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153
PERCEPTIONS, MOTIVATIONAL AND FACILITATING
FACTORS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
The present chapter carryout the perceptions and motivational
and facilitating factors of women entrepreneurs as the future belong
to real entrepreneurs those competent and capable enough to meet
coming challenges of increased competition, decline of protected
markets, new technologies and foreign collaboration. Education is a
strong interventional or influencing media that sets values, develops
attitudes and creates drive in people towards professional and
vocational directions, values, perceptions and motivation combined
together propel mass to acquire skills and competencies to achieve
goals.
An essential element in the entrepreneur’s approach to risk
taking situation is the willingness to accept personal responsibility
for the consequences of the decision, regardless of whether the
consequences are favourable or unfavourable. Other persons find it
difficult to accept personal responsibility for decisions which may
lead to failure, and they often attribute events in their lives to lack or
to forces beyond their control, such as competition with big business
or government interference.
Most entrepreneurial traits are inter-related. This is
particularly so with risk-taking behaviour. Risk-taking is related to
creativity and innovation, and it is an essential part in turning ideas
into reality. Risk-taking is related to self-confidence. The more
154
confidence one have in own abilities, the greater confidence you will
have in being able to affect the outcome of decisions and a greater
willingness to take what others see at risks. Realistic knowledge of
own capabilities is also important. Such realism serves to restrict
activities to situation in which enterprises are affected with the
outcomes.
The table-5.1 presents the women entrepreneur’s response on
entrepreneurial functional risks. Regarding to poor financial
conditions majority of the sample 6.0 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per
cent are second rank and 4.0 per cent are third rank. To high cost of
operation, 5.6 per cent are first rank, 6.8 per cent has given second
rank and 4.8 per cent with third rank. In relation to low skilled
workers, 4.4 per cent had first rank, 10.0 per cent with second rank
and 8.0 per cent are third rank. Regarding to poor packaging, first
priority has given by 13.6 per cent, second priority has given by 16.8
per cent and third priority has given by 6.4 per cent. To high
distribution costs, 20.0 per cent were first rank, 28.8 per cent are
second rank and 16.4 per cent with third rank. Regarding non
availability, 20.0 per cent has given by first rank, 11.6 per cent had
second rank and 23.2 per cent with third rank. To partnership
problems, 23.6 per cent with first rank, 12.8 per cent are second
rank and 32.0 per cent had third rank. Regarding market
concentration, 6.8 per cent had first rank, 4.8 per cent has given by
second rank and 4.8 per cent are third rank.
155
5.1 PERCEPTION
Table 5.1
Women Entrepreneurs Perceptions on Entrepreneurial Functional Risks
S.No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1. Poor Financial Conditions 15 (6.0)
21 (8.4)
10 (4.0)
73 (29.2)
96 (38.4)
6 (2.4)
10 (4.0)
12 (4.8)
250 (100.0)
2. High Cost of Operation 14 (5.6)
17 (6.8)
12 (4.8)
77 (30.8)
69 (27.6)
35 (14.0)
14 (5.6)
15 (6.0)
250 (100.0)
3. Low Skilled Workers 11 (4.4)
25 (10.0)
20 (8.0)
20 (8.0)
24 (9.6)
70 (28.0)
68 (27.2)
18 (7.2)
250 (100.0)
4. Poor Packaging 34 (13.6)
42 (16.8)
16 (6.4)
24 (9.6)
8 (3.2) 43 (17.2)
69 (27.6)
18 (7.2)
250 (100.0)
5. High Distribution Costs 50 (20.0)
72 (28.8)
41 (16.4)
13 (5.2)
14 (5.6)
19 (7.6)
9 (3.6) 24 (9.6)
250 (100.0)
6. Non Availability 50
(20.0)
29
(11.6)
58
(23.2)
15
(6.0)
11
(4.4)
25
(10.0)
26
(10.4)
20
(8.0)
250
(100.0)
7. Partnership Problems 59
(23.6)
32
(12.8)
80
(32.00)
11
(4.4)
11
(4.4)
42
(16.80)
36
(14.4)
133
(53.2)
250
(100.0)
8. Market Concentration 17
(6.8)
12
(4.8)
13
(5.2)
17 (6.8) 17
(6.8)
10
(4.0)
18
(7.2)
10(4.0) 250
(100.0)
156
5.1.1 Perception of Entrepreneurs on Business Risk
The table-5.2 infers that the response of entrepreneur on
business risks.
Table 5.2
Perception of Entrepreneur on Business Risk
S.No Perception No. of
Respondents Per cent
1. Influence of Large Scale Enterprises
65 26.0
2. Technological Obsolesce 44 17.6
3. Non-cooperation of Financial Institutions
44 17.6
4. Poor Quality 43 17.2
5. Perception of Consumers 37 14.8
6. Availability of Low Cost Substitutes
42 16.8
7. Problem of Price Variation 45 18.0
8. Any other 41 16.4
Out of the total sample, 26.0 per cent were influenced by large
scale enterprises, 18.0 per cent had problem of price variation, 17.6
per cent are technological obsolesce and non-cooperation of financial
institutions followed by 17.2 per cent were poor quality, 16.8 per
cent with availability of low cost substitutes and 14.8 per cent are
perception of consumers. This indicates the majority of the women
entrepreneur’s entry of large players.
