periodontal literature review: the next generation
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 1
PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW:
THE NEXT GENERATION
The Periodontal Literature Review: The Next Generation is a living document and will be continuously
updated as sections are added and reviews of new, relevant research are published.
One of the most important elements of any post-graduate training is the Literature Review Program. This
particular course has been a part of the Periodontology training programs at all major institutions for decades.
An important resource in the review of "classic" literature was and still is the Periodontal Literature Reviews:
A summary of current knowledge (PLR). This volume has been a required reading for our program since its
publication since 1996. This book was not only a useful text for students preparing for their board examinations
but was also a wonderful reference guide for the practicing periodontist. However, as with any type-set book,
the material held within is stagnant. Millions of pages have been written on the treatment of periodontal disease
and tooth loss since 1996 yet there is no resource available that has continuously updated “classic” literature
since that time.
Therefore, the American Academy of Periodontology sought to find a way to update this invaluable guide. Our
proposal from the University of Toronto Department of Periodontology was to create a “web-based” document
that would allow for continuous updating and editing, such that the website might be considered a “living
document” for all post-graduate students studying for their board exams as well as practicing dentists and
periodontists who want to read up on a particular topic. The website should not only be a complement to the
original version of the text, but it should also broaden the scope of subjects as well as provide enhanced visual
capabilities and ease of navigation to match the available technology of today. By providing an electronic
version of the review, direct links to the articles being reviewed are embedded within the text and thus made
available within an instant of a click allowing students to critically evaluate the original material - a real tenant of
this educational endeavor.
Articles were selected through a web-based search using key words and titles for the various topics to be
discussed. Articles were read and reviewed by residents of the University of Toronto’s Graduate Program in
Periodontology and selected based on their clinical relevance. As with the original 1996 textbook developed by
the Air Force Residency Program, this version was also meant to provide an overview of the subject only and
was not meant to be as a comprehensive as a textbook on a given subject.
We hope that this website will continue to expand and prove to be a useful resource for students and teachers
alike.
Dr. Michael B. Goldberg
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Dentistry
University of Toronto
![Page 2: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 2
PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW:
THE NEXT GENERATION A review of periodontal literature from 1996 – 2010
Letter from Dr. Michael B. Goldberg
Diagnosis and Examination
Epidemiology
Implant Therapy
Maintenance
Microbiology
Mucogingival Therapy
Non-Surgical Therapy
Occlusion
Oral-Systemic
Pharmacotherapeutics
Regeneration
![Page 3: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 3
IMPLANT THERAPY The field of dental implant therapy has exploded in terms of volume and scope since the initial AAP literature
review was published in 1996. At that time 5 (?) pages were devoted to the topic. Since then, scores of
research papers, textbooks, symposia and implant systems have entered (and left) the field. This review will
only touch the surface of the subject. However, as the database grows, so too will our understanding of this
field increase such that this section will, in future, provide a good foundation in the understanding of dental
implant therapy.
BIOMECHANICS OF IMPLANTS
Complications and failures due to mechanical factors including component fracture, coronal bone resorption
and fixture loss have frequently been reported during implant-prosthetic treatment. Biomechanically, forces
derived from functional or parafunctional occlusal contacts on implant-supported restorations usually induce
physiological adaptation of supporting tissues since implants are tightly anchored into the bone. However, if the
stress generated is beyond the adaptive capacity of the host, the response of the supporting tissues and
prosthetic components may result in mechanical and/or biologic failures. Mechanical failures comprised of
screw bending, loosening, fracturing or implant fracture in extreme cases whereas a biologic failure results from
a resorptive-remodeling of the bone surrounding the implant that leads to progressive bone loss. Schrotenboer
et al (2008) discussed several factors that are known to affect the stress/strain distribution on bone surrounding
implants in their article the studied the effect of microthreads and platform switch on crestal bone stress levels.
These factors included the design and position of the implant, implant-abutment connection, cantilever length,
surface roughness, bone quality and type, depth of insertion, arch configuration, the nature of bone-implant
interface, and occlusal conditions. However, Goodacre et al (2003) noted that biological failures are the most
common implant-related complications that occur after implants are loaded. Implant failure primarily occurs
within 18 months of initial loading. These early loading failures occur most often in poor-quality bone (16%
failure) and with shorter implant lengths (17% failure).
Several investigators have tried to gain insight into implant loading magnitudes by performing tests using
experimental, analytical, and computer-based simulations of various implant-supported prosthesis types. The
biting force on implants was generally measured as gentle biting force, biting as when chewing and maximal
biting force. Duyck et al (2000) assessed the distribution and magnitude of forces in an in vivo situation where a
fixed prosthesis was in place. The prosthesis was supported by a variable number of implants (3 vs. 5-6) and
compression/tension measurements were gathered. As one might suspect, higher forces were observed on
implants where fewer supports were present. Kim et al (2005) showed that a moderate vertical biting force of
250 N applied at the mesial end of an implant supported prosthesis generates a large compressive force of 450
N on the mesial implant and a tensile loading of 200 N on the distal implant. It is considered that possible
overloading factors include overextended cantilever (>15 mm in the mandible and >10-12 mm in the maxilla),
parafunctional habits or heavy bite force, excessive premature contacts (>100 μm), large occlusal table, steep
cusp inclination, poor bone quality/quantity and inadequate number of implants will influence to forces
produced on an implant.
In 2006, Isador reviewed the literature on the effects of occlusal loading and its effects on supporting bone. The
response to increased stress on bone, up to a certain threshold, would be that of strengthening the support
bone. However, beyond the threshold, fatigue microdamage may occur, leading to a possible loss of crestal
bone and possibly the demise of the implant. To overcome this effect, there have been a number of studies on
the effects of coronal microthreads on the maintenance of crestal bone levels. Lee et al (2007) looked at 17
patients who had Astra Tech implants placed and the effect of their microthread design on the maintenance of
![Page 4: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 4
crestal bone levels after three years. Depending on the implant design used, there was a significant difference
in crestal bone levels noted over a one year period. Crestal bone loss was also greatest in the first year, but
stabilized such that there was no difference moving into year two and year three of the study. Three
dimensional finite element models appear to confirm reduced forces in crestal bone with microthread models.
However, how this may translate clinically still requires further investigation (Hudieb et al. 2011).
BIOLOGIC WIDTH AND IMPLANTS
Understanding the relationship between the peri-implant soft tissue and the implant surface is critical to
ensuring successful rehabilitations. The dentogingival junction surrounding natural teeth has been well
documented since 1959, when Sicher described both epithelial and connective tissue attachment to a tooth. In
1961, the term biologic width was introduced by Gargulio based on his work describing vertical dimension of
this dentogingival junction in human cadaver jaws. He described the average sulcus depth (0.69 mm), length of
the epithelial attachment (0.97 mm), and connective tissue attachment (1.07 mm) that occurs around natural
teeth. It has since been hypothesized that a similar relationship between the bone and overlying soft tissue
around dental implants exists as well. Peri-implant tissues have many similarities with periodontal tissues and
dentogingival junction, but there are some obvious anatomic differences as well, such as the lack of periodontal
ligament. Peri-implant biological width has been studied and measured in both histological animal studies and
clinical human studies and the literature surrounding the concept of biologic width around implants will be
discussed below.
One of the known potential sequelae following dental implant placement is crestal alveolar bone loss. The
establishment of biologic width around the implant may be one of the reasons behind this occurrence. Some
bone loss is to be expected: as described by Albrektsson, 1.5 mm of crestal bone loss within the first year of
implant function would be considered success. Implant overload, microgap, polished implant neck, and
infection are all factors that have also been implicated in early peri-implant bone loss, but the formation of
biologic width may play a role in this as well.
Both human and animal studies have been conducted to describe the structure of biologic width around
implants. Berglundh (1991) first demonstrated that the peri-implant mucosa formed a cuff-like barrier around
the surface of the titanium abutment. The tissue is essentially scar tissue that repairs the injury of the implant
insertion and additional tissue is formed to protect the exposed bone and seal the emergence of the implant. As
is seen the gingiva around natural teeth, the peri-implant mucosa has a well-keratinized oral epithelium that is
continuous with a junctional epithelium that faces the titanium surface. In a rat study, Ikeda (2000) described
the presence of a basal lamina and hemidesmosomes in peri-implant junctional epithelium. As
well, Abrahamson (1999) showed that the apical portion of the epithelium around titanium implants is very thin
and attached to the implant with hemidesmosome-like structures. Arvidson (1996) also evaluated the peri-
implant seal with soft tissue biopsies of human samples and found the junctional epithelium attached to the
implant surface through hemidesmosome-like structures, which is the same attachment as is seen around
teeth.
However, other studies have shown differences in the junctional epithelium tissues. Shioya (2009) found that
eight weeks after implant placement, the implant interface appeared to be sealed by aligned special cells with
surrounding elongated fibroblasts and bundles of collagen fibers. No hemidesmosomes and no basal lamina
were found in this tissue. With regard to the connective tissue compartment, Moon (1999) described this zone
to be similar to scar-like tissue that has contacted the implant but had no attachment to it. Circular fibers were
found in the inner zone of connective tissue, next to the titanium surface; in the outer layer, horizontal and
vertical fibers were found. These fibers were running from the periosteum and the alveolar crest towards the
![Page 5: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 5
oral epithelium. Glauser (2005)conducted a human histological study and calculated the total height of this peri-
implant soft tissue to be between 4-4.5 mm, including the sulcus (0.2-0.5 mm), junctional epithelium (1.4-2.9
mm) and connective tissue (0.7-2.6 mm) . It has been suggested by Linkevicius (2008) that the function of this
soft tissue collar is similar to that of biologic width around teeth and may serve as a protective mechanism for
the underlying bone.
Berglundh and Lindhe (1996) also demonstrated that a constant gingival dimension was observed around the
peri-implant tissues. They also went on to evaluate some of the factors that may impact on the dimension of
this tissue. The authors showed that by surgically reducing the thickness of the gingival flap prior to suturing,
crestal bone loss would subsequently occur allowing for the reestablishment of biologic width. Other factors
that can potentially influence biologic width include one- versus two- stage procedures, immediately loaded or
unloaded implants, different implant surfaces, and different implant structures and positions.
The effect of one- versus two- stage procedures on the resultant biologic width has been studied
extensively. Abrahamsson (1996) evaluated the effect of a one-stage versus two-stage procedure on the soft
tissue healing around three different implant systems (Astra Tech, Brånemark and Bonefit-ITI). The histological
results demonstrated similar dimension and composition of the epithelial and connective tissue components
around all systems in both protocols. Ericsson (1996) also noted similar soft tissue adaptation and proper
osseointegration in Brånemark implants installed according to a one-stage or a two-stage procedure.
The influence of timing of loading an implant has been studied as well. Cochran (1997) evaluated the biologic
width around non-submerged unloaded and immediately loaded implants. At the three-month point, the
constituents of the biological width in the unloaded group were 0.49 mm (sulcus depth), 1.16 mm (junctional
epithelium), and 1.36 mm (connective tissue component). The measurements in the loaded group were 0.50
mm, 1.44 mm, and 1.01 mm, respectively. The results were also similar after 12 months of loading, confirming
that the biological width around implants resembles the one present around teeth and that the dimension of its
constituents are independent from the loading variable. Glauser (2006) later concluded that once an
immediately-loaded implant has successfully integrated, it appears to show a similar soft-tissue reaction with
regard to periodontal as well as morphologic aspects in comparison to conventionally loaded implants.
Implants are produced with various designs, such as one piece implants, with a transmucosal part in continuity
with the endosseous part, or two piece implants, which present an interface between the endosseous
component and the transmucosal component, resulting in the formation of a microgap between the
components. In Abrahamsson’s (1996) study comparing one- and two- piece implant systems, no significant
differences were noted in the dimension or composition of the epithelial and connective tissue
components. This group (1997) went further on to investigate the influence of the abutment
disconnection/reconnection on the marginal peri-implant tissues. They found that this abutment manipulation
compromised the mucosal barrier and caused an apical migration of the connective tissue. Thus, while normal
proportions and dimensions of the surrounding tissues were observed in a control group, at test sites the
abutment manipulation resulted in a mechanical injury to the soft tissue barrier that had to reestablish more
apically, causing a marginal bone resorption of approximately 1.5 mm. Further, Todescan (2002) investigated
the influence of the position of the implant shoulder on the soft tissue healing. Twenty-four Brånemark implants
were placed into dogs, and these were divided into Group 1 (implants placed 1 mm above the bone crest),
Group 2 (implant shoulder was placed at the level of the bone crest) and Group 3 (implants placed 1 mm below
the bone crest) The junctional epithelium showed a mean value of 1.67 mm in Group 1, 1.93 mm in Group 2
and 2.78 mm in Group 3. The corresponding values for the band of connective tissue were 1.13 mm, 0.92 mm
and 1.60 mm, respectively. Differences between Groups 2 and 3 were significantly different, demonstrating a
![Page 6: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 6
tendency towards longer junctional epithelium and connective tissue component the deeper the implants were
placed.
