people's participation model - with national green...

FRAMEWORK FOR PROMOTING PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION IN

ROADSIDE PLANTATION

(Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Post Graduate Diploma in Forestry Management)

Summer Internship

at

National Green Highway Mission,

National Highway Authority of India

1st Floor, MTNL Building, Sector-19, Dwarka, DELHI

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DECLARATION BY ORGANIZATION

This is to certify that the project report entitled “FRAMEWORK FOR PROMOTING PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION IN ROADSIDE PLANTATION” done by Ms. Ruchi Karkare and Ms. Shraddha Aggrawal (PFM 2015-17) for National Green Highways Mission is original work. This has been carried out as summer internship under my guidance for partial fulfillment of Post Graduate Diploma in Forest Management at Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.

Place: Reporting Officer

Date:

Organization’s name

Seal

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DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I, Ruchi Karkare (1575), hereby declare that the project report entitled “FRAMEWORK FOR PROMOTING PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION IN ROADSIDE PLANTATION” is an original work. The contents of the project report have not been published before and reflect the work done by me during my Summer Internship of the Post Graduate Diploma in Forest Management at Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal from 4th April 2016 to 10th June 2016 with National Green Highway Mission- National Highway Authority of India.

Place: New Delhi Ruchi Karkare

(PFM 2015-17)

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DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I, Shraddha Aggrawal (1578), hereby declare that the project report entitled “FRAMEWORK FOR PROMOTING PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION IN ROADSIDE PLANTATION” is an original work. The contents of the project report have not been published before and reflect the work done by me during my Summer Internship of the Post Graduate Diploma in Forest Management at Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal from 4th April 2016 to 10th June 2016 with National Green Highway Mission- National Highway Authority of India.

Place: New Delhi Shraddha Aggrawal

(PFM 2015-17)

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to all those who provided us with an opportunity to be a part of this project and helped us with the possibility to complete this report. First of all we would like to thank our reporting officer, Mr. Anuj Sharma, DGM, NGHM, who gave us this project and helped us in every possible way in its completion. We are extremely thankful to him, for his constant support, guidance and highly valuable suggestions at each and every step of the project during our internship. It was a great learning experience to work under his guidance. We are also extremely obliged to Ms. Induja Rai for her constant guidance and support in entire project especially for guiding us with the proceedings of our project. We will give special gratitude to our project manager, Mr. Rakesh Kanyal and Mr. Sudhish Kumar, whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us to coordinate our project especially during field work and writing this report. We are also thankful to Mr. Suresh Kumar, Manager, NHAI who facilitated our site visit in Pelak, Mr. Satbir Sharma, principal, Vivekanand School, Pelak who organized the FGD during our visit to Pelak and farmers for their participation, support and cooperation in carrying out the pilot project.

Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of National Green Highway Mission, who helped us with the necessary material to complete the task in specific time. A special thanks to other interns, who helped us in different ways during our project and gave suggestion about the task. Last but not least, many thanks go to the head of the project, Dr. A. K. Bhattacharya, Managing Director, NGHM who has invested his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal. We appreciate the comments and guidance given by the panel members during the presentation that has improved our presentation skills. We take this opportunity to thank our Summer Internship Chairperson Dr. Advait Edgaonkar and Summer Internship Cell, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal for providing us such an opportunity through their untiring efforts.

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Executive Summary

National Highways are known as the growth engine of economic development of any country. Interstate road infrastructure facilitates movements of goods, allows trades and bridges the geographical divide amongst Cities. Although National Highways account for only 2 % of the existing roads in India, still they carry 40 % of the automobile traffic. This signifies its importance in Indian economy. The continuous movement of vehicles on the highways emits harmful gases & solid pollutants in air which is a major source of air and noise pollution. High level of Green House Gases and suspended dust particles in air poses an imminent health threat for the commuters and also endangers the biodiversity of the region. Under such conditions, it is really important to take proactive measure for controlling pollution containment on highways. Through various researches, case studies and pilot project conducted over the years it has been concluded that green corridors/belts are the effective means of pollution control as they help in absorption of GHG gases and collection of dust particles.

For developing Green Corridors along highways, government of India has come up with a project known as National Green Highway Mission which will be responsible for plantation and maintenance of green buffer along highways. Among various objective of NGHM, one was to make the project of having green highways self-sustainable and Sustainability can only be achieved when every stake holder is taking active participation in the mission. Public Participation in any form will reduce the burden of NGHM in terms of finance and labor. The participation of people will inculcate sense of belongingness among people which in turn will ensure protection and maintenance of trees by the people themselves. Also being engaged in the plantation activity will make people aware about environmental issues and hence will make them environmentally responsible.

The Public Participation Project will bring all the stakeholders together to work for greening along highways. The project will also help in livelihood generation of local people. Many local people will generate additional income by participating in the project. The project will also help in strengthening of Local Self Help Groups (LSGs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs).

