periodic trends. definition: half of the distance between nuclei in covalently bonded diatomic...
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Periodic Trends
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Definition: Half of the distance between nuclei in covalently bonded diatomic molecule Radius decreases across a period
Increased Zeff due to decreased shielding thereby pulling e- cloud closer to the nucleus
Radius increases down a group Each row on the periodic table adds a “shell” or energy level to the atom increasing distance the nucleus must pull
Atomic Radius
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Table of Atomic
Radii
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Period Trend:Atomic Radius
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Tends to increase across a period As radius decreases across a period, the electron you are removing is closer to the nucleus and harder to remove
Tends to decrease down a group Outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and easier to remove
Ionization Energy
Definition: the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
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Periodic Trend:Ionization
Energy
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Electronegativity
Definition: A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
o Electronegativity tends to increase across a periodo As radius decreases, electrons get closer to the bonding atom’s nucleus
o Electronegativity tends to decrease down a group or remain the sameo As radius increases, electrons are farther from the bonding atom’s nucleus
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Periodic Table of Electronegativities
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Periodic Trend:Electronegativi
ty
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Ionic RadiusDefinition: distance from the nucleus to the outer edge of the electron cloud in a charged ion. (same general trend as atomic radius)Electron
AffinityDefinition: the energy gained or lost with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or ion.
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(becomes more negative)
Decreasing electron affinity (becomes more positive)
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Summary of Periodic Trends
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Ionic Radii (same trend as atomic radii)
Cations
Positively charged ions formed when
an atom of a metal loses one or more electrons Smaller than the corresponding
atom
Anions
Negatively charged ions formed
when nonmetallic atoms gain one or more electrons Larger than the corresponding
atom
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Graphic courtesy Wikimedia Commons user Popnose
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
• Valence electrons – the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds.
• They are the electrons located in the outermost energy shell in an atom
• Atoms are most energetically stable when they have 8 valence electrons