BONE QUALITY AND IMPLANTS
Implant stability plays a major role in the eventual osseointegration of a dental implant. A significant factor in
establishing this stability is bone quality. Primary stability is related to the quality and quantity of bone
surrounding an implant at its initial placement. Secondary stability is established during the healing process
whereby bone formation and bone remodeling occurs adjacent to the implant surface. Meredeth
(1997) described several techniques for measuring bone quality and implant stability in his review paper on the
subject. As related to the time of this article, such instruments as Periotest®, and the Dental Fine Tester® were
used to assess the stability of both teeth and dental implants. Cutting resistance measurements were also
employed to determine the quality of bone during osteotomy preparation. Prior to restoring the implant, the
application of a “reverse torque” was used applied to the implant up to 20 Ncm in a counter-clockwise direction.
Well-integrated implant will resist this torqueing movement. Currently, such an instrument as the ISQ (Implant
Stability Quotient, Osstell) is used to determine implant stability and by extension, bone quality through a
resonance frequency analysis.
In reviewing bone quality at the time of implant placement, Friberg et al (1999) established a classification of
cutting torque measurements that could be ascertained at the time of implant site preparation. This particular
study looked at a 3-year follow-up of 105 consecutively treated individuals, with the goal of reinforcing the
classification established in 1994 on the variations of cutting torque which were dependent on the site of
implant placement. The cutting torque comprises the “true cutting resistance of bone” and the friction torque. As
expected, cutting torque resistance was higher in the mandible than the maxilla, with declining values from
anterior to posterior. The corresponding success of implant survival was correlated to the quality of bone
insofar as those implants placed in the anterior mandible had a higher survival rate than those placed in the
posterior maxilla. Johansson et al. (2004) looked at cutting torque measurements in conjunction with implant
placement in grafted and non-grafted sites. In this study, 40 subjects were treated, 27 having grafted sites, 13
with no grafting performed. Significantly lower cutting torque was noted in the grafted versus the non-grafted
sites. The cutting torque showed a similar distribution as previously described. However, after 6 months of
onlay graft healing, the differences in torque between the non-grafted sites were not significantly different. In all
regions, cutting torque values in failed implant sites were lower than those where implant success was
recorded. It may be surmised that cutting torque resistance may be used as a means of judging the quality of
the osteotomy site and the potential for implant success.
More recently, a number of groups have looked at the use of Resonance Frequency Assessment (RFA) as a
non-invasive means of assessing bone quality. Huang et al (2002), using bone block models, demonstrated a
linear relationship between bone quality type and resonance frequency results. Resonance frequency was be
reduced with worsening bone quality. Similar findings were noted with Lachmann et al (2006), and Ostman et al
(2006).
Turkyilmaz reported in a series of papers (2006, 2007) on the use of computerized tomography as a means of
determining bone quality. In these studies, patients’ CT scans were assessed with the relative density being
expressed in Hounsfield units. In one study, 85 patients from two clinics were assessed. 158 implants in total
were placed. Once implants were placed, stability was assessed using resonance frequency values and torque
strength. The recorded mean bone densities based on CT scan results were consistent with all previous
studies, with the anterior mandible being most dense and the posterior maxilla demonstrating less than half the
density (970 HU, 417 HU). The posterior mandible and anterior maxilla demonstrated similar density (669 HU,
![Page 7: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 7
696 HU respectively). Implant stability, as recorded by the ISQ was also similarly correlated. These studies
indicated the potential utility of CT scans to determine site density prior to implant placement. With the advent
of Cone Beam CT scans, which produce less radiation then conventional CT scan, there may be a greater
place for these tools in the planning of implant therapy.
BONE TO IMPLANT CONTACT
A significant amount of funds and research has been directed at improving surface characteristics of implants
in order to improve bone to implant contact. However, the mechanisms of the concept of “osseointegration”
were best described by Davies (1998) where he described the sequence of bone healing around a dental
implant. In this review, Davies juxtaposes the terms “distance osteogenesis” from “contact osteogenesis”.
These terms, originally coined in the 1980’s generally relate to the bone formation on and around an implant
surface. The two concepts suggest different mechanisms by which osteogenic cells either line “old bone”
surfaces and secrete bone towards the implant (distance osteogenesis) or osteogenic cells coming in intimate
contact with the implant surface with new bone being laid down along the implant itself (contact osteogenesis).
One can suspect that a combination of both mechanisms may occur in osteogenesis around an implant. The
cells involved in contact osteogenesis are likely derived from undifferentiated peri-vascular connective tissue
cells. Once osseoconduction has been completed, de novo bone formation occurs, resulting in a mineralized
bone matrix. It is these phases that will be effected profoundly by the surface characteristics and topography of
the implant itself. The third phase, that of bone remodeling, will complete the integration process, and again be
quite dependent on the surface characteristics of the implant.
Masuda et al (1998) reiterated the complexities of the integration process and the importance of surface
characteristics and topography in this process. This review assessed the literature of its time in terms of light
microscopic evaluations of bone-implant contact, histological findings, and the ultrastructural characteristics of
the bone-implant interface. The results of this review suggested that surface characteristics did have a
significant influence on the amount of bone formed around the implant. However the mechanism of these
differences was still up for debate.
In 2001, Khang et al. initiated a multi-centered trial that looked at the difference between acid-etched and
machine-surface implants and the bone quality around the given implant. In this study, 97 patients were
enrolled in either a private practice setting or a university clinic. 247 acid-etch and 185 machined-surface
implants were placed and allowed to integrate for up to 6 months. Implant-supported fixed prostheses or
overdentures were placed, depending on the subject’s individual needs. Of the 432 implants placed, 36 failed.
There was statistically significant differences in the pre-loading success rate of the acid etch (95%) versus the
machined surface implant (86.7%).
IMPLANT RISK FACTORS
Although implants have been shown to be an effective method by which to restore missing teeth in a healthy
individual, it has come to the attention of many that there are certain health-related issues that may affect the
outcomes of implant therapy. Klokkevold and Han (2007) conducted a systematic review to determine the
effects of smoking, diabetes and periodontal disease on implant therapy. Implant survival rates were compared
between smokers and non-smokers, diabetics and non-diabetics as well as those treated for periodontal
disease versus those with no treatment for periodontal disease. The findings revealed a statistically significant
difference between success and survival of implants in non-smokers versus smokers. There was no difference
noted in survival in those with and without diabetes. There was also no difference between those treated for
periodontitis in the past and those who had never been treated. This particular meta-analysis indicated that
![Page 8: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 8
smokers were at higher risk for complications, as compared to the other systemic issues study. Another
systematic review by Heitz-Mayfield et al (2009) reinforced the findings that well-controlled periodontal
conditions do not increase the risk of implant complications and/or failures. This study also found the majority of
studies reviewed found smoking to be a statistically significant risk factor for adverse implant outcomes with the
implant survival rate ranging from 80% to 96% in 5-10 year studies.
Smoking has local and systemic negative effects in terms of tissue healing. Nicotine local absorption causes
vasoconstriction and compromises the blood supply needed for the nutrition and irrigation to the implant bed
during the healing stage. In fact, Sanchez-Perez et al (2007) found that the use of tobacco involves a 15.8%
risk of implant failure and that the consumption of a pack of cigarettes (20) or more daily increases the risk of
implant failure to 30.8%. As well, a study by Moy et al. (2005) reported an implant success rate of 80% in
smokers compared to 91% in non-smokers and that most failures occurred in the first year after placement and
were twice as likely to occur in the maxilla compared with the mandible. However, in a retrospective
study, Kumar et al (2002) looked at the initial osseointegration before loading in 461 patients with 1183 surface-
modified ITI SLA implants and found that the success rate of integration was 98% in both smokers and non-
smokers. There was also no difference in outcome between maxillary and mandibular implants. Bain
(2002) also noted that surface modifications of implants may resist the effects of smoking.
Diabetes
Uncontrolled diabetes has an impact on success rate of the implants. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes have
been found to have 2.59 higher risk of implant failure (Zupnik, 2011). In uncontrolled diabetic state, chronic
hyperglycemia maintains chronic inflammation that could lead to bone loss and implant failure long term
(Mellado-Valero, 2007). It also prevents normal osteoblastic formation by altering the PTH response. Patients
with uncontrolled diabetes also suffer from higher risk of infections, which could delay the wound healing, in this
case the implant integration. Therefore, uncontrolled diabetes or hyperglycemic state is a risk factor for
implants failure and patients should be informed about their condition and the effect on the success rate of the
implants.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is reported to occur in one third of the North American female population above 65 years of age,
and is treated by either estrogen hormone therapy or bisphosphonate medications. The bone quality in post-
menopausal women and osteoporotic patients became an issue of interest due to the association of poor bone
quality to implant failure (Virdie, 2007). Implant success has been reported to be higher in good quality bone
such as the bone found in anterior mandible (Chee, 2007). Animal studies have shown that estrogen deficiency
interferes with bone healing around the implant and bone density and therefore the final implant
osseointegration (Mendes-Duarte, 2003). A possible mechanism proposed is biphasic effect of hormonal
deficiency that interferes with early integration, which might be associated with lack of up regulation of
extracellular matrix genes. Some animal studies have demonstrated that osseointegration in osteoporotic
animals are 50% slower than normal animals (Tsolaki, 2009). The results are controversial in human studies;
however in a majority of clinical trials, the differences between the osteoporotic patients and normal group in
terms of implant success and osseointegration have not been found to be statistically significant.
History of Periodontitis
Periodontitis is one of the main causes of the loss of teeth and patients with this condition benefit majorly from
implant therapy; however the risk of implant failure has been a point of interest in these patients. According to
![Page 9: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 9
literature, the risk of implant failure and the mean bone loss are higher in patients with treated generalized
aggressive periodontitis (88.8% 5 year success rate) compared to chronic periodontitis patients (Mengel,
2001). In a comparison of patients with a history of chronic periodontitis to patients with no history of
periodontitis, the risk of implant failure and bone loss is higher and the survival and success rate is reported to
be lower in patients with history of periodontitis (96.5% survival rate compared to 90.5% in PG) (Hardt, 2002).
The plausible mechanism of this kind of failure is that the implants in patients with history of periodontitis or
current periodontal condition are more prone by bacterial colonization, inflammation and the bone loss.
Oral and IV bisphosphonates
Oral and IV bisphosphonate are the medications used mainly for the treatment of osteoporosis, Paget’s
disease bone pain, hypercalcemia malignancy such as multiple myeloma, breast and other cancers. The
concern with bisphosphonate therapy and dental treatments is the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw, which is
reported to have incidence of 0.8%-12% (IV bisphosphonate) and 0.7 per 100,000 person years of exposure
(oral bisphosphonate). Osteonecrosis caused by oral bisphosphonate is less common and less severe if it
occurs and more responsive to the treatments. According to the majority of the studies, the use of oral or IV
bisphosphonate does not have a negative effect on the implant success. Overall, there is not enough evidence
to avoid any dental treatment or implant therapy in patients with bisphosphonate therapy but these patients
need to be informed of the risk and monitored in case of complications to receive the appropriate treatment
promptly (Javed, 2010).
PERIOIMPLANT MUCOSITIS/PERI-IMPLANTITIS
As the popularity of implant therapy grows, the prevalence of peri-implant disease steadily increases. A
systematic review, with a mean follow-up period ranging from 5-13 years, estimated that peri-implant mucositis
affects 63% of implant patients, and peri-implantitis affects 19% of patients (31% and 9.5% of implants,
respectively) (Atieh, 2012). Previous systematic reviews on peri-implant disease found similar and often even
higher incidences of disease (Zitzman, 2008).
Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are inflammatory conditions affecting soft and hard peri-implant
tissues. Peri-implant mucositis is defined as a reversible inflammatory condition solely affecting the mucosa
surrounding the dental implant). Peri-implantitis is defined as an inflammatory process affecting both soft and
hard tissues surrounding the dental implant associated with pathological bone loss around the implant. Similar
to the accepted relationship between gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, peri-implant mucositis is considered
the precursor of peri-implantitis, yet not all peri-implant mucositis cases will progress to peri-implantitis (AAP,
2013).
A peri-implantitis classification was recently proposed by Froum and Rosen (2012). Similar to chronic
periodontitis, this classification allows clinicians to diagnose peri-implantitis lesions based on their severity,
utilizing bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD) and radiographic bone loss to differentiate between
early, moderate and advanced peri-implantitis lesions.
Classification of Peri-implantitis
Early
PD>4mm, BOP/suppuration on 2 or more aspects of the implant
Bone loss of <25% of implant length (compared to at time of loading)
![Page 10: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 10
Moderate
PD>6mm, BOP/suppuration on 2 or more aspects of the implant
Bone loss of 25-50% of implant length (compared to at time of loading)
Advanced
PD>8mm, BOP/suppuration on 2 or more aspects of the implant
Bone loss of >50% of implant length (compared to at time of loading)
(Froum and Rosen 2012)
Clinical signs associated with peri-implant mucositis are similar to those associated with gingivitis: bacterial
plaque accumulation, erythema of the implant-supporting tissue, bleeding on probing (BOP), and suppuration.
