perfectly imperfect presentation - adlerontario.ca
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PerfectlyImperfectCydneyLebovitz~ONSAP2016
PerfectionismDefined
• “enduring,global,multidimensionalpersonalitytrait”(Hewitt&Flett,1991)• Centralfeatureisthesettingofexcessivelyhighperformancestandardsinconjunctionwitha
tendencytomakeoverlycriticalself-evaluations• Setandholdrigidtounrealisticstandardsforthemselvesandothers• Attendselectivelytofailureexperiences• Engageinallornothingthinking;theonlyoutcomepossibilitiesaretotalsuccessortotalfailure
Hamacheck(1978):NormalandNeuroticperfectionism
• Suggestedthatnormalperfectionistsemphasizetheneedtoachievehighpersonalstandardsandadesiretoexcelinperformance
• NeuroticperfectionistsexperienceanxietyandfearfailureSladeandOwens(1998):PositiveandNegativePerfectionism
• Positive(adaptive)Perfectionismischaracterizedasnormal,adaptive,orhealthy• Negative(maladaptive)perfectionismisunhealthyandcanbepathological
AdlerWouldhavesaidthatperfectionismisessentiallystrivingforsuperiorityandisneurotic.Depictedby:
• Constantstriving• Circularthinking• Insatiabledrive• Quitesimply“nothingisperfectandthedesirefortheimpossibleismaladaptive”
SocialInterest• Anindividual'sattitudetowardandawarenessofbeingapartofthehumancommunity• Mentalhealthismeasuredbythedegreetowhichwesuccessfullysharewithothersandare
concernedwiththeirwelfare• Happinessandsuccessarelargelyrelatedtosocialconnectedness
Frostetal.,(1993)Clarifiedthedifference:
• Maladaptiveperfectionismgenerallyassociatedwithdissatisfaction,highlevelsofsociallydictatedstandards,fearoffailure,andmaladaptiveevaluationapprehensivenesssuchasconcernovermistakesanddoubtsaboutactions
o haveatendencytoperceivemorestressintheirlivesandendorsemorerigid,inflexible,anddichotomousviewsofpeople,issues,andthemselves
• Adaptiveperfectionismisgenerallyrelatedtohighlevelsoforganization,aself-orientedfocus,highpersonalstandardsandsatisfactionwithgoalachievement
o Havehigherself-esteem,higherself-confidence,anddemonstratebetteremotionaladjustmentandabilitytocopewithstress
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Hewitt&Flett(1991):3dimensionsofPerfectionism• Self-OrientedPerfectionism:settingexcessivelyhighstandardsandmotivationtoward
perfectionforoneselfo Consideredpositiveoradaptiveo Associatedresourcefulness,assertivenessandconscientiousnesso Considerintrinsicmotivation,enhancedself-esteemandmotivationtosucceedo Feelingsofcontrolandmastery
• SociallyPrescribedPerfectionism:characterizedbystrivingforexcessivelyhighstandardsperceivedtobesetbyothers)
o Considerednegativeormaladaptiveo Associatedwithprocrastination,depression,suicideideation,lowerself-esteem,
anxiety,lowpersonalcontrolandshameo Considerextrinsicmotivation,self-critical,excessiveconcernovermistakes
• Other-OrientedPerfectionism:holdingexcessivelyhighstandardsandexpectationsofothersMeasuresofPerfectionism
• MultidimensionalPerfectionismScale(Frostetal.,1990)o Measuresbothadaptiveandmaladaptivedimensionsandincludes5scales
§ PersonalStandards(adaptive)§ ParentalExpectations(adaptive)§ ConcernOverMistakes(maladaptive)§ DoubtsAboutActions(maladaptive)§ ParentalCriticism(maladaptive)
• MultidimensionalPerfectionismScale(Hewitt&Flett,1991)o Takesamoreinterpersonalperspectiveandassesses3dimensionsofperfectionism
ThePathologyofPerfectionism–theBIG3
1. Depression2. Anxiety3. EatingDisorders
PerfectionisticqualitiesinthePerformanceDomain“theneedtoperforminanexcellentmannerandattainsatisfactionandasenseofprideisnotperfectionism”(FlettandHewitt,2006)
• Positiveandadaptiveperfectionismassociatedwithachievementofgoalsandconfidenceinsport
• Healthyperfectionismcorrelatedwithhighpersonalstandardsalongwithlowconcernovermistakes,parentalcriticism,anddoubtsingiftedchildren
PerformancePerfection(Mainwaring,2009)“performerswhostriveforperfectionbutdonotnecessarilypresentwithpathology”
• Mainwaringfeelsthatthoughthedescriptors“healthy,positiveandadaptive”designatepositivefunctioning,theystillimplythatpathologyispresent
• Shefeelsthatgoal-directedbehaviour,strivingforself-enhancement,andmotivationforproficientexecutionofskilledperformancearepositiveandappropriatepursuitswhenconsideringhigh-performancedomainsoffunctioning
• Butthisbegsthequestion…arelevelsofsuchhighperformancehealthyinthefirstplace?
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WorkingwithPerfectionisticClientsinthePerformanceDomain
• Goalassessment:isthegoalrealisticandthedesirenotdrivenbypathology?• Appropriateness:istheclient’sneedforperfectionappropriateinthegivensituation?Assistin
reshapingthoughts,feelingsgoals,orexpectations(CBTstyle)• Clinicalvs.Performance-focusedapproach:isthepursuitofanidealperformanceaccompanied
byunrealisticexpectations,overlycriticalself-evaluations,anxietyoraninabilitytolearnfromexperiences?
• Performance-relatedconcernsmayrevealmorecomplex,clinicalchallengesandmayrequirepsychotherapeutic-orientedinterventions.Determinewhetherclient’sissuesarisefromapersonalityrootedinperfectionism
• Perfectionistsexpectmuchfromtheirtherapists!Maintainingtherapeuticalliancewhilemanagingtransferenceisessentialwithperfectionistclients
StressandtheOptimalLevelofArousal(Yerkes-DodsonLaw,1908)
EmotionalRegulation
• Theattempttocontrolaffectandfindtheoptimallevelofarousal• FindingtheoptimallevelofarousalisfarmoredifficultforSociallyPrescribedPerfectionistsas
theyaregreatlyinfluencedbytheirenvironmentandpeoplearoundthem• Physiologicaltoolssuchasdeepbreathingexercisesandimagerycanproduceaphysical
responsethathasapositiveeffectonregulatingemotion