perfusing dentine with horse serum or physiologic saline: its effect on adhesion of dentine bonding...

596 © 1998 Blackwell Science Ltd

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1998 25; 596–602

Perfusing dentine with horse serum or physiologic saline:its effect on adhesion of dentine bonding agentsC . A U G U S T I N , S . J . PA U L , H . L U T H Y & P. S C H A R E R University of Zurich, Center for Dentaland Oral Medicine, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland

SUMMARY Freshly prepared dentine specimens of

human teeth were perfused with either horse serum

or physiologic saline. After application of AllBond2®,

ART Bond®, Syntac® or an experimental dentine

bonding agent called P-Bond, a composite cylinder

was added and cured at the same time. After 1500

thermal cycles with constant imitation of intrapulpal

pressure, the shear bond strengths were measured.

Resulting shear bond strength values were analysed

with Students t-test or Mann–Whitney Test. The

Introduction

The testing of bond strength is a commonly used methodto evaluate dentine bonding agents (Jendresen et al.,1995). However, concern has been expressed if thistesting technique is a good indicator for the clinicalefficiency of dentinal adhesives because of thesometimes poor correlation between the in vitro resultsand the in vivo performance of these materials.

Intra-pulpal pressure seems to be very important inaltering the surface of vital teeth for bonding procedures.If the dentinal surface is acid-etched in the same wayas it is appropriate on enamel to obtain a good bond(Buonocore, 1955), dentinal fluid, under pressure, willleak out of numerous cut tubules. This may considerablychange the conditions of the chemical reaction of theadhesive resin with the dentine. Therefore, seepingdentinal fluid may not only prevent the bonding agentfrom entering the tubules, but may also prevent contactbetween the bonding agent and the solid dentinalsurface (Derkson, Pashley & Derkson, 1986; Terklaet al., 1987).

values for AllBond2® were not significantly different.

The values for ART Bond®(P , 0·05) and for Syntac®

(P , 0·05) were significantly higher if the dentine

was perfused with horse serum. For P-Bond

(P , 0·001) the values were significantly higher if

the dentine was perfused with physiologic saline.

According to these results it does not seem to be

appropriate to take a clear decision as to which of

the two perfusing media investigated might be more

suitable to imitate in vivo conditions.

The perfusion of the teeth with a solute that is similar

to dentinal liquid is a means of improving the imitation

of in vivo conditions of vital teeth for the in vitro

experiment. Physiologic saline is often used for this

purpose. However, dentinal liquid is a protein-

containing solution and therefore serum from animals

might be used as an improved substitute for the

perfusion of the dentinal samples through the pulpal

chamber.

Many in vitro studies report on effects on bond

strength and sealing properties of dentine bonding

agents using pressurized instead of dry dentine (Derkson

et al., 1986; Terkla et al., 1987; Mitchem, Terkla &

Gronas, 1988; Tao & Pashley, 1989; Tao, Tagami &

Pashley, 1991; Prati & Pashley, 1992; Davidson, Abdalla

& De Gee, 1993; Paul & Scharer, 1993a; Krejci, Kuster

& Lutz, 1993). The perfusing solutions used in these

studies were sterile phosphate-buffered saline (Derkson

et al., 1986; Terkla et al., 1987; Tao & Pashley, 1989; Tao

et al., 1991; Prati & Pashley, 1992), sterile physiologic

saline (Paul & Scharer, 1993a), horse serum (Krejci

P E R F U S I O N E F F E C T S O N A D H E S I O N O F D E N T I N E B O N D I N G A G E N T S 597

et al., 1993) and water (Mitchem et al., 1988; Davidson

et al., 1993).

Recent in vitro studies (Prati, 1994; Nikaido et al.,

1995) suggest that the use of a protein-containing fluid

for the perfusion of dentine instead of saline results in an

increase of bond strength values due to the interaction of

the bonding agents with these proteins.

Dentinal fluid clearly has a protein content (Stuben

& Spreter von Kreudenstein, 1957) but there is little

available information on the exact composition of this

protein fracture and the qualitative changes as a

function of the condition of the pulp. Recent studies

indicate that albumin and globulins are the main

components of the protein fracture of human dentinal

fluid (Pashley, 1992; Knutsson, Jontell & Bergenholtz,

1994).

