PERKEMBANGAN ARSITEKTUR KOMPUTER

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Anggota

Ahmad Ataka A. R.Ahmad Raditya C. B.Aulia ReckyGuntur BagaskoroM. Ubeid SubhanToniTrianto

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Komponen KomputerSejak 1940-an, komputer mempunyai beberapa komponen:

Input devicesOutput devicesStorage devices

Volatile memory devices: DRAM, SRAM, …Permanent storage devices: Magnetic, Optical, and Flash disks, …

DatapathControlKomponen keenam: Network

ProcessorComputer

Control

Datapath

Memory

Devices

Input

Output

What is Computer Architecture?

Technology

ApplicationsComputer

Architect

Interfaces

Machine Organization

Measurement &Evaluation

ISA

AP

I

Link

I/O

Cha

n

Regs

IR

Apa itu “Computer Architecture” ?Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Computer Organization

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

APA yang dilakukan komputer (logical view)

Computer Organization

BAGAIMANA ISA diimplementasikan (physical view)

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)Definisi oleh Amdahl, Blaaw, dan Brooks – 1964“… the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation.”

ISA mencangkup:Instruksi dan Format InstruksiType Data, Penyandian, dan RepresentasiProgrammable Storage: Registers dan MemoriAddressing Modes: Pengaksesan Instruksi dan DataPenanganan Kondisi Khusus

Instruction Set ArchitectureISA merupakan penghubung antara hardware dan software

Contoh (versi) Diperkenalkan Tahun

Intel (8086, 80386, Pentium, ...) 1978 IBM Power (Power 2, 3, 4, 5) 1985HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992PowerPC (601, 604, …) 1993

Instruction Set Architecture

Semua instruksi mempunyai lebar 32-bitMacam2 instruksi:

Load/StoreInteger ArithmeticJump dan BranchFloating PointMemory Management

Organisasi KomputerRealisasi dari Instruction Set Architecture

Beberapa komponennya:

Registers, ALU, FPU, Caches, ...

Cara komponen2 tersebut terhubung

Mengatur arus informasi antar komponen

Abstraction LayersSo

ftw

are Application

Operating SystemCompiler

Assembler

Linker Loader

Processor Memory I/O System

Datapath & Control Design

Digital Logic Design

Circuit Design

Physical (IC Layout) Design

Scheduler Device Drivers

Instruction Set Architecture (Interface SW/HW)

Har

dwar

e

Perubahan Teknologi Menimbulkan Perubahan Arsitektur

1970an multi-chip CPUsMemori semikonduktor masih sangat mahalmicrocoded controlSet instruksi kompleks

1980an1 buah chip CPU, dimungkinkan dalam chip RAMsimple, hard-wired controlSet Instruksi yang lebih simpelCache : chip kecil

1990an (fast clocks)Terdiri dari banyak transistorKontrol yg kompleks untuk mengeluarkan instruksi

2000anLebih banyak transistorMenggunakan teknologi yg lebih canggih

Intel 4004 - 1971

Microprocessor pertama2,300 transistor108 KHz

Intel Pentium IV - 2001

42 juta transistor2GHz

Application ConstraintsApplications drive machine ‘balance’

Numerical simulations floating-point performance main memory bandwidth

Transaction processing I/Os per second integer CPU performance

Decision support I/O bandwidth

Embedded control I/O timing, power

Media processing low-precision ‘pixel’ arithmetic

Interface DesignA good interface

lasts through several generations of implementations IBM 360 and x86 ISAs, DOS APIs

is simple - ‘economy of mechanism’Interfaces are visible, Implementations generally aren’t3 Types of Interfaces

Between Layers API, ISA

Between Modules Network protocol (Ethernet), I/O channel or bus (SCSI or PCI)

Standard Representations ASCII, IEEE floating-point

Instruction-Set Architecture

Software impactsupport OS functions

restartable instructions memory relocation and protection

a good compiler target simple orthogonal

denseHardware impact

admits efficient implementation across generations

admits parallel implementation no ‘serial’ bottlenecks

Abstraction without interpretation

OP R1 R2 R3 imm

OP R1M1 im2R2M2

R3M3 im2 ...

