,ase ()e t)ere is t)e e,isio a t)e e,isio oes ot 2e,o*e +ia' it)e sese t)at ay a*o0t t)at re+'e,ts t)erei i t)e e,isio ,a 2e ,)a/e epei/ o t)e ees o+ t)e re,ipiet a t)e *eas o+ t)e /i&er.. oi/ 2a,< to t)e 0estio1 ()at t)e 'a( /i&es yo0 is to+o''o( t)e orer o+ s0pport. )o s)o0' 2e /i&e pre+ere,e a/aist t)e ot)erQ A0estio i *a* sa */a/a st0et. B+ *ay pera a/ */a 'a'a<i <aio i2i2/ay6 sa aay o asa(aQsa2i a( / */a st0et

ya ay sa aay 20t s)e sai a *a'i 0.. 2ase sa orer o+ pre+ere,e1 apat sa asa(a.2i2'i,a' 2asis6o,eyo0 are *arrie yo0 )a&e to 'ea&e yo0r *ot)er a /o to yo0r (i+e $$$ 415 t)e s0pport /i&e to t)e*ot)er *0st 2e +ro* e3,'0si&e property ot +ro* ,o#0/a' parters)ip or a2so'0te ,o**0ity o+ property 90is02i/ Case C2or ,)i' etit'e to s0pport 8a,so Case -oe,te (it) t)e pro&isio o+ 0#0st eri,)*etVi+ t)e 2io'o/i,a' +at)er i ot /i&e s0pport 20t it (as t)e 0,'e1 t)e 0,'e )as t)eri/)t to e*a +or t)e rei*20rse*et o+ t)e e3peses )e i,0rre i t)e ,)i'..ot)er(ise1t)e 2io'o/i,a'+at)er is 0#0st'y eri,)i/ )i*se'+ at t)e e3pese o+ t)e 0,'e.. 1at<i,io &s> Dayo B&o'&es (ai&er o+ri/)t..t)e S- /i&es t)e +o''o(i/ ,)ara,teristi,s o+ s0pport.. it is persoa'1 2ase o +a*i'y ties..t)at is()y i re'atio to property t)ere is isti,tio 2et(ee rea' ri/)t a persoa' ri/)t..ri/)t to s0pport isa persoa' ri/)t..it ,aot 2e tras*itte ..i re'atio to s0,,essio1 2ase o t)e e+iitio o+s0ssessio..it e0*erate ()at ,a 2e tras*itte a+ter t)e eat)..oe o+ t)e t)i/ t)at ,a 2etras*itte is a ri/)t..20t it re+ers to a rea' ri/)t ot a persoa' ri/)t. ;3a*p'e o+ persoa' ri/)t iss0pport..it is itras*issi2'e1 it ,aot 2e reo0,e1 t)at is ()y i RT -.. t)ere ,a 2e o &a'i(ai&er o+ ri/)t to s0pport or ,a 2e reo0,e or 2e ,o*pro*ise..+ree +ro* atta,)*et ore3e,0tio..it &aria2'e i a*o0t..t)is ()y t)e e,isio ,aot 2e +ia' 2e,a0se t)e a*o0t i&o'&e isa'(ays s02#e,t to ,)a/e TITLE I: PARENTAL AUTHORITY -orre'ate it (it) -GB1 CS; -T a RT@4 --1 t)ere+ore i+ t)e parets are at +a0't1 t)ey ,o0' 2e 'ia2'e ,ri*ia''y or +or a*a/es1 respe,ti&e'y.CUSTODY OF THE CHILD 9: $)at i+ t)e<e is a ,o+'i,t 2et(ee t)e )0s2a a t)e (i+e1 to ()ot)e ,0stoy 2e a(a<e;

6 B re'atio to ,0stoy1 i+ t)e ,)i' is 2e'o( "yrs o'..t)e ,0stoy is /eera''y /i&e to t)e *ot)er.$)y; 2e,a0se (e )a&e <8@78 a8 .8?.<i6@ ()i,) *eas t)at t)e 2east iterest o+ t)e ,)i' is,osiere 2y t)e ,o0rt..it t)e ,)i' is 2e'o( "yrs o' t)ey say t)e *aer )o( t)e *ot)er raises t)e,)i' is i++eret as to )o( t)e +at)er (i'' raise )is o( ,)i'..so t)e 'a( pre+ers t)e *ot)er to ta<e ,areo+ t)e ,)i'.. -a2oa a 5oo/ Cases S- /a&e e3,eptio to t)at r0'e. ENERAL RULE> i+ t)e ,)i' is 2e'o( "yrs o'1 t)e ,0stoy is a(are to t)e *ot)er E:CEPTION> +or ,o*pe''i/ reasos 9: -i&eeap'es o+ t)ose ,ope''i/ <easos ()e t)e ,0stoy s)o0' ot 2e a(a<e to t)e ot)e< 6 @. Je/'e,t!. 2ao*et >. Ce*p'oy*et . B**ora'ity 5. Ga2it0a' r0<eess . 1r0/ ai,tio ".a'treat*et o+ ,)i' . Bsaity 4. ++'i,tio (it) a ,o**0i,a2'e isease T)ere+ore1 it t)e *ot)er isot s0++eri/ +ro* ay o+ t)ese t)e t)e ,0stoy s)a'' 2e a0to*ati,a''y a(are to t)e *ot)er. Ka/a'a &s> CA -0stoy o+ ,)i' etr0ste to *ot)er i 'a( is si*p'y a te*porary ,0stoy. $)y; 2e,a0se pareta' a0t)ority is ia'iea2'e. Bt ,aot 2e tras+erre.. 1e<e Case T)e ,0stoy o+ a ,)i' 2e'o( "years o+ a/e is /i&e to t)e *ot)er 2e,a0se o+ t)e 2asi, ee o+ t)e ,)i' +or a *ot)ers 'o&i/ ,are 9:$)at is t)e <eey i+ yo0 (at to <e/ai t)e ,0stoy o+ a ,)i'; 6 i'e a ;TBTB8J 8R G ; S -8RCS9: $)e<e o yo0 +i'e; Does it +a'' (it)i e,'0si&e H0<isi,tio o+ t)e +ai'y ,o0<t; #e,a0se i yo0<<eeia' 'a(1 t)e<e is a spe,ia' ,o0<t ,<eate t)at (i'' )a'e t)e ,ases o+ t)e +ai'y ,a''e a JA8ACGD?5> s it o'y t)e Jai'y ,o0<t ()e<e yo0 ,a +i'e; 6 a<iia' &s> a<iia' T)e +a*i'y ,o0rta,t o+ @44" 4R. . >45 i ot i&est t)e - a S- t)e #0risi,tio o&er )a2eas ,orp0s ,ases i&o'&i/,0stoy o+ *iors..i ot)er (ors1 t)e a*i'y ,o0rt )as ,o,0rret #0risi,tio (it) - a S- ()e it,o*es to petitio +or )a2eas ,orp0s..a++ir*e 2y ?>.?>.? o+ S- ate pri'

!"