Recession may or may not be evident. However, no pathologic bone loss is detected around the implant (AAP,
2013).
In an experimental peri-implant mucositis study, Pontoriero (1994) demonstrated no significant differences in
any of the measured clinical parameters (including BOP, PD, and plaque index) around teeth and implants. The
study demonstrated a causative effect between bacterial biofilm accumulation and peri-implant mucositis.
Clinical signs associated with peri-implantitis are similar to those observed during peri-implant mucositis, with
the presence of pathologic bone loss detected on radiographic examination. Further signs may include
increased PD (>5 mm) and implant mobility (AAP, 2013). Most peri-implantitis sites (66%) present
circumferential bony defects (Serino, 2013). Bone loss of 2 mm (from immediate post implant placement bone
levels) is suggested as a threshold for diagnosing peri-implantitis (Sanz, 2012).
The pathogenesis of peri-implant mucositis follows that of gingivitis through the accumulation of bacterial
biofilm on the implant and abutment surfaces leading to a local inflammatory response. The pathogenesis of
peri-implantitis was investigated using an animal ligature model. Both ligated teeth and ligated implants
demonstrated similar clinical disease progression and alveolar bone loss during the course of the 8 month trial
(Lang, 1993). These findings suggest that similar to gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, bacterial biofilm is the
main etiologic factor for peri-implant diseases. As such, biofilm formation and the host response, have a
significant role in the development of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis.
The acquired pellicle layer is deposited on the implant surface immediately following implant exposure to the
oral environment. Bacterial biofilm was demonstrated to mature within two weeks following implant exposure
(Heitz-Mayfield, 2010). Within 7 days, sites presented similar pathogenic microbiota found on natural teeth.
Biofilm colonization around implants is complete within 7-14 days. The ability of pathogenic bacteria to spread
from pockets around natural teeth to peri-implant sites within a short time span highlights the need for complete
disease control prior to implant placement.
Several studies investigated the bacterial biofilm composition in healthy peri-implant sites, as well as in peri-
implant mucositis and peri-implantitis sites. In general, most studies demonstrated that the composition of the
biofilm established on the implant surfaces corresponded closely to that identified on natural teeth (Heitz-
Mayfield, 2010). That was demonstrated for both healthy and diseased implant sites. The microbiota
associated with healthy implant sites is characterized by gram-positive facultative cocci and rods. Experimental
peri-implant mucositis trials demonstrated similar subgingival bacterial biofilm composition in peri-implant
mucositis and gingivitis sites (Pontoriero, 1994).
![Page 11: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 11
Further investigation of the host innate immune response in the peri-implant tissue was recently published.
Authors analyzed peri-implant gingival biopsies and concluded that implant patients with history of chronic
periodontitis present similar increase in pro-inflammatory potential (as measured by inflammatory infiltrate and
pro-inflammatory molecules) to that found in chronic periodontitis, suggesting similar host innate immune
response around teeth and implants (Koutouzis, 2013).
As the bacterial biofilm is presumed to be the main etiologic factor in the development of both peri-implant
mucositis and peri-implantitis, treatment is usually aimed at its removal, followed by proper maintenance.
Studies investigating the efficacy of different treatment modalities are limited by the lack of a gold standard
treatment protocols with which to compare. Suggested treatments are reported as case reports/series or as
RCT’s comparing different treatment modalities. As studies report different treatment protocols, clinical
measurements and follow-up time, the ability to identify an ideal treatment protocol is limited (Sanz, 2012).
The goal of peri-implant mucositis treatment is the elimination of bacterial biofilm as well as patient education
regarding proper home care. No specific treatment protocol was demonstrated to be superior to others for the
treatment of peri-implant mucositis, including different home care techniques (Esposito, 2012). Chlorhexidine
gel (0.5%) has been suggested as an adjunct treatment following mechanical debridement (Heitz-Mayfield,
2011). Results showed no significant improvement in clinical parameters within 3 months following treatment
when compared to mechanical debridement only. The use of systemic antibiotics has also been suggested.
Antibiotics were prescribed following mechanical debridement (Azithromycin 500 mg day 1 and 250 mg days
2–4) (Hallstrom, 2012). No significant clinical or microbial differences were found within 6 months following
treatment when compared to mechanical debridement only.
Treatment goals include infection control and cessation of tissue destruction, and creation of an environment
which allows proper home care and reduces biofilm accumulation. Resective or regenerative procedures may
be indicated to provide ideal bone support and architecture. A regular periodontal maintenance plan should
follow.
The goal of peri-implantitis treatment is to remove all bacterial deposits from the exposed implant surface.
However, due to implant surface characteristics, mechanical debridement is not as effective as root planning of
natural teeth. Persson et al. (2010) investigated biofilm samples at baseline, 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months
following scaling (hand instrumentation vs. ultrasonic device). Limited clinical improvement was observed in
both treatment groups within 6 months. Furthermore, no differences in counts of bacterial species were
recorded between baseline and 6 month time point, suggesting that scaling as a sole treatment for peri-
implantitis is not effective at biofilm elimination.
Non-surgical treatment has limited successes in re-osseointegration of exposed implants. For this reason,
advanced peri-implantitis sites may benefit from surgical intervention, which will aim at implant surface
debridement and decontamination, as well as resective or regenerative procedures (Renvert, 2012). Re-
osseointegration of decontaminated implants was demonstrated to be biologically possible in several animal
studies, though results are greatly varied. Access surgery was shown to have a positive effect on re-
osseointegration rate when compared to non-surgical decontamination. Positive results were obtained with
different surgical techniques and different decontamination methods. However, none of the reported animal
studies demonstrated full length re-osseointegration. Several human studies reported full length defect fill, yet it
is not a predictable result (Renvert, 2009).. Surgical techniques include access surgeries, resective surgeries,
bone graft and bone graft substitute placement, and regenerative procedures. The success of surgical
treatment is affected not only by surface decontamination and the technique used, but also by other site or
implant-specific factors (Aghazadeh, 2012). Roccuzzo et al. (2011) compared surgical treatment with bone
![Page 12: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 12
graft around 2 different implant surfaces – titanium plasma-sprayed surface (TPS) and sand-blasted large grit
acid-etched surface (SLA)(64). It was suggested that implant surface characteristics as well as time in function
prior to peri-implantitis, may have an impact on the clinical outcome following surgical treatment of peri-
implantitis.
The long-term success of implant therapy should be measured based on function, esthetics and healthy-peri-
implant tissues. Early diagnosis and continued management of peri-implant diseases are essential to the
success of dental implants. Our knowledge of chronic periodontitis has prepared us well for preventing and
treating peri-implant disease. Periodontitis and peri-implantitis share a similar etiology, risk factors and disease
course. They do however present unique challenges as well. Perio-implantitis should be diagnosed using
probing depths measured without the prosthesis in place whenever possible. Non-surgical treatment of peri-
implantitis should include decontamination of the implant surface following debridement. Surgical treatments
should also be considered as treatment options after non-surgical treatment has been successful. Access flap
procedures may facilitate the debridement and decontamination process. Resective or regenerative procedure
are not predictable, however positive results have been reported. The treating doctor should decide on the
need for surgical intervention, as there is no proven gold standard with respect to surgical treatment of peri-
implantitis. This decision should be based on implant mobility, esthetic zone considerations (surgery is not
recommended due to mucosal recession), defect morphology and disease severity. Further research into the
specific pathogenesis and treatment options of peri-implant disease is essential to allow clinicians to provide
successful and predictable treatments.
![Page 13: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 13
IMPLANT THERAPY REFERENCES BIOMECHANICS OF IMPLANTS
Abu-Hammad, O., Khraisat, A., Dar-Odeh, N., Jagger, D. C. & Hämmerle, C. H. F. The staggered installation of
dental implants and its effect on bone stresses. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2007;9: 121–127.
Appleton, R. S., Nummikoski, P. V., Pigno, M. A., Cronin, R. J. & Chung, K.-H. A radiographic assessment of
progressive loading on bone around single osseointegrated implants in the posterior maxilla. Clin Oral Implants
Res 2005;16: 161–167.
Canullo, L., Fedele, G. R., Iannello, G. & Jepsen, S. Platform switching and marginal bone-level alterations: the
results of a randomized-controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 21: 115–121
Cappiello, M. et al. Evaluation of peri-implant bone loss around platform-switched implants. Int J Periodontics
Restorative Dent 2008;28: 347–355.
Duyck, J. et al. Magnitude and distribution of occlusal forces on oral implants supporting fixed prostheses: an in
vivo study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11:465–475.
Eser, A., Akça, K., Eckert, S. & Cehreli, M. C. Nonlinear finite element analysis versus ex vivo strain gauge
measurements on immediately loaded implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24: 439–446.
Goodacre, C. J., Bernal, G., Rungcharassaeng, K. & Kan, J. Y. K. Clinical complications with implants and
implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 90: 121–132.
Hudieb, M. I., Wakabayashi, N. & Kasugai, S. Magnitude and direction of mechanical stress at the
osseointegrated interface of the microthread implant. J Periodontol 2011; 82: 1061–1070.
Hürzeler, M., Fickl, S., Zuhr, O. & Wachtel, H. C. Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform-
switched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study. J.Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2007; 65: 33–39.
Isidor, F. Influence of forces on peri-implant bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 17 Suppl 2, 8–18 (2006).
Kim, Y., Oh, T. J., Misch, C. E. & Wang, H. L. Occlusal considerations in implant therapy: clinical guidelines
with biomechanical rationale. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16: 26–35.
Lee, D.-W., Choi, Y.-S., Park, K.-H., Kim, C.-S. & Moon, I.-S. Effect of microthread on the maintenance of
marginal bone level: a 3-year prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18: 465–470.
Romeo, E., Tomasi, C., Finini, I., Casentini, P. & Lops, D. Implant-supported fixed cantilever prosthesis in
partially edentulous jaws: a cohort prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20: 1278–1285.
Rungsiyakull, C., Rungsiyakull, P., Li, Q., Li, W. & Swain, M. Effects of occlusal inclination and loading on
mandibular bone remodeling: a finite element study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2011;26: 527–537.
Schrotenboer J, Tsao YP, Kinariwala V, Wang HL. Effect of Microthreads and Platform Switching on Crestal
Bone Stress Levels: A Finite Element Analysis. J. Periodontol. 2008;79:2166-2172.
![Page 14: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 14
Semper, W., Heberer, S. & Nelson, K. Retrospective analysis of bar-retained dentures with cantilever
extension: marginal bone level changes around dental implants over time. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
2010;25: 385–393.
Tabata, L. F., Rocha, E. P., Barão, V. A. R. & Assunção, W. G. Platform switching: biomechanical evaluation
using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2011; 26: 482–491.
BIOLOGIC WIDTH AND IMPLANTS
Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Wennstrom, J. and Lindhe, J. The peri-implant hard and soft tissues at
different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996; 7: 212-9.
Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Moon, I.S. and Lindhe, J. Peri-implant tissues at submerged and non-
submerged titanium implants. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26: 600-7.
Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T. and Lindhe, J. The mucosal barrier following abutment dis/reconnection. An
experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol. 1997; 24: 568-72.
Albrektsson, T., Zarb, G., Worthington, P. and Eriksson, A.R. The long-term efficacy of currently used dental
implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1986;1: 11-25.
Arvidson, K., Fartash, B., Hilliges, M. and Kondell, P.A. .Histological characteristics of peri-implant mucosa
around Branemark and single-crystal sapphire implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996;7: 1-10.
Bakaeen, L., Quinlan, P., Schoolfield, J., Lang, N. P., & Cochran, D. L. . The biologic width around titanium
implants: Histometric analysis of the implantogingival junction around immediately and early loaded implants.
The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry, 2009;29(3): 297-305.
Berglundh, T., Lindhe, J., Ericsson, I., Marinello, C.P., Liljenberg, B. and Thomsen, P. The soft tissue barrier at
implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res.1991;2: 81-90.
Berglundh, T. and Lindhe, J. Dimension of the periimplant mucosa. Biological width revisited. J Clin
Periodontol. 1996; 23: 971-3.
Cochran, D.L., Hermann, J.S., Schenk, R.K., Higginbottom, F.L. and Buser, D. Biologic width around titanium
implants. A histometric analysis of the implanto-gingival junction around unloaded and loaded nonsubmerged
implants in the canine mandible. J Periodontol. 1997; 68: 186-98.
Ericsson, I., Nilner, K., Klinge, B. and Glantz, P.O.. Radiographical and histological characteristics of
submerged and nonsubmerged titanium implants. An experimental study in the Labrador dog. Clin Oral
Implants Res.1996;7: 20-6.