Hardware/Software Interface

System-Level OrganizationDesign at the level of processors, memories, and interconnect.More important to application performance than CPU designFeeds and speeds

constrained by IC pin count, module pin count, and signaling rates

System balancefor a particular application

Driven by performance/cost goalsavailable components (cost/perf)technology constraints

P

SW

800MHz4-way Issue16Bytes x

200MHz

I/O

M M M M

DiskNet

Display

MicroarchitectureImplementasi dari instruction setExploit capabilites of technology technology

locality and concurrencyIterative process

generate proposed architectureestimate costmeasure performance

Current emphasis is on overcoming sequential nature of programs

deep pipeliningmultiple issuedynamic schedulingbranch prediction/speculation Regs

Instr.Cache

IR

PC

BA

C

Performance Measurement and Evaluation

CPU execution timeby instruction or sequence

floating point integer branch performance

Cache bandwidthMain memory bandwidthI/O performance

bandwidthseekspixels or polygons per second

Relative importance depends on applications

P

$

M

Many Dimensions to Performance

Perkembangan Teknologi

Processor transistor: 30% - 40% per tahun

Kapasitas Memori: 60% per tahun

Kapasitas Disk: 60% per tahun

Kesempatan untuk aplikasi-aplikasi baru

Organisasi dan design yang lebih baik

Tahun Teknologi Relative performance/biaya

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900

1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000

2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000

Pertumbuhan Kapasitas per DRAM Chip Kapasitas DRAM berlipat empat kalilipat hampir setiap 3 tahun

Bertambah 60% per tahun, selama 20 tahun

Performa Processor (1978-2005)

Meningkat hampir 10000x antara 1978 dan 2005

Penjualan Microprocessor (1998 – 2002) Penjualan processor

ARM melebihi processor Intel IA-32, yang muncul lebih dulu

Processor ARM biasa dipakai pada cell phone

Kebanyakan processor kini tertanam di cell phones, TV digital, video games, dan banyak peralatan lain.

Kelas KomputerDesktop / Notebook

Tujuan umum, bermacam-macam software

Server ComputersBerbasis jaringan

Kapasitas, Performa, dan Keandalan tinggi

Ukuran bervariasi dari yang kecil hingga seukuran bangunan

Embedded ComputersTersembunyi sebagai komponen dari sistem

Kendala daya/performa/biaya yang ketat

Penjualan Komputer (1998 – 2002)

Pasar Processor (1997-2007)

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Multilevel machineTypical virtual machine levels

High-level-language (HLL) machine levelAssembly language machine levelOperating system machine levelInstruction set architecture (ISA) levelMicroarchitecture levelDigital logic level

Digital logic level adalah hardware (berisi transistors, kabel, power supply, dll.)

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Perkembangan multilevel machinesTiga level architecture

ISA levelMicroprogram levelDigital logic level

Microprogram levelMenginterpretasikan perintah-perintah ISA menggunakan digital logic level

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Perkembangan multilevel machinesOperating system level

Memberikan perintah kepada ISA levelPerintah yang diberikan:

Bisa langsung dijalankan oleh ISA level Diinterpretasikan lebih lanjut oleh microprogram level

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Perkembangan multilevel machinesCISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

Zaman keemasan bagi microprogram level – 1960an hingga1970anmicroprogram level berevousi menjadi semakin canggihProses ekseskusi lambat

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)Perintah-perintah kecil langsung dieksekusiMenambah kecepatan eksekusi sekaligus harga

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Tahun Dibuat oleh Nama Keterangan

~1834 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine First programmed computer (mechanical)

1943 British government COLLOSSUS First electronic computer

1944 Howard Aiken Mark I Electromagnetic relays

1946 Mauchley & Eckert ENIAC I Vacuum tubes, computed artillery tables

~1952 John von Neumann IAS First stored program computer (von Neumann architecture)

1960s Ken Olson (DEC) PDP-1 and PDP-8 Transistors, “minicomputer”

1964 Seymour Cray CDC 6600 First scientific supercomputer

1964 IBM System/360 Integrated circuits, first “family” of computers

1978 DEC VAX First 32-bit superminicomputer

1981 IBM IBM PC Started personal computer era

1985 MIPS MIPS First commercial RISC machine

1992 DEC Alpha First 64-bit personal computer

computer architecture dari masa ke masa

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Computer generations0th 1642 – 1945 Mechanical1st 1945 – 1955 Vacuum tubes2nd 1955 – 1965 Transistors3rd 1965 – 1980 Integrated circuits4th 1980 - VLSI, personal computers5th 1970s - Invisible computers

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Moore’s LawJumlah transistor pada chip bertambah 2 kali lipat setiap 18 bulan

Gordon Moore (co-founder Intel) – 1965Bukan merupakan hukum alam, hanya observasi empiris

Moore’s law terbukti benar sejak tahun 1960-an sampai sekarangBertambah dari 103 menjadi108 transistor per chip

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Moore’s Law

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Jenis Komputer

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Contoh komputer architectures

rchitecture Type

Pentium 4 CISC● personal computers

UltraSPARC III RISC● servers

Intel 8051(MCS-51 family)

8-bit microcontrollers● imbedded systems

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Intel computer family

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Intel computer family

Moore’s law pada chip (Intel) CPU.