28 August 1959, Volume 130, Number 3374

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE Mor

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors A re

PAUL E. KLOPSTEo, President that o

CRAUNcaY D. LEAxz, President Elect tgo 1WA CE R. BRODE, Retiring President whichH. BENTLEY GLAssGzosoz R. HARRISON prevenMARIGAET MEAD two-d;THomAs PARx aboutDON K. PRICE througMINA R15 OfficeWILLIAM W. RuBaYALAN T. WATERMANinistPAUL A. ScE , Treasurer stituteDARL WOLFL, Executive Officer One

talentsDAxL WOLFLs, Executive Officer range,

GRAYAm DUSHANE, Editor quentJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor q

ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor ing. A. ~~~~~~~~~~ticesa

Editorial Board studieDONALD J. HuoYx H. BUsR STINC~K attemjKoNR B. KRAUSKOPP WILLIxA L. STEAUS, Ja. TheInwm M. LEoE EDWAD L. TATUM

Editorial Staff schoolJUNE G. BANDY, CHARLOTE F. CHAMmu, casesSowe S. DEER, NANCY S. HAMILTON, WILLA aptituHAsKELL, OLIVE W. HEATWOLE, YUE Koza, to ha)ELLN E. MURPHY, BzTHSARR PEDERMN, NANCY borhoL. TEImOUAN, MARA A. WOLsAx, LoI W.WOODWORTH tices,EARL J. SCERAO, Advertising Representative from

TheSCIENCE, which is now combined with THE intere

SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri-day by the American Association for the Advance-matcment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa. succesThe joint journal is published in the SCIENCE

s

format. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Officestudeia second class matter under the Act of 3 March backg1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guideto Periodical Literature. up to

Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- dents:m should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 Thus,

Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.Manuscripts should be typed with double spcing centand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes noresponsibility for the safety of manuscripts or for age rathe opinions expressed by contributors. For de- recordtailed suggestions on the preparation of manu-scipts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Scieace Stu125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). natur;

Display-advwrtising correspondence should beaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 son pSt., New York 36, N.Y. refuseChange of address notification should be sent to

1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C., exam4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an address thstencil label from a recent issue. Be sure to give byesiboth old and new addresses, including zone num-bers, if any. tionsAual subscriptions: $8.50, foreign postage,

$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢. natiolCable address: Advancesci, Washington. effect

SCIENCEe Talent for the Asking

ecent publication of the U.S. Office of Education reports the estimatetne-third of the top quarter of the nation's high-school graduates failto college because they lack funds. But no one has firm statistics onpeople do not go to college or on the factors that may dissuade or

nt them from going. To get better information on such matters, aay battery of tests will be given during the coming school year tohalf a million students in approximately 14,000 secondary schoolsghout the country. The program is supported primarily by the U.S.of Education, with other government agencies assisting, and is ad-

tered jointly by the University of Pittsburgh and the American In-for Research.

e of the program's objectives is to take an accurate inventory of theS of the nation's secondary-school students. A second, and longerobjective is to correlate test scores of individuals with their subse-histories, and thus to provide information for use in school counsel-third objective is to evaluate the effects of such educational prac-

as accelerated programs for gifted students. There have been earliers along these lines, but nothing approaching the present scale has beenpted before.e sample of half a million, which is 5 percent of the present secondary-[population, is large enough to insure that a significant number ofwill fall in various small but important categories. In the study ofdes and motivation of students, for example, it might be interestingve such categories as atomic physicists from underprivileged neigh-ods. And, in the study of the effects of different educational prac-it might be interesting to have such categories as women engineerssmall schools.e tests will seek to assess not only a student's aptitudes but also hissts, personality, and achievements, especially in reading and mathe-s. The tests will parallel many of those now employed and judgedssful, but will be prepared for use only in this program. In addition, ait will be asked questions about his aspirations, family and communityrround, and health. Also planned are follow-up studies at intervals20 years from the time of the test. Although contact with some stu-may be lost, it should be possible to trace back important groups.if the sample is well selected, then 20 years from now about 5 per-

of, say, the fellows of the American Physical Society of the properange will have taken the test, and they can be matched with their testds by their names and other information.Ldying people in the social sciences differs from studying things in theal sciences, for people may resent what they interpret as another per-)oking his nose in their business. The subjects to be investigated maye to cooperate with the investigator. Last June in Houston, Texas, forple, 5000 answer sheets in a student testing program were destroyedLe Houston School Board because some parents objected to certainions designed to measure attitudes and background. Among the ques-objected to were a few that were being tried out for use in the comingtnwide effort. The possible contribution of the test program to the moretive use of the nation's talents is great, but success will require circum-ion in choosing the questions as well as a cooperative attitude on theof the students and their families.-J.T.