The objective of our project was to develop a model in order to increase people’s participation in plantation activity along roadside of national highways. To achieve this objective various case studies related to the topic were referred. The case studies/ models which were referred were basically taken from neighboring countries having similar geographical, social and economic conditions to have relatability with Indian context. In this project we tried to make various models for Farmers, Corporates and Nurseries. We also tried to develop framework for Green

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Fund Contribution from various CSRs, individual and organizations who are looking forward to contribute to the environment by adopting trees and funding for its maintenance as well.

For developing models first of all we considered four major factors, i.e. (i) Identification of key tasks to be undertaken in plantation (ii) Identification of all the stakeholders (iii) Literature review regarding participation of people in plantation projects around the globe (iv) Development of stakeholder participation model and by keeping these factors in mind we came out with different models which could be implemented to engage the stakeholders with the mission effectively.

We did a pilot project of Farmers model in village Pelak of Palwal district where the model was really appreciated and welcomed with open hands. The project was such that the villagers get maximum benefits and NGHM is also able to fulfill its objective effectively. Ecological, Economic and Aesthetic Value were the three factors which were kept in mind while developing the model.

Similarly, models for CSRs and nurseries were prepared.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 About National Green Highway Mission.......................................................................1

1.2 Project description.................................................................................................................3

1.3 Scope of the project................................................................................................................4

1.4 Objectives...................................................................................................................................4

2. Literature Review.............................................................................................................................6

3. Methodology.....................................................................................................................................11

3.1 Model.........................................................................................................................................12

4. Various Participation Models....................................................................................................13

4.1 Farmers’ participation models.......................................................................................13

4.1.1 Roles of different stakeholders.............................................................................13

4.1.2 Funding...........................................................................................................................14

4.1.3 Monitoring.....................................................................................................................14

4.1.4 Plantation and Maintenance..................................................................................15

4.1.5 Criteria for the selection..........................................................................................15

4.1.6 Guidelines......................................................................................................................15

4.1.7 Benefits To Various StAKEHOLDERS.................................................................16

4.1.8 convergence with MGNREGA................................................................................16

4.2 Corporates Participation Model.....................................................................................17

4.2.1 Providing funds for plantation..............................................................................17

4.2.2 Providing Planting material...................................................................................19

4.2.3 Providing funds or/and collaborating for Events........................................20

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4.2.4 Innovative models and research..........................................................................21

4.2.5 Funds for allied activities........................................................................................23

4.2.6 Monitoring.....................................................................................................................23

4.2.7 Benefits to corporates and nghm.........................................................................23

4.3 Nurseries Participation model........................................................................................24

4.3.1 Privately owned Certified Nurseries..................................................................25

4.3.2 CBOs/LSGs owned nurseries.................................................................................26

4.3.3 Roles of different stakeholders.............................................................................29

4.3.4 Benefits...........................................................................................................................30

4.3.5 Convergence with MGNREGA................................................................................30

5. Model testing....................................................................................................................................34

5.1 Site selection...........................................................................................................................34

5.2 Aim of the field visit.............................................................................................................34

5.3 Methodology adopted.........................................................................................................34

5.4 Observations...........................................................................................................................34

5.5 Suggestions given by farmers.........................................................................................35

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................36

6.1 Suggestions.............................................................................................................................36

7. Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................37

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1- List of stakeholders and activities in roadside plantation...................................12

Table 2- Payment Model.......................................................................................................................14

Table 3- Norms for plantation............................................................................................................16

Table 4- Flow Chart Diagram representing Involvement of Nurseries with NGHM. .25

Table 5- Calculation for required saplings....................................................................................27

Table 6- Funds Allocation.....................................................................................................................27

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I: Six Missions of Green Highway Policy, 2015................................................................2

Figure II- Illustration of highway plantation..................................................................................3

Figure III- Warka Waters Structure in Ethiopia.........................................................................22

Figure IV- Schedule of activities for nursery preparation.....................................................31

Figure V- Labour Component.............................................................................................................32

Figure VI- Material Component.........................................................................................................33

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1. INTRODUCTION

Highways pass through various urban and rural areas joining rural centers with urban markets. The rural areas greatly benefit from the highway construction due to reduction in travel cost and time to reach the market. The industries, which are generally located outside the urban areas, also get benefitted from the highways as the supply of raw materials and delivery of goods become easier and cheaper reducing the overall cost of production. The highways are thus considered to be growth engine for economic development of a country. In India, National Highways account for only 2% of the Indian road network but still carries 40% of the automobile traffic signifies its importance in economy. But these highways are constructed at the cost of huge environmental loss. The construction of highways involves large scale deforestation. The agricultural lands of farmers are acquired for construction of highways. Environmental degradation is further increased by the ceaseless traffic movement on these highways. The vehicular traffic on the highways emits large amounts of Green House Gases (GHGs) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the air, which pose a threat to the commuters’ health and also endangers the local biodiversity. Along with having local impacts, they certainly affect the global climatic conditions and contribute to the climate change which is being realized around the globe.