157
5.1.2 Perception on the Performance of the Enterprise
The table-5.3 explains the response of the women
entrepreneurs on performance of business enterprise.
Table 5.3
Perception on the Performance of the Enterprise
S.
No Response
Very
low Low Moderate High
Very
high Total
1. Sales growth 147
(58.0)
75
(30.0)
17
(6.8)
7
(2.8)
4
(1.6)
250
(100.0)
2. Profitability 46
(18.4)
87
(34.8)
82
(32.8)
18
(7.2)
17
(6.8)
250
(100.0)
3. Ability for
getting Skilled
Workers
54
(21.6)
41
(16.4)
65
(26.0)
51
(20.4)
39
(15.6)
250
(100.0)
4. Quality
Production
37
(14.8)
62
(24.8)
69
(27.6)
59
(23.6)
23
(9.2)
250
(100.0)
5. Services to
Consumers
42
(16.8)
47
(18.8)
48
(19.2)
66
(26.4)
47
(18.8)
250
(100.0)
6. Employee
Morale
44
(17.6)
50
(20.0)
67
(26.8)
56
(22.4)
33
(13.2)
250
(100.0)
7.
Potentialities
for Future
Development
45
(18.0)
64
(25.6)
58
(23.2)
51
(20.4)
32
(12.8)
250
(100.0)
8. Product/Service
Improvement
45
(18.0)
44
(17.6)
67
(26.8)
68
(27.2)
26
(10.4)
250
(100.0)
9. Improvement of
Methods of
Production
54
(21.6)
46
(18.4)
55
(22.0)
64
(25.6)
31
(12.4)
250
(100.0)
158
Out of the total, majority of fifty eight per cent (58.0%) are very
low, perception on their performance, 30.0 per cent were low and 6.8
per cent are moderate, 2.8 per cent are high and only few (1.6%)
scored very high sales growth. Regarding profitability, from the total
sample 18.4 per cent scored very low, 34.8 per cent were low, 32.8
per cent with moderate, 7.2 per cent are high and 6.8 per cent were
very high. Among the total sample, 21.6 per cent are very low, 16.4
per cent were low and 26.0 per cent with moderate, 20.4 per cent are
high and 15.6 per cent scored very high that the abilities in getting
skilled workers. Out of the total sample, 14.8 per cent are very low,
24.8 per cent were low and 27.6 per cent moderate, 23.6 per cent are
high and 9.2 per cent were very high towards quality production.
Regarding services to consumers, 16.8 per cent are very low, 18.8
per cent were low, 19.2 per cent moderate, 26.4 per cent are high
and 18.8 per cent with very high. Among the total sample, 17.6 per
cent are very low, 20.0 per cent were low, 26.8 per cent are
moderate, 22.4 per cent with high and 13.2 per cent are very high
employee morale. Out of the total sample, 18.0 per cent are very low,
25.6 per cent were low, 23.2 per cent with moderate, 20.4 per cent
are high and 12.8 per cent with very low towards potentialities for
future development. Regarding product/service improvement, 18.0
per cent are very low, 17.6 per cent were low, 26.8 per cent are
moderate, 27.2 per cent with high and 10.4 per cent are very high.
Among the total sample, 21.6 per cent are very low, 18.4 per cent
were low, 22.0 per cent are moderate, 25.6 per cent with high and
12.4 per cent were very high perception on their performance in
improvement of production methods.
159
5.1.3 Self Appraisal on Skill of Women Entrepreneurs
The table-5.4 infers about the women entrepreneurs’ response
on their skill.
Table 5.4
Self Appraisal on Skill of Women Entrepreneurs
S.
No Response
Very
low Low Moderate High
Very
high Total
1. Risk Taking 109
(43.6)
75
(30.0)
42
(16.8)
18
(7.2)
6
(2.4)
250
(100.0)
2. Drive and
Delineation
34
(13.6)
127
(50.8)
54
(21.6)
13
(5.2)
22
(8.8)
250
(100.0)
3.
General
Enterprise
Tendency
(GET)
81
(32.4)
45
(18.0)
65
(26.0)
38
(15.2)
21
(8.4)
250
(100.0)
4. Educational
Back Ground
41
(16.4)
54
(21.6)
72
(28.8)
56
(22.4)
27
(10.8)
250
(100.0)
5. Commitment
in Work
39
(15.6)
58
(23.2)
48
(19.2)
54
(21.6)
51
(20.4)
250
(100.0)
6.
Participation
in Trade Fair
and
Exhibitions
35
(14.0)
85
(34.0)
56
(22.4)
39
(15.6)
35
(14.0)
250
(100.0)
7.
Relationship
with Other
Entrepreneurs
39
(15.6)
69
(27.6)
60
(24.0)
57
(22.8)
25
(10.0)
250
(100.0)
8.