When sould|1

they start

science?

B5STMICROSCOzStandard size and opExclusive pre-focusaves time.

NEW B&LSTEREOMICROSCOPES

Erect views in natural3-D. Simple operation

>a\ at low cost.

OPES?eration.as gage

They already have, of course. Observant eyes, inquiringminds-their questions touch on science every day.And more and more, earlier and earlier, teachers are

trying to channel and develop this interest. Properequipment makes a world of difference. Here are some

of the Bausch & Lomb instruments that make scienceeasier to teach, easier for children to understand.

WRITE for informative Catalog E-152. Demonstration,too, on your request. WriteBausch & Lomb Optical Co.,75944 St. Paul St., Rochester2, New York.

B&LMACROSCOPESIdeal for grossstudies, dissection,field trips, 10X,

:20x or 40X.

B&L TRI-SIMPLEXMICRO-PROECTOR

Projects mounted speci-mens or living organ-isms, on screen or tracingpad.

B&L SPECTROSCOPESBasic chemical analy-sis tool; shows spectraof elements.

B&L BALOPTICONePROJECTORS

Big bright views of twosslides, opaque ob-ko0jects, even chemicalreactions!

SCIENCE is published weekly by the AAAS, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office as second classmatter under the act of 3 March 1879. Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage, $1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢.

.

SCIENCE, VOL. 130476

New WARING LABORATORYh-

BLENDOR BASE

Wherever hazardous lab atmospheres exist, youcan safelyblend materials at high speeO-p-ven on your toughest re-

search and development projects. This new Waring Labora-tory Blendor provides the protection of a 1/5 hp explosion-proofGE motor which carries a Class 1 Group D rating.Two speed explosion-proof switch also available.

The Waring explosion-proof base (Model EP-1) accom-

modates the standard 371½2 oz. Pyrex container. Same ca-

pacity stainless steel container Model SS-510 (pictured)comes with lid and stainless steel cutting assembly; meets

every requirement of the severest lab service.

Blend fast . . . blend thoroughly ... blend safely. Whenyou invest in a Waring Explosion-Proof Blendor Base, youcan be sure you have the ultimate in the elimination oflaboratory fire hazards.

WARING PRODUCTS CORPORATION25 West 43rd St., New York 36, N. Y.Subsidiary of Dynamics Corporation of America TV

r S-SEND FOR FREE LITERATURE-R

GENTLEMEN: l

I want full specification data on the new Explosion-Proof Waring Laboratory Blendor Base.

NAME

TITLE

COMPANY l

ADDRESS -

CITY/LONE STATE

L.J308

the modern slant-

M 0 R T 0 N stainless steelCULTURE TUBE

9 ~CLOSURE*THE PROVEN REPLACEMENT

FOR COTTON PLUGS

Grip culture tubes with patented pressure fingers* Assure reduced evaporation of culture media* Provide adequate aeration for culture * Resistcorrosion and retain resilience 0 Reliably preventcontamination. *U. S. Pat. No. 2,287,746

"researchdeservesthe best"

WRITE TODAY FOR BROCHURE C-3

BELLCO GLASS INCIXVINELAND. NEW JERSEY

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

GLASS ABSORPTIO-NCE LLS madeKLETTm

SCIENTIFIC APPARATUSKlett-Summerson Photoelectric Colorimeters--Colorimeters - Nephelometers - Fluorimeters-Bio-Colorimeters- Comparators - Glass Stand-ards-Klett Reagents.

Klett Manufacturing Co.179 East 57 Stret, Now York, New York

1

MODEL........ ........................................ ............. .......

GYROTORY SHAKER | ~~~G52_

Large Capacity, Powerful Rotary ShakerPrecision Built for Continuous Duty

* Variable speeds of 150-350 rpm, with 2" stroke.* Heavy duty, 5 eccentric shaft stabilizing system.* Positive, uniform shaking to ALL flasks.* Continuous, quiet, cool and dependable operation.* Holds a variety of flasks on 6 removable trays.

Write for Catalog G52-828

NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC CO., INC.!OWM EL.E

P.O. BOX 606, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY

EXCLUSIVE: NEW

WITH: ENGLAND: NUCLEAR

* LAHCEST PROUCER Of RADIOCHEMICALSS... .0 . .0.000000

S* L-AMINO ACIDSNEC-169NEC-165NEC-170NEC-171

Price! 100 microcuriesL-Leucine-1 -C`4 ..... .. $85.00L-Methionine-methyl-C14 37.50L-Tyrosine-1 -C14 ...... 115.00

L-Valine-1 C14 ........C 85.00

NEC-172 L-Phenylalanine-1-C14 .. 115.00

Available from stock.

