perception of urban public squares in in(1)

8/17/2019 Perception of Urban Public Squares in in(1)

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PERCEPTION OF URBANPUBLIC SQUARES IN INDIA

Dissertation submitted by

VAISHALI SHARMA

123701008

B.Arch. VII Semester ‗C‘

Faculty of Architecture

Manipal University

Manipal

November 2015


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Faculty of Architecture

Manipal University

Manipal

CERTIFICATE

We certify that the Dissertation entitled ―-------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-‖, that is being submitted by Name & Roll no of the student, in the VII

semester of B.Architecture undergraduate programme, Faculty of

Architecture, Manipal University, Manipal is a record of bonafide work, to the

best of our knowledge.

------------------------------ ---------------------------

--Faculty in charge Director


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ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I take this opportunity to sincerely thank the people without whose guidance

and valuable contribution, directly or indirectly the dissertation would not have

been possible.

First and foremost, I show my utmost gratitude to my professor and guide,

Prof. Deepika Shetty, whose constant advice, sincerity and encouragement

helped the project to take its present shape. Also, my gratitude goes out to my

panel professors, Asst. Prof. John Bennette John and Asst. Prof. Arun

Hariharan Natarajan; and also Prof. Sahana for the initial guidance and

motivated push towards the project. I would also like to forward my sincere

thanks to the Head of the Department, Prof. Nishant Manapure, for the

direction provided in the initial stages.

I am also extremely grateful to my friends and colleagues for their

cooperation, valuable inputs and support throughout the term unconditionally.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank my family and brother, Mr. Rajdeep

Sharma for their expert advice in all matters and the strength they give to

believe in the success of the project.

THANK YOU!

I A


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ABSTRACT

Historically the ‗public square‘ has been an important element in the physical

designs of cities drawings its functions from the political, religious, commercial

and leisure life. The pedestrian use of these spaces were largely dependent

on the form, internal function, the adjoining land and building uses as well as

its connection to the city fabric of India. The analysis of such factors is done in

an historic and descriptive survey, field or questionnaire survey and study of a

few existing public places in India. The people who use the square come from

a wide spectrum of age groups, occupations, religion and classes. These

square seem to have an appeal to the community as a whole

If an open square is to be developed as a vital element within the urban

structure it should be planned to optimise the influence of those factors, which

will increase its amenity, desirability and hence the degree of its use, seen in

the light of an Indian context.


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................... 1

1.2 RELEVANCE OF STUDY ...................................................................... 1

1.3 AIM ......................................................................................................... 2

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................ 2

1.5 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 2

1.6 DEFINITIONS......................................................................................... 2

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................... 3

1.8 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 4

1.9 OUTCOME ............................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE STUDY ............................................................... 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 6

2.2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES ....................................................... 6

2.3 HISTORY OF PUBLIC PLACES IN INDIA ............................................. 8

2.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA AND ITS ........................................ 9

PUBLIC OPEN SPACES .............................................................................. 9

2.5 CRITERIAS FOR PUBLIC PLACES IN INDIA ..................................... 11

TYPOLOGY ............................................................................................ 11

ACCESSIBILITY ..................................................................................... 13

ACTIVITY ................................................................................................ 15

SPATIAL ORGANISATION .................................................................. 18

SECURITY .............................................................................................. 28

ICON GENERATION .............................................................................. 29

CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES ...................................................................... 32

3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 32

3.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 32

3.3 CASE 1 - JAIPUR ............................................................................. 33

3.4 CASE STUDY 2 – AHMEDABAD ..................................................... 35

3.5 CASE STUDY 3- KOLKATA ............................................................. 37


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3.6 CASE STUDY 4- DELHI ................................................................... 40

3.7 CASE STUDY 5- MELBOURNE ....................................................... 43

3.8 PRIMARY CASE STUDY - MANIPAL .............................................. 47

CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................... 49

4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 49

4.2 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 49

4.3 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 5 – FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS ........................................... 58

5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 58

5.2 FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS ......................................................... 59

Access .................................................................................................... 59

Image / Spatial Configuration .................................................................. 60

Activities .................................................................................................. 62

Comfort ................................................................................................... 63

Security ................................................................................................... 64

5.3 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 66

APPENDIX .................................................................................................... 69

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ......................................................................... 70


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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In India, as in most poor countries, the public place has always been thestreet. The mixture of activities at street level hides a rigid stratification within

society. The cities are will, invariably, be divided into various quarters, each

housing or catering to a group defined by ethnicity, religion, or wealth. The

territories of each group may be rigidly marked- such as the high walls of the

rich- or more subtly demarcated, as in the narrow lanes leading off main

streets that create the boundaries of a Muslim or Hindu neighbourhood. While

each separate group has its own institutions and meeting places- religious

temples and mosques, clubs, society as whole has very few common meeting

gathering grounds. To feel themselves as part of a larger imagined

community' that transcends individual difference; people need to experience

the expression of this community in real, physical terms.

1.2 RELEVANCE OF STUDY

India, being in a rapid phase of urbanization; except very few urbanized

metropolitan cities, the majority of the small and medium size cities are now

growing since the last decade. The cities usually have traditional settlement

as an urban core, developed in the medieval period with an organic pattern

and almost frozen in time till the 19th century. Not only in India but in most of

the world, built environments evolved gradually and the values about human

preferences got embedded into it. For modern planners, the environments

with organic spatial organization are usually chaotic due to obvious geometric

irregularity which is considered as a ―disorder‖, but they seem to be in

harmony with the users. This harmony is getting lost in the emerging urban

environments of developing cities, though these urban environments satisfy

most of the physical parameters. Planners need to start designing spaces

keeping these user preferences and their connections to the environment in

mind. Such spaces should respond to the peoples common culture, history

and sentiments.


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1.3 AIM

This dissertation attempts to discuss, elaborate and quantify on how a public

square, changes or induces certain behavioural patterns among the people in

India and the factors of a public space which allows it to be used mosteffectively.

The dissertation is intended with the need of understanding open

environments in urban cores of Indian cities, in terms of their spatial

configurations as a result of user preferences. This may help to evolve a

humane approach to deal the emerging open spaces in developing cities of

India.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the various factors and elements of public city squares that

recognises the true function and character of the space and how these

elements are able to mould public behaviour for the effective use of the city

squares in India?

1.5 OBJECTIVES

To understand the meaning of city squares and effective-use.

To study the behavioural patterns and responses to different types of

city squares.

To determine factors and elements that caters to the effective use of

public squares.

To be able to identify forms and shapes that enhances the experience

of a square.

To be able to relate the above factors to Indian context and come outwith a list of guidelines for public space design in India.

1.6 DEFINITIONS

Public space or square is defined as the ensemble of state owned, free

access open space. They are like physical voids that offer breathing space

amid the built environment. They have a dynamic relationship between form,

space and function. The openness and robustness of it makes them the

centre of city events and act as social nodes. Every community needs a


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symbol of its existence, a centre on which to focus life. Public spaces can be

such a symbol and are the ‗pulse‘ of a city. They form nodes or focal points,

symbolizing shared identity and culture. Urban public spaces can be defined

as elements within an urban fabric, which bind the different components of a

city together, reinforcing the urban fabric.

Perception is defined as the ability to see, hear, or become aware of

something through the senses. In psychology it is the neurophysiological

processes, including memory, by which an organism becomes aware of and

interprets external stimuli. It is the way in which something is regarded,

understood, or interpreted.