The transport sector is the second largest contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2 emissions) in India. Opportunities exist to make India’s transport growth more sustainable by aligning development and climate agenda. India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) recognizes that GHG emissions from transport can be reduced by adopting a sustainability approach. (UNEP, 2016)

1.1 ABOUT NATIONAL GREEN HIGHWAY MISSION

To combat the negative impacts that construction of highways cause on the environment, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways launched Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification and Maintenance) Policy in 2015 with the objective of developing Green Corridors along National Highways. National Green Highways Mission - NHAI is made the nodal agency for overall planning, implementation and monitoring of Green Highways project, which involves plantation, transplantation and allied activities along National Highways. This greening activity is a sustainable approach to neutralize the effect of GHG emissions

Framework for Peoples’ Participation in Roadside Plantation Page 1

from vehicular traffic on highways as well as it will help in fulfilling India’s commitment of COP 21 for reducing carbon emissions.

The National Green Highways Mission was launched with the following sub missions-

Figure I: Six Missions of Green Highway Policy, 2015


Integrated Green Corridor development on upcoming highways projects

Green Corridors along 1 lakh km developed National Highways

Creating Sustained Employment for 1 lakh workers

Making Green Highways Mission self sustainable

Carbon Efficient Highways -fufilling COP 21 commitment

Promoting research & innovation in green pathways sector

Below is the graphical representation of cross section of a highway stretch after plantation activity.

Figure-

Illustration of highway plantation

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

One of the sub-missions of NGHM is making the mission self-sustainable. Sustainability can only be achieved when every stake holder is taking active participation in the mission. To make the mission self-sustainable, it is necessary to involve all the stakeholders in the process.

Public participation in any form will reduce the burden of NHAI in terms of financial as well as man power burden. With people’s participation, huge population will get involved in plantation activity and will become aware about the importance of planting trees, creating a huge impact on environment. The participation of people will inculcate sense of belongingness among people which in turn will ensure protection and maintenance of trees by the people themselves. Also being engaged in the plantation activity will make people aware about environmental issues and hence will make them environmentally responsible.

Different stakeholders will be contributing differently but every contribution will help in making the mission successful and hence will help in achieving the objectives


Source: IRC:SP:21-2009: GUIDELINES ON LANDSCAPING AND TREE PLANTATION

of NGHM. This project is trying to bring all the stakeholders together to work for greening along highways.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project aims at making the National Green Highways Mission self-sustainable. The project will help in livelihood generation of a lot of local unemployed people. Many local people will generate additional income by participating in the project. The project will also help in strengthening of Local Self Help Groups (LSGs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs).

The participation of all the stakeholders will ensure involvement of people in the plantation activity. The plantation activity carried out in specific area will be done by recommendations of locals and according to their needs, obviously in accordance with the guidelines and the species matrix developed by NGHM.

The carbon emissions sequestered will help in achieving the target of 35% reduction in carbon emissions committed in COP21.

The project will thus ensure sustainability by addressing all the three pillars of sustainability- Environment, Economy and Society.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

Enhancing people's participation in greening highways will be a revolutionary step towards making the highways aesthetically beautiful and eco-friendly. With active participation, people will develop a sense of belongingness towards plants they have planted and will help NGHM with funds and labor for various plantation activities. Locals will be responsible for protection and maintenance of trees planted and in return they will get the usufruct rights.

The first objective was to prepare a database of various stakeholders like NGOs, Nursery, CSRs, Indian Foundations, International Foundations, Embassies, SEZs and other voluntary organization who are interested in environment/plantation activity or livelihood generation.

The main objective of the project was to develop models involving various stakeholders in order to increase people’s participation in plantation activity along roadside of national highways. To achieve this objective various case studies related to the topic were read and also various existing models on people's participation in roadside plantation were


reviewed. The case studies/ models which were referred were basically taken from neighboring countries having similar geographical, social and economic conditions to have relatability to Indian context.

Another objective was to field test farmers’ participation model to come up with a more comprehensive model.


2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The local communities harbor the will and commitment to prevent loss of their lands and livelihoods due to increasing effect of environmental degradation. But this fundamental reality sometimes becomes obscure and indeed weakened when outside groups -- government agencies, technical groups and NGOs – seek to launch program of their own conception and design at the local level. The challenge for outside agencies, including policymakers and donors, is how to identify and join with successful community-based initiatives to tackle local problems in ways that respect local interests and agendas. An approach in which outside resources support local efforts will ultimately result in strengthened local institutions that can effectively address the problems. The government needs to build upon local community concerns and actions. The actions of government need to support and enhance local resources. (Annorbah-Sarpei, Dube, Rugumayo ,Schearer, & Tomlinson, 1993)

The issue of large scale deforestation for construction of highways, or any developmental work for that matter, is affecting the locals most-financially, physically and also socially. It is important to involve the locals not only in implementation but their involvement should be throughout the process-starting from planning to product development.

