period 5: industrialization and global integration, c. 1750-1900-20% of test
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Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-1900-20% of test. 5.1: Industrialization and Global Capitalism 5:2: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform 5.4: Global Migration. Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global Capitalism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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5 .1 : INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM
5:2 : IMPERIALISM AND NATION-STATE FORMATION
5.3 : NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND REFORM
5.4 : GLOBAL MIGRATION
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-
1900-20% of test
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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismIndustrialization fundamentally changed the
production and consumption of goods around the world
A variety of factors led to the I.R. Europe’s location and geographical distribution of
coal, iron, timber Urbanization Agricultural productivity Legal protection of private property Access to foreign resources Accumulation of capital
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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismMachines
Steam engine Internal combustion engine Possible to exploit fossil fuels Factory systems Specialization of laborSecond Industrial Revolution
Steele, chemicals, electricity, precision electricity
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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismNeed for raw materials led to specialized mass
production of single natural resources (cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, etc)
Decline of agricultural activity in some places-Textile production in India
New consumer markets-ChinaMining centers-copper in Mexico, gold and diamonds
in AfricaDevelopment and expansion of financial institutions-
stock markets, insurance, gold standard, corporationsClassical liberalism-Adam Smith and John Stuart MillTransportation and communication
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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismSocial Classes
Middle class and industrial working class
Gender roles changed
Urbanization-unsanitary conditions and new types of communities
Global Capitalism Alternative visions:
Utopian socialism, Marxism, Anrarchism
Government promotion of industrialization-Meiji Japan, Tsarist Russia, China’s Self-Strengthening, Ottoman Empire
Reforms: state pensions and public health-Germany, suffrage rights-Britain, public education
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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationStates expanded overseas colonies and
established new types of coloniesModern empire building impacted regional
warfare and diplomacyIncrease in European influence, USA, and
JapanLand based empires in Eurasia were
challenged by new empires New ideas about nationalism, race, gender,
class, and culture developed and facilitated growth of empires and formation of new national identities
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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationStrengthening colonial control-British in
India, Dutch in IndonesiaEuropeans used warfare and diplomacy to
establish empires-Britain in W. Africa, Belgium in Congo
European settler colonies-British in S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the French in Algeria
Economic imperialism-British and French
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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationImperialism influenced state formation and
contraction around the worldAnti-imperialism resistance led to the
contraction of Ottoman EmpireUSA and Russia expanded their land bordersNew states developed on the edge of existing
empires-The Cherokee Nation, Zulu Kingdom, Hawaii
Nationalism-Germany, Philippines, LiberiaSocial Darwinism justified imperialism
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Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
Intense period of revolution and rebellion, establishment of new nation states
Enlightenment –Locke, Voltaire, RousseauRevolutionary documents-Declaration of Independence,
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, Jamaica Letter
Individual Rights, Natural Rights, Social ContractNew ideologiesAnti-imperialLiberalism, Socialism, CommunismWomen’s suffrage, emergent feminism-Mary
Wollstonecraft, Declaration of Sentiments
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5.4: Global Migration
Number of migrants increased significantlyChange connected to transoceanic empires and a global
capitalist economySome economic benefitsSome people became economic commoditiesProduced dramatically different societies on both endsChallenging for governments-trying to foster national
identities and regulate the flow of people (enclaves such as Indians in S. Africa) (Chinese Exclusion Acts)
Global population rose because of changes in food production and improved medical conditions
New transportationIncreased urbanization-people relocated to cities
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Key Concept 5.4 : Global Migration
End of slave trade but increased indentured labor and penal colonies
Long Distance migration Regulation of borders (passports, citizenship
as part of nation state)
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Demographic and Environmental Changes
Migration – Immigration Why? Where?
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19th c. Migration to Latin America
Asian immigration to Latin Americans
Filipinos in 16th century
Indentured labor: Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese
Brazil now has 2.3 million Asian Latin Americans
3% of population today in Peru
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Changing Relationships between Latin America and the World
Political independence (Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia)
Rebellions of the Last IncasEconomic dependency (sugar, coffee,
bananas, guano…)Emerging Relationship with the United States
(neo-imperialism)
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Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter
“The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedom…States are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.”