!!1!??..t)e a*i'y ,o0rt is &este (it) ori/ia' a e3,'0si&e #0risi,tio i ,0stoy ,ases ot i)a2eas ,orp0s..it *eas t)at petitio +or ,0stoy is i++eret +ro* petitio +or )a2eas ,orp0s,asesVt)ere+ore1 i+ yo0 are +i'i/ a petitio +or ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i'1 t)e +a*i'y ,o0rt )as o'y t)eori/ia' a e3,'0si&e #0risi,tio to )a'e t)e ,ase t)e ,ase..o t)e ot)er )a1 ;$ ; o+ petitio+or )a2eas ,orp0s6 B+ t)e /raparet (i'' /et t)e ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i' tapos itata/o..so ()at is t)ere*eyQ+i'e a petitio +or )a2eas ,orp0s.. . i t)is ,ase1 it r0'e t)at re/ari/ )a2eas ,orp0s..t)ere is

,o,0rret #0risi,tio (it) a*i'y ,o0rt1 - a S#oaHai &s> #oaHai B+ t)e ,0stoy (asa(are to t)e (i+e1 it oes ot epri&e t)e )0s2a o+ t)e pareta' a0t)ority.. pareta' a0t)ority isretaie.. ()at is ot /i&e to t)e +at)er is si*p'y t)e ,0stoy o&er t)e ,)i'.. t)at is ()y t)e +at)er )ast)e ri/)t to &isit t)e ,)i'.. 8aaaa Case T)e ,)oi,e o+ ,)i' +or "yrs or a2o&e1 s)o0' 2e as,ertaie.'t)o0/) o+ ,o0rse1 +a*i'y ,o0rt o ot 'i<e to ,a'' t)e ,)i' i t)e (itess sta a as< t)e ,)i' to*a<e a ,)oi,e 2e,a0se it 2e,o*es tra0*ati, o t)e part o+ t)e ,)i'..t)ere+ore1 0s0a''y t)e ,o0rt (i''t)ro( 2a,< a/ai to t)e parets a as< t)e* to sett'e it a*i,a2'y.. 9: 1a<eta' p<e+e<e,e <0'e &s>ate<a' p<e+e<e,e <0'e; 6 B ?a<8@a' .888@-81 ,0stoy o+ t)e *ot)er o&er t)e ,)i' is pre+erret)a t)at o+ t)e +at)er.. $)y; 2e,a0se it )as so*et)i/ to o (it) et)y*o'o/i,a' e+iitio o+*arria/e..*arria/e is ta<e +ro* t(o 'ati (ors..*ater 4*ot)er5 a *0i0* 4o++i,eEresposi2i'ity5 2e,a0se o+ t)e 4*ot) perio o+ pre/a,y ()erei t)ere is *0,) 2oi/ 2et(ee *ot)er a ,)i'..Pa8@<a' .888@-8 '8 t)at t)e ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i' s)o0' o'y 2e /i&e to t)e paret..t)at is ()y t)e<i o+ a0t)ority 2et(ee t)e pareta' a0t)ority /i&e to t)e parets a t)e s02stit0te pareta'a0t)ority 2ei/ e3er,ise 2y t)e /raparets..parets s)o0' a'(ays e3er,ise pareta'a0t)ority..a't)o0/)1 i'ipio setti/ ass0*i/ t)at t)e (i+e (or< a2roa..0as0a''y t)e (i+e 'ea&es t)e,0stoy to )er parets..*a'i ito..2e,a0se it is a &io'atio o+ pareta' pre+ere,e r0'e..parets are &esteo+ ,0stoy o+ t)eir ,)i' a/aist ot)er perso i,'0i/ t)e /raparets.. M<isa &s> AC Jo +ia'ityo+ ,0stoy o+ #0/*et Katos ,ase Bt is o'y i t)e a2se,e o+ 2ot) parets1 t)at /raparets ,ae3er,ise s02stit0te pareta'