Gargiulo, A.W., Wentz, F.M. and Orlan, B. Dimensions and Relations of the Dentogingival Junction in Humans.
J Periodontol 1961;32: 261-267.
Glauser, R., Schupbach, P., Gottlow, J. and Hammerle, C.H.. Periimplant soft tissue barrier at experimental
one-piece mini-implants with different surface topography in humans: A light-microscopic overview and
histometric analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005; 7 Suppl 1: S44-51.
![Page 15: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 15
Glauser, R., Zembic, A. and Hammerle, C.H. . A systematic review of marginal soft tissue at implants subjected
to immediate loading or immediate restoration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006; 17 Suppl 2: 82-92.
Hermann, J. S., Buser, D., Schenk, R. K., Higginbottom, F. L., & Cochran, D. L.. Biologic width around titanium
implants. A physiologically formed and stable dimension over time. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2000;
11(1): 1-11.
Ikeda, H. et al. Ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic studies of the peri-implant epithelium-implant
(Ti-6Al-4V) interface of rat maxilla. J Periodontol . 2000;71: 961-73.
Linkevicius, T. and Apse, P. Biologic width around implants. An evidence-based review. Stomatologija 2008;10:
27-35.
Moon, I.S., Berglundh, T., Abrahamsson, I., Linder, E. and Lindhe, J. The barrier between the keratinized
mucosa and the dental implant. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1999; 26: 658-63.
Shioya, K., Sawada, T., Miake, Y., Inoue, S. and Yanagisawa, T. Ultrastructural study of tissues surrounding
replanted teeth and dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20: 299-305.
Sicher, H. Changing concepts of the supporting dental structures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1959:12: 31-
5.
Todescan, F.F., Pustiglioni, F.E., Imbronito, A.V., Albrektsson, T. and Gioso, M. Influence of the microgap in
the peri-implant hard and soft tissues: a histomorphometric study in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
(2002);17, 467-72.
BONE QUALITY AND IMPLANTS
Aksoy, U., Eratalay, K., & Tözüm, T. F. (2009). The possible association among bone density values,
resonance frequency measurements,tactile sense, and histomorphometric evaluations of dental implant
osteotomy sites: A preliminary study. Implant Dentistry, 18(4), 316-325.
Al Haffar, I., Padilla, F., Nefussi, R., Kolta, S., Foucart, J. -., & Laugier, P. (2006). Experimental evaluation of
bone quality measuring speed of sound in cadaver mandibles. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology,
Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 102(6), 782-791.
Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Michiels, K., Jacobs, R., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2007). A biomechanical
assessment of the relation between the oral implant stability at insertion and subjective bone quality
assessment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(4), 359-366.
Amorim, M. A. L., Takayama, L., Jorgetti, V., & Pereira, R. M. R. (2006). Comparative study of axial and
femoral bone mineral density and parameters of mandibular bone quality in patients receiving dental implants.
Osteoporosis International, 17(10), 1494-1500.
Åstrand, P., Billström, C., Feldmann, H., Fischer, K., Henricsson, V., Johansson, B., et al. (2003). Tapered
implants in jaws with soft bone quality: A clinical and radiographic 1-year study of the brånemark system® mark
IV fixture. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 5(4), 213-218.
![Page 16: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 16
Attard, N. J., & Zarb, G. A. (2002). A study of dental implants in medically treated hypothyroid patients. Clinical
Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 4(4), 220-231.
Becker, W., Hujoel, P. P., Becker, B. E., & Willingham, H. (2000). Osteoporosis and implant failure: An
exploratory case-control study. Journal of Periodontology, 71(4), 625-631.
Becker, W., Sennerby, L., Bedrossian, E., Becker, B. E., & Lucchini, J. P. (2005). Implant stability
measurements for implants placed at the time of extraction: A cohort, prospective clinical trial. Journal of
Periodontology, 76(3), 391-397.
Blomqvist, J. E., Alberius, P., Isaksson, S., Linde, A., & Obrant, K. (1998). Importance of bone graft quality for
implant integration after maxillary sinus reconstruction. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and Endodontics, 86(3), 268-274.
Carvalho, M. D., Benatti, B. B., César-Neto, J. B., Nociti Jr., F. H., da Rocha Nogueira Filho, G., Casati, M. Z.,
et al. (2006). Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium
implants: A histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 77(4), 599-605.
César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone density around titanium implants
may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Implants, 20(5), 713-719.
Chong, L., Khocht, A., Suzuki, J. B., & Gaughan, J. (2009). Effect of implant design on initial stability of tapered
implants. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 35(3), 130-135.
Das Neves, F. D., Fones, D., Bernardes, S. R., Do Prado, C. J., & Neto, A. J. F. (2006). Short implants - an
analysis of longitudinal studies. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 86-93.
de Oliveira, R. C. G., Leles, C. R., Normanha, L. M., Lindh, C., & Ribeiro-Rotta, R. F. (2008). Assessments of
trabecular bone density at implant sites on CT images. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology and Endodontology, 105(2), 231-238.
Degidi, M., Daprile, G., & Piattelli, A. (2009). RFA values of implants placed in sinus grafted and nongrafted
sites after 6 and 12 months. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(3), 178-182.
Degidi, M., Perrotti, V., Strocchi, R., Piattelli, A., & Iezzi, G. (2009). Is insertion torque correlated to bone-
implant contact percentage in the early healing period? A histological and histomorphometrical evaluation of 17
human-retrieved dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(8), 778-781.
Fischer, K., Bäckström, M., & Sennerby, L. (2009). Immediate and early loading of oxidized tapered implants in
the partially edentulous maxilla: A 1-year prospective clinical, radiographic, and resonance frequency analysis
study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(2), 69-80.
Friberg, B., Sennerby, L., Gröndahl, K., Bergström, C., Bäck, T., & Lekholm, U. (1999). On cutting torque
measurements during implant placement: A 3-year clinical prospective study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and
Related Research, 1(2), 75-83.
Holmes, D. C., & Loftus, J. T. (1997). Influence of bone quality on stress distribution for endosseous implants.
The Journal of Oral Implantology, 23(3), 104-111.
![Page 17: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 17
Homolka, P., Beer, A., Birkfellner, W., Gahleitner, A., Nowotny, R., & Bergmann, H. (2001). Local calibrated
bone mineral density in the mandible presented using a color coding scheme. Medical Engineering and
Physics, 23(9), 673-677.
Huang, H. -., Lee, S. -., Yeh, C. -., & Lin, C. -. (2002). Resonance frequency assessment of dental implant
stability with various bone qualities: A numerical approach. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(1), 65-74.
Huang, Y. -., Xiropaidis, A. V., Sorensen, R. G., Albandar, J. M., Hall, J., & Wikesjö, U. M. E. (2005). Bone
formation at titanium porous oxide (TiUnite™) oral implants in type IV bone. Clinical Oral Implants Research,
16(1), 105-111.
Iezzi, G., Degidi, M., Scarano, A., Perrotti, V., & Piattelli, A. (2005). Bone response to submerged, unloaded
implants inserted in poor bone sites: A histological and histomorphometrical study of 8 titanium implants
retrieved from man. The Journal of Oral Implantology., 31(5), 225-233.
Ikumi, N., & Tsutsumi, S. (2005). Assessment of correlation between computerized tomography values of the
bone and cutting torque values at implant placement: A clinical study. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implants, 20(2), 253-260.
Johansson, B., Bäck, T., & Hirsch, J. -. (2004). Cutting torque measurements in conjunction with implant
placement in grafted and nongrafted maxillas as an objective evaluation of bone density: A possible method for
identifying early implant failures? Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 6(1), 9-15.
Kline, R., Hoar, J. E., Beck, G. H., Hazen, R., Resnik, R. R., & Crawford, E. A. (2002). A prospective
multicenter clinical investigation of a bone quality-based dental implant system. Implant Dentistry, 11(3), 224-
234.
Lachmann, S., Jäger, B., Axmann, D., Gomez-Roman, G., Groten, M., & Weber, H. (2006). Resonance
frequency analysis and damping capacity assessment - part 1: An in vitro study on measurement reliability and
a method of comparison in the determination of primary dental implant stability. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 17(1), 75-79.
Lee, S., Gantes, B., Riggs, M., & Crigger, M. (2007). Bone density assessments of dental implant sites: 3. bone
quality evaluation during osteotomy and implant placement. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Implants, 22(2), 208-212.
Li, T., Kong, L., Wang, Y., Hu, K., Song, L., Liu, B., et al. (2009). Selection of optimal dental implant diameter
and length in type IV bone: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, 38(10), 1077-1083.
Lin, C. -., Wang, J. -., Ramp, L. C., & Liu, P. -. (2008). Biomechanical response of implant systems placed in
the maxillary posterior region under various conditions of angulation, bone density, and loading. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 23(1), 57-64.
Lindh, C., Nilsson, M., Klinge, B., & Petersson, A. (1996). Quantitative computed tomography of trabecular
bone in the mandible. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 25(3), 146-150.
![Page 18: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 18
Meijndert, L., Raghoebar, G. M., Schüpbach, P., Meijer, H. J. A., & Vissink, A. (2005). Bone quality at the
implant site after reconstruction of a local defect of the maxillary anterior ridge with chin bone or deproteinised
cancellous bovine bone. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 34(8), 877-884.
Meredith, N. (1998). Assessment of implant stability as a prognostic determinant. International Journal of
Prosthodontics, 11(5), 491-501.
Misch, C. E., Dietsh-Misch, F., Hoar, J., Beck, G., Hazen, R., & Misch, C. M. (1999). A bone quality-based
implant system: First year of prosthetic loading. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 25(3), 185-197.
Misch, C. E., Hoar, J., Beck, G., Hazen, R., & Misch, C. M. (1998). A bone quality-based implant system: A
preliminary report of stage I & stage II. Implant Dentistry, 7(1), 35-42.
Morris, H. E., Ochi, S., Crum, P., Orenstein, I., & Plezia, R. (2003). Bone density: Its influence on implant
stability after uncovering. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 29(6), 263-269.
Norton, M. R., & Gamble, C. (2001). Bone classification: An objective scale of bone density using the
computerized tomography scan. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(1), 79-84.
Östman, P. -., Hellman, M., Wendelhag, I., & Sennerby, L. (2006). Resonance frequency analysis
measurements of implants at placement surgery. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(1), 77-83.
Ottoni, J. M. P., Oliveira, Z. F. L., Mansini, R., & Cabral, A. M. (2005). Correlation between placement torque
and survival of single-tooth implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(5), 769-776.
Rasmussen, J. M., & Hopfensperger, M. L. (2008). Placement and restoration of dental implants in a patient
with Paget's disease in remission: Literature review and clinical report. Journal of Prosthodontics, 17(1), 35-40.
Salonen, M. A. M. (1997). Factors related to periotest values in endosseal implants: A 9-year follow-up. Journal
of Clinical Periodontology, 24(4), 272-277.
Shapurian, T., Damoulis, P. D., Reiser, G. M., Griffin, T. J., & Rand, W. M. (2006). Quantitative evaluation of
bone density using the Hounsfield index. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(2), 290-
297.
Slagter, K. W., Raghoebar, G. M., & Vissink, A. (2008). Osteoporosis and edentulous jaws. International
Journal of Prosthodontics, 21(1), 19-26.
Song, Y. -., Jun, S. -., & Kwon, J. -. (2009). Correlation between bone quality evaluated by cone-beam
computerized tomography and implant primary stability. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
24(1), 59-64.
Strietzel, F. P., Nowak, M., Küchler, I., & Friedmann, A. (2002). Peri-implant alveolar bone loss with respect to
bone quality after use of the osteotome technique: Results of a retrospective study. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 13(5), 508-513.
Todisco, M., & Trisi, P. (2005). Bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry are statistically related.
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(6), 898-904.
![Page 19: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 19
Truhlar, R. S., Morris, H. F., & Ochi, S. (2000). Implant surface coating and bone quality-related survival
outcomes through 36 months post-placement of root-form endosseous dental implants. Annals of
Periodontology / the American Academy of Periodontology, 5(1), 109-118.
Turkyilmaz, I., Aksoy, U., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2008). Two alternative surgical techniques for enhancing
primary implant stability in the posterior maxilla: A clinical study including bone density, insertion torque, and
resonance frequency analysis data. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(4), 231-237.
Turkyilmaz, I., Ozan, O., Yilmaz, B., & Ersoy, A. E. (2008). Determination of bone quality of 372 implant
recipient sites using Hounsfield unit from computerized tomography: A clinical study. Clinical Implant Dentistry
and Related Research, 10(4), 238-244.
Turkyilmaz, I., Sennerby, L., McGlumphy, E. A., & Tözüm, T. F. (2009). Biomechanical aspects of primary
implant stability: A human cadaver study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(2), 113-119.