Ability to Deal
with
Situations
38
(15.2)
75
(30.0)
64
(25.6)
49
(19.6)
24
(9.6)
250
(100.0)
160
Out of the total sample, 43.6 per cent scored very low, 30.0 per
cent are low, 16.8 per cent with moderate, 7.2 per cent are high and
very few (2.4%) are very high towards risk taking. Regarding drive
and delineation, 13.6 per cent are very low, 50.8 per cent were low,
and 21.6 per cent with moderate, 5.2 per cent had high and 8.8 per
cent having very high. Among the total sample, 32.4 per cent are very
low, 18.0 per cent with low, 26.0 per cent were moderate, 15.2 per
cent had high and 8.4 per cent having scored very high in general
enterprise tendency. Out of the total sample, 16.4 per cent were very
low, 21.6 per cent with low, 28.8 per cent are moderate, 22.4 per
cent are high and 10.8 per cent had very high towards educational
back ground. Regarding commitment in work, 15.6 per cent are
scored very low, 23.2 per cent were low, 19.2 per cent had moderate,
21.6 per cent are high and 20.4 per cent were very high. Among the
total sample, 14.0 per cent are very low, 34.0 per cent were low, 22.4
per cent had moderate, 15.6 per cent are high and 14.0 per cent are
having very high participation in trade fair and exhibitions. Out of
the total sample, 15.6 per cent are very low, 27.6 per cent were low,
24.0 per cent are moderate, 22.8 per cent are high and 10.0 per cent
are very high towards relationship with other entrepreneurs.
Regarding ability to deal with situations, 15.2 per cent are very low,
30.0 per cent were low, 25.6 per cent had moderate, 19.6 per cent
are high and 9.6 per cent are very high.
161
5.1.4 Ambitions during Student Life
The table-5.5 explains about the ambitions of respondents
during student days.
Table 5.5
Ambitions during Student Life
S.No Ambition No. of Respondents Per cent
1. Higher Education 48 19.2
2. Medical Doctor 15 6.0
3. Engineer 41 16.4
4. Successful Entrepreneur 26 10.4
5. Gain Social Status 48 19.2
6. Political Leader 43 17.2
7. Housewife 13 5.2
8. Any other 16 6.4
Total 250 100.0
Regarding ambitions during student life 19.2 per cent are
having higher education, 17.2 per cent were political leader, 16.4 per
cent to become Engineer, 10.4 per cent to be a successful
Entrepreneur, 6.4 per cent were any other followed by 6.0 per cent
are medical doctor and 5.2 per cent are housewife. This indicates the
majority of the women entrepreneurs preferred higher education.
162
5.2 Motivational and Facilitating Factors of Women
Entrepreneurs
Development policy for the women enterprise are to be alike as
in the case of other enterprise should take serious attention towards
maximum usage of backward linkages and concentration in areas
where women have a greater potential for developing and sustaining
them. Training and motivation of women entrepreneur should serve
the objective to impart basic knowledge about Industry product and
production methods.
To build the necessary skill development programs for new
Women Entrepreneurs and workers.
To assist the women entrepreneur/worker to function more
effectively in her present position by exposing to the latest concept
techniques and information.
To build up second line of workers and prepare them to
shoulder additional responsibility and/or switch on to the production
of a new product, if there is any diversification.
To expose the women entrepreneur to the latest developments
which directly or indirectly affect them in business.
To broaden the vision of Women Entrepreneurs by providing
them suitable opportunities for an interchange of experiences within
and outside the Industry and to impart customer education and to
impart knowledge about the marketing of goods.
163
5.2.1 Motivated Reasons of Entrepreneurs to Start Business
The table-5.6 analysis of the response of the respondents
sample women entrepreneurs by their ambition motivated
entrepreneurs to start business.
Table 5.6
Motivated Reasons of Entrepreneurs to Start Business
S.No Motivated reasons No. of
Respondents Per cent
1.
Success stories of industrialists
89 35.6
2. Better standards of living
86 34.4
3. Diversification of economic interest
18 7.2
4. Any other 57 22.8
Total 250 100.0
Out of the total sample 35.6 per cent are success stories of
industrialist, 34.4 per cent were better standards of living, 22.8 per
cent with any other and 7.2 per cent having diversification of
economic interest. This shows the majority of the women
entrepreneur’s success stories of industrialist business.
164
5.2.2 Source of Inspiration for Staring Economic Enterprise
The table-5.7 analyses distribution of the sample women
entrepreneurs who inspired entrepreneurs to start business.
Table 5.7
Source of Inspiration for Staring Economic Enterprise
S.No Inspired No. of Respondents Per cent
1. Spouse 44 17.6
2. Parents 80 32.0
3. Friends 42 16.8
4. Relatives 39 15.6
5. Ambition 45 18.0
Total 250 100.0
Regarding this 32.0 per cent are parents, 18.0 per cent were
ambition followed by 17.6 per cent with spouse, 16.8 per cent are
friends and 15.6 per cent were relatives. This indicates the majority
of the women entrepreneurs parents inspired.