Urban is a word that pertains to or relates to a city. Urban fabric is the

physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types, thoroughfares, open

space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding environmental, functional,

economic and sociocultural aspects.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Among various deficiencies that our cities present today, a major lack is the

inability to promote successful public squares, where the population can take

advantage of a good environment which is reflected by good levels of static

occupancy rates. We need to understand the morphology and principles

governing patterns of space use of open public spaces. Often, public areas

either in housing estates, office developments or simply in areas of public

domain are relegated to become more of a no-go area than a lively urban

space; whereas other areas, perhaps not planned to work as "public squares"

seem to incorporate all the necessary elements to become a popular place.

The study will be restricted to the study of behavioural patterns in city

squares. Public spaces, relating to water front, residential areas, parks etc.

are ruled out.

Also, I will mostly look into the perception of people in such spaces and not

focus on the social interactive aspect.


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1.8 METHODOLOGY

This research will be based on such variables that cannot be measured

directly as values, neither can they be defined. Behaviour of people is a

subjective term that differs from individual to individual and also fromenvironment to environment, dependent largely on the perception of people.

There will be no definite answer as to how a city square be designed to

induce the correct kind of behaviour. There will be a variety of different

spaces, experiences, structures, forms etc. that will affect different people in

various ways.

Hence, an effective way to determine the factors that stimulate people

behaviour, in a similar way is by studying the impact of various existing

examples of the sort as case studies, both secondary and primary. Primary

case studies will include activity mapping and visual analyses of the people

and interviewing some of the users for a better idea of the space.

Also, surveys, mainly visual surveys, can be done on varied age group of

people to get an idea of different perspectives of people of different forms of

spaces. Since, it is not possible to physically study the behaviour or

perception of so many people at varied locations, visual questionnaires that

might give the people an idea of the space, can be circulated and surveyed

upon.

Literature study of the space in question and the different behavioural

patterns is an obvious part of the research process, to understand the norms

of designing these spaces and how different geometries of a public square

within the fabric of a city, affect not only the people using it but also the

surrounding city. Also, it will give an idea about how effectively the squares

are used and what can be done for greater effectiveness.

A study of the history of public squares is necessary to understand how

these spaces acted in the past and why, how they evolved through the ages

and their impact on the social fabric and mind-set of ancient towns. This is

extremely important, as it gives us the roots of designing public squares;

understanding the reason behind their failure or success, will help in creating

more effective town squares.


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Through spatial analysis, we examine plans and sectional drawings to

understand the relationships between the spatial characteristics of the square

and people‘s activities, based on the literature review and secondary data

gathered. This includes defining the boundaries, surrounding context,

connecting networks, visibility, connectivity and the locations of the design

components

Also, a study of some public squares around iconic structures must be done,

where a more formal behaviour may be noticed. This will help in knowing the

factors or the elements that brings about order in a public square.

In this case, the behavioural patterns and perception are the dependent

variable on the nature of the public city square, which is independent of any

external factor. At the end, I must analyse and conclude on specific factors

that stimulate effective behaviour. So, the city/town square becomes a

constant, and the behavioural patterns or perception is the variable dependent

on the quality of space.

1.9 OUTCOME

At the end of this dissertation, I should be able to:

Identify typical criteria/parameters of a city square.

Their configurations and spatial arrangements for easy and effective

use by public.

The different forms, shapes and spaces and how they impact the user.

Come up with the best combination of factors and elements to be able

to design an effective city square of iconic character in India.


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CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Urban public spaces in India present a distinct dichotomy of constancy and

change. The constancy comes from the concept of public spaces being the

underlying spirit of Indian way of life. Tradition wraps public spaces with

people and their defined activities that stamp the permanency factor on them.

Integral spaces is the key to such constancy as the space, the architecture,

the urban art, people and function merge and have no distinct separation line.

The entering of the car and vehicles has declined the roles of people in urban

spaces. With enter modernity to cities changed the urban spatial structure of

roles. Square was the integration, the role of an invitation to stop and looking,

has changed the role of distribution and transmission. (Priya Sasidharan,

Dichotomy of Urban Public Spaces 2012)

2.2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

The first city formations appeared 6000 years ago. The most well-known

earliest example of today‘s public squares is Greek’s “Agora”. Democracy

shape Greek cities. The Agora was an open place in the city centre where all

kinds of gatherings; such as political meetings, athletic and musical games,

theatre performances and commercial activities took place. The geometrical

form of the agora was usually square or rectangle.

Similarly, the Roman Forum was a large open space where people gather for

political, economic and social activities. It was the combination of agora and

acropolis since it included more activities (such as shrines, temples, the hall of

justice and the council houses) with more formal order.

Later, Most of the open public spaces were shaped around religious buildings.

During this period commercial activities took place also in public spaces.

Therefore in middle ages, open public spaces were used mainly for religious

ceremonies, and as marketplaces.


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In the neo-classical period (the Renaissance and Baroque period). Formal

designs and plans were very common in this period. Symmetry and order

were the essential principles in design of the squares .Monuments and

fountains were added to the design to create aesthetically pleasant

environments axial order, balance and hierarchy became main design

principles during the Baroque period. In this period, open spaces were

designed to create visual and ceremonial effects.

In 19th century, industrial revolution caused dramatic changes in urban

design and planning. The establishment of broad railway networks leaded to

population increase in urban areas which stimulated growth of cities. New

industrial areas were developed near cities and labour class began to move

into cities to dwell. There was an emerge of shopping arcades, shopping

streets, bazaars and department stores created a new form of public space,

especially for women. Pedestrian movement and freedom were limited. In the

second half of the 20th century, many urban squares turned into crossroads

especially in developing countries. (Memluk, Designing Urban Squares 2013)

FIGURE 1. EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SQUARES


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2.3 HISTORY OF PUBLIC PLACES IN INDIA

The cities of India have had a traditional settlement as an urban core, which

developed during the medieval period under the reign of the Hindu and then

the Muslim rulers.in the ancient times, at the beginning of civilisation, theHarappa Mohenjo-Daro cities were well planned. There public square was

raised on a mound with different structures like the Great Bath, Assembly Hall

etc., forming a vitality of public spaces open to all.

But later, when aristocracy came in to the picture, class differences led to

differentiation of spaces. The people belonging to the Royal patronage and

Brahmins would enjoy large open leisure gardens, geometrically set out,

within the palace boundary. This was not open to the general public. These

spaces were used for formal assembly or performances by dancers, religious

rituals etc. they would be grouped around ornamental elements that served as

a symbol of the State at that time. They sometimes served as parade grounds

as well.

For the lower classes, the place of congregation was the temple courtyard.

People of the same faith and belief would meet and interact. This again was

formal in nature to some extent owing to the sanctity temple traditions and

rules. Also, during the visit of the King, the space would be closed for the

public. Market places were another place which formed a public square. They

did not have any definite character, yet were popular users owing to the users

and the function. These ‗bazaars‘ would line along the streets creating a

character of its own. During festive times, these streets were decorated,

lighted up for processions. Hence, the character was mouldable.