a0t)orit)y..i+ (a'a 'o'o o 'o'a1 e'er 2rot)er or sister..i+ oe1 /0aria.. S<i<<8 .a8@<a' a<6i<6&8 <8 -i'7 N6<8> A<. 4G#. B e+a0't o+ parets or a #0i,ia''y appoite /0aria1 t)e +o''o(i/ perso s)a'' e3er,ise s02stit0te pareta' a0t)ority o&er t)e ,)i' i t)e orer ii,ate6 4@5 T)e s0r&i&i//raparet1 as pro&ie i rt. !@9 4!5 T)e o'est 2rot)er or sister1 o&er t(ety.oe years o+ a/e1 0'ess0+it or is0a'i+ie9 a 4>5 T)e ,)i'Ys a,t0a' ,0stoia1 o&er t(ety.oe years o+ a/e1 0'ess 0+itor is0a'i+ie. )ee&er t)e appoit*et or a #0i,ia' /0aria o&er t)e property o+ t)e ,)i' 2e,o*ese,essary1 t)e sa*e orer o+ pre+ere,e s)a'' 2e o2ser&e. 9: $)at is t)e i++e<e,e 2et(ee A?5 @ JC &s> A?5 @ CC; A<. 4G". T)e s,)oo'1 its a*iistrators a tea,)ers1 or t)e ii&i0a'1 etity oristit0tio e/a/e i ,)i' are s)a'' )a&e spe,ia' pareta' a0t)ority a resposi2i'ity o&er t)e *ior,)i' ()i'e 0er t)eir s0per&isio1 istr0,tio or ,0stoy. 0t)ority a resposi2i'ity s)a'' app'y to a''a0t)orize a,ti&ities ()et)er isie or o0tsie t)e pre*ises o+ t)e s,)oo'1 etity or istit0tio. ART4G"5. ast'y1 tea,)ers or )eas o+ esta2'is)*ets o+ arts a traes s)a'' 2e 'ia2'e +or a*a/es ,a0se 2yt)eir p0pi's a st0ets or appreti,es1 so 'o/ as t)ey re*ai i t)eir ,0stoy. ART 4G"5 re+ers to tortsa a*a/es 40asi.e'i,t5..it oes ot ta<e ito ,osieratio t)e a/e o+ t)e st0ets..'a( is si'et..ART 4G" it e3p'i,it'y pro&ies t)at it re+ers to *ior ,)i're a t)ey ,o0' 2e )e' 'ia2'e i+ so*et)i/)appee to *ior ,)i' i a a0t)orize a,ti&ities (8<8 i@i78 6 6<i78 <8 .8?i8 6 <8 -66' 8@<i< 6 i@<i<<i6@ . T)e s,)oo'1 its a*iistrators a tea,)ers1 or t)e ii&i0a'1 etity oristit0tio (i'' 2e 'ia2'e. CT i ART 4G"5 t)e s,)oo' oes ot )a&e ay 'ia2i'ity..t)e 'ia2i'ity is o'ys)are 2et(ee t)e tea,)er a t)e )ea o+ t)e s,)oo'. ART 4G" (e are ta'<i/ a2o0t *ior ,)i're()erei t)e tea,)er1 s,)oo' a t)e a*iistrator ,a 2e )e' resposi2'e..t)eir 'ia2i'ity is so'iary a pri,ipa'.. ,oe,t it (it) ART 4G FC A<. G4. T)ose /i&e t)e a0t)ority a resposi2i'ity 0er t)e pre,ei/ rti,'e s)a'' 2e [email protected]'' a@7 6'i7ai' 'ia'8 +or a*a/es ,a0se 2y t)e a,ts or o*issios o+t)e 0e*a,ipate *ior. T)e parets1 #0i,ia' /0arias or t)e persos e3er,isi/ s02stit0te pareta'

t)ey e3er,ise t)e proper i'i/e,e re0ire 0er t)e parti,0'ar ,ir,0*sta,es. '' ot)er ,ases ot,o&ere 2y t)is a t)e pre,ei/ arti,'es s)a'' 2e /o&ere 2y t)e pro&isios o+ t)e -i&i' -oe o0asi.e'i,ts. K,osieri/ t)at t)eir 'ia2i'ity is pri,ipa'.. i+ t)e #0/*et ,aot 2e e+or,e o t)e*1yo0 *ay r0 a+ter t)e parets o+ t)e *ior ,)i' ()o ,a0se i#0ry to aot)er *ior ,)i' 0t ta<eote o+ t)e i++ere,e +or* ART 44G FC A<. 44G. arets a ot)er persos e3er,isi/ pareta' a0t)oritys)a'' 2e ,i&i''y 'ia2'e +or t)e i#0ries a a*a/es ,a0se 2y t)e a,ts or o*issios o+ t)eir

0e*a,ipate ,)i're 'i&i/ i t)eir ,o*pay a 0er t)eir pareta' a0t)ority s02#e,t to t)eappropriate e+eses pro&ie 2y 'a(. KT)e 'ia2i'ity o+ parets is pri*ary..t)is ,ote*p'ates a sit0atio()erei it is o0tsie o+ t)e s,)oo' pre*ises ot re'ate to s,)oo' a,ti&ities..ito )ii a )a)a20'i a/tea,)er <0i 0/ parets a..t)ere+ore1 pri,ipa' 0/ parets CT i+ a/yari sa s,)oo'1 a/ 0a/'ia2'e ay tea,)er1 s,)oo' a )ea o+ s,)oo'..a'so1 a/ 'ia2i'ity ay pri,ipa' a so'iary..6'i7a'iai'i< *eas t)at yo0 ,o0' e+or,e t)e etire #0/*et a/aist oe so'iary e2tor a t)atso'ary e2tor s)o0' o( r0 a+ter t)e ot)er ,o.so'iary e2tors..20t i+ t)ey ,aot +0'+i'' t)e#0/*et1 t)e yo0 ,a r0 a+ter t)e 2io'o/i,a' paret ()o ,a0se i#0ry..2e,a0se parets ares02siiary 'ia2'e B''0strate i - S;6 ESCONDE a@7 AMADORA 0p to ST. MARY!S ACADEMY &."APITANOS RT !@?. )e pro&isio re+ers to s,)oo'. Bt o'y 'i*ite to s,)oo' o+ arts a trae 2ase o t)e pro&isio as e*2oie i t)e -i&i' ,oe s,oe Case S- r0'e t)at RT!@?4"5 re+ers totea,)ers or )eas o+ esta2'is)*ets o+ a< a@7 <a78..ot to a,ae*i, e0,atioa' istit0tio..UT it)e ,ase o+ AMADORAV RT !@? s)o0' app'y to a'' s,)oo'..a,ae*i, a o.a,e*i,..a'so1 )e' i,ase o+ PALISOC Kay/oo &s> AC S- r0'e t)at re,ess is i,'0e i t)e p)rase attea,e i t)es,)oo'I..t)ere+ore i+ t)e ,)i' is i t)e ,atee a t)ere is so*et)i/ )appee to t)e ,)i'..t)e parets,a sti'' r0 a+ter t)e tea,)er1 s,)oo' a )ea o+ t)e s,)oo'..()at is t)e e+ese o+ t)e 'atterQ82ser&a,e o+ i'i/e,e o+ t)e /oo +at)er o+ t)e +a*i'y..()i,) is t)e sa*e e+ese 0er RT !@?..