Also 12 other carbon-14 labeledDL-amino acids

NEW 1959CATALOG ON REQUEST * .leW england

575 ALBANY STREET, be.

28 AUGUST 1959

Laboratories have found hundreds of uses for this ruggedly-built, gallon-size Waring Blendor. It does everything frommacerating plant material to blending detergent-motor oils. . . everything from mixing pigments to grinding tissue.Most operations take only a few seconds! At top speed, theheavy-duty motor whirls stainless steel blades at 14,500 rpm.The stainless steel container is contoured for highest effi-ciency; has an easy-pour handle and gasketed clamp lid withsampling section.

Save time. Save effort. Save money. Make this. versatileModel CB-3 an important part of your standard laboratoryequipment. It requires only a 9-inch square space and stands23 inches high. The 1.5 hp heavy-duty motor is lifetimelubricated-operates on 115 volts, 60 cycles, single phase.

Push-button speed selectors for 14,500-12,000-9,000 rpm.

Name your blending problem. Waring engi-neers will gladly help you solve it.

NOW AVAILABLE SEPARATELY-37/12 oz.

stainless steel container that withstands rough han-dling. For standard Waring Blendor.

WARING PRODUCTS CORPORATION25 West 43rd St., New York 36, N. Y.Subsidiary of Dynamics Corporation of America

r

r1

11111

1

M'. ---

GENTLEMEN:Send me specifications on the Gallon- 1Size Waring Laboratory Blendor. I

NAME

TITLE

COMPANY

crry/ZONE STATE

509

S

0

0

Sb

0

0

S*

=

0

ADURLS-5--

PEN RAY

NEWSmallSourceULTRA-VIOLETPencil Type LAMP

in diameter, 3" to 5" in length

Special short-wave filterassembly for transmit-ting wl 2537 au. Idealfor fluorescent examina-tion of small areas.

High intensity, suitablefor collimator use andlaboratory instrumenta-tion applications.Also, complete line ofnear and far ultra-violetlamps.For specific informationon ultra-violet lamps,fluorescent dyes, inks,chalks, paints, etc.,please write:Dept. S-8

9g,.

Three symposium volumes frommeetings of the American Associa-tion for the Advancement ofScience-of importance to psychia-trists, neurologists, clinical psy-chologists, physiologists, pharma-cologists, and biochemists-and ofgreat interest to the general public.

Tranquilizing Drugs6 x 9", 205 pp., 32 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, March 1957.Price $5.00. AAAS Members' cashorder price $4.50.

Psychopharmacology6" x 9", 175 pp., bibliographies,index, cloth, 1956. Price $350.AAAS Members' cash order price$3.00.

Alcoholism-Basic Aspects and Treatment

6" x 9", 220 pp., 33 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, May 1957.

Price $5.75. AAAS Members'cash order price $5.00.

AAAS Publications1515 Mas. Aye., NW, Washington 5, D.C.

MeetingsForestry

"Forestry and People" is the themeof the 59th meeting of the Society ofAmerican Foresters, to be held in SanFrancisco, Calif., 15-18 November.Headquarters will be the Sheraton-Pal-ace Hotel.

George A. Garratt, president of thesociety and dean of the Yale UniversitySchool of Forestry, will open the gen-

eral session on 16 November. He has an-

nounced that all foresters and friends offorestry will be welcome, whether mem-bers of the professional society or not.

Nine technical sessions have beenscheduled. They will include 60 papers

on the subjects of forest management,silviculture, forest products, forestry edu-cation, forest recreation, wildlife man-

agement, range management, watershedmanagement, and forest economics andpolicy.The society expects an attendance of

some 1500 members and guests. Thismeeting holds special interest because ofthe extraordinary pressures on forestlands created by the rapidly expandingpopulation in the West.John Callaghan, assistant secretary-

manager of the California Forest Pro-tective Association, is general chairmanof the meeting, and R. Keith Arnold,director of the Pacific Southwest ForestExperiment Station at Berkeley, Calif.,is program chairman. B. H. Payne ofthe U.S. Forest Service, San Francisco,is the chairman of the arrangementscommittee. For information write to thesociety headquarters, Mills Bldg., Wash-ington 6, D.C.