The Muslim rule brought about order in the spatial planning. The un-built

spaces were given as much importance as the built- no distinction between

street and room. There was a grouping of rectangular pavilions along definite

axes and buildings were organised in progression around it. The pavilions and

open spaces were mostly enclosed by arcades or buildings on the sides and

had defined characteristics that formed an image of the space, meant solely

for leisure Monumental structures when built had sprawling gardens, spread

out in front. Everything was organized according to this principle: the layout of


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architectural elements, the hierarchical organization of decorative symbols,

even the practice of gardening. The space would be divided into quadrants by

means of pathways and water channels. Intersection of two pathways would

form a nuclear element like a fountain or statue; hence interest exists

throughout the grounds. The pathways bordered patches of green lawns in

between. All were at right angles to each other, so the space had a number of

parallel sight lines and perspective view from different angles. It has been

considered a specific, self-contained entity removed from its context—its

surroundings, the city, and the environment- a religious paradise. By virtue of

its newness they have been preserved till date. But all these had defined

complexes. The mosque courtyard was another place meeting ground, open

to all.

With the advent of the British rule, Indian public places lost its traditional

value. Even with the irregularities of geometric ratios, the perception of

‗disorder‘ was in harmony with the users. But he British, introduced their own

system of public squares based on length and breadth ratios, with large

gardens and central features. Though they beautified the space, they were

unpopular as the people it has been built for had no connection to them. Thecrossroads before their government buildings also became squares but failed

for the same reason and their size compared to the population size of that

time. These squares became nothing but meeting and protest grounds for the

freedom fighters. The fall of the British rule, came with urbanisation and

industrialisation in India, which changed the nature of public spaces.

2.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA AND ITS

PUBLIC OPEN SPACES

Concept of space in the context of the Indian sub-continent is that ―There is

no outer space without inner space". The space is constructed with

participation of the self. It is particularly this quality which results in its

transient nature and multiplicity of interactions in the same place.


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(Priya CHOUDHARY 2012) These are not concepts of space that are limited to

special sites and building in the city but are embodied in the ordinary domestic

spaces, street corners, open spaces, etc. in the city. The Indian cities are

chaotic urban spaces that seem to be a collage of disparate objects, people

and their activities.

India has gone through massive changes in the last two decades. India pre-

liberalization is quite a shift from the post-liberalization India. The opening up

of the Indian economy not only resulted in the structural changes in the

industrial sector but more importantly it became a part of the larger global

network. There was a formation of the new young urban class in India. This

class is very different from the generic Indian middle class because it is a

product of liberalization. They are both demographically young and urban in

location, as well as self-consciously cosmopolitan in orientation. The

networking of societies has led to this new urban class wanting the best of

both worlds- the globalised society of the west and vestiges of our past

refashioned to suit the penchant for the pastiche and a larger cultural fusion

Our urban spaces, have witnessed a transformation. Malls, fly over's, metro,

wider roads, transit hotels, convention centres, café‘s and such became the

focus of development. Malls were projected as the new public places to be in.

Malls are usually singularly controlled interiorized set-ups, which are at the

same time comparable to the scale of any bazaar, retailing out a diverse

range of commodities and mostly trying to create a private space within the

public realm. (Rathore, A Critique on Contemporary Urban Spaces 2013)

FIGURE 2. TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC PLACES IN INDIA


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2.5 CRITERIAS FOR PUBLIC PLACES IN INDIA

1. Typology

2. Accessibility

3. Activity4. Spatial organisation

5. Image

6. Security

7. Icon Generation

TYPOLOGY

In India public places can be categorised into two types: Streets and Squares.

The streets developed around built or un-built spaces as a means to facilitate

the spread of settlement. Squares developed as a result of grouping of

houses around a courtyard, which later formed agoras, forums cloisters, open

grounds etc. in the very nature of these public places, the square is a more

attractive space to spend time in, than a street that is more functional in

nature.

Streets – Indian urban cities are mostly divided into two parts; the traditional

city and the colonial city. In the traditional cities, the sic spatial characteristic

of elemental streets is ‗felt volume‘, which is generated by vertical wall planes

that bound it on either side. Because of the mix of elements and function, the

streets act literally and metaphorically as exterior rooms of the city; they

function as places as well as links. Earlier the building fronts would face the

streets and their backs a courtyard creating a combination of open spaces.

However in modern cities, the variety of such spaces is diminishing. The

‗street‘ no longer exists, but is merely a link- a road to transfer traffic.

Ellis classifies streets as „unified wall‟ or „series of pavilions‟ and ‗elongated

courtyard‘. These produce a positive street space, generated from the building

facades, the streets being carved out of amass of buildings. Hence the street

is more volumetric and prominent the buildings. Therefore, the façade belongs

more to the street than the building. This was the type of organisation in the

colonial parts of the city.

Based on the activities that take place on the streets, they are classified as:


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Pedestrian (static and dynamic) and Non-Pedestrian. Dynamic activities

would include walking, strolling, activities that are constantly in movement.

Static activities include sitting, standing, squatting, eating etc.

Spaces for pedestrians need to be complex and interesting whereas for

motorists, simple and tunnel-like. Speed is an important factor in what one

can perceive in unit time. While driving, one has high speed, so the city‘s

image becomes an amalgamation of partial views over time. However,

pedestrians have lower speed. They appreciate the finer details of the

environment. They are more aware of the place and hence have a clearer

idea of the meaning of space. The perception of complexity is relative to the

no. of noticeable differences per unit time and hence the speed. High speed

requires design to be having distant views, gradual curves, large regular

rhythms, symmetrical spaces and simplicity. Slow speed requires having

shorter views, intricate, complex and asymmetrical in nature, winding with

hidden views- to encourage walking and strolling.

Squares- in India, city squares and plazas, were introduced only during the

British colonial rule, which has become the hub of social activity. If we regard

streets as rivers channelling the stream of human communication….the

square represents a natural or artificial lake. Three elements define it:

1. Walls of surrounding buildings

2. Area of the ground

3. Sky over the square

In most traditional cities, these were formed at the intersection of two major

crossroads (chowks). They acted as market squares, mosque squares,

temple courtyards, open spaces, venues for cock fights, preaching etc. There

was a translation of Vedic principles and concepts to forms such spaces

within the pols, mohallas and group them to give a central location for

interaction. In metro cities, these chowks have merely reduced to traffic nodes

which need to be rehabilitated as safe public places.


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In Islamic cities, these chowks or pavilions acted as units of space which were

multiplied along different axes at right angles to evolve into a city or fortress.

Buildings would be placed in the empty plots left.

Squares are often designed as formal and informal spaces. The informal ones

being more prevalent and used in India. Formal spaces have a strong sense

of enclosure with ordered flooring, lighting and street furniture. The

surrounding buildings also enhance the formality by their symmetrical layout.

Informal squares are more asymmetrical and relaxed in character with a

variety of architecture. But in both types, the designers pay respect to its

boundaries.

While both the elements- the dynamic street and the static squares seem to

be different, but are actually connected to each other in the cityscape. A

Street gives a much bigger importance to square than just forming the edge

and an important square can enhance the use of a street. Thus the way they

interact can bring another dimension the place.

ACCESSIBILITY

Access refers to how well a space is linked to its surroundings, physically and

visually. These spaces must not only be connected; easy to get to and

around; but also be seen from a distance (perception). The feel of

approaching a public place draws people to the open environment. This can

be brought about by gradual change of the streetscape, lighting, street

furniture or in the Indian context. An array or continuous row of shops will

serve the same purpose.