Turkyilmaz, I., Tözüm, T. F., & Tumer, C. (2007). Bone density assessments of oral implant sites using
computerized tomography. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34(4), 267-272.
Turkyilmaz, I., Tözüm, T. F., Tumer, C., & Ozbek, E. N. (2006). Assessment of correlation between
computerized tomography values of the bone, and maximum torque and resonance frequency values at dental
implant placement. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 33(12), 881-888.
Turkyilmaz, I., Tumer, C., Ozbek, E. N., & Tözüm, T. F. (2007). Relations between the bone density values
from computerized tomography, and implant stability parameters: A clinical study of 230 regular platform
implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(8), 716-722.
Wang, K., Li, D. H., Guo, J. F., Liu, B. L., & Shi, S. Q. (2009). Effects of buccal bi-cortical anchorages on
primary stability of dental implants: A numerical approach of natural frequency analysis. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation, 36(4), 284-291.
Weng, D., Hoffmeyer, M., Hürzeler, M. B., & Richter, E. -. (2003). Osseotite® vs. machined surface in poor
bone quality: A study in dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(6), 703-708.
Wilmes, B., & Drescher, D. (2009). Impact of insertion depth and predrilling diameter on primary stability of
orthodontic mini-implants. Angle Orthodontist, 79(4), 609-614.
BONE TO IMPLANT CONTACT
Abrahamsson, I., & Cardaropoli, G. (2007). Peri-implant hard and soft tissue integration to dental implants
made of titanium and gold. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 18(3), 269-274.
Anitua, E., Ardanza, B., Paponneau, A., Nurden, A. T., Nurden, P., & Andia, I. (2001). Clots from platelet-rich
plasma promotes bone regeneration in so doing reducing the time needed for dental implants and favoring their
osteointegration. Blood, 98(11 PART I)
Antonio Sanz, R., Oyarzün, A., Farias, D., & Diaz, I. (2001). Experimental study of bone response to a new
surface treatment of endosseous titanium implants. Implant Dentistry, 10(2), 126-131.
![Page 20: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 20
Artzi, Z., Tal, H., & Dayan, D. (2001). Porous bovine bone mineral in healing of human extraction sockets: 2.
histochemical observations at 9 months. Journal of Periodontology, 72(2), 152-159.
Att, W., Hori, N., Takeuchi, M., Ouyang, J., Yang, Y., Anpo, M., et al. (2009). Time-dependent degradation of
titanium osteoconductivity: An implication of biological aging of implant materials. Biomaterials, 30(29), 5352-
5363.
Att, W., Tsukimura, N., Suzuki, T., & Ogawa, T. (2007). Effect of supramicron roughness characteristics
produced by 1- and 2-step acid etching on the osseointegration capability of titanium. International Journal of
Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(5), 719-728.
Baggi, L., Cappelloni, I., Di Girolamo, M., Maceri, F., & Vairo, G. (2008). The influence of implant diameter and
length on stress distribution of osseointegrated implants related to crestal bone geometry: A three-dimensional
finite element analysis. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 100(6), 422-431.
Becelli, R., Morello, R., Renzi, G., & Dominici, C. (2007). Treatment of oligodontia with endo-osseous fixtures:
Experience in eight consecutive patients at the end of dental growth. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 18(6),
1327-1330.
Block, M. S., Finger, I., & Lytle, R. (2002). Human mineralized bone in extraction sites before implant
placement: Preliminary results. Journal of the American Dental Association, 133(12), 1631-1638.
Block, M. S., Mercante, D. E., Lirette, D., Mohamed, W., Ryser, M., & Castellon, P. (2009). Prospective
evaluation of immediate and delayed provisional single tooth restorations. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 67(11 Suppl), 89-
107.
Bornstein, M. M., Chappuis, V., Von Arx, T., & Buser, D. (2008). Performance of dental implants after staged
sinus floor elevation procedures: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially edentulous patients. Clinical
Oral Implants Research, 19(10), 1034-1043.
Bornstein, M. M., Harnisch, H., Lussi, A., & Buser, D. (2007). Clinical performance of wide-body implants with a
sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface: Results of a 3-year follow-up study in a referral clinic. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(4), 631-638.
Bornstein, M. M., Hart, C. N., Halbritter, S. A., Morton, D., & Buser, D. (2009). Early loading of nonsubmerged
titanium implants with a chemically modified sand-blasted and acid-etched surface: 6-month results of a
prospective case series study in the posterior mandible focusing on peri-implant crestal bone changes and
implant stability quotient (ISQ) values. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(4), 338-347.
Bornstein, M. M., Schmid, B., Belser, U. C., Lussi, A., & Buser, D. (2005). Early loading of non-submerged
titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially
edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 16(6), 631-638.
Bozkaya, D., Muftu, S., & Muftu, A. (2004). Evaluation of load transfer characteristics of five different implants
in compact bone at different load levels by finite elements analysis. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 92(6), 523-
530.
![Page 21: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 21
Buser, D., Halbritter, S., Hart, C., Bornstein, M. M., Grütter, L., Chappuis, V., et al. (2009). Early implant
placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone:
12-month results of a prospective study with 20 consecutive patients. Journal of Periodontology, 80(1), 152-
162.
Chacon, G. E., Stine, E. A., Larsen, P. E., Beck, F. M., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2006). Effect of alendronate on
endosseous implant integration: An in vivo study in rabbits. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 64(7),
1005-1009.
Cornelini, R., Cangini, F., Covani, U., Barone, A., & Buser, D. (2006). Immediate loading of implants with 3-unit
fixed partial dentures: A 12-month clinical study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(6),
914-918.
Cricchio, G., Palma, V. C., Faria, P. E. P., De Oliveira, J. A., Lundgren, S., Sennerby, L., et al. (2009).
Histological findings following the use of a space-making device for bone reformation and implant integration in
the maxillary sinus of primates. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(SUPPL. 1)
Davarpanah, M., & Szmukler-Moncler, S. (2009). Unconventional implant treatment: I. implant placement in
contact with ankylosed root fragments. A series of five case reports: Case report. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 20(8), 851-856.
Davies, J. E. (1998). Mechanisms of endosseous integration. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(5),
391-401.
De Maeztu, M. A., Alava, J. I., & Gay-Escoda, C. (2003). Ion implantation: Surface treatment for improving the
bone integration of titanium and Ti6Al4V dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(1), 57-62.
Dettin, M., Conconi, M. T., Gambaretto, R., Bagno, A., Di Bello, C., Menti, A. M., et al. (2005). Effect of
synthetic peptides on osteoblast adhesion. Biomaterials, 26(22), 4507-4515.
Ding, X., Zhu, X. -., Liao, S. -., Zhang, X. -., & Chen, H. (2009). Implant-bone interface stress distribution in
immediately loaded implants of different diameters: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of
Prosthodontics, 18(5), 393-402.
Dörtbudak, O., Haas, R., & Mailath-Pokorny, G. (2002). Effect of low-power laser irradiation on bony implant
sites. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(3), 288-292.
Ellingsen, J. E., Johansson, C. B., Wennerberg, A., & Holmén, A. (2004). Improved retention and bone-to-
implant contact with fluoride-modified titanium implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
19(5), 659-666.
Farzad, P., Andersson, L., Gunnarsson, S., & Sharma, P. (2004). Implant stability, tissue conditions, and
patient self-evaluation after treatment with osseointegrated implants in the posterior mandible. Clinical Implant
Dentistry and Related Research, 6(1), 24-32.
Froum, S. J., Simon, H., Cho, S. -., Elian, N., Rohrer, M. D., & Tarnow, D. P. (2005). Histologic evaluation of
bone-implant contact of immediately loaded transitional implants after 6 to 27 months. International Journal of
Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(1), 54-60.
![Page 22: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 22
Garcia, R. V., Kraehenmann, M. A., Bezerra, F. J. B., Mendes, C. M. C., & Rapp, G. E. (2008). Clinical analysis
of the soft tissue integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: A prospective-controlled
cohort study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(10), 991-996.
Grassi, S., Piattelli, A., Ferrari, D. S., Figueiredo, L. C., Feres, M., Iezzi, G., et al. (2007). Histologic evaluation
of human bone integration on machined and sandblasted acid-etched titanium surfaces in type IV bone. The
Journal of Oral Implantology, 33(1), 8-12.
Guarnieri, R., Grassi, R., Ripari, M., & Pecora, G. (2006). Maxillary sinus augmentation using granular calcium
sulfate (surgiplaster sinus): Radiographic and histologic study at 2 years. International Journal of Periodontics
and Restorative Dentistry, 26(1), 79-85.
Iezzi, G., Scarano, A., Mangano, C., Cirotti, B., & Piattelli, A. (2008). Histologic results from a human implant
retrieved due to fracture 5 years after insertion in a sinus augmented with anorganic bovine bone. Journal of
Periodontology, 79(1), 192-198.
Ivanoff, C. -., Hallgren, C., Widmark, G., Sennerby, L., & Wennerberg, A. (2001). Histologic evaluation of the
bone integration of TiO2 blasted and turned titanium microimplants in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research,
12(2), 128-134.
Jeong, S. -., Choi, B. -., Li, J., & Xuan, F. (2008). The effect of thick mucosa on peri-implant tissues: An
experimental study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology, 79(11), 2151-2155.
Johnsson, A. A., Sawaii, T., Jacobsson, M., Granström, G., & Turesson, I. (2000). A histomorphometric and
biomechanical study of the effect of delayed titanium implant placement in irradiated rabbit bone. Clinical
Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 2(1), 42-49.
Khang, W., Feldman, S., Hawley, C. E., & Gunsolley, J. (2001). A multi-center study comparing dual acid-
etched and machined-surfaced implants in various bone qualities. Journal of Periodontology, 72(10), 1384-
1390.
Klokkevold, P. R., Johnson, P., Dadgostari, S., Caputo, A., Davies, J. E., & Nishimura, R. D. (2001). Early
endosseous integration enhanced by dual acid etching of titanium: A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clinical
Oral Implants Research, 12(4), 350-357.
Kronström, M., Svensson, B., Erickson, E., Houston, L., Braham, P., & Persson, G. R. (2000). Humoral
immunity host factors in subjects with failing or successful titanium dental implants. Journal of Clinical
Periodontology, 27(12), 875-882.
Lima, L. A., Fuchs-Wehrle, A. M., Lang, N. P., Hämmerle, C. H. F., Liberti, E., Pompeu, E., et al. (2003).
Surface characteristics of implants influence their bone integration after simultaneous placement of implant and
GBR membrane. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(6), 669-679.
Masuda, T., Yliheikkilä, P. K., Felton, D. A., & Cooper, L. F. (1998). Generalizations regarding the process and
phenomenon of osseointegration. part I. in vivo studies. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
13(1), 17-29.
![Page 23: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 23
Mau, J., Behneke, A., Behneke, N., Fritzemeier, C. U., Gomez-Roman, G., D'Hoedt, B., et al. (2002).
Randomized multicenter comparison of two coatings of intramobile cylinder implants in 313 partially edentulous
mandibles followed up for 5 years. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(5), 477-487.
Mijiritsky, E., Mardinger, O., Mazor, Z., & Chaushu, G. (2009). Immediate provisionalization of single-tooth
implants in fresh-extraction sites at the maxillary esthetic zone: Up to 6 years of follow-up. Implant Dentistry,
18(4), 326-333.
Munisamy, S., Vaidyanathan, T. K., & Vaidyanathan, J. (2008). A bone-like precoating strategy for implants:
Collagen immobilization and mineralization on pure titanium implant surface. The Journal of Oral Implantology,
34(2), 67-75.
Natali, A. N., Meroi, E. A., Williams, K. R., & Calabrese, L. (1997). Investigation of the integration process of
dental implants by means of a numerical analysis of dynamic response. Dental Materials : Official Publication of
the Academy of Dental Materials, 13(5), 325-332.
Norton, M. R., & Wilson, J. (2002). Dental implants placed in extraction sites implanted with bioactive glass:
Human histology and clinical outcome. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 17(2), 249-257.
Ogawa, T., Sukotjo, C., & Nishimura, I. (2002). Modulated bone matrix-related gene expression is associated
with differences in interfacial strength of different implant surface roughness. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(4),
241-247.
Ormianer, Z., & Palti, A. (2006). Long-term clinical evaluation of tapered multi-threaded implants: Results and
influences of potential risk factors. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 32(6), 300-307.
Ozawa, S., Ogawa, T., Iida, K., Sukotjo, C., Hasegawa, H., Nishimura, R. D., et al. (2002). Ovariectomy hinders
the early stage of bone-implant integration: Histomorphometric, biomechanical, and molecular analyses. Bone,
30(1), 137-143.
Piattelli, A., Degidi, M., Paolantonio, M., Mangano, C., & Scarano, A. (2003). Residual aluminum oxide on the
surface of titanium implants has no effect on osseointegration. Biomaterials, 24(22), 4081-4089.