In recent studies, 1·5% bovine serum albumin diluted

in water or in phosphate-buffered saline (Pashley,

Stewart & Galloway, 1984), undiluted horse serum

(Krejci et al., 1993), undiluted fetal calf serum (Prati,

1994) or bovine serum diluted 1 : 3 in physiologic

saline (Nikaido et al., 1995) were used to evaluate the

hydraulic conductance of dentine, marginal adaptation

of composite resins and bond strength of dentine

bonding systems.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the

shear bond strength of AllBond2®, Art Bond®, the

experimental P-Bond and Syntac® on human dentine

which was perfused with horse serum and to compare

these results with values obtained with a standardized

perfusion of human dentine with physiologic saline.

Materials and methods

Seventy-two extracted human third molars were

prepared for a laboratory testing set up, allowing dentine

to be kept under intra-pulpal pressure and

simultaneously allowing the samples to be exposed to

thermal cycling.

The teeth were randomly divided into two groups of

eight teeth four times. One group was perfused with

physiologic saline (NaCl 0·9%)* the other group with

undiluted horse serum† (Fig. 1). Each tooth was

trimmed on one side with a model trimmer‡ parallel to

its longitudinal axis until the pulp chamber appeared.

* Hausmann, St. Gallen, Switzerland.† Nr. 16050098, Life Technologies, Basel, Switzerland.‡ Reco GMT 5350, LeLeux, Oberhausen, Switzerland.

© 1998 Blackwell Science Ltd, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 25; 596–602

Fig. 1. A, A tooth is glued to an acrylic platelet to form a pressure-

proof chamber. B, The dentinal samples were perfused with either

horse serum or physiologic saline and they received a subsequent

surface treatment by applying a dentine bonding agent and a

composite luting resin (AllBond 2® 1 Porcelite®, ART

Bond® 1 Porcelite®, the experimental P-Bond 1 Porcelite® or

Syntac® 1 Dual Cement®). In addition, AllBond 2® 1 Porcelite®

were applied onto dentine which was not perfused (i.e. ‘no intra-

pulpal pressure). C, The resulting cylinder of cured material on

the dentine. D, Eight samples of the type seen in section C for

each combination of materials were submitted to 1500 thermal

cycles. E: Measurement of shear bond strength.

All pulpal tissue was removed carefully. Two channels

were drilled at opposing sides of the tooth (Fig. 1) with

a diamond bur§. One silicon tube for the inflow and

one for the outflow of the perfusing solution for each

tooth were glued into each channel. Then the open

(i.e. ground) side of each tooth with its silicon tubing

attached was closed by covering it with an acrylic

platelet (1·6 cm 3 3·0 cm) glued first with Superglue¶,

then with Araldite Rapid** to restore a leakfree pulp

chamber. The opposite untouched side of the tooth was

then also trimmed using the same model trimmer (300

grit), so that the remaining dentine thickness was

1·3 6 0·4 mm (5 dentine of medium depth; Paul &

§ Intensiv SA, Nr. 881315, Viganello-Lugano, Switzerland.¶Cyanacrylat, Dentex, Zurich, Switzerland.

** Epoxy resin, Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland.

598 C . A U G U S T I N et al.

Table 1. Dentine bonding agents used in this study

Acid Primer Unfilled resin

All Bond 2® 10% phosphoric acid A: NTG-GMA in ethanol and acetone B: BPDM in Bis-GMA, UDMA, HEMA

acetone

Syntac® None TEGDMA 1 4% Maleic acid in acetone and water Bis-GMA, TEGDMA

Adhesive: PEGDMA 1 5% glutaraldehyde in water

ART Bond® None A: 1·6% Maleic acid 1 sodium fluoride in water Bis-GMA, TEGDMA,

B: HEMA, HPMA, PMA-Maleic acid water PMA-Maleic acid

P-Bond 10% organic acid Liquid A Liquid B

Scharer, 1993b). This whole unit was finally embedded

into an aluminium frame (Fig. 1) with acrylic*. The

intrapulpal pressure was set at its physiological height of

36 cm water pressure (5 25 mm Hg, Van Hassel, 1971).