The most basic quality of a public space is the freedom for anyone to enter it.

There are three major types of access –

Physical access – A public space should be physically accessible to

the general public. Any sort of physical barrier such as gates, fences,

hedges or guards as in the outdoor stores, makes the space

inaccessible, hence not truly public.


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Visual access – Clear visibility of a public space is important for

people to feel free to enter a space and helps a user ascertain if it is

safe and inviting. While providing free visibility one needs to keep in

mind people‘s need for relaxation and privacy. Hence a balance needs

to be struck between security by way of clear visibility and retreat by

way of shelter from direct observation.

Symbolic access – presence of certain people or design elements

often suggests symbolic access to a public space; that is welcome or

not welcome.

These three types of access – physical, visual, and symbolic – frequently

interact and can present a strong or ambiguous picture of who is free to enter

a space and who has control over ‗the right of access.

Often the placement of public squares is seen as an accident as a result of

organic planning more than forethought. However in the newly planned cities,

the choice is often deliberate. Centrality appears to be the norm for public

places, the principle meeting ground of the city. However, port towns develop

public places, apart from the central location, along the waterfront. These not

only cater to the existing activities of public places, but also they exploit the

waterf ront‘s commercial value. Political and religious life can be celebrated

elsewhere within the city fabric, i.e. two separate areas for separate function,

both having a good a connection, intra as well as intercity. Moreover,

interlinking these two plazas will not be difficult as the water (sea, river, lake)

is the core value of the city, whereas the central plaza is the heart of the city.

The connectivity and permeability of the urban fabric allows for multiple

alternative paths and connections, between different spaces. In such a case,

they might act as a destination, a place to pass through or an incidental

destination. Together with compactness, the space combines different

interconnected and overlapping circulation routes. That increase individual

choices, contribute to higher probability of change and contrast, with a

diversity of people and actions. Also, the density of public places can be

managed through multiple entrances, buildings and facades.


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According to the spatial organisation of traditional Indian public places,

continuity and linkages are important aspects. In the past Indian cities have

evolved through organic planning- shifting axis of movement. This has helped

to unfold the spaces gradually and introduce an element of surprise. They are

intertwined with the city‘s built fabric. We see that the public places have

evolved and are most functional in the central parts of the city, well connected

to the rest of the town. This link can be brought about, by either creating by

intention or default, public places near to, between or in front of religious

structures like mosques or temples, as these spaces gather majority of the

Indian crowd. Indians would tend to relate to such spaces more, with a greater

understanding of meaning and symbolism. As a result of these holy structures

and their meaning to the general public, these public squares become an area

of great interest and succeeds as gathering ground. In metro cities, public

areas are created where a no. of bus routes or subway lines meet. This

improves the accessibility to the area. These become “amorphous squares”

as a result of the traffic pressures of crossroads.

Another aspect that needs to be looked into is the diversified culture and

population of India. To bring in the different classes, castes and religion ofIndia to socialise in a single public arena is a great challenge in itself. This

needs strategic placement of public squares in areas between two different

worlds; e.g. - the New Market in Kolkata. Most Indian cities have a Muslim

community, a Hindu community, Parsi community etc. these areas should be

accessible to all joined by a string of public units and spaces (monuments,

gardens, offices, museums etc.) that make up a zone of common interaction.

ACTIVITY

The activities that occur in a public place- friendly interactions, public

concerts, community art shows etc. - are its basic building blocks; he reason

why people come in the first place and return. Activities also make a place

special and unique, which in turn also helps generate community pride.


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These activities can be grouped as:

FORMAL IN-FORMAL

- Political - Traffic

- Defence - Leisure

- Religion - Aesthetics

The formal public areas are directly related and dependent upon the land, the

adjoining building use and function of the square. The function of these

spaces would change if the factor on which they are dependent changes, but

not necessary the form. They are formed in front or around religious buildings,

open yards in front of government buildings. Military parades and functionsmay be held in large open grounds, with symbolic iconic structures, creating a

monumental public space. While the temples gathered for sacred activities,

the formal gardens of government offices expressed political power and

enhanced the arts- dance, music literature-serving as podiums to honour the

Indian spirit as well as commemorative events. Such spaces are mostly

restricted to India. These are known as assoc i a t i v e fun c t i o n squ a res .

Informal public squares are like i n t e r na l f un c t i o n squa re s , where

activities for which it has evolved and has been established take place

entirely upon the open space of the square, without this activity having

any dependency upon the land or building use. Its function is

independent and self-centred. Such activities include mostly a market

place for exchange and selling of goods in India. This commercial hub

attracts majority of the Indian population from different classes and

backgrounds. Original ‗bazaars‘ of India had developed at the nodes or

junction of two man connecting streets. These squares, known as

‗chowks‘ became the social hub, and they were often developed to give

it an architectural character to which the population could relate, e.g.-

The chowks of Jaipur. These form a r t er i a l node f unc t i o n squ a re s . But

today they have reduced to mere traffic nodes where character and

space also does not help in its effective use as a public place, due to

increasing automobiles and busy lives. Areas with an ornamentalstructure within a park serve for the sole purpose of beautification and


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leisure, but again are mouldable to hold functions and concerts from

time to time.

Informal public places are flexible in design, that is, they serve for

various purposes during different times of the day and different

seasons. Within a day, the activities might change according to the

typology of the trading that takes place. Seasonal changes occur when

spaces are transformed using canopies and lighting alongside to

accommodate the religious activities, protests, ceremonies etc. Of all

the activities, the market forms an integral part of Indian public places.

Often the activities of a public space are a result of the affordance. It is

a matter of things to do and see which can be:

NECESSARY OPTIONAL SOCIAL

- Shopping one undertakes requires the presence

- Going to work willingly or if time of others.

and place permits

The distribution of necessary activities becomes a mechanism for

supporting optional activities, preventing single function areas and

monopolising social life. The integration of activities, function and their

users in and around public spaces enhances effective use.

We see that the function of a public place plays a major role in

attracting visitors- providing a smooth transition between the private

and public realm- which provides opportunities for public space use.

The relationship is bi-directional. Transparency in design will allow

public space users to perceive what lies beyond, communicating the

points of interest and activities and that there are possibilities of

retreat.

Different people and user groups use public space differently, based on

regional, ethnic and life-cycle stage differences. Class is an important

indicator of how users use a space. Lower income groups use space more


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intensely and often prefer the street as public space. Public space is

extremely important for the lower income groups in, especially those living in

traditional neighbourhoods who need open space as a respite from crowded

living conditions, and for fresh air and recreation. Also the age of a person or

life-cycle stage determines their priorities and the level of mobility they have6.

For example senior citizens are less mobile than teenagers and hence need

spaces that are easily accessible. The ―size and heterogeneity, also affects

the balance between the public and private … Heterogeneity can lead to

withdrawal to the private realm.

SPATIAL ORGANISATION

The way open areas are arranged and patterned in a system of spaces is the

spatial configuration of the area. Irregularity is the primary feature of the

organic pattern, as it cannot be measured in geometric properties like rhythm,

symmetry, repetition, parallel elements, alignment etc. these parameters help

to find out ‗order‘; lack of these properties is labelled as ‗disorder‘. A public

place is about the part and the whole, that is, the spatial character.