T)ere (as a ,a*pi/..tapos a(a(a'a a 0/ > 2ata..tapos a<ita 0/ > 2ata '0*0'0ta/ 0/ 2ata saa/at..i a<ita 0/ tea,)er a '0*a/oy at a'0o 0/ 2ata..i t)is ,ase1 e&e it )appee o0tsiet)e s,)oo' si,e it is re'ate to s,)oo' a,ti&ity..t)e tea,)er is 'ia2'e..t)e sa*e i t)e ,ase ()ere 20*a'i/ta a/ 20s 0ri/ +ie' trip sa a&i'o zoo..$$$$$$ T)at is t)e reaso ()y t)e t0itio +eei e'e*etary is )i/)er t)a i ,o''e/e..pro2a2'y 2e,a0se o+ t)e resposi2i'ity 2ei/ ass0*e 2y t)etea,)er1 s,)oo' a a*iistrator.. EMANCIPATION Cer @45? --1 t)ere are t(o *oes o+e*a,ipatio6 @. ,otra,ti/ *arria/e !. attai*et o+ t)e a/e o+ *a#ority 2e,a0se *arryi/ a/e is @+or +e*a'e a @ +or *a'e a at t)at ti*e t)e 'e/a' a/e is !@.. e++e,t o+ e*a,ipatio6 pareta' a0t)orityis ter*iate J81 t)ere is o'y oe *oe o+ e*a,ipatio 2e,a0se o+ t)e +a,t t)at t)e *arryi/ a/e is@ a t)e 'e/a' a/e is re0,e to @..it is t)e attai*et o+ t)e a/e o+ *a#ority 9: + e<o = /ia(a/=a'o=o)a ()e y<s o' =1 oes it ea (a'a / ,a0se o+ a,tio a/ &i,ti a/aist yo0< pa<ets;Cosie<i/ A?5 @!>>yo0 a<e a'<eay ea,ipate>>t)e<e+o<e t)e pa<eta' a0t)o<ity iste<iate 0po <ea,)i/ t)e a/e o+ aHo<ity 6 R. . ?4. ;&e i+ yo0 are @years o+ a/e or t)ose@[email protected] sti'' 'i&i/ (it) t)eir parets a ,a0ses i#0ry to t)ir perso..t)e parets ,a sti'' 2e )e''ia2'e +or it 20t i+ pa/'a/pas *o / !@ <a)it a asa aay <a pa..2a)a'a <a a sa sari'i *o #0st i ,aseyo0 ,a0se i#0ry to t)ir perso..i a 'ia2'e a/ parets..o *ore VICARIOUS LIILITY o+ parets..s,ao &s> -i' Ja/.asa(a a sya pero a<atira pa ri sya sa *a/0'a/ ya tapos a/<aroo / pro2'e*a..Sr0'e t)at 2asta a0 <a pa sa parets *o <a)it a/pa<asa' <a a..parets ,a sti'' 2e )e''ia2'eV CT 0er RA#"51 a/<aroo / 'i*itatio..ti' @. !@years o' a 'a/.. NULLITYANNULMENT LEAL SEPARATION N''i< . stat0s o+ *arria/e is &oi a2 iitio1 ()i,) *eas+ro* t)e &ery start o *arria/e (as ,e'e2rate e&e i+ t)ere (as a *arria/e ,ere*oy per+or*e.A@@'?8@<. *arria/e is &oia2'e1 &a'i 0ti' a0''e. L.S. *arria/e is &a'i at t)e ti*e it (as,e'e2rate.

G

B re*eia' 'a( ()o is t)e rea' party i iterest. Se,0re a ,opy o+ .. ?!.@@.@?1 te''s 0s a2o0t e( r0'esi +i'i/ a petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity1 a0'*et a .S. B t)e ,ase o+ Jia' +or p0rposes o+reso'&i/ t)e iss0e re/ari/ s0,,essio or i)erita,e1 t)e )eirs o+ ay o+ t)e spo0ses ,a +i'e a petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity o+ *arria/e. 0t 2y &irt0e t)e sai r0'e .. a petitio +or e,'aratio o+0''ity o+ &oi *arria/e *ay 2e +i'e so'e'y 2y t)e )0s2a or t)e (i+e. <i,o &s> "ei<s o+ Ce'y S-,ate/ori,a''y a2aoe t)e r0'i/ i Jia'. T)e )eirs o ot )a&e t)e ri/)t to +i'e a petitio +or 0''ity

e&e +or p0rposes o+ setti/ t)e iss0e o i)erita,e. 8'y t)e )0s2a or t)e (i+e ,a 2e ,osiererea' party i iterest 9: $)y i say iH0<e pa<ty o stat0to<y <e+e<e,e; A: e,. T)ere is oi#0re party ()e it ,o*es to /ro0s +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity. B+ yo0 (i'' re,a'' i rt. 1 t)e a2se,eo+ ay essetia'E+or*a' re0isites (i'' reer t)e *arria/e 0'' a &oi. -a yo0 ,osier a party i 2a +ait)1 i+ t) ,o0sis +e'' i 'o&eQ or -a (e say t)at t)e )0s2a or t)e (i+e is i 2a +ait) i+ t)ere is'a,< o+ *arria/e 'i,eseE'a,< o+ 'e/a' ,apa,ityEpsy,)o'o/i,a' i,apa,itate. T)at is t)e reaso ()y()e it ,o*es to ()o is t)e rea' party i iterest1 (e o ot 0se t)e (or i#0re party1 i+ it is a petitio +or 0''ity. Cer t)e r0'es1 it is si*p'y t)e )0s2a or t)e (i+e. Jo2oy ,a 2e ,osiere asa i#0re party i a petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity. Ka'i/o &s> ?0i,a 1ito a<ia'a* 0/ p02i, prose,0tor1 <asi i2 a i+ yo0 +i'e a petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity t)e state (i'' a'(ays iter&ee 2e,a0se o+ t)e ,ostit0tioa' *aate t)at t)e state (i'' prote,t t)e sa,tity o+ *arria/e a i orer to+i o0t ()et)er t)ere is a ,o''0sio 2et. T)e parties1 t)e state represetati&e ()o ,a 2e t)e p02'i, prose,0tor or o++i,e o+ So'. e. (i'' appea' i ,o0rt. B t)is ,ase S.- sai oe ()o is ot a rea' party iiterest i a ,o*p'ait +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity ,aot as< +or t)e setti/ asie t)erei. Gis i&o,atioo+ t)e states iterest i prote,ti/ t)e sa,tity o+ *arria/e oes /i&e )i* t)e stai/ to 0estio t)ee,isio 2y 'a(. Bt is t)e prose,0ti/ atty. 8r +is,a' or So'. e. ()o represets t)e iterest o+ t)e state.0t as B )a&e sai t)e ro'e o+ t)e +is,a' or So'. e. is si*p'y to +i o0t ()et)er or ot t)ere is a,o''0sio 2et. T)e parties ()e t)e petitio (as +i'e. Gere a >r perso +i'e a petitio +or e,'aratioo+ 0''ity a )e is i&o<i/ +or t)e iterest o+ t)e state. S- sai1 o yo0 are ot a rea' party i iterest.A@@'?8@< D> $6 -a@ i'8 <8 -a8J