Trees when planted on highways have huge socio-economic impact on locals. When performed near villages far from forests, plantation activities directly benefit village communities by providing supplementary sources of: (1) fuel wood; (2) fodder; (3) edible fruits; (4) timber for agricultural implements; and (5) thatching grass. Voluntary organizations, village- level institutions, and individual farmers, whose lands adjoin the road, all benefit, and should be the custodians for roadside plantation. Trees can induce in villagers a sense of local belonging. Roadside plantation acts as a buffer between the people and government- owned forests, and it will help to reduce the extensive indiscriminate destruction of forests. Under severe climatic conditions, selected roadside trees can form wind breaks and shelter belts to protect crops, and help to reduce climatic excesses and soil erosion. They can restore some ecological diversity to areas of agricultural monotony. They can be used by bees to produce honey and wax. They can provide a vitally important source of renewable energy, especially for rural areas. Useful and versatile species of trees that can be planted includes Vachellia nilotica. (Indian Road Congress, 1992)

The main objective of Road Side Plantation is to provide protection to road, traffic passengers, check soil erosion, food, fuel, fodder and timber to the Society and mitigate climate change. The important objective of MGNREGA is to give employment to rural people, and creation of durable assets and strengthening the


livelihood resource base of the rural poor. With the help of NGHM, locals registered under MGNREGA can achieve this by participating in plantation activity and the plantation after 5 to 10 years will produce raw material for Agro based industries which can generate another set of livelihood. (Ministry of Rural Development, GoI,2012) Hence, convergence of MGNREGA and NGHM can help in making the mission successful.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) support the notion of people’s partnerships for the conservation of the environment and sustainable ecosystem management throughout the world. Both organizations claim that such partnerships can, through business promotion, employment generation and poverty reduction, help achieve the Summit’s desired goals and outcomes. The challenge for government is how to balance two distinctive management styles i.e. public and private in order to support favorable and sustainable outcomes in forestry resource management.

A people’s participation model is an answer to this challenge faced by the government. A people’s participation model is a contract between a private entity and the government that make private partner to deliver a desired service and the associated risks. In return for providing the service, the private partner receives payment in the form of a fee, tariff or user charge based on predetermined standards of service as specified in the contract. While the government is relieved of the administrative responsibilities of service provision rather it retains and focuses on the role of regulating and monitoring the performance of the private partners. This kind of model helps in bringing synergy between the needs and wants of government as well as private party.

People’s partnership model is applied in plantation and forestry sector worldwide. Examples of forestry people’s partnership models from around the world demonstrate that the resource can be managed sustainably, with assured livelihoods for forest dependent communities. (Shaheen & Khan, 2008) . Together, the framework of private and government partnership does not allow short term profit motives to override the long term sustainable forest management imperative. Public administrators, instead of rigidly following established procedures without regard to situational context, are assigned the responsibility to help citizens by ‘looking beyond self-interest to the larger public interest’ and ‘developing a sense of belonging’. (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2007)

A study from the Luangwa Valley in eastern Zambia showed that public participation contributed to sustainable livelihoods and overall natural resources management through varied ways. These include promotion of conservation farming, agroforestry, poacher transformation (individuals who have given up poaching due to people’s participation interventions) and provision of markets for


the produce of participating households. Further, impacts of agro-forestry on soil fertility, crop, and honey yields were statistically significant (p 0.05). A˂ combination of increased crop productivity and household incomes has seen a 40-fold increase in poacher transformation. The results of this study suggest that people partnerships, if well-structured, have the potential to address both livelihoods and enterprise needs with an ultimate benefit of promoting both sustainable livelihoods and natural resources management. (Nshimbi & Vinya,2014)

There have been many roadside plantation projects round the globe with different objectives.

In Pennsylvania, the Department of Transport (PENNDOT), in 1990 initiated the Wildflower Planting Program, which brought splashes of color to highway medians and slopes, providing a more pleasant driving experience. Wildflower beds sprouted across Pennsylvania offering drivers glimpses of multi-colored displays. It earlier had Adopt-A-Highway Programme for abatement of litter which was upgraded to Adopt-And-Beautify Programme with the promotion and recognition of planting efforts with litter pickup. Adopt-And-Beautify brought citizen volunteers into a partnership with PENNDOT to enhance the landscapes of highways. A guidebook for plantation was also developed by PENNDOT, having a list of commercially grown species, keeping in mind that they are native, tolerant of road salt, not invasive, and offering varied growth habits, flowering types and seasonal beauty and textures. (PennDot, 2003)

Another roadside plantation project was witnessed in India on Grand Trunk Road- on stretches between Agra and Dhanbad. The Grand Trunk Road Improvement Project (GTRIP) aimed at strengthening and four laning of 422.78 km of selected stretches between Agra to Dhanbad. The stretch of NH-2, in GTRIP, was strengthened and reinforced using various techniques of soft landscapes, principally through plantation of various types. A Road landscape Plan was developed to enhance the visual quality of the road. The landscape treatments were not only to mitigate the visual impacts of the construction but also to glorify the historic context of the road. To address the negative impacts due to the felling of roadside plantations during the construction of highway, compensatory plantation was planned along the proposed alignment and on the median. As per the plantation programme, a total of more than 200,000 trees were planted along the highway, which amounted to compensating at the rate of 4 trees for every tree cut. The selection of species was done based on pollution and glare screening capability, aesthetics, shade providing capability, economic importance and hedonic value of the species. In order to identify sections with similar natural factors the entire project corridor was divided into 13 homogeneous stretches with similar climatic (rainfall and temperature), soil and topographic characteristics. These stretches


were further divided into 40 sections based on the adjacent land use of rural or urban stretches for which, according to the ROW available, the plantation is proposed on either side of the road.