Form- helps to define the boundaries of a public space. These boundaries

maybe obvious and tactile like the ground pavement, façade, row of trees etc.

the upper limit is formed by the roof lines or sky. Gestalt says, “T he spatial

form tends to continue in spite of change of use within and about the

square…it is as permanent as the elements that create it.” volume is defines

by its bottom (the ground, the sides (buildings tress, hillside, river bank etc.)

and the open ceiling (the sky.) To deduce the form of a square, three

concepts must be studied:

Isovist- field of view from a particular point

Axial space- a straight line

Convex space- no line between two of its points; space

goes outside the perimeter.

To capture the features of the system of spaces, these axes are the lines of

sight and visibility, movement and permeability.


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Based on these concepts, public spaces have been categorised by Paul

Zucker as:

The closed square- a simple geometric figure, such as square, circle,

triangle or quadrangle is the shape in plan of the closed square. Its

walls are usually defined by repeated architectural façade of a single

building or many structures. The abutting buildings are thus designed

both for individual use and in conformity with a spatial concept which

the buildings themselves make concrete and visible.. the only

significant openings would be the streets leading into it and the sky.

The interior ground space maybe developed with street furniture,

fountains, soft-scaping etc. the first closed squares appeared in the

planned towns of the Greek civilization and later in the Renaissance

and Medieval times.

FIGURE 3. THE CLOSED SQUARE, PLAZA MAYOR IN MADRID

Plaza mayor in Madrid is an open central square, with access from any of the

eight two storey portals that lead to the surrounding streets.

The dominated square- directs the view to a single building or a group

of buildings or some other physical thing such as a large sculpture or a

spectacular view. In this type of square, the dominating element

visually controls the space of the square before it. The dominant

feature maybe a church, a palace, a city hall, or an open vista which

acts like a magnet to attract the perspectives of the square, creating a

motion and tension between the open space and the dominating

element, hence a resulting aesthetic cohesion. The visual

preponderance might be a result of the dominating elements size or its


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location or design relationship to the other elements of the square. The

‘parvis‘ originally an enclosed space before the medieval church was

often such a dominated square; the church façade getting the

concentrated perspective.

FIGURE 4. THE DOMINATED SQUARE, NOTRE DAME

The nuclear square- the spatial unity of a public square is not

necessarily dependent upon their architectural or natural boundaries.

Indeed any element is visually strong and large enough in size to form

a focus within the space of the square by acting as a nucleus to thee

square may result in an artistic wholeness in direct contrast to the

apparent non-coordination of the surroundings. For example- London

Trafalgar square.

FIGURE 5. THE NUCLEAR SQUARE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON

Here the nelson monument produces a sense of order and integration amidst

unequal sized buildings, uneven street widths, an irregular ground plan of

open space and buildings and a visually confusing meeting of streets on the

south side. Without the column, Trafalgar Square breaks down as an

organised spatial volume.


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However, a nuclear square is not created with merely a statue, obelisk or

fountain placed in it. These focal interests may only contribute to the

furnishing of the square while the spatial classifications of the square is

determined by other elements

Grouped squares- in designing of cities, very pleasing results have

often been obtained when urban squares were developed in spatial

relationship to each other. Dynamic contrasts of successive spaces

may be ordered to create a planned sequence of crescendo and

diminuendo in the drama of the urban space.

Grouped squares were axially oriented in Roman and Baroque times. A

less formal non-axial relationship in the Renaissance grouped squares

was obtained by the opening of a common side and the intersection at

right angles of the axes. A third type of grouped squares results when

three or more squares are arranged about a common dominant

building such as a palace or cathedral. Lastly squares maybe grouped

without direct physical contact through the use of some linking device

such as a street, a church or an arcaded passageway. The specific

method may vary but the goal is to create mentally a relationshipbetween the physically separated units. There are many means to

achieve aesthetic unity between one square and another.

FIGURE 6. THE ROAM GROUPED SQUARES

The plan above is the ancient Roman concept of ‗grouped squares‘.

The amorphous square- is used to describe and classify all those squares

which are Roman aesthetic point of view, formless. These are to indicate

many open spaces that formally bear the title of a square, even though they


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are but crossroads such as New York‘s Times Square, Boston‘s Scollay

Square etc.

FIGURE 7. TYPES OF SQUARES

According to Kostof, one of the main issues related to public spaces is

adaptability, making the connection with the form, in the broad sense of the

term physical structure, unavoidable. Every space is shaped according to the

functions that are performed in it, or conversely, the shape of the space

attracts certain functions. Thus, building a city house, church or park, and

according to the basic standards for accessibility, visibility, etc.., will shape acertain form, or vice versa, in growing cities, existing free spaces, according

to the form acceptable (suitable) for certain function, will adapt to the

emerging needs.

In India, public squares are not as such designed for specific purposes but

they evolve as a result of the movement patterns in different activity zones like

religious, political, administrative, commercial, depending upon the culture

specific space proxemics

Dominated and Nuclear squares are mostly designed around monumental

buildings or structures. As the cities of India grew and expanded organically,

such squares are limited. Owing to the significance such structures, the area

around naturally developed as a public space, where people visited to feel the

pride of Indian history and culture, later, the area around these have been

planned to attract more crowd to enjoy the vastness and might of the gates

through different perspective views. But mostly such dominance of a building


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or structure is seen with vast planned open grounds, like the Taj Mahal, Qutb

Minar. By virtue of their surrounding enclosure, they become more of a formal

space. They dominate over the entire complex creating awe among the

viewers.

All these spaces have character and meaning attached to them, so their value

is much greater. When statues or monuments or elements built to simply

represent a common meeting ground, their importance is lost in the hustle

bustle of the uncontrolled crowd and the encroaching cluster of shops and

vendors that start flourishing in or near the space, which also tend to serve as

an undefined boundary for the space. In case of a single line of axis for such

squares, the line gets lost in the convexity of the space.

Closed squares are virtually non-existent in India. Mosque and temple

courtyards can however be seen as closed squares, surrounded by arcaded

passages or cells respectively. All religious and congregational ceremonies

would be performed within the walls. Some market places of the colonial

times maybe designated as such as a number of buildings would be grouped

around a central court. But today the central court is lost due to the formation

of passages and aisled to provide for ordered movement. The aesthetics of

such spaces died because such alterations. Axial lines got lost with

development. Presently they seem like haphazard placement of buildings and

shops and do not cater to understanding of the space. Only the boundary may

be realised owing to the surrounding streets that forms the edge.

Amorphous squares are however much more famous in India. Many of the

cross roads when wide enough act as public places. Some develop as a

result of un-thought organic planning, while some are pre-thought and

designed, like the chowks of Jaipur, pols of Gujrat etc.

Shape – is basically the two-dimensional study of the form. These do not lend

to understanding of the space as a volume but helps to understand the city

development and more importantly its proportion to the surrounding buildings.


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The triangular spaces are the most characteristic setting for an open

air market. The shape is flexible and the sides tend to give bulging or

receding curves. Such spaces are seldom planned but develop as a

result of the loose connection of converging streets.

Rectangular squares are the most common because of the ease of its

arrangement. It allows directional axis towards a specific structure (if

present) or provide architectural emphasis towards the public space.

Circular or elliptical spaces are more common in European countries

as designed squares. In India, they evoke extra urban open circular

areas on which avenues converge.