6

8'y

t)e

i#0re

partyEa//rie&e

party.

9: $)y is t)e<e s0,) a t)i/ as iH0<e pa<ty i a0'et; 6 8e /ro0 a0'*et is +ra0. BR8-1 i+ yo0 (i'' /o to ,o0rt1 yo0 )a&e to /o t)ere (it) a ,'ea )as so i+ yo0 are t)e oe ()o,o**itte +ra01 yo0 ,aot +i'e a petitio +or a0'*et. So o'y t)e i#0re party ,a +i'e 20t t)ereare e3,eptios6 @. a,< o+ pareta' ,oset. t)e paret ()ere ,oset (as ot o2taie ,a +i'e a petitio+or a0'*et !. Bsaity. t)e re'ati&e ,a +i'e a petitio +or a0'*et. L8a' S8.aa<i6@ 0st 'i<e ia0'*et1 i+ yo0 (i'' 'oo< at t)e /ro0s o+ .S t)ere is rea''y a i#0re party. ;3. Repeate p)ysi,a'&io'e,e1 so <0/ i<a( a/ 2o<si/ero1 )ii i<a( p(ee */e*aa1 0/ sias<t a/ p(ee. P8-i.<i&8 .8i67 N''i< . t)e @?.year pres,ripti&e perio )as 2ee repea'e so +or/et a2o0t it1 iti*pres,ripti2'e1 so e&e i+ yo0 (ere *arrie 2e+ore t)e e++e,ti&ity o+ t)e -1 sti'' yo0 ,a +i'e a petitio1+or t)e reaso t)at it is &oi a2 iitio so ()y p0t pres,ripti&e perio. A@@'?8@< . 5yrs. is t)e pres,ripti&e

perio +or +i'i/ a petitio. e*orize rt.".()e o yo0 start ,o0ti/ t)e 5.yr perio. ;3. ra0. 0po t)eis,o&ery a ot +r* t)e ,e'e2ratio o+ t)e *arria/e. 0t ta<e ote o+ t)e e3,eptios ,osieri/ t)ereare >r persos ()o ,a +i'e1 yo0 ee to ,oe,t t)at to t)e pres,ripti&e perio. So i+ it is t)e paret()ose ,oset (as ot o2taie1 t)e paret ,a +i'e 2e+ore t)e ,)i' rea,)es t)e a/e o+ !@. 9: $)at)appe i+ t)e pa<et (as ot a2'e to +i'e t)e petitio a t)e ,)i' is a'<eay @ o< a2o&e @ ; 6 So yo0)a&e to app'y t)e 5.yr perio 20t t)is ti*e re'ate it to t)e spo0se ()o i ot o2tai t)e ,oset o+ t)e

paret so t)e spo0se ()o /ot *arrie 0po rea,)i/ t)e a/e o+ !@ sti'' /i&e 5 years ,o0te +r* [email protected]/ to say 0ti' )eEs)e rea,)es ! yrs o'. +ter ! or p/ !" a ,ya1 i+ )eEs)e i ot +i'e. t)e*arria/e (as a'reay rari+ie 2y ,o)a2itatio. Rati+i,atio is o'y app'i,a2'e i a &oia2'e *arria/e. B+isaity1 ay o+ t)e re'ati&es o+ t)e isae *ay +i'e. e+ore t)e eat) o+ eit)er party or 0ri/ '0,iiter&a'. L.S . 5 years. H6( <6 i?.@J Ca@ i< 8 a<<a-C87 7i8-<' 6 -6''a<8a''J

G



G

6 Jo1 t)e @st *arria/e a,,/. To t)e - is si*p'y s0spee. B e++e,t1 t)e ! *arria/e a't)o0/)a''o(e 2y 'a( is 2i/a*o0s 20t t)is is a ,ase t)at e&e it is 2i/a*o0s it is ,osiere &a'i. ()y &a'iQ. 2e,. e+ore t)e ,otra,ti/ t)e ! *arria/e t)ere (as a #0i,ia' e,'aratio o+ pres0*pti&e eat) o+t)e a2set spo0se. 9: $)at )appes i+ a2set spo0se <e.appea<e; 6 Bt epes1 i+ t)ere is a e3e,0tioo+ a++ia&it o+ reappeara,e +i'e 2e+ore t)e -R ()ere t)e *arria/e ,otra,t is re/isterea0to*ati,a''y1 t)e ! *arria/e a,,ori/ to - is ee*e ter*iate i (E, ,ase1 t)e s0spesio o+