Immediately after the preparation of the dentinal

surface four groups of eight teeth were randomly coated

with one of the four following dentine bonding agents

and the respective composite luting resin in each group:

(1) AllBond2® (Lot No. 039025/029235/049065)† plus

Porcelite U® (Lot No. 601282/608124)‡, (2) ART Bond®

(Lot No. 9708 EH851)§ plus Porcelite U® (Lot No.

601282/608124)‡, (3) P-Bond plus Porcelite U®

(experimental dentine bonding agent; Lot No. 601282/

608124)‡ and (4) Syntac® plus Dual Cement® (Lot Nos.

660030/602200/660021 and 617044/617042)¶. The

dentine bonding agents were applied according to

manufacturers instructions and a cylinder of luting

composite was added. Only then were the bonding

agent and the composite cylinder light-cured

simultaneously for 60 s, from above the samples and

parallel to their longitudinal axes, using an Optilux

400**. The light output of the light curing unit used in

this experiment was tested to be 631 mW/cm2 with a

Cure Rite, Model 8000††. The composition of the dentine

bonding agents used in this study is shown in Table 1.

The intra-pulpal pressure was reduced to 19·6 cm

H2O (13·6 mmHg) during the bonding process to

reproduce the effect of the vasoconstrictor in local

anaesthetics. The dentine bonding agents were applied

to the whole dentinal surface whereas the respective

* Fastcure-Rovix, R. Vix AG, Basel, Switzerland.† Bisco, Itasca, IL, U.S.A.‡ Kerr, Romulus, MI, U.S.A.§ Coltene-Whaledent, Mahwah, NJ, U.S.A.

¶ Vivadent, Amherst, NY, U.S.A.** Demetron, Danbury, CT, U.S.A.†† EFOS INC., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.


luting composite was applied into a piece of silicon tube

3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height to generate

standardized cylinders of luting resin with a defined

area of bonded surface for the shear bond testing. After

1500 thermal cycles in water baths of 5°C and 55°C

(dwell time 30 s, time between water baths 30 s) shear

bond strength values (SBS) were measured with a

universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0·5 mm/

min) using the ‘wire loop technique’ (Sorensen & Dixit,

1991; Prati, Pashley & Montanari, 1991). A Ni-Cr-

wire (Rexillium III)‡‡was adjusted at the base of the

composite cylinder near the dentinal surface. Then a

pulling force from the Instron was applied until a

fracture occurred. The fractured surfaces were

observed with a binocular microscope at 253

magnification.§§ The resulting values were statistically

analysed with the Students t-test (AllBond2®, ART

Bond® and P-Bond) and with the Mann–Whitney Test

(Syntac®; no similar variances between groups as shown

in the box plot in Fig. 2).

Results

The single values of the resulting shear bond strengths

are shown in Table 2 and they are graphically displayed

in Fig. 2. Vertical bars in the tables indicate cohesive

fractures in dentine. All other samples fractured

adhesively.

No statistically significant differences could be

detected between the values of AllBond2® 1 Porcelite

U®/Horse Serum and AllBond2® 1 Porcelite U®/NaCl.

A clearly significant difference (Fig. 2) towards increased

bond strength values was seen when AllBond2® 1

Porcelite U® was applied on dentine under zero pulpal

‡‡ Jeneric Industries Inc., Wallingford, CT, U.S.A.§§Wild, Hersbrugg, Switzerland.


Fig. 2. Box plot of the resulting shear bond strength values on dentine which was either perfused with horse serum (5 Horse Ser.) or

physiologic saline (5 NaCl). Contraction: this line indicates the maximum contraction forces upon polymerization of resin composites

(Feilzer, De Gee & Davidson, 1989). GIC: this line indicates the reported bond strength of glass–ionomers on dentine (Prati & Pashley,

1992; Craig, 1993). The insert shows the distribution of values in a box plot drawing: 80% of the values lie between 1 and 2, 50% of

values between 3 and 4. Median: 50% of values lie above, the other 50% below this mark. (AllB 2 5 AllBond 2®; no IP 5 the adhesives

were bonded to dentine without the application of an intra-pulpal pressure).

Table 2. Shear bond strength values of AllBond 2, ART Bond, the experimental P-Bond, and Syntac after 1500 thermal cycles. Dentin

was perfused with either horse serum or physiologic saline.