Machine Searching

An International Conference forStandards on a Common Language forMachine Searching and Translation,sponsored by Western Reserve Univer-sity and the Rand Development Cor-poration of Cleveland, Ohio, will beheld 6-12 September at the Tudor ArmsHotel in Cleveland. International inter-est has been demonstrated by the sub-mission of 52 papers from ten countriesfor presentation at the conference. Sena-tor Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesotawill deliver the keynote address at a

dinner on 9 September.

Goiter Conference Travel Funds

The fourth International Goiter Con-ference will be held 5-9 July 1960 inLondon, England, under the auspices ofthe London Thyroid Club and the Amer-ican Goiter Association. The American

510

Goiter Association plans to make avail-able to worthy candidates a limitednumber of travel grants to enable themto participate in this meeting. Applica-tion blanks are available from Dr. JohnC. McClintock, 149'2 Washington Ave.,Albany 10, N.Y. Applications will be re-ceived until 1 January 1960.

Forthcoming EventsSeptember

27-30. American Inst. of Chemical En-gineers, nail., St. Paul, Minn. (F. J. VanAntwerpen, AICE, 25 W. 45 St., NewYork 36.)

28-30. American Oil Chemists' Soc.,fall, Los Angeles, Calif. (Mrs. L. R. Haw-kins, AOCS, 35 E. Wacker Drive, Chi-cago 1, Ill.)

28-30. Telemetering, nail. symp., SanFrancisco, Calif. (G. L. Larse, LockheedAircraft Corp., Missile Systems Div., Sun-nyvale, Calif.)

28-1. Recent Developments in ResearchMethods and Instrumentation, 9th annualsymp. and exhibit, NIH, Bethesda, Md.(J. B. Davis, National Institutes of Health,Public Health Service, Bethesda 14.)

28-2. American College of Surgeons,45th clinical cong., Atlantic City, N.J.(R. M. Cunningham, Jr., ACS, 40 E. ErieSt., Chicago 11, Ill.)

30-1. Industrial Electronics, 8th an-nual symp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (R. H. Del-gado, 954 Brentview Dr., Pittsburgh 36.)

30-1. Mississippi Valley Medical Soc.,St. Louis, Mo. (H. Swanberg, 510 MaineSt., Quincy, Ill.)

October

1-4. American Soc. of Industrial De-signers, Asheville, N.C. (Mrs. R. R. La-risch, ASID, 15 E. 48 St., New York 17.)

1-4. Electrochemical Thermodynamicsand Kinetics, annual intern., Vienna, Aus-tria. (M. P. Van Rysselberghe, CITE forthe U.S., Dept. of Chemistry and Chemi-cal Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stan-ford, Calif.)

4-7. American Inst. of Mining, Metal-lurgical and Petroleum Engineers, fall,Dallas, Tex. (E. 0. Kirkendall, AIMMPE,29 W. 39 St., New York 18.)

4-9. Society of Motion Picture andTelevision Engineers, semi-annual conv.,New York, N.Y. (C. S. Stodter, SMPTE,55 W. 42 St., New York, 36.)

5-7. Aeronautical Communications, 5thsymp., Utica, N.Y. (L. G. Cumming, Inst.of Radio Engineers, 1 E. 79 St., New York21.)

5-7. Chemical Engineers, annual, Es-sen, Germany. (Dr. Miessner, VDI-Fachgruppe, Verfahrenstechnik, Rhein-gauallee 25, Frankfurt-am-Main.

5-7. National Assoc. of Corrosion En-gineers, Northeast regional, Baltimore,Md. (T. J. Hull, NACE, 1061 M & MBldg., Houston, Tex.)

5-8. American Acad. of Pediatrics,Chicago, Ill. (E. H. Christopherson, 1801Hinman Ave., Evanston, Ill.) `

5-9. American Soc. of Anesthesiologists,Bal Harbour, Fla. (J. W. Andes, 188 W.Randolph St., Room 1101, Chicago, Ill.)

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

I, I

KONTES-manufactures high quality tis-sue culture products-designed to meet therequirements of loading tissue cultureworkers. Tissue Grinders, pipettes, spe-cial apparatus and a complete line of flasks-among them:

1. KONTES T-SERIES FLASKSDam in neck prevents fluid overflow.Pointed end permits fluid removal withminimal cell loss. Available in 4 sizes.

2. KONTES INVERTED NECKT-SERIES FLASKS

Similar to regular Kontes T-SeriesFlasks, except for inverted neck andflat end. Entire floor area can beprobed and scraped. 4 sizes.