L-shaped squares tend to develop as a result of planning and

redevelopment of unplanned cities, which is a combination of two

separate adjacent public spaces. It provides a diagonal view of the

public structures around. The space fixes a particular view of the

building, an accident of urban development. The corner of the L-shape

becomes a critical point of emphasis for the cohesion of the two

spaces.

FIGURE 8. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SQUARES

We understand that the creation of ‗spatial sequence‘, can make the

environment more appealing, thus promoting the use of spaces owing to

views and vistas it presents in terms of aesthetics, viewing angles and

symbolism.


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IMAGE

Comfort and image are the keys to whether a place will be used. Public

places are the centres of community‘s and they shape the identity of the entire

city. The image of public places or squares is closely ties to the buildings

nearby and structures or elements that create space around it. The visual

complexity of the space- density and variety of elements- offers for passive

engagement. Passive engagement requires addressing two main issues:

Vantage points /sightlines

Seating areas

Whenever there are activity foci/focal points in a space, people tend to seek

appropriate focal points from where to watch the scene. These are usually

space edges, elevated areas or even surrounding buildings. The use of public

place will be prolonged if provided with places to sit. Moreover, most public

places are pedestrian; so these seating‘s should pr ovide for a break to sit and

enjoy the space as a whole, on-going activities or everything at once. In India,

this aspect is majorly missing.

For one to get entirely engulfed in the fabric of a public space, there are five

main ways:

Food and beverage

Commerce

Public art

Size

Sightlines

The first to points are related to the activity of the space which have been

prevalent since ancient times; it is what gave rise to the whole concept of a

public square.

Public art on the other hand has transformed over the ages. In history it was

of the monumental sort, which was later replaced by subtler elements like

fountains and statues. These are now combined with a more modern


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approach to art as murals and wall painting. These need to be strong and

flexible and also express a city‘s cultural heritage. If the user of the space is

able to connect to such public art, the space immediately leaves a long lasting

image of the space in one‘s mind. This art often form focal points, which need

not necessarily be at the centre. Sitte says, “Centre should be free, art should

be alongside the pedestrian.”

Public art in India is a new concept. Monumental structures are not seen as

art but as of historic importance. However in recent years, more and more of

such street arts can be seen near youth campuses, where the young adult is

striving to enhance the space they use as interactive and dynamic areas. This

may or may not lead to vandalism questions and protests. Hence it is our duty

to provide for public use spaces at points in the city based on the optimum

age group using that space, along with some minimum elements to improve

the image of the space. Hence, under-designing is preferred in some cases to

enable the public to mould the space as theirs. This helps attach greater

meaning and greater effectiveness. Hence, each individual becomes a

designer of the space.

In order to create a distinctive image of a public place, monuments or

structures can be liberated from the parasitic construction –

Disencumbering, i.e., the structure would be separated or isolated from the

adjacent buildings and ought to be viewed from

all angles, so it can be decorated better,

acquiring importance and dominance. It is an

aesthetic rule that viewer must not be disturbed

while looking at a work of art.

. FIGURE 9. ARC DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS

The image one perceives depends on the angle of vision:

27degrees, ratio of 1:2 of object and distance of viewing- clear vision of

architectural features.

18degrees, ratio of 1:3 of object and distance of viewing- sharper

picture of edifice and surroundings.


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12degrees, ratio of 1:4 of object and distance of viewing- appreciates

structure as part of the surroundings.

FIGURE 10. V IEWING ANGLES

Apart from the separate elements that create the image of a space, the Size

and sightlines play an important role as they are the first aspects one

perceives as a whole; it is what make a place welcoming or not. Here, human

scale is a taken as a measure of true dimension. If the space is very huge and

vast compared to human scale, it encourages fear and not comfort.

1. It is suggested, keeping the human scale in mind, measurements from 12-

24 metres for small squares and up to 100metres for big spaces. Height

dimensions are also fixed to 70-100metres. The perceived ratios of public

spaces imply towards perception of „atmosphere‟, „spaciousness‟ or

„openness‟ . This in turn, determines the image of a city. According to Spiro

Kostof, if a square is central to the design of a city, it must be scaled to the

relation of the town as a whole, i.e., the size of the plaza must be proportional

to the number of inhabitants. Hence, the growth of the town must be

considered. This may end up in two contrasting results;

A single purpose square may seem inhabited and large without its

intended crowd, even though small in size.

A multi-purpose square, when scaled to its most demanding acitivities

and crowd, may appear overlarge.

2. The size is also dependent on the architectural frame- if the surrounding

buildings are low, the space appears large and if buildings are too high, it

seems restricted. The proper height of buildings around an open square is

1/3rd to 1/6th of the breadth of the open area.


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In Indian cities, public cities develop as a result of the open spaces left in

between the built structures. Hence the image of the space becomes a result

of how it has evolved. Large spaces between buildings, when not managed by

any authority, become points of vandalism, as the people are psychologically

detached form the space. Again, when the space is too small they become

cluttering grounds of garbage. Recently, successful spaces are developing as

a result of the evolving and designed infrastructure and cities. They function

as parks, market places, meeting grounds etc.

India is a country which carves its own spaces, for its needs; though not

designed they become popular regardless of the image, size or elements.

When we design for such a user group, all that remains behind is a physical

space, designed to accommodate public that has been stripped of its

fundamental property-inclusiveness. No matter how much goes into design

considering size, elements, building heights, shape etc., nothing can replace

the contributions made by each and every user who carves it over time.

SECURITYPeople face a variety of fears in the urban environment- crime, terrorism, fast

moving vehicles etc. The lack of security, perception of danger and fear of

victimization, threatens both the use of public spaces as well as the creation

of successful public places. Hence it becomes a prerequisite of public places.

But again security should not be increased so much that it attains privatisation

and retreat from public areas. They dislike spaces which do not provide for

alternative paths and escape routes like subways, roadways, bridges etc.

More than crime actually existing in an area, it is the perception of it that

results in the retreat of people. This is addressed in three ways:

Visibility- the area where one is going to enter should help people to

judge the safety and their comfort level from a distance.

Symbolic cues- that is the type of people inhabiting the space and the

type of on-going activities.

Physically- the area should show segregation in terms of vehicular and

pedestrian areas, private and public areas.


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Also, to restrict crime in public areas, there needs to be a balance between

collective and individual interests- freedom and control. Freedom, though is

an aspect of public spaces, just be responsible freedom. Control can be

brought about by:

HARD CONTROL SOFT CONTROL

- Security officers - not providing facilities/spaces

- Cameras for unwanted activities

- Regulation on activities - separate activities for groups

- Scheduling with low tolerance

Exclusive design strategies can be of five types:

Stealthy space- camouflaging spacing by intervening objects or level

changes. This not only limits the run-off of criminals but also forms a

barrier between private and public.

Slippery space- cannot be approached easily dure to contortions or

missing path.

Crusty space- obstruction; like walls, gates, check points etc.

Prickly space- cannot be easily occupied, like sloped lands.

Jitty space- under active monitoring by patrols and surveillance.

(Protecting Crowded Places:Design and Technical Issues 2012)

ICON GENERATION

‗Sense of place‘ is the primary responsibility of a public square. Iconic

architecture is such places make a space more distinct and identifiable; it

engulfs people in its extraordinariness and creates place-making. Iconic

architecture is defined as a building that is famous within the profession and it

would also extend to be famous for the public as it has special aesthetic,

symbolic, historic values attached to them. Apart from the above three

aspects it may also have high functional value, e.g. the High Dam in Egypt.