Rachmiel, A., Aizenbud, D., & Peled, M. (2004). Enhancement of bone formation by bone morphogenetic
protein-2 during alveolar distraction: An experimental study in sheep. Journal of Periodontology, 75(11), 1524-
1531.
Salata, L. A., Burgos, P. M., Rasmusson, L., Novaes, A. B., Papalexiou, V., Dahlin, C., et al. (2007).
Osseointegration of oxidized and turned implants in circumferential bone defects with and without adjunctive
therapies: An experimental study on BMP-2 and autogenous bone graft in the dog mandible. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 36(1), 62-71.
Salata, L. A., Franke-Stenport, V., & Rasmusson, L. (2002). Recent outcomes and perspectives of the
application of bone morphogenetic proteins in implant dentistry. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related
Research, 4(1), 27-32.
Schimming, R., & Schmelzeisen, R. (2004). Tissue-engineered bone for maxillary sinus augmentation. Journal
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 62(6), 724-729.
![Page 24: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 24
Schwarz, F., Ferrari, D., Herten, M., Mihatovic, I., Wieland, M., Sager, M., et al. (2007). Effects of surface
hydrophilicity and microtopography on early stages of soft and hard tissue integration at non-submerged
titanium implants: An immunohistochemical study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology, 78(11), 2171-2184.
Shabahang, S., Bohsali, K., Boyne, P. J., Caplanis, N., Lozada, J., & Torabinejad, M. (2003). Effect of teeth
with periradicular lesions on adjacent dental implants. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and Endodontics, 96(3), 321-326.
Schure
Shibli, J. A., Marcantonio, E., d'Avila, S., Guastaldi, A. C., & Marcantonio Jr., E. (2005). Analysis of failed
commercially pure titanium dental implants: A scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive
spectrometer X-ray study. Journal of Periodontology, 76(7), 1092-1099.
Simon, H., & Caputo, A. A. (2002). Removal torque of immediately loaded transitional endosseous implants in
human subjects. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 17(6), 839-845.
Sjöström, M., Lundgren, S., & Sennerby, L. (2006). A histomorphometric comparison of the bone graft-titanium
interface between interpositional and onlay/inlay bone grafting techniques. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 52-62.
Stach, R. M., & Kohles, S. S. (2003). A meta-analysis examining the clinical survivability of machined-surfaced
and osseotite implants in poor-quality bone. Implant Dentistry, 12(1), 87-96.
Stenport, V. F., & Johansson, C. B. (2008). Evaluations of bone tissue integration to pure and alloyed titanium
implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(3), 191-199.
Sul, Y. -., Johansson, C., Wennerberg, A., Cho, L. -., Chang, B. -., & Albrektsson, T. (2005). Optimum surface
properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: Surface chemistry, oxide thickness,
porosity, roughness, and crystal structure. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(3), 349-
359.
Triplett, R. G., Nevins, M., Marx, R. E., Spagnoli, D. B., Oates, T. W., Moy, P. K., et al. (2009). Pivotal,
randomized, parallel evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/Absorbable collagen
sponge and autogenous bone graft for maxillary sinus floor augmentation. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, 67(9), 1947-1960.
Turkyilmaz, I., Aksoy, U., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2008). Two alternative surgical techniques for enhancing
primary implant stability in the posterior maxilla: A clinical study including bone density, insertion torque, and
resonance frequency analysis data. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(4), 231-237.
Van De Velde, T., Thevissen, E., Persson, G. R., Johansson, C., & De Bruyn, H. (2009). Two-year outcome
with Nobel Direct® implants: A retrospective radiographic and microbiologic study in 10 patients. Clinical
Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(3), 183-193.
Veis, A. A., Trisi, P., Papadimitriou, S., Tsirlis, A. T., Parissis, N. A., Desiris, A. K., et al. (2004).
Osseointegration of osseotite® and machined titanium implants in autogenous bone graft. A histologic and
histomorphometric study in dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 15(1), 54-61.
![Page 25: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 25
Veltri, M., Balleri, P., & Ferrari, M. (2007). Influence of transducer orientation on osstell™ stability
measurements of osseointegrated implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 9(1), 60-64.
Vignoletti, F., Johansson, C., Albrektsson, T., De Sanctis, M., San Roman, F., & Sanz, M. (2009). Early healing
of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets: An experimental study in the beagle dog. de novo bone
formation. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(3), 265-277.
Wadamoto, M., Akagawa, Y., Sato, Y., & Kubo, T. (1996). The three-dimensional bone interface of an
osseointegrated implant. I: A morphometric evaluation in initial healing. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 76(2),
170-175.
Werner, S., Huck, O., Frisch, B., Vautier, D., Elkaim, R., Voegel, J. -., et al. (2009). The effect of
microstructured surfaces and laminin-derived peptide coatings on soft tissue interactions with titanium dental
implants. Biomaterials, 30(12), 2291-2301.
Zreiqat, H., Valenzuela, S. M., Nissan, B. B., Roest, R., Knabe, C., Radlanski, R. J., et al. (2005). The effect of
surface chemistry modification of titanium alloy on signalling pathways in human osteoblasts. Biomaterials,
26(36), 7579-7586.
IMPLANT RISK FACTORS
Abadzhiev, M., & Balcheva, M. (2009). Diabetes and implant treatment: A case report. Biotechnology and
Biotechnological Equipment, 23(3), 1388-1390.
Abdulwassie, H., & Dhanrajani, P. J. (2002). Diabetes mellitus and dental implants: A clinical study. Implant
Dentistry, 11(1), 83-86.
Agerbaek, M. R., Lang, N. P., & Persson, G. R. (2006). Comparisons of bacterial patterns present at implant
and tooth sites in subjects on supportive periodontal therapy: I. impact of clinical variables, gender and
smoking. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17(1), 18-24.
Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2007). Impact of local and systemic factors on
the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(7), 610-
617.
Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2008). Impact of local and systemic factors on
the incidence of late oral implant loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(7), 670-676.
Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Michiles, K., Teughels, W., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2008). Impact of
local and systemic factors on the incidence of failures up to abutment connection with modified surface oral
implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(1), 51-57.
Amorim, M. A. L. (2008). Bone mineral density and mandibular bone quality in patients receiving dental
implants: Reply to Dr. Taguchi. Osteoporosis International, 19(4), 589.
Assael, L. A. (2009). Oral bisphosphonates as a cause of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws:
Clinical findings, assessment of risks, and preventive strategies. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(5
SUPPL.), 35-43.
![Page 26: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 26
Ataoglu, H., Alptekin, N. O., Haliloglu, S., Gursel, M., Ataoglu, T., Serpek, B., et al. (2002). Interleukin-Iβ, tumor
necrosis factor-α levels and neutrophil elastase activity in peri-implant crevicular fluid: Correlation with clinical
parameters and effect of smoking. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(5), 470-476.
Ay, S., Gursoy, U. K., Erselcan, T., & Marakoglu, I. (2005). Assessment of mandibular bone mineral density in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 34(6), 327-331.
Baig, M. R., & Rajan, M. (2007). Effects of smoking on the outcome of implant treatment: A literature review.
Indian Journal of Dental Research, 18(4), 190-195.
Bain CA, Weng D, Melter A (2002) A meta-analysis evaluating the risk for implant failure in patients who
smoke. Comp. Cont. Ed. Dent. 23:695-699.
Balatsouka, D., Gotfredsen, K., Lindh, C. H., & Berglundh, T. (2005). The impact of nicotine on
osseointegration: An experimental study in the femur and tibia of rabbits. Clinical Oral Implants Research,
16(4), 389-395.
Balshe, A. A., Eckert, M. E., Koka, S., Assad, D. A., & Weaver, A. L. (2008). The effects of smoking on the
survival of smooth- and rough-surface dental implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
23(6), 1117-1122.
Balshi, S. F., Wolfinger, G. J., & Balshi, T. J. (2007). An examination of immediately loaded dental implant
stability in the diabetic patient using resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Quintessence International, 38(4),
271-279.
Balshi, T. J., & Wolfinger, G. J. (1999). Dental implants in the diabetic patient: A retrospective study. Implant
Dentistry, 8(4), 355-359.
Barasch, A., Safford, M. M., Litaker, M. S., & Gilbert, G. H. (2008). Risk factors for oral postoperative infection
in patients with diabetes. Special Care in Dentistry, 28(4), 159-166.
Barasch, A., Safford, M. M., Litaker, M. S., & Gilbert, G. H. (2008). Risk factors for oral postoperative infection
in patients with diabetes. Special Care in Dentistry, 28(4), 159-166.
Barker, D., Nohl, F. S., Postlethwaite, K. R., & Smith, D. G. (2008). Case report of multiple implant failure in a
patient with ankylosing spondylitis. The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 16(1),
20-23.
Bianchi, A., & Sanfilippo, F. (2002). Osteoporosis: The effect on mandibular bone resorption and therapeutic
possibilities by means of implant prostheses. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry,
22(3), 231-239.
Bugea, C., Luongo, R., Di Iorio, D., Cocchetto, R., & Celletti, R. (2008). Bone contact around osseointegrated
implants: Histologic analysis of a dual-acid-etched surface implant in a diabetic patient. International Journal of
Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 28(2), 145-151.
Carvalho, M. D., Benatti, B. B., César-Neto, J. B., Nociti Jr., F. H., da Rocha Nogueira Filho, G., Casati, M. Z.,
et al. (2006). Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium
implants: A histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 77(4), 599-605.
![Page 27: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 27
Casap, N., Nimri, S., Ziv, E., Sela, J., & Samuni, Y. (2008). Type 2 diabetes has minimal effect on
osseointegration of titanium implants in psammomys obesus. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(5), 458-464.
César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone density around titanium implants
may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Implants, 20(5), 713-719.
César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., Sallum, A. W., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone filling around
titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. Journal of Periodontology,
76(9), 1476-1481.
César-Neto, J. B., Duarte, P. M., Sallum, E. A., Barbieri, D., Moreno Jr., H., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2003). A
comparative study on the effect of nicotine administration and cigarette smoke inhalation on bone healing
around titanium implants. Journal of Periodontology, 74(10), 1454-1459.
Chee W. Jivraj S. (2007) Failures in implant dentistry. Br Dent J,. 202(3): p. 123-9.
Cho, P., Schneider, G. B., Kellogg, B., Zaharias, R., & Keller, J. C. (2006). Effect of glucocorticoid-induced
osteoporotic-like conditions on osteoblast cell attachment to implant surface microtopographies. Implant
Dentistry, 15(4), 377-385.
Cho, P., Schn=eider, G. B., Krizan, K., & Keller, J. C. (2004). Examination of the bone-implant interface in
experimentally induced osteoporotic bone. Implant Dentistry, 13(1), 79-87.
Chung, D. M., Oh, T. -., Lee, J., Misch, C. E., & Wang, H. -. (2007). Factors affecting late implant bone loss: A
retrospective analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(1), 117-126.
Correa, M. G., Gomes Campos, M. L., César-Neto, J. B., Casati, M. Z., Nociti, F. H., & Sallum, E. A. (2009).
Histometric evaluation of bone around titanium implants with different surface treatments in rats exposed to
cigarette smoke inhalation. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(6), 588-593.
DeLuca, S., Habsha, E., & Zarb, G. A. (2006). The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. part I:
Implant survival. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(5), 491-498.
DeLuca, S., & Zarb, G. (2006). The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. part II: Peri-implant
bone loss. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(6), 560-566.
De Melo, L., Piattelli, A., Lezzi, G., D'Avila, S., Zenóbio, E. G., & Shibli, J. A. (2008). Human histologic
evaluation of a six-year-old threaded implant retrieved from a subject with osteoporosis. Journal of
Contemporary Dental Practice, 9(3), 099-105.
De Morais, J. A. N. D., Trindade-Suedam, I. K., Pepato, M. T., Marcantonio Jr, E., Wenzel, A., & Scaf, G.
(2009). Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on bone density around osseointegrated dental implants:
A digital subtraction radiography study in rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(8), 796-801.
Dowell, S., Oates, T. W., & Robinson, M. (2007). Implant success in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus with
varying glycemic control: A pilot study. Journal of the American Dental Association, 138(3), 355-361.
![Page 28: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 28
Doyle, S. L., Hodges, J. S., Pesun, I. J., Baisden, M. K., & Bowles, W. R. (2007). Factors affecting outcomes
for single-tooth implants and endodontic restorations. Journal of Endodontics, 33(4), 399-402.
Du, Z., Chen, J., Yan, F., & Xiao, Y. (2009). Effects of simvastatin on bone healing around titanium implants in
osteoporotic rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(2), 145-150.
Eder, A., & Watzek, G. (1999). Treatment of a patient with severe osteoporosis and chronic polyarthritis with
fixed implant-supported prosthesis: A case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
14(4), 587-590.