All Bond 2® ART Bond® P-Bond Syntac®

Horse serum NaCl No IP Horse serum NaCl Horse serum NaCl Horse serum NaCl

0·38 4·88 11·16 11·30 10·68 11·76 13·52 7·42 6·78

3·78 8·76 11·22 13·18 11·46 11·62 17·64 10·26 8·38

5·54 7·20 11·50 12·98 12·72 13·74 18·02 13·30 7·12

4·94 0 9·78 13·94 11·54 12·96 18·22 11·76 9·34

4·22 7·46 9·98 13·80 12·10 14·04 18·24 16·96 7·20

3·80 3·62 10·44 13·42 10·22 13·66 18·52 13·94 8·56

7·28 0·98 10·64 13·08 11·00 13·74 19·60 20·02 7·64

8·64 5·34 10·96 17·86 13·12 13·04 21·72 8·34 7·92

Mean 6 SD

4·82 6 2·49 4·78 6 3·11 10·71 6 0·61 13·70 6 1·87 11·61 6 1·00 13·07 6 0·93 18·19 6 2·30 12·75 6 4·27 7·87 6 0·86

No IP, no intra-pulpal pressure was applied. Application of the dentin-bonding agent onto a wet dentinal surface with tubuli filled with

fluid but with zero pressure. Cohesive fractures in dentin are specified with a vertical bar.



pressure. For ART Bond® 1 Porcelite U® (P , 0·05) and

for Syntac® 1 Dual Cement® (P , 0·05), significantly

higher bond strength values were obtained if horse

serum was used as the perfusing liquid. P-

Bond® 1 Porcelite U® demonstrated significantly higher

bond strength values (P , 0·001) if the dentine was

perfused with physiologic saline.

Discussion

In the discussion of the composition of dentinal fluid

and the options for finding a true substitute for in vitro

studies, the origin of this fluid might be of help. Dentinal

fluid must finally be an ‘ultra filtrate’ of pulpal

extracellular fluid (5 pulp interstitial fluid) which is an

ultra filtrate of blood plasma. The different barriers

plasma has to encounter until it seeps as ‘dentinal fluid’

from cut tubules are the capillary endothelium, the

odontoblast layer and structures at the inner surface of

tubular walls (peritubular hydroxyapatite, intratubular

collagenous fibrils). The question arises as to what

supposedly happens with the original blood plasma

after transition through these barriers.

Blood consists of cells suspended in a fluid called

plasma. Human plasma is composed of an aqueous

solution of proteins (70 g/L), electrolytes and small

organic molecules. The composition of this protein

fraction, its interaction with the barriers mentioned and

its role in generating osmotic pressure are of primary

interest in the context of this study. Albumin (MW

69 000) makes up over 40 g/L of the total protein

content followed by several globulin fractions and finally

a very small amount of fibrinogen (µ 3 g/L; MW

340 000) (West, 1985; Schmidt & Thews, 1990). Besides

having carrier functions these proteins (and among

them particularly albumin) are responsible for the

colloid osmotic pressure of plasma.

The colloid osmotic pressure of human plasma is

reported to be 25 mmHg (generated by the protein

content of 70 g/L) whereas the colloid osmotic pressure

of the interstitial fluid is said to be 5 mmHg (according

to a protein concentration of µ 20 g/L) (Schmidt &

Thews, 1990). The distribution of extracellular fluid

across (pulpal) capillaries and venules is regulated by a

set of inter-related forces which are called the Starling

factors (Guyton, 1991). Roughly, hydrostatic pressures

and colloid osmotic pressures are the opposing forces

in this regulative system and their inter-relationship

with regard to the pulpodentine complex has been


nicely reviewed by Pashley (1992). Due to a higher

than atmospheric interstitial tissue pressure (Heyeraas,

1985), fluid will flow from the pulp in a peripheral

direction when dentine is uncovered and tubules are

cut by, for instance, cavity preparation (Pashley, 1985).

Earlier results of Pashley et al. (1981) suggest that the

capillary endothelium is the major diffusion barrier for

plasma proteins whereas dentine itself (i.e. surface

structures inside tubular walls) does not seem to reduce

the outwardly directed flux of the plasma proteins

(Maita et al., 1991).

