periodic table
DESCRIPTION
Periodic Table. Memorize these element names & symbols:. Gases:. H hydrogen He helium Ne neon N nitrogen O oxygen F fluorine Cl chlorine Ar argon. Liquids:. Hg mercury. Br bromine. Solids:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Memorize these element names & symbols:
Gases:
H hydrogen He helium Ne neon N nitrogen O oxygen F fluorine Cl chlorine Ar argon
Liquids:
Hg mercury Br bromine
Solids:Li lithium B boron C carbon Na sodium Mg magnesiumAl aluminum Si silicon P phosphorusS sulfur K potassium Ca calciumCr chromium Mn manganese Fe ironCo cobalt Ni nickel Sn tinCu copper Zn zinc Pb leadAs arsenic I IodineSe selenium Ba bariumAg silver Au goldPt platinum U uranium
Arrangement of the Elements
Russian, Dmitri Mendeleev created The first “accepted” periodic table (1800’s)
1) Increasing atomic number
2) By groups or families:
columnselements in a column have very similarproperties
3) periods
Rows (across)Identify the element in:
Group 2A, period 4
Group 7A, period 5
Group 1 B, period 4
Ca
Cu
I
4) Metal, Nonmetal, Metalloid
Metals
metalloi
dsnonmetal
s
Properties of Metals
high melting pt. (not Hg)shinygood conductors of
heat & electricity
malleable & ductile
easily oxidized:lose e- in chem rxns
Properties of Nonmetals
low melting pt. (sol, liq, gas)
poor conductors
solids are brittle & dull
gain e- in chem rxnsReduction (easily reduced))
xenon
carbon sulfur
Properties of Metalloids (either side of zig zag line)
Ex: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb not Al
properties are intermediate between metal and nonmetal
silicon
used in semiconductorindustry (computer chips)
5) Electron Arrangement
Apartment building analogyatom
apartment building
nucleus ground floorenergy
levels floorssublevel
sapartment
sorbital
sroom
selectro
nspeopl
e
types of orbitals
s spherical (one room apt.)
p dumbell(3 room
apt.)d
(5 room apt)
f (7 room apt)
PrincipalQuantumNumber (n)
energy level
number ofsublevels
type of sublevels
number oforbitals
max number electrons
1 1 1 1s 1 22 2 2 2s 2p 4 83 3 3 3s 3p 3d 9 184 4 4 4s 4p 4d 4f 16 32
n2 2n2
Electron Configuration:The “address” of the e-
Ex: 1s22s22p6
energy level sublevel
no. electrons
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14
7s2 7p6 7d10 7f14
Energy level
sublevels
max. no. e-
sample electron configurationsH 1 e-
1s1
He 2e-
1s2
Li3e-
1s22s1
1s 2s
N7 e-
1s2
2s2 2p3
1s 2s 2p
Fe26e- 1s2 2s2 3s22p6 3p6 4s2 3d6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
3d
Sample problem:Given the electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p5
1. How many electrons are unpaired?1 2. How many electrons are in the outermost energy level ? 7
3s23p53. How many energy levels and sublevels are occupied? 3 energy levels (1, 2, 3)
5 sublevels (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p)4. What element has this ground state configuration? Cl
Given the configuration:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p31. How many electrons are in the outer energy
level? 5, 4s24p3
2. How many electrons are unpaired?3
this is the config.of: As
Short method for e- config.
Use noble gases
1st 10 e-
[Ne]
1st 18 e- [Ar]
1st 36 e- [Kr]
1st 54 e- [Xe]
1st 86 e- [Rn]
Ex: Cl17 e-
[Ne]3s2 3p5
Ex: Ba56e-
[Xe]6s2
Ex: Zn30 e-
[Ar] 4s2 3d10
Si14 e-
[Ne] 3s23p2
U92 e-
[Rn]
7s2 5f4
Pd46 e-
[Kr] 5s2 4d6
using the periodic table to write electron configurations
s & p
period # (n)1234567
67
d period #(n) -1
f Period #(n) -2
1s2s3s
2p3p
4s 4p5s 5p6s 6p7s
3d4d5d6d
4f5f
Ex: Na [Ne]3s1 Ex: P [Ne]3s23p3
Ex: Co [Ar] 4s23d7 Ex: Sn [Kr]5s24d10 5p2
Ex: Pu [Rn]7s2 4f6
1. calcium [Ar] 4s2
2. chlorine [Ne] 3s2 3p5
3. cadmium[Kr] 5s2 4d10
Families of ElementsAl
kali
met
als
Alka
line
eart
h m
etal
s Transition
metals
Inner transition
metals
Noble
gaseshalogen
s
Group 1A: Alkali metals
LiNaK
RbCsFr
1s2
2s1[Ne] 3s1[Ar] 4s1
All have 1
valence electron
outer energy level
Na
most reactive metals
always found combined in naturereact with
water producing hydrogen gas
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth MetalsBeMgCaSrBaRa
1s2 2s2
[Ne]3s2
[Ar] 4s2
Mg
all have 2 valence electrons
quite reactive; always found combined w/ other elements in nature
Also react w/ water to produce
hydrogen gas
Group 7A: Halogens
FCl
Br
IAt
1s2 2s2 2p5
[Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
most reactive nonmetals
all have 7 valence e-
always found in compounds
form salts whencombined withmetals; ex: NaCl, KI
Cl
Group 8 A: Noble Gases
HeNeArKr
XeRn
1s2
1s2 2s2 2p6
[Ne] 3s2 3p6
most have 8 valence e-
Xe
chemically inert (unreactive);
don’t form compoundsfilled
outer levels makes them stable
Kr
Ar
Transition Metals (B
groups)
“typical” metals
unique property: form bright colored compounds
Au
Ag
Inner Transition elements
actinides serieslanthanide series
Ac
La
many are synthetic (man made)
and radioactive
“yellow cake” uranium oxide
Trend: property that changes
Group
trend
change from top to bottom down a group
atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity
Periodic trend
Change from left to right across the row
I. Atomic Radius Indicates the size of an atom
Group trend
larger down the groupmore energy levels
makes the atoms larger
Li: 2 energy levels
K: 4 energy levels
Periodic trend smaller across
more protons increases nuclear charge; pulls electrons in closer making the atom smaller
Li C Ne
+3
+6
+10arrange these atoms
from smallest to largest: Sr, Ne, Ca, S, Al
Ne S Al Ca Sr
III. Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an e- from an atom
Group trenddecreases going
downlarger atoms hold their valence e- more loosely
Li
K
Periodic trend
Increases across; increase in nuclear charge (more p+) causeselectrons to be held more tightly
Na
+11
+13
Al Cl
+17
Ex: Which will lose an electron the easiest?K or Ge ?
Mg or Ba ? Al or Cs ?
IV. Electronegativit
y
Number from 0-4 that indicates an atom’s attraction for e-
F 4.0
gains e- easily; very
reactiveCs 0.7
loses e-
easily;very reactivegrou
p tren
ddecreases going down
Periodic trend
Increases going across (not noble gases
Ex: Arrange these atoms from greatest attraction for e- to least: P, Al, Sr, O O, P, Al, Sr
trends summarySmallest radius
Largest radius
Highest I.E.
Lowest I.E.
Highest EN (F)
Lowest EN