The place or structure receives identity when, “….the extent to which a person

can recogni se or recall a place as distinct from other places.”


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In order to view a structure, large in dimensions and vast in its symbolic

meaning, the space preceding it must at least twice its breadth in order to

accommodate the incoming crowd as well as to provide for viewing angles, to

not only capture the minute details but also as a part of the surroundings the

second consideration is very important because, unless a structure is

connected to its surroundings, by way of horizon or skyline or materials and

textures etc., it cannot connect to the people viewing it. In order to perceive as

structure, distinctively, it should un-follow the Gestalt principles of perception.

The structure should be overpowering, while the surroundings be of human

scale. Victoria Memorial in Kolkata fails in this aspect, as the lawns before the

building are larger and more widespread than the building itself. Moreover, it

also gets hidden behind the row of trees, beyond which the viewing angle is

very large to appreciate its beauty.

Such public arenas hold different values for different structures:

The Lotus Temple has a religious or meditational sentiment attached to

it. It is not just its form, but also its effective function that makes it an

icon. The design is hence formal, with defined paths and sprawling

lawns and specific points of retreat, generating calm and serenity. The

secret lies in the different viewing angles provided.

The Rastrapati Bhavan along with the Rajpath and India Gate is

representative of democracy in the country. The linearity of the site, the

perspective brought about by the boulevard edges and the dominance

of the Bhavan, seen through the arched opening of India Gate, evokes

great pride among the citizens. Its speciality lies in the sightlines

created.

The Stock Exchange in Mumbai denotes the financial and commercial

power of the country. The area in front is restricted to general public

use and acts more as cross roads, but is an icon for the city and

country. Here, the buildings element is what creates awe in the passer-

by‘s.

Structures like the Gateway of India in Mumbai, Red Fort in Delhi, Taj

Mahal in Agra, express the history of the country. These are some ofthe most successful public places as it is what gives them identity and


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meaning. The spaces show unrestricted movement denoting the

freedom instilled in them after struggle. Varied activities are also

provided in the vicinity to keep the people engaged. Here, we see an

overall ‗iconic‘ impression of the space- the walks, the architecture and

details, their size and scale all being catered to the optimum.

FIGURE 11. ICONIC STRUCTURES


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CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

India is a vast country with a lot of geographic, climatic, ethnic and religious

diversity. Hence, urban cores of cities from various regions of India with

similar topographic, climatic conditions have been considered for the study.

Though there are some changes happening in these urban cores in terms of

widening of the roads etc., yet the configurations are not disturbed largely.

The study of the important public places in these cities- Jaipur, Ahmedabad,

Delhi, and Kolkata will give us a clear idea of what might tend to attract people

to a place and return. The criteria for selection of samples for the cities are:

Size (population)

Climate

Developing Cities

Similar urban structure (ring radial) with traditional built environment as

a part alongside the modernity.

Cultural differences in terms of predominant religion (Hindu/ Islamic)

All these cities have a population ranging within 3-5 million, as per 2001

census. The climatic conditions are also similar as tropical or subtropical

climate with wet and dry or humid conditions. The elevation of these cities

from mean sea level is varying between 300‐500m above mean sea level.

The cores are mostly the dense parts of the cities and are at the geographical

centre of the present cities. These cores have residential, commercial and

sometimes industrial activities, thus resulting into a mixed land use pattern.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

The configurations of the public places in the select cities are investigated by

representing them in terms of system of spaces through axial maps.

Configuration parameters such as connectivity, local integration, shape, form

and spread of the space are considered. Connectivity of an axial line

measures the number of lines that directly intersect that given axial line. Thus

connectivity of a space represented as an axial space, denotes the number of

immediate neighbourhoods of a space. These public open spaces is then


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reviewed with respect to the how the space is used and the activities that

occur there and whether the form, shape and extent of it has any implication

or not.

Secondly, the important religious, administrative or commercial urban activity

nodes evolve along movement patterns, depending upon the culture of public

spaces. Hence, to understand the human preferences in terms of norms

about culture, the placement of important religious, administrative or

commercial urban activity nodes, in the overall spatial configuration, are

observed.

A few international public spaces have also been studied so that the factors

that are missing in Indian cities can be applied to provide for better place-

making.

3.3 CASE 1 - JAIPUR

The city of Jaipur planned in a grid iron pattern was built with extraordinary

foresight and futuristic planning and is probably the only 18h century walled

city in India that can still cater to the present day pressures of vehicular traffic

on roads. It included innovative concepts in traditional planning guidelines

along with an appropriate adaptation of the terrain itself. Parallels can be

found between the Jaipur planning and the traditional texts on spatial

organisation. Public spaces in Jaipur have been plugged into the spaces

where the roads connect and is not a matter of co-incidence but a thought of

planning, which is why, even though these spaces are both cross roads and

public arenas, they have thrived through the ages.

Access- the east west axis of the town between Suraj Pol and Chand Pol,

have been divided into three parts by perpendicular roads. Another parallel

road to this E-W axis has also been divided the same. The intersection of

these cardinal axes defined the main public squares of the city; mainly the

Badi Chaupar and the Choti Chaupar. Between and to the north of these two

lay the palace. Hence, overall, the squares were connected by important


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roads from all sides and also in the vicinity the structures of state importance.

These considerations result in an high influx of people.

Scale- These intersections form the chaupars or chowks; market places; sub

centres that subdivide the city. The width of the square chaupars was three

times the width of the main road. The main roads were 33metres wide and the

squares were approximately 100m x100m in size. This provides a perfect

viewing angle of 12degrees from the edge to the other edge, in which we are

able to appreciate the square as a part of the city surroundings. They were

wide enough to sustain not only for heavy pedestrian movement on the

footpaths but also four-way traffic.

Activity- Historically the chaupars were outlets for intense social use with

water structures connected by underground aqueducts, supplying numerous

sources of drinking water at street level. Today, these spaces are famous as

market places or bazaars like the Kishanpole bazaar, Gangauri bazaar, Johari

bazaar etc, whci stretch between two chaupars. Significant havelis and

temples also lie in sync with the market place. Presently, the centre of each

chaupars square enclosures with ornamental fountains.

Character - these bazaar streets have some typical features. There is heavy

use of chajjas resulting in strong horizontal lines; projecting blocks of the first

floors are supported on decorative brackets. Also a modular system of arches

filled with jalli or lattice screens form the façade that is not only aesthetic but

also cuts of the glare of the sun.

FIGURE 12. BADI CHOWK, JAIPUR


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3.4 CASE STUDY 2 – AHMEDABAD

The walled city of Ahmedabad has developed on traditional city planning

principles centuries ago and even now it thrives as a vibrant community

space, comprising majority of the Hindu population. The public space is

served mainly by the active market places, attracting people and

entrepreneurs from the local community and the city for several centuries.

Today it is home to a diverse community of residents, business owners and

vendors from various economic and ethnic groups. Here, we are going to

study the Manek Chowk as an example of a public place in Ahmedabad.