t)e @st *arria/e is ee*e 'i+te. 9: $)at )appes to t)e ,)i'<e ass0i/ t)ey a<e ,)i'<e i t)e @a<<ia/e; 6 T)e ,)i're (i'' re*ai 'e/iti*ate. Cer t)e Spais) --1 t)e *o*et t)ere is a #0i,ia'e,'aratio o+ pres0*pti&e eat) o+ t)e a2set spo0se1 a0to*ati,a''y1 t)e @st *arria/e is ter*iate1 at)e ! *arria/e (i'' re*ai to 2e &a'i. 9: Ass0i/ t)at t)e pe<so ()o <e.appea<e )a&e e,ieot to +i'e a a++ia&it o+ <eappea<a,e1 (i'' it /i&e )i t)e ,apa,ity to ,ot<a,t a s02se;0et a<<ia/e;6 Jo1 re*ey.)e s)o0' /o to ,o0rt a +i'e a petitio +or t)e e,'aratio o+ 0''ity o+ )is +irst *arria/e.9: Asie +<o t)e a2set spo0se1 ()o ay +i'e a a++ia&it o+ <eappea<a,e; 6 T)e preset spo0se1 20tt)e 'a( oes ot *a<e it *aatory t)e 'a( says *ay +i'eI A@@'?8@< 6 Maia8 Ta<e ote ()e it,o*es to +ra01 yo0 )a&e to app'y r0'e o stat0tory ,ost. e3presio 0iosI. ()at is ot i,'0e isee*e e3,'0e. Fa7 D0,at &s> A;0io S- sai1 <p/ " *t)s a 0 2a2ae <a'o<o)a a 0 </s!&) *ay e,eit pa. )yQ B+ t)e (o*a is pre/at1 it is o'y 0p to t)e t) *t) ()erei yo0 ,aotsee t)at t)e (o*a is pre/at or ot. T)e *o*et t)at it is a'reay i t)e 5t) *t)1 a0to*ati,a''y 2/'a '/ 'a'a<i 0/ tya. S- sai i t)is ,ase i+ " *t)s 0 2a2ae1 0 ,t 'ater o ,'ai* t)at t)ere (as+ra0Ee,eit.o is,'os0re o+ pre/a,y. 0t i+ t)e (o*a is *t)s pre/y or 2e'o( *t)s t)et)at is ()e yo0 ,a i&o<e +ra0. )at *a<es it +ra0 is ot t)e pre/a,y per se1 itLs ot t)e ST11 itLsot t)e )o*ose30a'ity1 20t t)e o.is,'os0re (E, *a<es it a /ro0 +or a0'*et. Aaya ,aseJo.is,'os0re o+ pre.*arita' re'atios)ip oes ot ,ostit0te +ra0.

So *e*orize t)e ,ir,0*sta,es ,ostit0ti/ +ra0. Ci''a0e&a &s> CA a,< o+ ,o)a2itatio per se isot a /ro0 to a0' a *arria/e. Bt o'y 2e,o*es ()e it arises as a res0't o+ t)e perpetratio +or ayo+ t)e /ro0s +or a0''i/ *arria/e. 80is &s>Atiea 'a(yer is i&o'&e i t)is ,ase. T)e 'a(yera''e/es t)at )e (as t)reatee 2y t)e +at)er o+ t)e /ir'. T)e +at)er sai t)at i+ yo0 (i'' ot *arry *ya0/)ter1 B (i'' +i'e a is2ar*et ,ase. S- sai t)at is ot a <i o+ iti*iatioE+or,e (E, ,a &itiate,oset. T)e <i o+ iti*iatio (E, ,a &itiate ,oset is so*et)i/ t)at t)ere is rea''y a t)reat oi**iet a/er to oeLs 'i+e or property or 'i+e o+ oeLs re'ati&e. B+ yo0 ,oe,t it to t)e #0sti+yi/,ir,0*sta,e 0er t)e R-.se'+.e+ese. a,a<02o &s> Atty> a,a<02o a,ar02o /ot *arrie. Ge +i'ea petitio +or a0'*et a''e/i/ t)at )e (as api<otI1 t)e ,o0rt a0''e. ! *arria/e. )e ,'ai*ea/ai api<ot 0'it aI S- sai it is 0i*a/ia2'e +or a 'a(yer ta<i/ ito ,osieratio )is pro+essio.@st ti*e a,,epta2'e s)ot /0 (ei/I 20t ! ti*e aro0 s)ot /0 (ei/ 0'it1 S- sai @ i,ieto+ a s)ot (ei/ is 2e'ie&a2'e 20t i s0,,essio (o0' ta,< oeLs ,rei2i'ity espe,ia''y a,,/. to S- its ot easy to 2e'ie&e t)at a 'a(yer (o0' 2e easi'y ,o(ar to eter ito *arria/e. I?.6<8@- a'e or+e*a'e *ay 2e i*potet. B*pote,y #0st 'i<e .B. s)' 2e per*aet a i,0ra2'e. !iee &s> ?epS- sai to +i o0t ()et)er it is i,0ra2'e t)e spo0se ,a 2e p)ysi,a''y e3a*ie e&e ()e t)ere is aoppositio. T)at (o0' ot 2e a &io'atio o+ ,ostit0tioa' ri/)ts. Ka<ao ,ase -osieri/ t)at t)eoperatio o+ t)e (i+e (as s0,,ess+0' t)e i*pote,y as a /ro0 +or a0'*et ,aot 2e a,,epte. 9:1ao /i/i/ ipotet a/ 2a2ae; 6 1epee sa opei/ / &a/ia' ,aa'. B+ t)e opei/ is too s*a'' at)ere i+ i++i,0'ty +or peetratio. 9: ) =/ sa 'a'a=i; 6 T)ere is i++i,0'ty i e#a,0'atio. Bt )asso*et)i/ to o (E t)e size o+ t)e peis. STD e+ore it (as ot a /ro0. tQ $e ati 0so a/ prostiV )0)Q 6@7 6 L.S.

G!

a<e a ,oe1 i*pt. C ,oe i *aLa* a'* yo a V )e)e)e @. Repeate p)ysi,a' &io'e,e. it is otsi*p'e &io'e,e.. it )as to 2e repeate. !. 2ao*et G/ &s>G/ T)e a2ao*et s)o0' 2e (Eo#0sti+ia2'e reaso +or it to 2e a /ro0 +or .S. i t)is ,ase t)e (i+e 'e+t t)e ,o#0/a' (e''i/ 2e,a0ses)e (as p)ysi,a''y a20se. Bt (as t)e )0s2a ()o +i'e a petitio +or .S. o t)e /ro0 o+a2ao*et. S- sai it ,aot 2e a2ao*et1 p0 . . 5. t 'east @ year (Eo #0sti+ia2'e reaso atte*pt o+

t)e respoet 3 3 3 t/a sa ,oa'V)e)e +ia' #0/*et. ,oe,t it to R8- o<V0 ti*e +ra*e </<e'a 0 perioVa +i' #0/*et t'/a. es2iais*E)o*ose30a'ity1 i+ t)ere is o is,'os0re.+ra01 i+t)ere is./ro02 +or S.