3. KONTES CARREL FLASKS*High quality windows permit opticalobservation with minimum distortion.

4. KONWES LEIGHTON TUBECylindrical wall above closed end flat-tened to form a rectangular planesurface 34 mm. long and 13 mm. wide.This permits preparation of a spongematrix culture and a 22 x 11 mm."flying cover-slip" culture simulta-neously in the same tube.

*Carrel Flask with optically ground and polishedwindows also available.

WRITE FOR NEW, FREE BULLE-TIN TC-3 describing all Kontes TissueCulture Apparatus.

_^_ KONTESGLASSCOMPANY

Vineland, New JerseyFirst Choice For Quality Technical Glassware

Midwest Distributor: Research Apparatus, Inc., Wauconda, Ill.

5-9. Audio Engineering Soc., 11th an-nual, New York, N.Y. (AES, P.O. Box 12,Old Chelsea Station, New York 11.)

5-10. Society of Automotive Engineers,aeronautical meeting and aircraft manu-facturing forum, Los Angeles, Calif. (R.W. Crory, Meetings Operation Dept.,SAE, 485 Lexington Ave., New York 17.)

5-16. Institute of the AeronauticalSciences, biennial Anglo-American conf.,New York, N.Y. (R. R. Dexter, IAS, 2E. 64 St., New York 21.)

6. American Assoc. of Poison ControlCenters, 2nd annual, Chicago, Ill. (A.S. Blank, AAPCC, Connecticut StateDept. of Health, Hartford 15.)

6-8. Aeronautical/Astronautical Prob-lems of High Speed Flight, Stanford,Calif. (E. Haynes, Deputy Director, AeroSciences Directorate, Air Force Office ofScientific Research, Washington 25.)

6-9. High Temperature Technology,intern. symp., Asilomar, Calif. (PublicRelations Office, Stanford Research Inst.,Menlo Park, Calif.)

7-8. Advanced Propulsion, 2nd symp.(classified), Boston, Mass. (Lt. Col. P.Atkinson, Propulsion Div., Air ForceOffice of Scientific Research, Washing-ton 25.)

7-9. Vacuum Technology, symp., Phila-delphia, Pa. (American Vacuum Soc., Box1282, Boston, Mass.)

7-11. International Conv. on Nutritionand Vital Substances, 5th, Konstanz-Zurich, Switzerland. (Secretary General,Benmeroderstrasse 61, Hannover-Kirch-rode, Germany.)

8-10. American Assoc. of TextileChemists and Colorists, natl. conv., Wash-ington, D.C. (G. P. Paine, AATCC, P.O.Box 28, Lowell, Mass.)

8-10. American Ceramic Soc., Bedford,Pa. (F. P. Reid, ACS, 4055 N. High St.,Columbus 14, Ohio.)

8-10. American Soc. of Tool Engineers,semi-annual, St. Louis, Mo. (H. E. Con-rad, ASTE, 10700 Puritan Ave., Detroit38, Mich.)

8-10. Biology of Pyelonephritis, intern.symp., Detroit, Mich. (E. L. Quinn,Henry Ford Hospital, W. Grand Blvd. atHamilton, Detroit 2.)

8-10. Optical Soc. of America, annual,Ottawa, Canada. (S. S. Ballard, Dept. ofPhysics, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.)

9-13. American Soc. of Civil Engineers,Los Angeles, Calif. (E. S. Kirkpatrick,ASCE, 33 W. 39 St., New York 18.)

11-16. American Acad. of Ophthalmol-ogy and Otolaryngology, Chicago, Ill. (W.L. Benedict, 15 Second St., SW, Roch-ester, Minn.)

11-16. American Inst. of Electrical En-gineers, fall general, Chicago, Ill. (N. S.Hibshman, AIEA, 33 W. 39 St., NewYork 18.)

11-16. American Soc. for Testing Ma-terials, Pacific area natl., San Francisco,Calif. (R. J. Painter, ASTM, 1916 RaceSt., Philadelphia 3, Pa.)

12-14. Clay Conf., 8th natl., Norman,Okla. (C. G. Dodd, Eighth Natl. ClayConf., Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman.)