FIGURE 13. MANEK CHOWK, AHMEDABAD

Access- it is located between two nationally protected monuments, the Tomb

of the King and Queen of Ahmedabad. Since these two structures already

hold a lot of importance and are tourist spots as well, the space in between

automatically becomes a busy area. Thus, here we see that the access to the

Chowk is made successful solely depending upon its vicinity to another

famous public space- the tombs.

Activity- Manek Chowk allows for a multiplicity of functions and effective

usage of space, with changing activities from early morning hours to late into

the night. It is dynamic and constantly adapts to changes for its effective useas an urban public place. Manek Chowk provides opportunities for a variety of


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activities that change with the time of day. While, Manek Chowk has

traditionally been a commercial centre, it also serves as a recreational centre

because of shopping and eating options. However other activities such as

visiting temples, monuments, involving in rituals and cultural function also

coexist in smaller scale.

Users- On an average, one person per second enters or exits the chowk

during peak business hours. One third of the visitors are women, and the

percentage of children and old people are very low, 6% and 13% respectively.

Cyclists, hand carts, vendors and pedestrians negotiate the square dodging

the vehicles. It is most busy during the peak hours in the evening time; 6-7pm.

3600 pedestrians are recorded to enter Manek Chowk during this peak hour.

10% of the visitors come on bicycles.

Image- As the Chowk is an important commercial centre, public space is

appropriated for maximum commercial and vehicular usage; currently, human

comfort is given secondary importance. There are very few formal seating

opportunities for the public in the present context. People tend to use limited

secondary seating options to rest. Due to the intensity of commercial

activities, the opportunity for pedestrians to rest along shop fronts and under

shaded parasols is limited. Traditionally, buildings in the Walled City have

doorway seating spaces called 'otlas', which are either one or more raised

steps at shop or building entrances. These are used as informal seating

spaces, often shared between neighbouring homes/ shops. However, in

Manek Chowk the availability of these spaces is limited and claimed by

commercial activities.

FIGURE 14. SEATING AT MANEK CHOWK


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People prefer to have interesting sight lines and vistas while in the public

spaces. While Manek Chowk is a historic precinct with monuments of rich

architectural heritage, the presence of the monuments is not felt due to lack of

clear views. It is observed that in the present context the views of the Chowk

are highly cluttered and does not reflect the heritage values of the place.

Scale- Manek Chowk is fairly a small public square of about 2500 sq. m. In

general, the public spaces of the Walled City are intimate in scale with a built

form of two-storeyed buildings opening on to public spaces which are narrow

and mutually shaded to reduce heat gain in buildings. The public spaces are

of human scale and have been supporting public life through centuries;

however, in the present context they are dominated by vehicles.

Security- Even though traffic movement is one-way, due to lack of

segregation between traffic, extension of shops on to walkways, parking and

presence of hawkers, the walkability of the place is reduced. Pedestrians are

forced to negotiate with moving traffic and are vulnerable to accidents.

Manek Chowk is a lively urban space, with several activities and a constant

thoroughfare of people providing a feeling of natural surveillance and safety.

The presence of people in the Chowk during most times of the day and night

provide natural security for businesses, residents and visitors. This is primarily

achieved by the relationship of the current built form to the street.

3.5 CASE STUDY 3- KOLKATA

The history of Kolkata is the history of the growth patterns of its markets. The

creation of the New Market was in response to the needs of the British

community in Kolkata. The colonial elite needed a market that brought

together in one place all the commodities they needed. The New Market may

be interpreted as a successful, if inadvertent attempt at 'place-making', one

that has survived the strictures of colonial life and retains its role as meeting -

place to this day. The physical structure of the market embodied a new type of

social organization- a cosmopolitan commercial arena that brought together

traders from many communities; a trip to the Market prompted the visitor to re-

think his or her relation to society as a whole.


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Users- the New Market were brought together communities that had never

before earned their livelihood in close proximity to each other. From the

Muslim quarter came Muslim butchers, from the Hindu bazaars, shopkeepers,

from Chinatown Chinese shoe-makers, and from the 'mixed' areas, Armenian

businessmen, Jewish and Portuguese pastry cooks. In some cases, the

practices of one community were considered abhorrent by another, on

religious grounds. The Market- somewhat like the zoo, with its collection of

humdrum and exotic groups taken from exclusive habitats all over the reaches

of the City- became a place where British colonials, assorted Europeans and

Indians could rub shoulders. In a severely segregated society that allowed for

only formal encounters between the disparate groups, the Market created a

cosmopolitan setting.

Access- The reason for the Market's continuing role as a 'public place', The

accessibility of the market to the city as a whole is the most important aspect.

The location of the market in a 'grey' zone between the colonial world and the

native one made it accessible to both communities. The Market was one

institution in a string of public institutions and spaces (monuments, gardens,

government offices, and the museum) that made up the zone of interaction forthe Indian and British communities. The structuring of the access system of its

built fabric created conditions for the coexistence of the diverse communities

that worked there.

FIGURE 15. NEW MARKET, KOLKATA

Spatial organisation- The aisles and corridors and courtyards of the market

tied the diverse, sprawling environment into a coherent whole, creating an


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environment navigable at the largest size. This clear structuring of the access

system allowed the demarcations of the New Market into separate ‗quarters'

for each group; groupings were not demarcated by walls, but by clearly

marked paths of access. While the position of each trading community was

set in space, these pathways allowed neutral meeting ground people to

wander from one group to the other.

At the same time, a secondary system of access and a series of courtyards

set off the main pathways allowed each community to have its own private

nucleus, containing mosques, temples, and bathing places.

At the local level, variations in the dimensions of the Market's corridors and

aisles created individual and group sized places. The existence of such small

variations may seem insignificant, but provide the microenvironments for

people to meet, talk, catch their breath, people-watch and window shop- all

activities that enrich and overlay the more commercial mundane functions. It

is these opportunities for interaction that turn a trip to the Market into

something of a social event.

FIGURE 16. PATHWAYS AND STREET-SCAPES OF NEW MARKET

Image- The market takes the form of a Gothic facade and iconographicVictorian clock-tower- as well as its varied structure (vaulted roofs, skylights)

seems secondary in importance to the way the built environment is organized

by paths of different degrees of accessibility -both at the city and site size.

The new role that the Market played within the city seems to be linked to a

new form of spatial organization that is structured not by the overt

demarcations of walls, but by routes of movement. Rather than the design of

urban public place as stereotypical ‗plaza' or 'square' containing programmatic


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elements that are public in nature, the aisles and corridors of the Market are

its public space.

FIGURE 17. SIZE OF NEW MARKET AND SURROUNDINGS

The proposition that emerges from an analysis of the New Market is that

successful public space maintains accessible at a collective size, yet

accommodates a range of differential degrees of accessibility that serve the

needs of varying groups and individuals.

3.6 CASE STUDY 4- DELHI

Connaught Place, built in 1931, is one of Delhi's most popular shopping

centres. There is nothing that one cannot buy here. It also has several eating-

houses. The state emporia buildings are also located in this area so are the

head offices of major banks, airlines and other such things of importance tothe tourist. The complex, popularly referred to as CP, is an important meeting

point for all sections of people and is something. Even tourist don't miss it for

nothing else then for its architecture and the humdrum of everyday life.

FIGURE 18. ACCESS ROUTES TO C.P.

Access- Connaught Place divided it into six sectors, each making an angle of

60 degrees at the centre The sector here central processional route (now


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Parliament Street) met the c

perception of urban public squares in in(1)

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