So i+ a+ter e,'aratio /e1 r0'e ,)i're are 'e/iti*ate1 e3,ept. i+ t)e /ro0 is .B. 0er rt. > or0er rt.5> (E, re+ers to o.e'i&ery o+ t)e pres0*pti&e 'e/iti*e a t)e re/istratio re0ire*et 2e+ore yo0 ,otra,t a s02se0et *arria/e1 0er t)ese ! ,ases i+ t)e ,)i're are 2or 2e+ore t)ee,'aratio o+ 0''ity a 'ater t)e *arria/e 2e,o*es 0'' a &oi1 t)ey (i'' re*ai to 2e 'e/iti*ate.)i,) *eas t)at i+ yo0 are ta'<i/ a2o0t t)e ot)er /ro0s +or e3a*p'e. 'a,< o+ 'e/a' ,apa,ity1 a2se,eo+ *arria/e 'i,ese1 </ 0/ e,'aratio o+ 0''ity /a(a '/ a+ter 5? yrs so a+ter 5? yrs s!&) *0 saaa< *o i''e/iti*ate < p'a. e,a0se t)e e,isio i t)e e,'aratio o+ 0''ity as a /e.r0'e (i'' retroa,to t)e ate o+ t)e ,e'e2ratio o+ t)e *arria/e e3,ept i+ t)e /ro0 is > 5>. 9: $)at is t)e stat0s o+t)e ,)i' i+ it is a0'et; 6 T)ey (i'' re*ai to 2e 'e/iti*ate i+ ,o,ei&e or 2or. Re*e*2er ()e(e (ere ta'<i/ a2o0t 'e/iti*ate ,)i're 2y s02se0et *arria/e1 t)e 'a( re0ires ,o,ei&e a 2or. Gere ,o,ei&e or 2or so eit)er or. e+ore t)e e,ree.. 9: 8K ()at is t)e stat0s o+ t)e ,)i'; 6e/iti*ate 2e,a0se t)e *arria/e 2o is ot isso'&e. !. P6.8< 8'a<i6@i. e is,0sse 0er rts.@" @ re+er to ,o.o(ers)ip i re'atio to a ,o**o 'a( re'atios)ip a &oi *arria/es. e o(,oe,t it )ere1 ()at are &oi *arria/es +a''i/ 0er @"E@. s *etioe1 i+ t)ere is a e'e*et o+ 2a +ait) a B ,a o'y t)i<. +or it +a'' 0er @"E@1 t)e ,o.o(ers)ip 0er @ ()erei t)ere is aee +or a proo+ o+ a,t0a' ,otri20tio1 i+ )e *arria/e is e,'are 0'' &oi o t)e /ro0 o+ 2i/a*y.e,a0se )e is i 2a +ait) 20t *a#ority 2e /o&ere 2y @" 2e,a0se itLs ot yo0r +a0't1 <ea i2 a )ere iso i#0re party i e,'aratio o+ 0''ity. I@ a@@'?8@<1 app'y t)e pro&isio i t)e ,reatio o+ propertyre'atios)ip. So i t)e a2se,e o+ ate.0ptia' a/ree*et. pres0*ptio.W a2so'0te ,o**0ity. B ,aseo+ a ate.0ptia' a/ree*et1 t)e property re'atios)ip a/ree 0po 2y t)e parties. t)at is t)e oe t)at(o0' 2e isso'&e i a0'*et o+ *arria/e1 ()y; e,a0se (e are ta'<i/ a2o0t a *arria/e t)at is&oia2'e1 &a'i 0ti' a0''e ()at is t)e e++e,t; e sai i a0'*et t)ere is a i#0re party asa ass0*ptio t)e spo0se i 2a +ait) +or+eits1 ()at is +or+eite is t)e s)are i t)e pro+its. ro+its '/ i<a200a1 <3e </ <200a <(a! *. 'a /a as(a1 a'a p property. I@ LS1 sa*e e++e,t1 </ a0 a/ property re'atios)ip a/ree 0po1 i+ t)ere is a ate.0ptia' a/ree*et or

E8-< D> D8-'aa<i6@Ea@@'?8@<ELS <8 a i< i a .a-Ca8 78a' (J 6 e,a0se a'' o+ t)eses)o0' appear i t)e e,isio1 it is ot #0st a r0'i/ t)at t)e petitio is /rate. etitio s)o0' e*2oy()at (o0' 2e t)e e++e,t i re'atio to t)e stat0s o+ t)e ,)i' t)e ,0stoy1 t)e prop. Re'atios)ip1oatio propter 0ptias1 s0,,essio. So*e +a*i'y ,o0rt t)ey *i/)t )a&e o&er'oo<e it so +or pra,ti,a' p0rposes1 ()e yo0 2e,o*e pra,titioers a yo0 (i'' 2e )a'i/ a ,ase1 B s0//est yo0 i,'0e it iyo0r prayer. A0 &s> A0 S- ,iti/ rts. 4 5? o+ t)e -1 t)e iss0e a2o0t t)e ,0stoy o+ t)e ,)i' isee*e i*p'eae i t)e petitio +or e,'aratio o+ 0''ity1 to/et)er (E s0pport1 isso'0tio o+ property1 pres0*pti&e 'e/iti*e. So Ssai 'a)at apat ao1 <ya '/ a<a<a'i*0ta / +a*i'y ,o0rt so para )ii *a<a'i*0ta1 i'/ay yo sa prayer yo <ya /a pa,<a/e ea' sya. G. Maia8 6@7 N''i< . *arria/e is isso'&e. A@@'?8@< . it is proper to say t)e *arria/e 2o is isso'&e1 2e,. Bt is&oia2'e1 &a'i 0ti' a0''e. L.S . *arria/e 2o is ot isso'&e1 it (i'' re*ai to 2e &a'i 20t t)ereis si*p'y a separatio +ro* 2e 2oar. 4. S<a< 6 -i'78@ -)i're 2or 2e+ore t)e e,'aratio o+0''ity (i'' re*ai to 2e 'e/iti*ate.