12-14. Electronics Conf., 15th annualnatl., Chicago, Ill. (NEC, 228 N. La SalleSt., Chicago 1, Ill.)(See issue of 21 August for comprehensive list)

28 AUGUST 1959

M20

WITH CAMERA 11

WITH CINETUBE

PHASE CONTRAST EQUIPMENT

W~~~ILD

M020MAICROSCOPE

- -- available with sextuple revolvingnosepiece if desired, 20-Watt built-inillumination, superior Swiss quality incraftsmanship and optics....-with Camera II, permits continuousbinocular observation. Phototubedeflects 25% of light to binocular tube.Special format indicating eyepiece pro-vides rapid, perfect focusing.-...with Wild Cinetube, using any 16mmmovie camera having 50mm or 75mmfocal lengths, permits critical focusingon specimen while exposing film. Twobuilt-in beam splitters and photoelectriccell for exposure determination (withgalvanometer). Internal projection tubefor titling.... with Phase Contrast, Incident Light.Varicolor and other equipment.UNMATCHED VERSATILITY, PRECISIONAND UTILITY FOR RESEARCH AND

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION.*The FIRST name In Surveying Instruments,Photogrammetric Equipment and Microscopes

Booklet M20 mailed on request.

_________________ FuU FactoryILv i It * ServicesHEER UISGUG INSTRUMENTS. INC.

Main at Covert Street * Port Washington. New YorkPOrt Washington 7-4843

In CanadaWild of Canada Ltd., 157 Maclaren St.. Ottawa, Ontario

511

J- .' :..

APPLICATION FOR HOTEL RESERVATIONS126th AAAS MEETING

Chicago, 26-31 December 1959The four hotels for the AAAS Chicago meeting have established special low rates and have reserved large blocks

of rooms at each level within the price ranges quoted. Thus everyone making room reservations for the AAAS meetingis assured substantial savings. Further, all confirmations will state the room rate assigned.

The list of hotels and their rates and the reservation coupon below are for your convenience in making your hotelreservation in Chicago. Please send your application, not to any hotel directly, but to the AAAS Housing Bureau inChicago and thereby avoid delay and confusion. The experienced Housing Bureau will make assignments promptly; aconfirmation will be sent you in two weeks or less.

If desired, 'the hotels will add a cot at $3.00 per night-except that all children under 12 are free. Mail yourapplication now to secure your first choice of desired accommodations. All requests for reservations must give a 'definitedate and estimated hour of arrival, and also probable date of departure.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEFor a list of the headquarters of each participating society and section, see page 228, Science, 24 July.

Rates for Rooms with BathHotel Single Double Bed Twin Bed Suite

Morrison $6.50- 9.00 $9.00-13.00 $11.00-15.00 $30.00 and upHamilton 6.50- 9.50 9.00-13.00 11.00-15.00 25.00 and upLa Salle 8.00-10.00 10.50-13.00 12.50-15.50 35.50 and upSherman 7.45-12.45 11.45-16.45- 14.45-19.50 28.50 and up

-.------------ THIS IS YOUR HOUSING RESERVATION COUPON.AAAS Housing BureauSuite 900 Date of Application .......................................134 North La Salle StreetChicago 2, Ill.Please reserve the following accommodations for the 126th Meeting of the AAAS in Chicago, 26-31 Dec., 1959:

TYPE OF ACCOMMODATION DESIRED

Single Room ................ Desired Rate ............. MaximumRate.

Double-Bedded Roon ...... . Desired Rate ............. Maximum Ratei.............rNumber in party .

Twin-Bedded Room .......... Desired Rate ............. Maximum Rate.

Suite ............. ... Desired Rate ............. Maximum Rate ............. Sharing this room will be:(Attach list if this space is insufficient. The name and address of each person, including yourself, must be listed.)

.-nn*-**-*-@***s...-...----.......--.....-.........--.-.-....-..-...vv...-....--.-........--...-............-..

First Choice-Hotel ............... Second Choice Hotel.Third ChoiceHotel...............

DATE OF ARRIVAL ............... DEPARTURE DATE .(These must be indicated-add appuomimatt hour, a.m. or p.m.)

NAME ................................................................................................(Individual requesting reservation) (Please print or type)

ADDRESS ....................................................................................................(Street) (City and Zone) (State)

Mai this now to the Houing Bureau. Rooms wil be assigned and confirmed in order of receipt of reservation.51 CENE OL 3SCIENCE, VOL. 130512

LettersSoviet Scientific Publications

The member organizations of the Na-tional Federation of Science Abstractingand- Indexing Services are very pleasedthat through the excellent and informa-tive editorial "In perspective" [Science130, 7 (1959)], the attention of the en-

tire scientific community has-been- drawnto the improvements in the communica-

tion of science information that havebeen brought about during the past 18months. However, lest some readersascribe to Russia more scientific dili-gence and industry than is justified, Ishould like to correct one point.My estimates of the annual abstract

and citation coverage by abstracting andindexing services in the United Statesand Russia referred to the scientific andtechnical publications of the entireworld, not the publications of the SovietUnion alone. The total annual Sovietoutput of such literature probably rep-resents about 10 percent of the world'stotal; certainly it is no more than 15percent.