Belgaum case study

City wide urban forestry programme was launched by DCF Belgaum, Karnataka wherein more than 50,000 saplings of ornamental, timber, medicinal and fruit yielding trees were to be played along the road, on dividers and in high density block plantation. The planting was done in 3 months and plants were maintained for 3 years. Tall trees with height between 6-8 feet were selected for avenue plantation and open spaces were developed as "Green Lungs". Maintenance of trees was done in very economical way- by using Prosopis juliflora for thorn fencing.

The trees selected for plantation were selected not only on aesthetics but on religious, economical and medicinal value. Local conditions of any site (edaphic) conditions were considered before undertaking plantation activity.

The project cost estimated was Rs. 1.12 crore. 1st year expense was estimated to be Rs. 75 lakhs out of which Rs. 50 lakhs were promised by corporation while Rs. 25 lakhs were promised by urban development authority. For 2nd and 3rd year of maintenance a corpus fund was created called 'Belagavi Hasirikaran Nidhi'.

Selection of species was done so as to maintain diversity and avoiding monotony with identical species planted in one stretch. On dividers species like bottle palm were planted. In outskirts of city, fruit yielding and timber species were mixed.

In block plantation, Arboretum (for development of mini botanical plants for study purpose), fruit yielding block, timber yielding block, medicinal block, sandalwood block and bamboo blocks were developed. Cantonment areas were also used for block plantation after seeking permission from army. Open spaces near religious areas were used to plant sacred trees. Navgrah van, Nakshatra vans were created. For sandalwood block, one protected area was planted with 1000 seedlings. Host species like pongamia and kajanus were also planted. Tall seedlings were planted along the borders of water bodies. These trees will act as home to different species of birds. The areas threatened by the danger of encroachments were prioritized for plantation activity.


In new planned areas, species of similar flowering pattern were planted. The objective was to identify streets by the color of flowers planted on them. Watchers were kept for maintenance of trees at some strategic location and were provided with bicycle with plate 'Green City Watcher'. Survival rate after first year of plantation was 90%. People of Belgaum voluntarily participated in the programme. After the initiation of project, 154 applications were received by various individuals/agencies to take up plantation activity in their area.

Morning walkers were made to plant one tree so that they could identify their tree and protect and maintain it from next day onwards. Individual nature lovers and corporates donated tree guards. Businessmen provided their trucks for transportation of seedlings. Auto rickshaw drivers volunteered to water the planted trees. Involvement of every citizen in the city in the plantation activity made the implementation successful.

3. METHODOLOGY

Under this project, a model will be prepared involving all or some of the stakeholders identified, stating the contributions all the stakeholders will be making in successful implementation of NGHM and the incentives these stakeholders will be getting in return of their contributions. The steps involve:


Identification of key tasks to be undertaken

in plantationIdentification of all the

stakeholders

Literature review regarding participation of people in plantation

projects around the globe.

Development of stakeholder s

participation model.

Testing farmers' participation model

Suggesting the changes for achieving

a farmer oriented model

3.1 MODEL

Stakeholders Activities

1. Institutional tie-ups Financial Assistance

2. CSR Supply of planting material and equipment

3. Farmers Capacity building

4. Nurseries Awareness and media

5. Urban Locals Manpower for plantation activity

6. Rural Locals/ LSGs/ CBOs Setting up organic nursery

Table 1- List of stakeholders and activities in roadside plantation

The model will be permutation and combination of different stakeholders and different activities in which they will be contributing. Also it will describe payment model, maintenance responsibility, usufruct rights and also the parameters for measuring sustainability of the project.


4. VARIOUS PARTICIPATION MODELS

Apart from planting trees along national highways, NGHM aims at developing Green Corridor of 50 m on each side of highway. This corridor will act as a buffer for noise and air pollution generated from the traffic flow on the highway and will be aesthetically pleasing to the people travelling on the highway. Also, this buffer will not let the Suspended Particulate Matter generated from burning of fuel to move towards agricultural fields and thus saving crops from getting damaged. It will also help in sequestrating a lot of carbon generated from vehicles plying on highway.

4.1 FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION MODELS

Individual farmers can be engaged in plantation activity along National Highways a management model called as ‘Formal Management’.

Formal Management

In this type of model, the private entity manages the resource on behalf of the public sector. The farmers will be responsible for plantation and maintenance of trees on their patch of land, payment for which will be done by NGHM. The usufruct rights will be with the farmer owning the land. Plantation of trees can be done along with the conventional agriculture already being done on the field.

Also, farmers can plant tree species required by any forest based industry located nearby, along with the agricultural crops they are already growing. This will provide market for the produce they will be getting from the plantation. NGHM can help in providing the farmers with the forward linkages for selling their products, where ever possible.

Only, the tree species to be grown should be according to the species matrix and should also complement the crops being grown on the land.