165
5.2.3 Motivational Factors Attracted the Entrepreneur to Start
Industry
The table-5.8 explains about the different motivational factors
attracted the entrepreneurs to start industry.
Out of the total sample, 4.8 per cent are first rank, 7.6 per cent
were second rank and 3.2 per cent with third rank towards to earn
more profits. Regarding to have independent job, 6.4 per cent having
first rank, 5.6 per cent are second rank and 4.8 per cent with third
rank. Among the total sample, 5.2 per cent were first rank, 10.8 per
cent are second rank and 7.2 per cent with third rank that prior
experience. Out of the total sample, 15.6 per cent are first rank, 15.2
per cent were second rank and 8.4 per cent with third rank towards
motivation by the family. Regarding heavy demand for the
product/services, 20.0 per cent are first rank, 32.8 per cent were
second rank and 13.2 per cent had third rank. Among the total
sample, 18.4 per cent are first rank, 15.2 per cent were second rank
and 26.0 per cent had third rank that no employment opportunity.
Out of the total sample, 26.0 per cent with first rank, 12.4 per cent
were second rank and 35.6 per cent having third rank towards
absence of competition. Regarding the incentives offered by the
government, 3.6 per cent had first rank, 1.6 per cent was third rank
and 1.6 per cent had fourth rank.
166
Table 5.8
Motivational factors attracted the entrepreneur to start industry
S. No Motivational
factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1 To earn more
profits
12
(4.8)
19
(7.6)
8
(3.2)
91
(36.4)
99
(39.6)
12
(4.8)
11
(4.4)
1
(0.4)
250
(100.0)
2 To have
independent job
16
(6.4)
14
(5.6)
12
(4.8)
71
(28.4)
82
(32.6)
32
(12.8)
17
(6.8)
5
(2.0)
250
(100.0)
3 Prior experience 13
(5.2)
27
(10.8)
18
(7.2)
20
(8.0)
23
(9.2)
70
(28.0)
71
(28.4)
7
(2.8)
250
(100.0)
4 Motivation by the
family
39
(15.6)
38
(15.2)
21
(8.4)
25
(10.0)
7
(2.8)
43
(17.2)
68
(27.2)
9
(3.6)
250
(100.0)
5 Heavy demand for the product/
services
50 (20.0)
82 (32.8)
33 (13.2)
18 (7.2)
12 (4.8)
21 (8.4)
14 (5.6)
22 (8.8)
250 (100.0)
6 No employment
opportunity
46
(18.4)
38
(15.2)
65
(26.0)
12
(4.8)
13
(5.2)
28
(11.2)
29
(11.6)
14
(5.6)
250
(100.0)
7 Absence of
competition
65
(26.0)
31
(12.4)
89
(35.6)
7
(2.8)
11
(4.4)
43
(17.2)
35
(14.0)
179
(71.6)
250
(100.0)
8 Incentives offered
by the government
9
(3.6)
1
(0.4)
4
(1.6)
6
(2.4)
3
(1.2)
1
(0.4)
5
(2.0)
13
(5.2)
250
(100.0)
167
5.2.4. Monetary factors motivated to start Business by the
Women Entrepreneurs
The table-5.9 analyses the distribution of the sample women
entrepreneurs by monetary factors motivated to start business.
Table 5.9
Monetary factors motivated to start Business by the
Women Entrepreneurs
S.No Factors 1 2 3 4 Total
1. To earn more income
184
(73.6)
31
(12.40
7
(2.8)
35
(14.0)
250
(100.0)
2. To get financial security
11
(4.4)
104
(41.6)
75
(30.0)
74
(29.6)
250
(100.0)
3. To meet family needs
44
(17.6)
69
(27.6)
68
(27.2)
66
(26.4)
250
(100.0)
4. Any other 11
(4.4)
46
(18.4)
100
(40.0)
75
(30.0)
250
(100.0)
Out of the total majority (73.6%) are to earn more income first
rank, 12.4 per cent had second rank and very few (2.8%) were third
rank. Regarding financial security, 4.4 per cent having first rank,
and 41.6 per cent had second industry and 30.0 per cent with third
rank. In related to meet family needs, 17.6 per cent has given first
rank, 27.6 per cent are second rank followed by 27.2 per cent has
given third rank. Regarding to any other, a major group (4.4%) has
given first rank, 18.4 per cent were second rank and 40.0 per cent
are third rank.
168
5.2.5 Non-monetary factors that motivated to start Business by
the women entrepreneurs
The table-5.10 explains the non-monetary factors that
motivated to start business by the women entrepreneurs.
Out of the total sample, 6.4 per cent has given first rank, 23.6
per cent are second rank and 11.2 per cent were third rank towards
self-actualization. Regarding to independence, 19.2 per cent are first
rank, 9.6 per cent are second rank and 10.4 per cent are third rank.