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DECLARATION OF NULLITY G S<a< 6 Maia8 Foi a2 iitio Foia2'e

ANNULMENT

LEAL SEPARATION Fa'i

4

R8a' Pa< i@ I@<88<

;it)er spo0se 4 .. ?!.@@.@?5 so'e'y 2y G or

B#0re E //rie&e arty ;3,ept6 @. a,< o+ pareta' ,oset . paret ()ose ,oset (as ot o2taie !.Bsaity . re'ati&es or /0aria

B#0re G or

!

P8-i.<i&8 P8i67 6 Fi'i@

rti,'e >4 . B*pres,ripti2'e

1epes 0po t)e /ro0 4 rt. "5 @. a,< o+ a. aret . 2e+ore ,)i' rea,)es !@ 2. G E . a+ter !@ 20t(it)i 5 yrs !. Bsaity a. Bsae . 0ri/ '0,i iter&a' a+ter re/aii/ saity 2. Re'ati&e . ayti*e 2e+ore eat) o+ eit)er party >. ra0 . (it)i 5 yrs a+ter is,o&ery . BC . (it)i 5 years +ro* t)e ti*eBC isappeare 5. B,0ra2'e )ysi,a' B,apa,ity E ST1 . (it)i 5 years a+ter *arria/e . B*pote,y . 5yrs a+ter is,o&ery o+ +ra0

it)i 5 years +ro* t)e ti*e o+ t)e o,,0rre,e o+ t)e ,a0se

6@7

-81;6 B S @. rt. >5 !. rt. > . psy,)o'o/i,a' i,apa,ity >. rt. >" . i,est0o0s . rt. > . 2y reasoo+ 5. rt. @ . i+ ,otra,te 2y ay perso 0ri/ s02siste,e

-81;6 BFBS rt. 5 a5 a,< o+ pareta' ,oset 0'ess !@ . ,o)a2ite 25 Cso0 *i a+ter ,o*i/ toreaso . ,o)a2ite ,5 -oset o2taie 2y +ra0 0'ess a+ter is,o&ery o+ +ra0 . ,o)a2ite

-81;6 -.SB @. Repeate F !. F E to ,)a/e re'i/io0s or po'iti,a' a++i'iatio >. tte*pt to ,orr0pt333 . sete,i/ respoet to i*priso*et o+ *ore t)a years

o+ pre&io0s *arria/e

5 -oset t)ro0/) BC 0'ess a+ter BC isappeare . ,o)a2ite e5 B,0ra2'e p)ysi,a' i,apa,ity +5 ST1serio0s a i,0ra2'e rt. . ,ir,0*sta,es (E, s)a'' ,ostit0te +ra0 a5 Jo.is,'os0re o+ pre&io0s,o&i,tio 25 -o,ea'*et o+ pre/a,y ,5 -o,ea'*et o+ ST1 5 -o,ea'*et o+ r0/ ai,tio1 G 1)o*ose30a'ity1 'es2iais*

5. 1 E G . es2iais* E Go*o ". i/a*o0s . Se30a' i+ie'ityEper&ersio 4. tte*pt 2y t)e respoeta/aist t)e 'i+e @?. 2ao*et

A

H6( <6 I?.@

1ire,t'y or ,o''atera''y e&e a+ter eat) o+ t)e parties

1ire,t

1ire,t

#

Ti?8 6 E1i<8@-8 6 6@7

;3iste 2e+ore *arria/e

t t)e ti*e o+ *arria/e

10ri/ *arria/e

#

E8-< 6 Maia8 6@7

1isso'&e

1isso'&e

rt. >4@5 ot isso'&e1 t)ey s)a'' 'i&e separate'y

"

P6.8< R8'a<i6@i.

-o.o(ers)ip 4 rt. @"5 i+ /ro0s are >1 1 5> -o.o(ers)ip 4 rt. @5 i+ /ro0s are >"1 >1 2i/a*y

rt. > 4!5 -E- isso'&e a 'i0iate arty i 2+ . )isE)er s)are o+ t)e et pro+its o+ t)e -E- s)a'' 2e+or+eite i +a&or o+ ,o**o ,)i're E ,)i're o+ /0i'ty spo0se 2y pre&io0s *arria/e E io,etspo0se

rt. > 4!5 sa*e as > 4!5

S<a< 6 Ci'78@

R6 B;$-6 rt. 5

e/iti*ate i+ ,o,ei&e or 2or 2e+ore e,ree o+ a0'*et

e/iti*ate

a5 -)i' ,o,ei&e or 2or 2e+ore #0/*et o+ 0''ity )as 2e,o*e +ia' a e3e,0tory 25 -)i',o,ei&e or 2or o+ t)e s02se0et *arria/e 0er rti,'e 5>

G5

C<67

ot)er . 2e'o( " " a a2o&e " . ,)oi,e o+ ,)i'

rt. !@> . paret esi/ate 2y ,o0rt1 ,o0rt (i'' ,osier ,)oi,e o+ ,)i' o&er "

rt. > 4>5 to io,et spo0se s02#e,t to rt. !@>

GG

D6@a<i6@ P6.<8 N.<ia

rt. > 4>5 . &a'i e3,ept oee ,otra,te *arria/e i 2+1 s0,) oatio s)a'' 2e re&o<e 2y operatioo+ 'a(

rt. > 4>5

rt. . re&o,atio o+ oatio 2y io,et spo0se. ,tio s)a'' 2e 2ro0/)t (it)i 5 years +ro* t)e ti*et)e e,ree o+ S 2e,o*es +ia'

G4

Ri< <6 I@8i<a@-8

rt. > 455 . spo0se ()o ,otra,te t)e *arria/e i 2+ s)a'' 2e is0a'i+ie to i)erit +ro* io,etspo0se 2y testate or itestate s0,,essio

rt. > 455

rt. > 45 8++ei/ spo0se . itestate testate . re&o<e 2y operatio o+ 'a(

G!

Ri< <6 S..6<

;3ti/0is)e

;3ti/0is)e

G

E8-<

-a *arry a/ai



-a *arry a/ai

-aot *arry a/ai

!



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person and family

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