perception 05
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
What is the perceptual process?
Perception.– The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.– Perceptual information is gathered from:
• Sight.• Hearing.• Touch.• Taste.• Smell.
![Page 2: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
What is the perceptual process?
Factors influencing the perceptual process.
– Characteristics of the perceiver.
– Characteristics of the setting.
– Characteristics of the perceived.
![Page 3: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the perceiver.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
perceiver’s:
• Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.
• Personality.
• Values and attitudes.
![Page 4: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the setting.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
setting’s:
• Physical context.
• Social context.
• Organizational context.
![Page 5: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the perceived.
– The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics
of the perceived person, object, or event, such as:• Contrast.
• Intensity.
• Figure-ground separation.
• Size.
• Motion.
• Repetition or novelty.
![Page 6: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
What is the perceptual process?
Stages of the perceptual process.
– Information attention and selection.
– Organization of information.
– Information interpretation.
– Information retrieval.
![Page 7: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
What is the perceptual process?
Information attention and selection.– Selective screening.
• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information that bombards a person.
– Two types of selective screening.• Controlled processing.• Screening without perceiver’s conscious
awareness.
![Page 8: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
What is the perceptual process?
Organization of information.– Schemas.
• Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.
– Types of schemas.• Self schemas.• Person schemas.• Script schemas.• Person-in-situation schemas.
![Page 9: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
What is the perceptual process?
Information interpretation.
– Uncovering the reasons behind the ways
stimuli are grouped.
– People may interpret the same information
differently or make different attributions about
information.
![Page 10: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
What is the perceptual process?
Information retrieval.
– Attention and selection, organization, and
interpretation are part of memory.
– Information stored in memory must be
retrieved in order to be used.
![Page 11: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
What is the perceptual process?
Response to the perceptual process.
– Thoughts.
– Feelings.
– Actions.
![Page 12: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Common perceptual distortions include:– Stereotypes or prototypes.– Halo effects.– Selective perception.– Projection.– Contrast effects.– Self-fulfilling prophecy.
![Page 13: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Stereotypes or prototypes.
– Combines information based on the category
or class to which a person, situation, or object
belongs.
– Strong impact at the organization stage.
– Individual differences are obscured.
![Page 14: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Halo effects.– Occur when one attribute of a person or
situation is used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation.
– Likely to occur in the organization stage.– Individual differences are obscured.– Important in the performance appraisal
process.
![Page 15: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Selective perception.– The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent with one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
– Strongest impact is at the attention stage.– Perception checking with other persons can
help counter the adverse impact of selective perception.
![Page 16: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Projection.– The assignment of one’s personal attributes to
other individuals.– Especially likely to occur in interpretation
stage.– Projection can be controlled through a high
degree of self-awareness and empathy.
![Page 17: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Contrast effects.
– Occur when an individual is compared to other
people on the same characteristics on which
the others rank higher or lower.
![Page 18: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
What are commonperceptual distortions?
Self-fulfilling prophecy.– The tendency to create or find in another
situation or individual that which one expected to find.
– Also called the “Pygmalion effect.”– Can have either positive or negative outcomes.– Managers should adopt positive and optimistic
approaches to people at work.
![Page 19: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
How can the perceptualprocess be managed?
Impression management.– A person’s systematic attempt to behave in
ways that create and maintain desired impressions in others’ eyes.
– Successful managers:• Use impression management to enhance their own
images.• Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression
management.
![Page 20: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
How can the perceptualprocess be managed?
Distortion management.
– Managers should:
• Balance automatic and controlled information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
• Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
• Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation
stage.
![Page 21: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
What is attribution theory?
Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:– Understand the causes of a certain event.– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event.– Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
![Page 22: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
What is attribution theory?
Internal versus external attributions of
causes of behavior.
– Internal causes are under the individual’s
control.
– External causes are within the person’s
environment.
![Page 23: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
What is attribution theory?
Factors influencing internal and external attributions.– Distinctiveness — consistency of a person’s
behavior across situations.– Consensus — likelihood of others responding
in a similar way.– Consistency — whether an individual
responds the same way across time.
![Page 24: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
What is attribution theory?
Fundamental attribution error.– Applies to the evaluation of someone’s else
behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of situational factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of personal factors.
![Page 25: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
What is attribution theory?
Self-serving bias.
– Applies to the evaluation of our own behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of
personal factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of
situational factors.
![Page 26: Perception 05](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/546c6045b4af9fda238b4f55/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
What is attribution theory?
Attributions across cultures.
– The fundamental attribution error and self-
serving bias operate differently in different
cultures.