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Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter
“More than anyone, I desire to see America fashioned into the greatest nation in the world, greatest not so much by virtue of her area and wealth as by her freedom and glory. Although I seek perfection for the government of my country, I cannot persuade myself that the New World can, at the moment, be organized as a great republic. …. The American states need the care of paternal governments to heal the sores and wounds of despotism and war.”
“As soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. Then will we march majestically toward that great prosperity for which South America is destined.”
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New DependenciesSugarGuanoBananasCoffee
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Banana Republics
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Rise of Western Dominance
Patterns of ExpansionImperialism and Colonialism
African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand
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Rise of Western Dominance
Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Russia– Reforms and Rebellions Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion Islamic and Chinese responses compared
Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations
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Rise of Western Dominance
Scramble for Africa
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Talking Points: The Magnificent African Cake
Berlin ConferenceBoer War: Dutch and the BritishLiberia and EthiopiaResistance effortsCecil RhodesLobengula and the Rudd ConcessionKing Leopold’s GhostFrench vs. British ruleResource exploitation: rubber, diamonds…
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Comparing InterventionForms of intervention in 19th century
Latin America and AfricaCase studies:US involvement in Latin America
compared to Belgians in Congo or British in Nigeria?
British actions in South Africa (Boer War) compared to British in Falklands or French in Algeria?
Italian intervention in Ethiopia compared to French in Haiti
Others?
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Race and “Civilization”
Racism Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
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Revolutions
Revolutions (Haiti, Americas, Europe) and colonial revolts
Enlightenment ideology as well as the use of spirituality in some rebellions
Liberal political principles embraced suffrage, abolition, and gender equality
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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Revolutions Why Revolution now? Where?
United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)
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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Latin American Independence MovementsWhy?
Simon Bolivar
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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture
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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Mexican Revolution
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Liberator-Hero Analysis: Eulogies and Portraits
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New Political Ideas
Rise of NationalismGrowth of Nation-statesCompare to Germany, Italy, Japan, India,
Ethiopia…
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Resistance in AfricaSamoure Toure
Menelik II
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Abolition: End of the Slave trade
Why?
William Wilberforce “So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the Trade's
wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for Abolition. Let the consequences be what they would, I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected its abolition.”
“Is it not the great end of religion, and, in particular, the glory of Christianity, to extinguish the malignant passions; to curb the violence, to control the appetites, and to smooth the asperities of man; to make us compassionate and kind, and forgiving one to another; to make us good husbands, good fathers, good friends; and to render us active and useful in the discharge of the relative social and civil duties?”
Equianno…
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Abolition of slave trade- Britain 1807
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Wahhabism18th century
conservative Islam movement
Modern Legacy within Arab nationalism
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Mohammad Ali and Egypt“Such being my supreme pleasure
on all the points above specified, thou, thy children, and thy descendants, grateful for this exalted sovereign favour, ye shall always be diligent in scrupulously executing the conditions laid down, ye shall take need not to infringe them, ye shall be careful to ensure the repose and the tranquility of the Egyptians by protecting them from all injury and from all oppressions, ye shall report to this place, and ye shall apply for orders on all matters of importance which concern those countries, it being for these purposes that the present Imperial FIRMAN, which is decorated with my sovereign signature, has been written, and is sent to you. “
http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=15
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Suffrage Movements
Small presence of movement in Latin American countries though in Africa women were more involved in nationalist struggles (later)
National women's suffrage was granted in 1929 in Ecuador, 1932 in Brazil, 1939 in El Salvador, 1942 in the Dominican Republic, 1945 in Guatemala, and 1946 in Argentina.
In African countries, men and women have generally received the vote at the same time, as in Liberia (1947), Uganda (1958), and Nigeria (1960).
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Impact of Industrialization in Latin America
Raw materials Beef Extract (BWH series…)TradeCase studies– student jigsaw
ArgentinaPeruBrazil (The Seamstress)MexicoNicaraguaCuba
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Impact of Industrialization in Africa
Raw materials ColonialismCase Studies– student jigsaw
Congo (Choices unit)Rhodesia/ South AfricaKenyaMoroccoThe Gambia/ Senegal (Donald Wright’s book)
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Gender
Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe compared to women in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in the 19th century
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Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology
Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal
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Panama Canal
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Panama Canal
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Suez Canal
Suez canal opened in 1869
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Conclusions
What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished?
Predict how the events of the 19th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments.
Speculate what historical events in the 19th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.
What region (s) are in a position to be “players” in the next period?