4.1.1 ROLES OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS

4.1.1.1 FARMERS

Farmers will be responsible for provision of land for plantation activity and will also be responsible for plantation and maintenance of the trees planted. The payment made to the farmers will be in phases and will depend upon the survival rate of the trees and work completion.


4.1.1.2 NGHM

National Green Highways Mission will fund the plantation activity. The payment will be done in phased manner during a period of 5 years (1st year- 40 %, 2nd year- 15 %, 3rd year- 15 %, 4th year -15 %, 5th year -15 %).

4.1.2 FUNDING

As NGHM has adopted the Model Plantation SoR of MoRD for Roadside plantation under MGNREGA, plantation and maintenance for 5 years costs around Rs. 1500/ plant, but for the farmers who are growing trees on their patch of land along with conventional agriculture, this sum would be Rs. 1050/plant. The payment to the farmers will be done by NGHM.

The payment will be done in phases depending on the survival rate of the plants and completion of work.

Task completed Survival Rate Payment

Completed >90% Full payment

Completed >75% and <90% Half payment

Completed <75% No payment

Not done >90% Half payment

Not done >75% and <90% One fourth payment

Not done <75% No payment

Table 2- Payment Model

4.1.3 MONITORING

The payment to the farmers and labors will be done in phases based on survival rate and completion of work. It will be responsibility of Plantation Manager stationed at RO/PIU to monitor the implementation of the plantation projects. Progress report of every plantation project shall be prepared after field verification and shall be submitted monthly on 3rd of every month to NGHM. Based on the recorded survival rate and task completed during field verification, payments will be made.


4.1.4 PLANTATION AND MAINTENANCE

The plantation activity will be done by farmers. The species to be planted will be in accordance with species matrix which is prepared by NGHM on the basis of agro-climatic conditions, commercial viability, aesthetic value and carbon sequestration capacity of the species. The species selected for plantation should also complement with the agricultural crops already grown in the field.

Maintenance is the sole responsibility of the owner/concessionaire of the land. The concessionaire will have tree title which will be heritable but not alienable. The concessionaire can’t damage the trees and if removal of the plant is essential, he should do replantation at his cost with proper consultation.

4.1.5 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION

4.1.5.1 FARMERS

Farmers whose lands lie adjacent to the National Highways will be selected under the scheme.

4.1.6 GUIDELINES

The plantation will be done along with the crops already being grown on the farmland, with crops grown in between each row of tree, forming an agroforestry system. The tree species to be planted should not only be in accordance with species matrix but also complement the crops already been grown there. For example, a combination of Acacia and rice traditional agroforestry system increases resistance to parasitism. Also, in the northeast Indian State of Meghalaya, guava and Assam lemon-based agri-horticultural agroforestry systems (i.e. farming systems that combine domesticated fruit trees and forest trees) gave 2.96 and 1.98-fold higher net return respectively, in comparison to farmlands without trees. (Pandey, 2007)

NGHM will fund at max 4 rows of trees but next row cannot be planted before completion of plantation in preceding row.

The distance between each tree will be 5 m and distance between each row will also be 4.5 m. The requirements will be same as of the 3rd row of the avenue plantation.


Distance from another row 4.5 m

Distance between two plants 5 m

Canopy size and shape Preferable spreading with medium Canopy Surface Area (CSA)

Size of the pits 60X60X60 cm

Height of plant More than 3 m

Table 3- Norms for plantation

4.1.7 BENEFITS TO VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS

4.1.7.1 FARMERS

Farmer will get tree right and will have right on all the produce from trees planted on his land.

The nutrient cycle of his land will be maintained if tree species complementing with his crops are planted. For example, leguminous trees.

He will be generating extra income by selling the produce from the trees. If the fruiting season of the trees planted is different from the harvesting

season of the crops, he will get round the year employment.

4.1.7.2 NGHM

NGHM will be able to develop a green corridor of approximately 50 m each side, wherever land is available.

It will be involved in livelihood generation for farmers and landless labors. Plantation of trees on the land owned by farmers will inculcate sense of

belongingness among them and thus will ensure maintenance of trees even after 5 years.

4.1.8 CONVERGENCE WITH MGNREGA

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act can be converged with NGHM. Payment for labors involved in plantation activity can be done through MGNREGA after successful convergence. The payment for labor will be done in phased manner depending on the completion of work and survival rate.


4.2 CORPORATES PARTICIPATION MODEL

The corporates can get involved in following ways:

Providing funds for plantation Providing planting material and equipment Providing funds or/and collaborating for events Spreading awareness and media Participating in innovative models or research Providing funds for allied activities

4.2.1 PROVIDING FUNDS FOR PLANTATION

According to Clause 135 (b) of Companies Act 2013, every company having net worth of rupees five hundred crore or more, or turnover of rupees one thousand crore or more or a net profit of rupees five crore or more, during any financial year shall ensure that the company spends, in every financial year, at least 2% of the average net profits of the company made during the three immediately preceding financial years, in pursuance of its Corporate Social Responsibility Policy. The social responsibility encompasses responsibility towards vulnerable section of society or towards environment. Such companies can invest their CSR funds towards betterment of environment as well as generation of sustainable livelihoods for locals.