The reported data imply that dentinal fluid contains

protein and that albumin and globulins (and to a certain

degree fibrinogen) should be the principal components.

Knutsson et al. (1994) measured the amount of albumin

and IgG (immune globulins) in effluents from cavities

prepared in human teeth in vivo and came to the

conclusion that their quantity was larger in samples

from pulp exposures but that the ratio between albumin

and IgG was always similar. Unfortunately the ratio of

albumin and IgG concentrations between pulp

interstitial fluid and effluents of dentinal fluid are not

given numerically in this study and therefore, they can

only be estimated from the diagrams provided to be in

the range of 7 : 1 to 5 : 1. This would actually be in

correlation with the results of Maita et al. (1991) who

reported that the protein concentration of dentinal fluid

measured in vivo in dogs was about one-fifth that of

plasma under spontaneous conditions.

The horse serum which we used in our study

contained albumin and globulins in concentrations of

32 g/L and 38 g/L, respectively. This indicates a similar

total protein content but a different composition

compared to human serum as reported above. It is

unknown at this time if this different composition could

have a significant influence. However, according to the

above data a dilution of such horse serum in physiologic

saline at a ratio of 1 : 5 to 1 : 7 would seem to be

appropriate according to the above data to simulate

dentinal fluid for in vitro studies.

Despite these considerations we started with

undiluted horse serum for this first study because of

the variety of set-ups reported in the literature which

claim an increasing effect on bond strength values if a

protein containing solute instead of physiologic saline

was used (1·5% bovine serum albumin (Pashley et al.,

1984); undiluted horse serum (Krejci et al., 1993; Prati,

1994); diluted horse serum (1 : 3) (Nikaido et al., 1995).

Without giving a more detailed description Prati (1994)


reported almost ‘doubled’ bond strength values for

Gluma or Scotchbond 2® under such conditions

compared to results obtained on dentine perfused with

phosphate-buffered saline. Nikaido et al. (1995)

reported significant differences between bond strength

values depending on the nature of the perfusing dentinal

fluid for Scotchbond MP® and for Clearfil Liner Bond

II®. These results were on a significance level (P , 0·05)

comparable with our results found for ART Bond® and

Syntac®. However, in our study P-Bond showed a

reverse relation (higher bond strengths if the dentine

was perfused with saline) whereas AllBond2® failed to

demonstrate any significant difference.

Causing a precipitation reaction between horse serum

and the freshly mixed primers of AllBond2® or ART

Bond® in a glass vial is a simple experiment and easy

to reproduce. The higher the protein content the more

obvious is the reaction. Very probably this reaction is

caused by mechanisms which are commonly known

for proteins: acids, alkaline agents and organic solvents

are able to coagulate globular protein resulting in a

destruction of the tertiary structure of the protein. It

thereby is irreversibly ‘denatured’ and its biologic

activity is lost.

A coagulation/precipitation of organic and inorganic

constituents seems to be responsible for the altered

permeability of dentine by blocking the dentinal tubules

(Pashley et al., 1984; Tagami, Nakajima & Hosoda, 1994).

A protein coagulating effect was reported (Tagami,

Hosoda & Imai, 1987; Watanabe et al., 1991) for primers

such as HEMA (hydroxyethylmethacrylate) and 5-

NMSA (N-methacryloyl 5-aminosalicylic acid). This

would imply that bond-strength values should be

significantly increased for HEMA-containing DBAs if

dentine is perfused with a protein containing liquid

instead of protein-free saline. However, the present

results show only a significance level of P , 0·05 for

the HEMA-containing ART Bond® despite the use of

even undiluted horse serum. On the other hand,

AllBond2® values were not significantly different

despite the very distinct coagulation reaction in the

glass vial and clearly higher values were only obtained

for this system if the pulpal pressure was zero. Therefore,

according to our results the effect of perfusing dentine

with protein containing liquids and the way this effect

relates to adhesive mechanisms on dentine still remains

a question which calls for further research.


Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr G. Menghini for his help with

the statistical analysis of the results in this study. We

would furthermore like to thank Bisco, Itasca, U.S.A.,

Coltene-Whaledent, Mahwah, U.S.A., Kerr, Romulus,

U.S.A. and Vivadent, U.S.A. for the donation of the

testing materials.

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