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Permeameter testing – the UBC
perspective on progress and
needs
Imperial College London, 1 September 2017
Jonathan Fannin, Ph.D., P.Eng.
University of British Columbia
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Overview
• Progress to-date
• Knowledge gaps and research needs
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The Canadian context…
Canada is the world's biggest producer of hydroelectric power.
British Columbia generates almost 90 % of its energy from renewable
hydropower sources.
The Bennett Dam in British Columbia was, upon completion of construction
in 1967, the largest embankment dam in the world. Three dams (the Bennett,
Mica, and Revelstoke dams) generate over half of the province's electricity.
They represent an enormous investment by society-at-large and, like much
of our public infrastructure, these embankment dams are aging, yielding a
potential for water seeping from the reservoir to erode soil within the dam
and its foundation.
Internal erosion is a dam safety risk that was not understood at the time of
construction - it is now recognised to pose one of the greatest risks to dam
safety.
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CGS annual conference (2000)
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Internal erosion
Filter incompatibility
Internal instability
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Empirical screening tools
Filter incompatibility: D15max/D15EE
Internal instability: (H/F)min:
Foster-Fell threshold index
Kenney-Lau threshold index
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HOW: the process of internal erosion
Filter incompatibility: D15max/D15EE
Internal instability: (H/F)min:
(57 dams)
(23 dams)
Ronnqvist database
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On progress and needs…
• Progress to-date
• Knowledge gaps and research needs
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Knowledge gaps: research needs
• Empirical criteria provide a screening tool for evaluating the
susceptibility of a gradation to internal instability
• However they do not, indeed cannot, address the question
of where the onset of internal erosion occurs, nor the rate at
which it can be expected to progress.
• Laboratory testing, and companion theoretical development,
are needed to advance a mechanics-based understanding
of the response that offers potential to address these key
concerns for dam safety engineering.
SPATIAL
TEMPORAL
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Internal instability
(∆ m)
(∆ k) (∆ V)
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USBR-USACE
(2015)
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Experimental Research
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WAC Bennett Dam: core and transition materials
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.010.1110100
Grain size (mm)
Pe
rce
nt
Pa
ss
ing
#200#100#60#40#20#10#43/8"3/4"1 1/2"3"
GRAVELCoarse Medium Fine
SAND FINES
Silt
WAC Bennett Dam
Transition
Test T5
Median Gradation
Test T0
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Rigid-wall permeameter I
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Rigid-wall permeameter I
Test: T-0-25-D (iav = 11)
t = 1180 s t = 1240 s t = 1360 s
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Rigid-wall permeameter I
“… for unstable materials, the critical hydraulic gradient
could be roughly 1/3 to 1/5 of the normal threshold of 1.0.”
cr ci i
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Experimental Research
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Rigid-wall permeameter II
0
4
8
12
16
210 240 270
Elapsed time (min)
Hydra
ulic
gra
die
nt,
ijk
i 13
i 34
i 45
i 56
i 67
i avi av
i 34
i 45i 13
Onset
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Average hydraulic gradient, iav
Velo
city (
cm
/s);
Mass loss (
x100,%
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Str
ain
(%
)
Velocity
Mass loss
Strain
6
1
3
5
4
2
7
iav = 6.6 and 7.3
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i
ic
icr= ic
'2( 0.5 ' )vm wi
Cs
'
0vm
2
1
0
'
vm
Cu
Ci
γ'/γw
-0.5γ'/γw 0.5γ'/γw
Ai
As
Au αγ'/γw
Bi
Bu
Bs
'( 0.5 ' )1 0.5
vm wi
Path
Internal
instability
Heave
Stress reduction α-concept:
Fluidization
Internal instability
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i
ic
icr= ic
'2( 0.5 ' )vm wi
Cs
'
0vm
2
1
0
'
vm
Cu
Ci
γ'/γw
-0.5γ'/γw 0.5γ'/γw
Ai
As
Au αγ'/γw
Bi
Bu
Bs
'( 0.5 ' )1 0.5
vm wi
Path
Internal
instability
Heave
Constantinople (1922) – London (1994) – Vancouver (2011)
Expanding the α-concept in stress-gradient space:
Stable gradations
Unstable gradations
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Experimental Research
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Flexible wall permeameter
Discharge velocity
Axial strain
Volumetric strain
vs.
Hydraulic gradient
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Suffusion vs. Suffosion
(∆ m)
(∆ k) (∆ V)
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- “normative” procedures for specimen reconstitution
and laboratory testing
- inter-laboratory comparison of test results
Summary remarks: experimental research
- a continuum
mechanics-based
theoretical modelling
framework
- a particulate
mechanics-based
conceptual
understanding
- model-informed
experimental investigations