G. MILES CONRADBiological Abstracts, Philadelphia

Titration Curves

The report "Linear titration curves ofacids and bases," by N. R. Joseph[Science 129, 1493 (1959)] calls forcomment. A transformation is proposedconsisting of the substitution of the oper-ator p for the operator "-log" in thestandard Henderson-Hasselbalch equa-tion. The resulting straight-line plot,pA-pB against pH, does not differ ex-

cept in labeling of the axes from a plotof log B/A against pH. This plot hasundoubtedly been used often to showroughly the goodness of fit of an experi-merval set-7of-points on a titration curve

of a monovalent acid, or of polyvalentacids with widely separated proton donorgroups. The transformation per se doesnot avoid the use of a logarithm table,for how else can one obtain the p val-ues? If semilogarithmic graph paper isused, it is the logarithmic scale whichmakes a logarithm table unnecessary,not the "transformation." When such a

graph is used, division is needed to ob-tain A/B instead 6f the subtraction ofthe two logarithms that is necessarywhen regular grids are used.

In the particular illustrative exampleused, four reactions involving H+ arestated and '4our transformed mass ac-

tion law equations" aregiven. It is ap-parent that A2=B, A3=B2, and A =

B3. The author's statement that his Fig.1 "clearly indicates the distribution ofelectrical charge over the molecule as afunction of pH" is misleading, becauseof the failure to make these identifica-tions (1). The figure indicates that thefour mass action law equations are in-dependently solvable when in fact theyare simultaneous equations and only ifthe pK's are far apart is it possible tomake the necessary approximations tosolve them independently. The linesgiven end arbitrarily at pA-pB = +2 andgive a discontinuous appearance to whatis in fact a smooth continuous titrationwith only a slight "break" between thethird and fourth group as given in theoriginal paper (2).A very important feature of tradi-

tional titration curves is lost in Joseph'stransformation." It is difficult or impos-sible to "add" the segments of titrationfor the four pK's in the transformation,whereas this is a simple matter withtraditional plots. Thus, it is awkward toobtain a valid comparison between ex-perimental and constructed curves in theform used by Joseph for any polyvalentacid when the groups are not widelyseparated.The usefulness of the d'Ocagne nomo-

gram proposed is not apparent. Mostpeople would find it easier and moreaccurate to do, the, simple subtractionnecessary to determine the difference be-tween pH and pK rather than to use thenomogram. The same is true for theother possible combinations for whichthe nomogram might be used. D'Ocagnenomograms are useful when relationshipsare complex, but not when the arith-metical relations are as simple as theone demonstrated.

MILTON LEVYDepartment of Biochemistry,College of Dentistry,New York University, New York

References and Notes

1. J. T. Edsall and J. Wyman, Jr., [BiophysicalChemistry (Academic Press, New York, 1958),vol. ,.,.c-ap. 9] point out that for each chargetype there are a number of "microscopicallydifferent species" differing in the location ofthe charge(s) but not in net charge. Thus, inthe example used by Joseph there are four mi-crospecies included in Aj(B1), six in A.(B.),and four in A4(B5). This important aspect ofdistribution of charges on a molecule is neg-lected here, as it was by Joseph.

2. J. P. Greenstein and N. R. Joseph, I. Biol.Chem. 110, 619 (1935).

In his letter Levy has criticized someof the procedures and results described inmy recent report. The questions raisedare of two kinds, mathematical andchemical, and will be discussed in thatorder.A glance at the earlier report [Science

128, 1207 (1958)1 would have shownLevy that the symbols pA and pB wereused to explain the construction and op-

.. ........

Raytheon Manufacturing CompanyIndustrial Apparatus DivisionPower Generator Dept. F8 IWaltham 54, Massachusetts

I Please send the following Power IGenerator material:

0 Complete specification sheet9 Bibliography, spectroscopy litera- |

tureReprints, selected spectroscopyarticles

I II Name I

* Address

city

* Zone StateL _ - -_ - -_ - m - - m - J

28 AUGUST 1959 513

eration of a semilogarithmic pH calcula-tor. This yields the term (pA - pB) inplace of the usual log B/A; in all subse-quent equations or graphs the terms maybe used interchangeably. The usage wasretained in the second report in formulat-ing two nomograms for glycyl amino-tricarballylic acid. If the pH range ofthe straight lines of Fig. 1 be extendedbeyond four pH units, the apparent dis-continuities noted by Levy do not appear.When, as in the d'Ocagne nomogram(Fig. 2), the pH scale runs from 2 to 10,no breaks occur.The physicochemical questions con-

cern the number of ionic species requiredfor a given polyelectrolyte. Since each ti-trable group involves two forms, a pro-ton-donor A and an acceptor B, thenumber of mathematically possible spe-cies s is 20, where n is the number of ti-trable groups and pK's. For glycyl ami-notricarballylic acid, n is 4 and's is 16.When n is 10, s is 1024; when n is 20, sexceeds 106. Proteins may contain 100 ormore titrable groups; when n is 100, s isabout 1030. This is more than 106 moles;if a molecular weight of 105 is assumed,the weight is about 108 kilograms. Obvi-ously, only an infinitesimal fraction of themathematically possible species can orshould be considered.The number of equations necessary to

represent a complex polyelectrolyte ismuch nearer to n than to s. For glycine,n is 2 and s is 4. One of these is the un-charged neutral molecule present to theextent of about one molecule in 108. Thecurve requires two equations, relatingthree ionic species. When n is 4, s is 16.If these are tabulated for glycyl amino-tricarballylic acid, 8 or 10 of the 16 formsare found to be of very low probable oc-currence, as for example the unchargedneutral molecule. The curve may be de-scribed by four pK values relating fiveionic species. For higher values of n, s be-comes successively 32, 64, 128, and so on.For most purposes the distribution ofcharge is given by n equations and pKvalues, relating (n + 1) ionic species. Ageneralized nomogram is derived on thisbasis.

Levy, apparently well content withalgebraic formulations, considers nomo-grams superfluous. Others, seeking ele-gance, find nomograms useful and re-warding. In a system containing severalpolyelectrolytes, algebraic formulationsand curvilinear diagrams become inade-quate. In biological systems there arelarge numbers of simultaneous reactionsinvolving not only hydrogen ions butalso other cations and anions. There arealso numerous oxidation-reduction reac-tions which depend on pH. Algebraic

formulations consist of numerous simul-taneous equations. When the number ex-ceeds five or ten, it is difficult for onenot using visual aids to coordinate allthe simultaneous processes. Geometricaltransformation to curved polydimen-sional surfaces is difficult and does littleto clarify the relations. Formulation ofthe equations as straight lines and con-struction of nomograms go far towardsimplifying these problems. This is awell-established procedure in manybranches of science. At certain levels ofcomplexity two-dimensional linear nom-ograms become preferable not only toalegbraic formulations but also to curvedpolydimensional surfaces or their projec-tions.

I find no statement in either of myreports asserting nonexistent advantagesover standard methods. In the second,the entire emphasis was placed on theconstruction of a simple linear d'Ocagnenomogram illustrative of general meth-ods for complex problems. By thesemethods diagrams based on three rec-tangular coordinates are easily trans-formed to nomograms with three ormore parallel coordinates.

NORMAN R. JOSEPHDepartment of Chemistry,College of Pharmacy,University of Illinois, Chicago

This 1959 wall chart lists by atomic number all the knownsynthetic and naturally occurring elements. Information isin line with latest ACS published reports of the InternationalCommittee on Atomic Weights. Printed on heavily enameledplastic coated stock 34"x56". Send for 3-ring notebook sample.

No. 12051 ..... ezch $4.00

CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC CO..A Subsidiary of Cenco Instruments Corporation1718. Irving Park Road Chicago, 13, Illinois

Branches and Warchouses-Mountainside. N. J.

Boston * Birmingham * Santa Clara * Los Angeles * TulaHouston * Toronto * Montreal * Vancouver * Ottaw

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

PHOTOVOLT Line-OperatedMultiplier FLUORESCENCE METER

Mod. 540

o High-sensitivity for measurement of low concentrations(full-scale setting for 0.001 microgram quinine sulphate)

o Micro-fluorlmetry with liquid volumes as low as 1 mlo Low blank readings, strict linearity of instrument responseo Universally applicable due to great variety of available fil-

ters, sample holders, adapters and other accessorieso Interference filters for high specificity of results and for

determining specral distribution of the fluorescent lightoHigh-sensitivitynephelometryforlowdegreesofturbidltlesoFluorescence evaluation of powders, pastes slurries, andsolids, also for spot-tests on filter paper without elutien

Write for Bulletin #392 to

95 Madison Aye. New York 16, N.Y.

514