4.2.1.1 PLANNING AGENCY

The funds for plantation can flow through-

Non-Governmental Organizations-The CSR funds can be given to NGOs working either in environmental sector or social sector. These NGOs can, then themselves, get involved in plantation activity by engaging volunteers or can mobilize locals to participate in the plantation programme.

Foundations- Many corporates have their own foundations, through which they undertake CSR activities. The funds can, thus, flow through these foundations, which can again either themselves take up the plantation activity or mobilize locals to get engaged.

NGHM- The corporates can choose to give their CSR funds to NGHM-NHAI, which can further approach NGOs, locals or volunteers to


undertake the plantation activity. The engagements will be done according to the GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREEN HIGHWAYS POLICY 2015.

Option 1

Corporates NGOs registered under NGHM Plantation Agencies / Cooperatives / NGOs / SHGs / JFMCs etc. fulfilling technical requirements of NGHM guidelines

Option 2

Corporates Foundations of corporates Plantation agencies fulfilling the technical requirements of NGHM guidelines

Options 3

Corporates NGHM Plantation agencies fulfilling technical requirements of NGHM guidelines

4.2.1.1.1 CONDITIONS

NGOs, Foundations and the plantation agencies should fulfill the technical qualifications required by NGHM guidelines.

Empaneled agencies will be required to engage at least 80 % of their workers from 5 km periphery of the project area.

Preference shall be given to MGNREGA card holders. The species planted should be according to the species matrix prepared by

NGHM. The planting material should be procured from nurseries which are

government verified. (Forest department/National Horticulture Mission) The advertisement rights will be granted to Corporates only after 90%

survival of plants in first year but the rights will be revoked anytime the criteria of survival rate is not fulfilled after annual field verification.

For Option 1 & 2, the corporates would be responsible for all contractual compliance including maintenance of plants.

Plantation has to be done in accordance Green Corridor development methodology as mentioned in the GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREEN HIGHWAYS POLICY 2015.


4.2.2 PROVIDING PLANTING MATERIAL

Many corporates can choose to provide the planting material and equipment rather than giving CSR funds for ensuring appropriate spending of funds. The planting material and equipment can be given to the plantation agency by the corporates through their foundation or through some NGO which should be registered under NGHM.

The foundation / NGO can themselves be the plantation agencies or they can mobilize locals to get engaged in plantation. All the planting material has to be procured from Forest / Horticulture department verified nurseries.

Option 1

Corporates NGOs (fulfilling technical qualifications) Registered Plantation Agencies / Cooperatives / NGOs / SHGs / JFMCs etc.

Option 2

Corporates Foundations of Corporates Plantation Agencies/Cooperatives/NGOs/SHGs/JFMCs etc. fulfilling technical requirements of NGHM

Option 3

Corporates NGHM Registered Plantation agencies


NGOs, Foundations and the plantation agencies should be registered under NGHM.

Empaneled agencies will be required to engage at least 80 % of their workers from 5 km periphery of the project area.

Preference shall be given to MGNREGA card holders. The species planted should be according to the species matrix prepared by

NGHM. The planting material should be procured from nurseries registered under

NGHM. The advertisement rights will be granted to Corporates only after 80%

survival of plants. The corporates will also bear the responsibility of maintenance of plants. It is the responsibility of planting agency to ensure that the condition of the

site is good enough for the successful establishment of grasses.


Plantation has to be done in accordance with the GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREEN HIGHWAYS POLICY 2015

4.2.3 PROVIDING FUNDS OR/AND COLLABORATING FOR EVENTS

Workshops for training and capacity building of committees or individuals involved in the plantation activity have to be conducted, funds for which can be provided by corporates. The corporates can organize the workshops in collaboration with NGHM or it can provide the funds to NGHM for conducting workshops/training programs. They can also participate in organizing mass awareness programs and activities like Poster design competition, Plantation Marathon etc.

Option 1

Corporates NGHM Organize workshop (Collaboration of corporates and NGHM in organizing the workshop)

Option 2

Corporates NGHM Organize workshop

Option 3: Awareness and media

Option 3(a)

Corporates NGOs fulfilling technical requirements of NGHM

Option 3(b)

Corporates Foundations


The objective and the sessions of the workshop have to be approved by NGHM.

Branding and media coverage should be in accordance to the terms decided in the contract.

The schedule and other details of mass awareness programme should be approved by NGHM.

Report of the event should be submitted to NGHM within 15 days of organization of event.


4.2.4 INNOVATIVE MODELS AND RESEARCH

Corporates can invest in research or implementation of any innovative model along their preferred stretch. This innovative model, if successfully implemented, can be used as a best practice to be followed in the entire country. The innovation should be beneficial to locals and should come under one of the sectors as described in Clause 135 (b) of Companies Act, 2013.

The research can be outsourced or can be done in house by the corporates.