Erdo?an, Ö., Shafer, D. M., Taxel, P., & Freilich, M. A. (2007). A review of the association between
osteoporosis and alveolar ridge augmentation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology
and Endodontology, 104(6)
Farzad, P., Andersson, L., & Nyberg, J. (2002). Dental implant treatment in diabetic patients. Implant Dentistry,
11(3), 262-267.
Ferreira, S. D., Silva, G. L. M., Cortelli, J. R., Costa, J. E., & Costa, F. O. (2006). Prevalence and risk variables
for peri-implant disease in brazilian subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 33(12), 929-935.
Fiorellini, J. P., Chen, P. K., Nevins, M., & Nevins, M. L. (2000). A retrospective study of dental implants in
diabetic patients. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 20(4), 367-373.
Fiorellini, J. P., & Nevins, M. L. (2000). Dental implant considerations in the diabetic patient. Periodontology
2000, 23(1), 73-77.
Fiorellini, J. P., Nevins, M. L., Norkin, A., Weber, H. P., & Karimbux, N. Y. (1999). The effect of insulin therapy
on osseointegration in a diabetic rat model. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 10(5), 362-368.
Fujimoto, T., Niimi, A., Nakai, H., & Ueda, M. (1996). Osseointegrated implants in a patient with osteoporosis: A
case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 11(4), 539-542.
Giro, G., Gonçalves, D., Sakakura, C. E., Pereira, R. M. R., Marcantonio Júnior, E., & Orrico, S. R. P. (2008).
Influence of estrogen deficiency and its treatment with alendronate and estrogen on bone density around
osseointegrated implants: Radiographic study in female rats. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology and Endodontology, 105(2), 162-167.
Granström, G. (2006). Placement of dental implants in irradiated bone: The case for using hyperbaric oxygen.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 64(5), 812-818.
Gruica, B., Wang, H. -., Lang, N. P., & Buser, D. (2004). Impact of IL-1 genotype and smoking status on the
prognosis of osseointegrated implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 15(4), 393-400.
Haas, R., Haimböek, W., Mailath, G., & Watzek, G. (1996). The relationship of smoking on peri-implant tissue:
A retrospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 76(6), 592-596.
Hardt CRE, Gröndahl K, Lekholm U, Wennström JL. (2002) Outcome of implant therapy in relation to
experienced loss of periodontal bone support: a retrospective 5- year study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 13(5): p.
488-94.
![Page 29: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 29
Hasegawa, H., Ozawa, S., Hashimoto, K., Takeichi, T., & Ogawa, T. (2008). Type 2 diabetes impairs implant
osseointegration capacity in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 23(2), 237-246.
Heersche, J. N., Bellows, C. G., & Ishida, Y. (1998). The decrease in bone mass associated with aging and
menopause. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 79(1), 14-16.
Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Huynh-Ba G. (2009). History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risks for implant
therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 (Suppl):39-69.
Herzberg, R., Dolev, E., & Schwartz-Arad, D. (2006). Implant marginal bone loss in maxillary sinus grafts.
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 103-110.
Hohlweg-Majert, B., Schmelzeisen, R., Pfeiffer, B. M., & Schneider, E. (2006). Significance of osteoporosis in
craniomaxillofacial surgery: A review of the literature. Osteoporosis International, 17(2), 167-179.
Huynh-Ba, G., Friedberg, J. R., Vogiatzi, D., & Ioannidou, E. (2008). Implant failure predictors in the posterior
maxilla: A retrospective study of 273 consecutive implants. Journal of Periodontology, 79(12), 2256-2261.
Hwang, D., & Wang, H. -. (2007). Medical contraindications to implant therapy: Part II: Relative
contraindications. Implant Dentistry, 16(1), 13-23.
Ikebe, K., Wada, M., Kagawa, R., & Maeda, Y. (2009). Is old age a risk factor for dental implants? Japanese
Dental Science Review, 45(1), 59-64.
Javed F, Almas K. (2010) Osseointegration of dental implants in patients undergoing bisphosphonate
treatment: a literature review. J Periodontol. 81(4): p. 479-84.
Kan, J. Y., Rungcharassaeng, K., Lozada, J. L., & Goodacre, C. J. (1999). Effects of smoking on implant
success in grafted maxillary sinuses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82(3), 307-311.
Kapur, K. K., Garrett, N. R., Hamada, M. O., Roumanas, E. D., Freymiller, E., Han, T., et al. (1999).
Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and
conventional dentures in diabetic patients. part III: Comparisons of patient satisfaction. The Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry, 82(4), 416-427.
Kasai, T., Pogrel, M. A., & Hossaini, M. (2009). The prognosis for dental implants placed in patients taking oral
bisphosphonates. Journal of the California Dental Association, 37(1), 39-42.
Kasugai, S. (2006). Dental implant treatment to osteoporosis patients. Clinical Calcium., 16(2), 124-129.
Keller, J. C., Stewart, M., Roehm, M., & Schneider, G. B. (2004). Osteoporosis-like bone conditions affect
osseointegration of implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 19(5), 687-694.
Klokkevold PR, Han TJ. (2007). How do smoking, diabetes, and periodontitis affect outcomes of implant
treatment? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 22 (suppl):173-202.
Kopman, J. A., Kim, D. M., Rahman, S. S., Arandia, J. A., Karimbux, N. Y., & Fiorellini, J. P. (2005). Modulating
the effects of diabetes on osseointegration with aminoguanidine and doxycycline. Journal of Periodontology,
76(4), 614-620.
![Page 30: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 30
Kumar A, Jaffin RA, Berman C (2002) The effect of smoking on achieving osseointegration of surface-modified
implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17:816-819.
Kwon, P. T., Rahman, S. S., Kim, D. M., Kopman, J. A., Karimbux, N. Y., & Fiorellini, J. P. (2005). Maintenance
of osseointegration utilizing insulin therapy in a diabetic rat model. Journal of Periodontology, 76(4), 621-626.
Lindh, C., Nilsson, M., Klinge, B., & Petersson, A. (1996). Quantitative computed tomography of trabecular
bone in the mandible. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 25(3), 146-150.
Lindh, C., Petersson, A., Klinge, B., & Nilsson, M. (1997). Trabecular bone volume and bone mineral density in
the mandible. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 26(2), 101-106.
Lugero, G. G., De Falco Caparbo, V., Guzzo, M. L., König Jr., B., & Jorgetti, V. (2000). Histomorphometric
evaluation of titanium implants in osteoporotic rabbits. Implant Dentistry, 9(4), 303-307.
Machtei, E. E., Mahler, D., Oettinger-Barak, O., Zuabi, O., & Horwitz, J. (2008). Dental implants placed in
previously failed sites: Survival rate and factors affecting the outcome. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(3),
259-264.
Madrid, C., & Sanz, M. (2009). What impact do systemically administrated bisphosphonates have on oral
implant therapy? A systematic review. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(SUPPL. 4), 87-95.
Marco, F., Milena, F., Gianluca, G., & Vittoria, O. (2005). Peri-implant osteogenesis in health and osteoporosis.
Micron, 36(7-8), 630-644.
Margonar, R., Sakakura, C. E., Holzhausen, M., Pepato, M. T., Alba, R. C., & Marcantonio, E. (2003). The
influence of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on biomechanical retention around dental implants: A study in
rabbits. Implant Dentistry, 12(4), 333-339.
Máximo, M. B., de Mendonça, A. C., Alves, J. F., Cortelli, S. C., Peruzzo, D. C., & Duarte, P. M. (2008). Peri-
implant diseases may be associated with increased time loading and generalized periodontal bone loss:
Preliminary results. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 34(5), 268-273.
McCracken, M. S., Aponte-Wesson, R., Chavali, R., & Lemons, J. E. (2006). Bone associated with implants in
diabetic and insulin-treated rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17(5), 495-500.
Machtei, E. E., Mahler, D., Oettinger-Barak, O., Zuabi, O., & Horwitz, J. (2008). Dental implants placed in
previously failed sites: Survival rate and factors affecting the outcome. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(3),
259-264.
Mellado-Valero, A., Ferrer-Garcia JC, Herrera-Ballester A, Labaig-Rueda C. (2007) Effects of diabetes on the
osseointegration of dental implants. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 12(1): p. E38-43.
Mendes-Duarte P, Neto JBC, Gonçalves PF, Sallum EA, ; Nociti FH Jr. (2003) Estrogen deficiency affects bone
healing around titanium implants: a histometric study in rats. Implant Dent. 12(4): p. 340-6.
Mengel R, Schroder T, Flores-de-Jacoby L. (2001) Osseointegrated implants in patients treated for generalized
chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis: 3- and 5-year results of a prospective long-term
study. J Periodontol. 72(8): p. 977-89.
![Page 31: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 31
Moheng, P., & Feryn, J. -. (2005). Clinical and biologic factors related to oral implant failure: A 2-year follow-up
study. Implant Dentistry, 14(3), 281-288.
Mombelli, A., & Cionca, N. (2006). Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 17(SUPPL. 2), 97-103.
Mombelli, A., & Cionca, N. (2006). Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 17(SUPPL. 2), 97-103.
Moy, P. K., Medina, D., Shetty, V., & Aghaloo, T. L. (2005). Dental implant failure rates and associated risk
factors. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(4), 569-577.
Mundt, T., Mack, F., Schwahn, C., & Biffar, R. (2006). Private practice results of screw-type tapered implants:
Survival and evaluation of risk factors. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(4), 607-614.
Neukam, F. W., Flemmig, T. F., Bain, C., Chiapasco, M., Esposito, M., Gottfredsen, K., et al. (2006). Local and
systemic conditions potentially compromising osseointegration consensus report of working group 3. Clinical
Oral Implants Research, 17(SUPPL. 2), 160-162.
Nevins, M. L., Karimbux, N. Y., Weber, H. P., Giannobile, W. V., & Fiorellini, J. P. (1998). Wound healing
around endosseous implants in experimental diabetes. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants,
13(5), 620-629.
Nitzan, D., Mamlider, A., Levin, L., & Schwartz-Arad, D. (2005). Impact of smoking on marginal bone loss.
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(4), 605-609.
Nociti Jr., F. H., Neto, J. B. C., Carvalho, M. D., Sallum, E. A., & Sallum, A. W. (2002). Intermittent cigarette
smoke inhalation may affect bone volume around titanium implants in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 73(9),
982-987.
Oates, T. W., Caraway, D., & Jones, J. (2004). Relation between smoking and biomarkers of bone resorption
associated with dental endosseous implants. Implant Dentistry, 13(4), 352-357.
Oates, T. W., Dowell, S., Robinson, M., & McMahan, C. A. (2009). Glycemic control and implant stabilization in
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Dental Research, 88(4), 367-371.
Olson, J. W., Shernoff, A. F., Tarlow, J. L., Colwell, J. A., Scheetz, J. P., & Bingham, S. F. (2000). Dental
endosseous implant assessments in a type 2 diabetic population: A prospective study. International Journal of
Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 15(6), 811-818.
Peled, M., Ardekian, L., Tagger-Green, N., Gutmacher, Z., & Machtei, E. E. (2003). Dental implants in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinical study. Implant Dentistry, 12(2), 116-122.
Pirih, F. Q., Zablotsky, M., Cordell, K., & McCauley, L. K. (2009). Case report of implant placement in a patient
with paget's disease on bisphosphonate therapy. The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association, 91(5), 38-43.
Queiroz, D. A., Cortelli, J. R., Holzhausen, M., Rodrigues, E., Aquino, D. R., & Saad, W. A. (2009). Smoking
increases salivary arginase activity in patients with dental implants. Clinical Oral Investigations, 13(3), 263-267.
![Page 32: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 32
Roos-Jansåker, A. -., Renvert, H., Lindahl, C., & Renvert, S. (2006). Nine- to fourteen-year follow-up of implant
treatment. part III: Factors associated with peri-implant lesions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 33(4), 296-
301.
Rutar, A., Lang, N. P., Buser, D., Bürgin, W., & Mombelli, A. (2001). Retrospective assessment of clinical and
microbiological factors affecting periimplant tissue conditions. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(3), 189-195.
Sánchez-Pérez, A., Moya-Villaescusa, M. J., & Caffesse, R. G. (2007). Tobacco as a risk factor for survival of
dental implants. Journal of Periodontology, 78(2), 351-359.
Sanfilippo, F., & Bianchi, A. E. (2003). Osteoporosis: The effect on maxillary bone resorption and therapeutic
possibilities by means of implant prostheses - A literature review and clinical considerations. International
Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 23(5), 447-457.
Schwartz-Arad, D., Samet, N., Samet, N., & Mamlider, A. (2002). Smoking and complications of endosseous
dental implants. Journal of Periodontology, 73(2), 153-157.
Scully, C., Hobkirk, J., & Dios, P. D. (2007). Dental endosseous implants in the medically compromised patient.
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34(8), 590-599.
Scully, C., Madrid, C., & Bagan, J. (2006). Dental endosseous implants in patients on bisphosphonate therapy.
Implant Dentistry, 15(3), 212-218.