Among the total sample, 6.0 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per cent are
second rank and 10.4 per cent are third rank that be a boss. To role
model to others, 16.4 per cent are first rank, 10.4 per cent are
second rank and 8.0 per cent are third rank. In related to
employment generation, the first rank 10.4 per cent, 22.8 per cent
are second rank and 15.6 per cent are third rank. Out of the total
sample, 19.2 per cent are first rank, 9.2 per cent are second rank
and 13.2 per cent are third rank towards self identity. Among the
total sample, 17.2 per cent are first rank, 10.4 per cent are second
rank and 18.0 per cent are third rank to get social status. Regarding
provided qualitative goods and services to the society, 5.2 per cent
are first rank, 5.6 per cent are second rank followed by 6.0 per cent
are third rank.
169
Table 5.10
Non-monetary factors that motivated to start Business by the women entrepreneurs
S.
No Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1. Self-actualization 16
(6.4)
59
(23.6)
28
(11.2)
54
(21.6)
55
(22.0)
5
(2.0)
9
(3.6)
9
(3.6)
250
(100.0)
2. Independence 48
(19.2)
24
(9.6)
26
(10.4)
67
(26.8)
41
(16.4)
21
(8.4)
5
(2.0)
19
(7.6)
250
(100.0)
3. Be a Boss 15
(6.0)
21
(8.4)
44
(17.6)
19
(7.6)
36
(14.4)
52
(20.8)
45
(18.0)
13
(5.2)
250
(100.0)
4. Role model to
others
41
(16.4)
26
(10.4)
20
(8.0)
40
(16.00
25
(10.0)
38
(15.2)
57
(22.8)
14
(5.6)
250
(100.0)
5. Employment
generation
26
(10.4)
57
(22.8)
39
(15.6)
37
(14.8)
25
(10.0)
25
(10.0)
20
(8.0)
20
(8.0)
250
(100.0)
6. Self identity 48
(19.2)
23
(9.2)
33
(13.2)
12
(4.8)
22
(8.8)
44
(17.6)
51
(20.4)
16
(6.4)
250
(100.0)
7. To get social
status
43
(17.2)
26
(10.4)
45
(18.0)
9
(3.6)
30
(12.0)
57
(22.8)
51
(20.4)
149
(59.6)
250
(100.0)
8.
Provide qualitative
goods and services
to the society
13
(5.2)
14
(5.6)
15
(6.0)
12
(4.8)
16
(6.4)
8
(3.2)
12
(4.8)
10
(4.0)
250
(100.0)
170
5.2.6 Factors influenced for starting on Enterprises
The table-5.11 explains the reasons 3influence the idea of
starting the business to the women entrepreneurs.
Table 5.11
Factors influenced for starting Enterprises
S.No Factors No. of Respondents Per cent
1. Previous Association 92 36.8
2. Inherited property 79 31.6
3. Family Support 26 10.4
4. Any other 53 21.2
Total 250 100.0
Out of total the sample 36.8 per cent were previous association
followed by 31.6 per cent were inherited property, 21.2 per cent were
any other and 10.4per cent were advice of family. This indicates the
majority of the sample women entrepreneurs’ previous association.
171
5.2.7 Compelling reasons for the starting Enterprise by the
Women Entrepreneurs
The table-5.12 analyses distribution of response of the
respondents by their compelling reasons for the starting industry.
Table 5.12
Compelling reasons for the starting Enterprise by
the Women Entrepreneurs
S.No Reasons No. of
Respondents Per cent
1. Unemployment 10 4.0
2. Dissatisfaction with the present
job 57 22.8
3. Utilisation of existing skills 25 10.0
4. Utilisation of leisure time 20 8.0
5. Any other 138 55.2
Total 250 100.0
Out of the total majority group (55.2%) are any other, 22.8 per
cent are dissatisfaction with the present job, 10.0 per cent are use of
skills followed by 8.0 per cent were use of leisure time on hand and
4.0 per cent are unemployment. This shows the majority of the
women entrepreneurs any other industry.
172
5.2.8 Reasons for Undertaking Present Enterprise
The table-5.13 analyses the reasons for choice of women
entrepreneurs for the present line of activity.
Table 5.13
Reasons for Undertaking Present Enterprise
S.No Reasons No. of
Respondents Per cent
1. Interest to undertake 14 5.6
2. Profit maximisation 61 24.4
3. Disinterest to prior
occupation 24 9.6
4. Utilisation of leisure time 19 7.6
5. Any other 132 52.8
Total 250 100.0
It is to be noted that a highest majority of the respondents
(52.8%) are having other reasons for undertaking the enterprise.
Followed by 24.4 per cent of the respondents stated that profit
maximisation is the reason for undertaking the present enterprise.
And the remaining 9.6 per cent, 7.6 per cent and 5.6 per cent of the
respondents said that disinterest to prior occupation, utilisation of
leisure time and interest to undertake are the reasons for
undertaking the present enterprise respectively. It is concluded that
most of the people are having other reasons for undertaking the
enterprise.
173
5.2.9 Facilitating factors to Under Take Enterprises
The table-5.14 explains the facilitating factors influencing
choice of the present line of the activity by the women entrepreneurs.
Table 5.14
Facilitating factors to Undertake Enterprises
S.No Facilitating factors No. of
Respondents Per cent
1. Previous knowledge and
experience 16 6.4
2. Government promotional
measures 38 15.2
3. Bank and financial institutions
support 17 6.8
4. Availability of Experienced and
skilled person in the family 33 13.2
5 Self motivation skills and
experience 146 58.4
Total 250 100.0
Out of the total majority group (58.4%) are self motivation
skills and experience, 15.2 per cent are government promotional
measures, 13.2 per cent are experienced & skilled people at home,
6.8 per cent are bank and financial institutions support followed by
6.4 per cent are previous knowledge and experience. This indicates
the majority of the women entrepreneurs self motivation skills and
experience.
174
5.2.10 Facilitating factors for Establishment of Enterprise by
the Women Entrepreneurs
The table-5.15 explains the facilitating factors for
establishment of industry by the respondents.
Out of the total sample, 5.6 per cent are first rank, 8.8 per cent
are second rank and 6.4 per cent are third rank towards
progressiveness. Regarding the adequate financial support, 8.0 per
cent are first rank, 7.2 per cent are second rank followed by 7.6 per
cent are third rank. Among the total sample, 4.8 per cent are first
rank, 6.8 per cent are second rank and 10.0 per cent are third rank
that self confidence. In related to customers support, 21.2 per cent
are first rank, 20.8 per cent are second rank and 8.0 per cent are
third rank. To innovative thinking, 35.6 per cent are first rank, 31.2
per cent are second rank and 9.2 per cent are third rank. Out of the
total sample, 20.8 per cent are first rank, 19.2 per cent are second
rank and 20.0 per cent are third rank towards relationship with co
entrepreneurs. Regarding faithful workers, 4.4 per cent are first
rank, 9.2 per cent are second rank and 30.8 per cent are third rank.
175
Table 5.15
Facilitating factors for Establishment of Industry to the Women Entrepreneurs
S. No Facilitating factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
1. Progressiveness 14
(5.6) 22
(8.8) 16
(6.4) 21
(8.4) 98
(39.2) 33
(13.2) 46
(18.4) 250
(100.0)
2. Adequate financial
support
20
(8.0)
18
(7.2)
19
(7.6)
39
(15.6)
65
(26.0)
45
(18.0)
44
(17.6)
250
(100.0)
3. Self confidence 12
(4.8)
17
(6.8)
25
(10.0)
25
(10.0)
58
(23.2)
49
(19.6)
64
(25.6)
250
(100.0)
4. Customer support 53
(21.2)
52
(20.8)
20
(8.0)
21
(8.4)
33
(13.2)
34
(13.6)
37
(14.8)
250
(100.0)
5. Innovative thinking 89
(35.6)
78
(31.2)
23
(9.2)
15
(6.0)
16
(6.4)
18
(7.2)
11
(4.4)
250
(100.0)
6. Relationship with co
entrepreneurs
52
(20.8)
48
(19.2)
50
(20.0)
30
(12.0)
18
(7.2)
22
(8.8)
30
(12.0)
250
(100.0)
7. Faithfull workers 11
(4.4)
23
(9.2)
77
(30.8)
62
(24.8)
11
(4.4)
28
(11.2)
38
(15.2)
250
(100.0)
176
5.2.11 Priority wise facilitating factors for Establishment of
Enterprise by the Women Entrepreneurs
The table-5.16 analyses the priority-wise reasons to the
facilitating factors for establishment of industry by the women
entrepreneurs.
Table 5.16
Priority wise facilitating factors for establishment of Enterprise
by the Women Entrepreneurs
S. No
Facilitating factors
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
1. Availability of material
13
(5.2)
25
(10.0)
12
(4.8)
53
(21.2)
88
(35.2)
49
(19.6)
10
(4.0)
250
(100.0)
2. Availability of labour
25
(10.0)
16
(6.4)
17
(6.8)
50
(20.0)
76
(30.4)
48
(19.2)
23
(9.2)
250
(100.0)
3. Adequacy of
capital
16
(6.4)
21
(8.4)
25
(10.0)
21
(8.4)
22
(8.8)
49
(19.6)
78
(31.2)
250
(100.0)
4. Existence of
basic industry
25
(10.0)
39
(15.6)
30
(12.0)
20
(8.0)
16
(6.4)
30
(12.0)
58
(23.2)
250
(100.0)
5.