Serra, M. P. M., Llorca, C. S., & Donat, F. J. S. (2008). Oral implants in patients receiving bisphosphonates: A
review and update. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 13(12)
Shibli, J. A., Aguiar, K. C., Melo, L., Ferrari, D. S., D'Avila, S., Iezzi, G., et al. (2008). Histologic analysis of
human peri-implant bone in type 1 osteoporosis. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 34(1), 12-16.
Shibli, J. A., Aguiar, K. C. D. S., Melo, L., d'Avila, S., Zenóbio, E. G., Faveri, M., et al. (2008). Histological
comparison between implants retrieved from patients with and without osteoporosis. International Journal of
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 37(4), 321-327.
Shibli, J. A., Grande, P. A., D'Avila, S., Iezzi, G., & Piattelli, A. (2008). Evaluation of human bone around a
dental implant retrieved from a subject with osteoporosis. General Dentistry, 56(1), 64-67.
Shyng, Y. -., Devlin, H., & Ou, K. -. (2006). Bone formation around immediately placed oral implants in diabetic
rats. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(5), 513-514.
Siqueira, J. T., Cavalher-Machado, S. C., Arana-Chavez, V. E., & Sannomiya, P. (2003). Bone formation
around titanium implants in the rat tibia: Role of insulin. Implant Dentistry, 12(3), 242-251.
Slagter, K. W., Raghoebar, G. M., & Vissink, A. (2008). Osteoporosis and edentulous jaws. International
Journal of Prosthodontics, 21(1), 19-26.
Takeshita, F., Iyama, S., Ayukawa, Y., Kido, M. A., Murai, K., & Suetsugu, T. (1997). The effects of diabetes on
the interface between hydroxyapatite implants and bone in rat tibia. Journal of Periodontology, 68(2), 180-185.
![Page 33: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 33
Tawil, G., Younan, R., Azar, P., & Sleilati, G. (2008). Conventional and advanced implant treatment in the type
II diabetic patient: Surgical protocol and long-term clinical results. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Implants, 23(4), 744-752.
Torres, J., Tamimi, F., García, I., Cebrian, J. L., López-Cabarcos, E., & Lopez, A. (2008). Management of
atrophic maxilla in severe osteoporosis treated with bisphosphonates: A case report. Oral Surgery, Oral
Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 106(5), 668-672.
Tsolaki, I. N., Madianos, P. N., & Vrotsos, J. A. (2009). Outcomes of dental implants in osteoporotic patients. A
literature review. Journal of Prosthodontics, 18(4), 309-323.
Urade, M. (2009). New development in bisphosphonate treatment. bisphosphonate therapy and osteonecrosis
of the jaws. Clinical Calcium, 19(1), 100-108.
Van Steenberghe, D., Jacobs, R., Desnyder, M., Maffei, G., & Quirynen, M. (2002). The relative impact of local
and endogenous patient-related factors on implant failure up to the abutment stage. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 13(6), 617-622.
Van Steenberghe, D., Quirynen, M., Molly, L., & Jacobs, R. (2003). Impact of systemic diseases and
medication on osseointegration. Periodontology 2000, 33, 163-171.
Virdee P, Bishop K. (2007) A review of the aetiology and management of fractured dental implants and a case
report. Br Dent J,. 203(8): p. 461-6.
Wang, H. -., Weber, D., & McCauley, L. K. (2007). Effect of long-term oral bisphosphonates on implant wound
healing: Literature review and a case report. Journal of Periodontology, 78(3), 584-594.
Zupnik, J. Kim S-W., Ravens D., Karimbux N., Guze K. (2011) Factors associated with dental implant survival:
a 4-year retrospective analysis. J Periodontol, 82(10): p. 1390-5.
PERI-IMPLANTITIS/PERI-IMPLANT MUCOCITIS
Aghazadeh A, Rutger Persson G, Renvert S (2012). A single-centre randomized controlled clinical trial on the
adjunct treatment of intra-bony defects with autogenous bone or a xenograft: results after 12 months. J Clin
Periodontol. 39(7):666-673
Algraffee H, Borumandi F, Cascarini L. (2012). Peri-implantitis. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 50:689-694.
Aljateeli M, Fu J-H, Wang H-L. (2012). Managing Peri-Implant Bone Loss: Current Understanding. Clin. Impl.
Dent Related Res. 14(S1):e109-e118.
Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2006). The importance of implant surface characteristics in
the replacement of failed implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(2), 270-274.
American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) report (2013). Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current
understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. J Periodontol.84(4):436-443
Atieh MA, Alsabeeha NH, Faggion CM,Jr, Duncan WJ (2012). The Frequency of Peri-Implant Diseases: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Periodontol. Dec [Epub ahead of print]
![Page 34: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 34
Behneke, A., Behneke, N., & D'Hoedt, B. (2000). Treatment of peri-implantitis defects with autogenous bone
grafts: Six-month to 3-year results of a prospective study in 17 patients. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implants, 15(1), 125-138.
Brisman, D. L., Brisman, A. S., & Moses, M. S. (2001). Implant failures associated with asymptomatic
endodontically treated teeth. Journal of the American Dental Association, 132(2), 191-195.
Charalampakis G, Rabe P, Leonhardt A , Dahlen G (2011). A follow-up study of periimplantitis cases after
treatment. J Clin Periodontol; 38: 864–871
Claffey N, Clarke E, Polyzois I, Renvert S (2008). Surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol; 35
(Suppl. 8): 316–332.
Cornelini, R., Artese, L., Rubini, C., Fioroni, M., Ferrero, G., Santinelli, A., et al. (2001). Vascular endothelial
growth factor and microvessel density around healthy and failing dental implants. International Journal of Oral
and Maxillofacial Implants, 16(3), 389-393.
Cornelini, R., Rubini, C., Fioroni, M., Favero, G. A., Strocchi, R., & Piatteli, A. (2003). Transforming growth
factor-beta 1 expression in the peri-implant soft tissues of healthy and failing dental implants. Journal of
Periodontology, 74(4), 446-450.
Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LOM, Ferreira SD, Silva GLM, Costa JE (2012). Peri-implant disease in
subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol; 39: 173–181.
Deppe, H., Horch, H. -., Henke, J., & Donath, K. (2001). Peri-implant care of ailing implants with the carbon
dioxide laser. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 16(5), 659-667.
Deppe, H., Horch, H. -., & Neff, A. (2007). Conventional versus CO2 laser-assisted treatment of peri-implant
defects with the concomitant use of pure-phase β-tricalcium phosphate: A 5-year clinical report. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(1), 79-86.
Dereka X, Mardas N, Chin S, Petrie A, Donos N (2012). A Systematic review on the association between
genetic predisposition and dental implant biological complications. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23:775-788.
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Worthington HV (2012). Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri-
implantitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
Fransson C, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Berglundh T (2005). Prevalence of subjects with progressive bone loss at
implants. Clin. Oral Impl Res. 16:440-446.
Fransson C, Wennstrom J, Berglundh T (2008). Clinical characteristics at implants with a history of progressive
bone loss. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 19:142-147.
Froum SJ, Rosen PS (2012). A proposed classification for peri-implantitis. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent.
32(5):533-540
Gouvoussis, J., Sindhusake, D., & Yeung, S. (1997). Cross-infection from periodontitis sites to failing implant
sites in the same mouth. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 12(5), 666-673.
![Page 35: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 35
Graziani F, Figuero E, Herrera D. Systematic review of quality of reporting, outcome measurements and
methods to study efficacy of preventive and therapeutic approaches to peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol
2012; 39 (Suppl. 12): 224–244.
Hallstrom H, Persson GR, Lindgren S, Olofsson M, Renvert S. Systemic antibiotics and debridement of peri-
implant mucositis. A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39: 574–581.
Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Lang NP (2010). Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-
implantitis. Periodontol 2000. 53:167-181
Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Salvi GE, Botticelli D, (2011). Anti-infective treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a
randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 22(3):237-241
Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Salvi GE, Mombelli A, Faddy M, Lang NP (2012). Anti-infective surgical therapy of per-
implantitis. A 12-month prospective clinical study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23:205-210.
Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM (2010). Prevalence of Peri-implantitis related to severity of Disease with
Different Degrees of Bone Loss. J. Periodontol. 81:231-238.
Konttinen, Y. T., Ma, J., Lappalainen, R., Laine, P., Kitti, U., Santavirta, S., et al. (2006). Immunohistochemical
evaluation of inflammatory mediators in failing implants. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative
Dentistry, 26(2), 135-141.
Koutouzis T, Catania D, Neiva K, Wallet SM (2013). Innate immune receptor expression in peri-implant tissues
of patients with different susceptibility to periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 84(2):221-229
Laine ML, Leonhardt A, Roos-Jansaker AM, Pena AS, van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EF, Renvert S. (2006). IL-1-
RN gene polymorphism is associated with peri-implantitis. Clin. Oral Impl Res. 17:380-385.
Lang NP, Bragger U, Walther D, Beamer B, Kornman KS (1993). Ligature-induced peri-implant infection in
cynomolgus monkeys. I. Clinical and radiographic findings. Clin Oral Implants Res. 4(1):2-11
Leonhardt, Å., Renvert, S., & Dahlén, G. (1999). Microbial findings at failing implants. Clinical Oral Implants
Research, 10(5), 339-345.
Listgarten, M. A., & Lai, C. -. (1999). Comparative microbiological characteristics of failing implants and
periodontally diseased teeth. Journal of Periodontology, 70(4), 431-437.
Mardinger, O., Oubaid, S., Manor, Y., Nissan, J., & Chaushu, G. (2008). Factors affecting the decision to
replace failed implants: A retrospective study. Journal of Periodontology, 79(12), 2262-2266.
Mombelli A, Muller N, Cionca N (2012). The epidemiology of Peri-implantitis. Clin. Oral Implant Res 23(S6):67-
76.
Muller, E., González, Y. M., & Andreana, S. (1999). Treatment of peri-implantitis: Longitudinal clinical and
microbiological findings - A case report. Implant Dentistry, 8(3), 247-254.
Muthukuru M, Zainvi A, Esplugues EO, Flemming TF (2012). Non-surgival therapy for the management of peri-
implantitis: a systematic review. Clin. Oral Implant Res. 23 (Supp 6):77-83.
![Page 36: PERIODONTAL LITERATURE REVIEW: THE NEXT GENERATION](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589ed63d1a28aba94a8bf2e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© American Academy of Periodontology 36
Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP (1994). Experimentally induced peri-
implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 5(4):254-259
Persson GR, Samuelsson E, Lindahl C, Renvert S (2010). Mechanical non-surgical treatment of peri-
implantitis: a single-blinded randomized longitudinal clinical study. II. Microbiological results. J Clin Periodontol
37(6):563-573
Renvert S, Polyzois I, Maguire R (2009). Re-osseointegration on previously contaminated surfaces: a
systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 20(4 Suppl):216-227
Renvert S, Polyzois I, Claffey N (2012). Surgical therapy for the control of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants
Res. 23(6 Suppl):84-94.
Roccuzzo M, Bonino F, Bonino L, Dalmasso P (2011). Surgical therapy of peri-implantitis lesions by means of a
bovine-derived xenograft: comparative results of a prospective study on two different implant surfaces. J Clin
Periodontol. 38(8):738-745
Romanos, G. E., & Nentwig, G. H. (2008). Regenerative therapy of deep peri-implant lnfrabony defects after
CO2 laser implant surface decontamination. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry,
28(3), 245-255.
Roos-Jansaker A-M, Renvert H, Lindahl C, Renvert S (2006). Nine- to fourteen-year followup of implant
treatment. Part III: factors associated with peri-implant lesions. J Clin Periodontol 33: 296–301
Salcetti, J. M., Moriarty, J. D., Cooper, L. F., Smith, F. W., Collins, J. G., Socransky, S. S., et al. (1997). The
clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implants, 12(1), 32-42.
Sanz M, Chapple IL, Working Group 4 of the VIII European Workshop on Periodontology (2012). Clinical
research on peri-implant diseases: consensus report of Working Group 4. J Clin Periodontol. 39(12 suppl):202-
206
Schwarz, F., Bieling, K., Nuesry, E., Sculean, A., & Becker, J. (2006). Clinical and histological healing pattern
of peri-implantitis lesions following non-surgical treatment with an er:YAG laser. Lasers in Surgery and
Medicine, 38(7), 663-671.
Serino G, Turri A, Lang NP (2013). Probing at implants with peri-implantitis and its relation to clinical peri-
implant bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 24(1):91-95.
Stübinger, S., Henke, J., Donath, K., & Deppe, H. (2005). Bone regeneration after peri-implant care with the
CO2 laser: A fluorescence microscopy study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(2),
203-210.
Zablotsky, M. H. (1998). A retrospective analysis of the management of ailing and failing endosseous dental
implants. Implant Dentistry, 7(3), 185-191.
Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T (2008). Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 35
(Suppl. 8): 286–291.