Government
agencies
assistance
93
(37.2)
61
(24.4)
54
(21.6)
38
(15.2)
16
(6.4)
18
(7.2)
12
(4.8)
250
(100.0)
6. Family business 33
(13.2)
48
(19.2)
48
(19.2)
30
(12.0)
21
(8.4)
22
(8.8)
29
(11.6)
250
(100.0)
7. Availability of technology
45
(18.0)
40
(16.0)
64
(25.6)
38
(15.2)
11
(4.4)
34
(13.6)
40
(16.0)
250
(100.0)
Regarding to availability of material, 5.2 per cent are first rank,
10.0 per cent are second rank and 4.8 per cent are third rank. Out of
the total sample, 10.0 per cent are first rank, 6.4 per cent are second
rank followed by 6.8 per cent are third rank towards availability to
177
labour. Among the total sample, 6.4 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per
cent are second rank and 10.0 per cent are third rank that adequacy
of capital. In related to existence of basic industry, 10.0 per cent are
first rank, 15.6 per cent are second rank and 12.0 per cent are third
rank. To government agencies assistance, 37.2 per cent are first
rank, 24.4 per cent are second rank and 21.6 per cent are third
rank. Regarding family business, 13.2 per cent were first rank, 19.2
per cent were second rank and third rank. Out of the total sample,
18.0 per cent are first rank, 16.0 per cent are second rank and 25.6
per cent are third rank towards availability of technology.
5.2.12 Training Programme undergone by the Women
Entrepreneurs
The table-5.17 explains the under gone training programme
women entrepreneurs.
Table 5.17
Training Programmes undergone by Women Entrepreneurs
S.No Training of Programme
No. of Respondents
Per cent
1. Management course 4 1.6
2. Apprenticeship training 42 16.8
3. Technical training 70 28.0
4. Institutional 123 49.2
5. No training 11 4.4
Total 250 100.0
178
Out of the total sample (49.2%) are institutional training
programme, 28.0 per cent are technical training, 16.8 per cent are
apprenticeship training, 4.4 per cent are not training and very few
(1.6%) are management course training programme. This indicates
the majority group of the women entrepreneurs institutional.
5.2.13 Usefulness of Training Programmes to the Women
Entrepreneurs
The table-5.18 analyses the distribution of the usefulness of
training programme to the women entrepreneurs.
Table 5.18
Usefulness of Training Programmes to the Women Entrepreneurs
S.No Training
programme
No. of
Respondents Per cent
1. To large extent 113 45.2
2. To some extent 93 37.2
3. Not useful 44 17.6
Total 250 100.0
The majority of response of the women entrepreneurs 45.2 per
cent are large extent training, 37.2 per cent were some extent and
17.6 per cent are not useful of training programme.
179
5.2.14 Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs from Government
The table-5.19 infers the priority-wise incentives women
entrepreneurs from government.
Table 5.19
Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs from Government
S.No Incentives 1 2 3 4 5 Total
1. Financial subsidy
74
(29.6)
22
(8.8)
11
(4.4)
57
(22.8)
70
(28.0)
250
(100.0)
2. Transport subsidy
77
(30.8)
37
(14.8)
12
(4.8)
58
(23.2)
45
(18.0)
250
(100.0)
3. Power subsidy 50
(20.0)
29
(11.6)
22
(8.8)
77
(30.8)
56
(22.4)
250
(100.0)
4. Sales tax subsidy
16
(6.4)
41
(16.4)
80
(32.0)
35
(14.0)
37
(14.8)
250
(100.0)
5. Backward area subsidy
33
(13.2)
121
(48.4)
125
(50.0)
23
(9.2)
42
(16.8)
250
(100.0)
Out of the total sample, 29.6 per cent were first rank, 8.8 per
cent were second rank and 4.4 per cent are third rank towards
financial subsidy. Regarding the transport subsidy, 30.8 per cent
are first rank, 14.8 per cent with second rank and 4.8 per cent are
third rank. Among the total sample, 20.0 per cent are first rank,
11.6 per cent are second rank and 8.8 per cent are third rank that
power of subsidy. To sales tax subsidy, 6.4 per cent are first rank,
16.4 per cent with second rank and 32.0 per cent has given by
third rank. In related to backward area subsidy, 13.2 per cent has
given by first rank, 48.4 per cent had second rank and 50.0 per
cent were third rank.
180
5.3 PROGRAMMES AND SCHEMES FOR WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
The integrated schemes of assistance to women entrepreneurs
which provide for identification, selection, training and consultancy
and escort services apart from term loan facilities and terms
continue to receive increasing response. As a result, assistance to
women entrepreneurs is increasing day by day. Some of the schemes
introduced to provide financial assistance entrepreneurs are briefly
summarized.
5.3.1 Small Industry Development Bank of India’s (SIDBI)
SIDBI has special schemes for assistance to women
entrepreneurs. These are aimed at providing training and extension
service support to women entrepreneurs according to their skills and
social financial assistance on concessional terms to enable them to
set up small enterprises.
5.3.2 State Financial Corporation (SFCs)
The schemes are operated through State Financial Corporation
(SFCs), State Industrial Corporation (SIDCs), Commercial Banks,
State Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Refinance Institutions.
For instance A.P. State Financial Corporation (APSFC) provides
assistance in the form of term loans for women entrepreneurs is
expected to contribute at least 15 percent of the project cost. The
entrepreneur has to repay the loan over eight years, in moratorium
period of two years.
181
5.3.3 Bank of India’s Priyadarshini Yojana
Under this scheme the bank provides long term and working
capital assistance under the categories: Professional and self-
employed, e.g. chartered accountants, lawyers and doctors.
a) Small Business, e.g. beauty parlour, laundry and
circulating library.
b) Retail traders, e.g. fair price shops, general provision stores.
c) Village or Cottage and Small Scale Industry Road Transport
Operators Allied agricultural activity.
The maximum loan amount sanctioned depends on the
entrepreneur needs with limits for term loans and up to Rs.1 lakh for
working capital. Interest rates depend upon the range from 12
percent (for loans up to Rs.2 lakh). The contribution margin will be
about 20 percent, depending upon the type of activity intended to:
In addition, women entrepreneurs are also eligible for finance
under the following government sponsored programme.
5.3.4 Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
a) Self Employment Programme for Urban Poor (SEPUP)
b) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
182
5.3.5 Scheme of Interest Subsidy for Women Entrepreneurs
The main objective of the scheme of interest subsidy for
Women Entrepreneurs is to the women with business acumen and
entrepreneurial traits.
All industrial projects whether in rural, cottage, tiny, small and
medium scale(i.e. with Rs.3 crore) sectors, if set up by women
entrepreneur(s) will be covered under the scheme shall be operated
through the State Financial Corporations (SFCs)/State level
institutions granting assistance to women entrepreneurs for setting
up their industrial rural, cottage, tiny, small and medium scale
sector. To be eligible for availing herself of the subsidy under the
scheme, a woman entrepreneur with the following criteria is selected:
The woman entrepreneur should be unemployed before taking up the
venture. The venture should be her first venture. The woman
entrepreneur must have been sanctioned and disbursed finance by
SFC or a State level financial institution. The assistance under the
scheme takes the form of one time subsidy and is equivalent interest
payable by the industrial unit set up by the woman entrepreneur to
the SFC for the loan assistance sanctioned for the project for a period
to a ceiling of Rs.25,000 per annum. In addition to the above there
are several schemes offered by various state government agencies.
5.3.6 Industrial Development Bank of India’s (IDBI) and Mahila
Udyam Nidhi (MUN) Scheme
The Industrial Development bank of India has set up a special
fund, known as Mahila Udyam Nidhi with a Corpus of Rs.5 crore to
183
provide assistance to women entrepreneurs, intending to set up
projects in small scale industries sector implemented by SIDBI.
Women Entrepreneurs owing and managing an enterprise with
a minimum financial equity are eligible for assistance provided the
project cost excluding, working capital does not exceed Rs.10 lakh.
The debt equity ratio should be 3:1. The assistance will be provided
in the form of soft loan up to a maximum of 15 percent of fixed
capital in equity. Minimum promoter’s contribution insisted upon is
10 per cent of the fixed cost.A nominal service charge of 1 percent
per annum is charged, which is payable annually. They should be
repaid over a period not exceeding 10 years including as initial
moratorium years. In this scheme, seed capital assistance is
provided without insisting on security.
5.3.7 Mahila Vikas Nidhi (MVN) Scheme
Recognizing the role of voluntary agencies in improving the
socio economic status to set up a special development fund, Mahila
Vikas Nidhi, with an initial allocation from its technical assistance
fund. Assistance by way of grant and soft loan would be from the
Nidhi to such voluntary organizations working exclusively for women
and the organization with a properly constituted governing body.
Agencies with a proven record in managing income generating
programmes would be eligible to receive aid under the scheme such
as setting up of training cum development centres, skill up
gradation, skill up gradation programmes, programmes or marketing
184
as management up gradation and such other industrial activities
which improve the women would be eligible for support under MVN.
The Assistance under the scheme towards one time capital
expenditure, the recurring expenses being met by the voluntary
funds or grants/donations from government or other agencies.
5.3.8 Stree Shakti Package of State Bank of India’s (SBI)
The SBI introduced a new package of November, 1989 aimed at
reinforcing its efforts it developing entrepreneurship among women.
Concessions and facilities are provided to women. An important
highlight of the package is conducting Entrepreneurial Development
Programme (EDP) exclusively designed for women all over the
country with the help of Training College and local branches.
The branch managers along with field staff would provide the
necessary assistance to those women who do not plan to set up full
fledged industrial ventures do something at home. In this scheme for
Loans of up to Rs.25,000 neither the guarantee or margin money is
taken from borrowers. Further a discount of half a percent is allowed
charged. The loan proposals received from women entrepreneurs
would be sanctioned within 20 days except in cases of proposals for
high value and also where other financial commitments are involved.
According to the Third All India Census of Small Scale Industries
conducted in 2001-02 subsequent estimates made, only 10.11
percent of the Micro and Small Enterprises in India are owned by
women while 9.46 percent of the MSE enterprise is managed by
185
women. As per latest available estimates, the number of women
owned and women managed enterprise are 12.99 lakh and 12.15
lakh respectively.
In order to encourage more and more women enterprises in the
MSE sector, several new schemes have been formulated by the
Government are in the process of being targeted only at the
development of women enterprises in India.