4.2.4.1 SOME INNOVATIVE MODELS

1. At Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) located in rural Maharashtra, Dr. Anil Rajvanshi started an experiment to grow trees using water distilled with the help of solar energy due to worsening drought conditions in many regions of Maharashtra.The basis of the experiment was that soil contains some moisture and roots of plants utilize this water with the help of osmosis – a process in which a solvent (water in this case), passes through a semi permeable membrane from a region of less solute concentration to a region of more concentration. Roots absorb water from the soil through osmosis. But in semi-arid and arid regions, the water is so tightly bound with the soil that seedlings cannot extract it because of less osmotic potential. Five pits, each of dimensions 0.9m X 0.9m X 0.6m, were dug in a barren land in the NARI campus. These pits were covered with Soil Water Evaporation Stills (SWES) – tilted glass covers connected with water collection bottles placed beside the pits. When sunlight fell on the pits, it heated up the soil and the water in the soil evaporated, only to be collected in the form of water droplets on the glass covers. These droplets slid into the bottles.Three experiments were conducted with these SWES. The water collected in the bottles everyday was given to the seedlings in the morning. In Experiment 1, the water was supplied in equal amounts to some seedlings. In Experiment 2, the water collected from SWES over a period of seven days was supplied to another set of seedlings once a week. And in Experiment 3, the seedlings were rain-fed. The growth of the trees was monitored for diameter, plant height and mortality every three months. And the results were extraordinary. The survival rate of seedlings fed from SWES was 100%. (Singh, 2016)


2. WARKA WATERSDesigned by invention from Arturo Vittori, an industrial designer, it is 30 feet tall, vase-shaped tower. The rigid outer housing of each tower is comprised of lightweight and elastic Juncus effusus stalks, woven in a pattern that offers stability in the face of strong wind gusts while still allowing air to flow through. A mesh net made of nylon or polypropylene, which calls to mind a large Chinese lantern, hangs inside, collecting droplets of dew that form along the surface. As cold air condenses, the droplets roll down into a container at the bottom of the tower. The water in the container then passes through a tube that functions as a faucet, carrying the water to those waiting on the ground.Field tests have shown that one Warka Water tower can supply more than 25 gallons of water throughout the course of a day. He says because the most important factor in collecting condensation is the difference in temperature between nightfall and daybreak, the towers are proving successful even in the desert, where temperatures, in that time, can differ as much as 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The structures, made from biodegradable materials, are easy to clean and can be erected without mechanical tools in less than a week. In all, it costs about $500 to set up a tower and if the tower is mass produced, the price would be even lower. (Nguyen, 2014)

3. VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)


Source- (Nguyen, 2014)

Figure III- Warka Waters Structure in Ethiopia

The VAWT is coupled with disc type alternator is placed on the highway road dividers. As the wind is forced by passing vehicles from both sides, the wind speed on the center place of highway roads will be more than at the pedestrian walking lane. This wind is forced to the VAWT from two directions heavily but this VAWT makes use of both the wind directions and rotates in one direction only. If the speed of the turbine increases results in increasing the speed of the alternator and the corresponding increased power is obtained at the output terminal. This power can be stored in battery bank which is placed under the windmill and can be used for irrigating the plantations done along the highways. (Sathyanarayanan,Muthamizh, Giriramprasath, & Gopinath, 2011)

4.2.5 FUNDS FOR ALLIED ACTIVITIES

The allied activities like rainwater harvesting, construction of reservoirs, dams or ponds, soil and moisture conservation works etc. can be funded by corporates along with respective government departments for better plantation.

The funding pattern and the contribution of corporate and government will vary according to different schemes.

4.2.6 MONITORING

It will be responsibility of Senior Plantation Manager under RO/PIU, NHAI-NGHM to monitor the implementation of the plantation projects. Progress report of every plantation project shall be prepared after field verification and shall be submitted monthly on 3rd of every month to NGHM. Based on the recorded survival rate and task completed during field verification, certification by NGHM will be given to corporate for participating in the Green Highway Project.

4.2.7 BENEFITS TO CORPORATES AND NGHM

4.2.7.1 CORPORATES

They will get certification from NGHM-NHAI for development of green corridor in a particular stretch

Innovative model, if successful, will be owned by NGHM and co-owned by corporate who implemented it and will be used as best practice for duplication in entire country.


They will get branding rights along the stretch where they have invested for plantation. The specifications of advertising rights should be in accordance with the policy guidelines.

Participating in this project will create an environmental friendly image among their customers as well as the communities corporates are operating in.

4.2.7.2 NGHM

NGHM will be able to develop a green corridor of approximately 50 m each side, wherever land is available.

It will be involved in livelihood generation for farmers, unemployed youths, women, old people registered under MGNREGA.

Rural assets will be developed if corporates decided to invest in allied activities and innovative models.

4.3 NURSERIES PARTICIPATION MODEL

Nursery

A nursery is a managed site, designed to produce seedlings grown under favorable conditions until they are ready for Plantation. All nurseries primarily aim to produce sufficient quantities of high quality seedlings to satisfy the needs of users. Nurseries can play a huge role in making green corridor along highways by supplying quality seedlings/saplings for plantation activity.

For NGHM Nurseries could be of two types:

1. Privately owned Certified Nurseries with at least three years’ experience in developing/managing nurseries.

2. CBOs/LSGs interested in opening small scale nurseries registered at RO level of NHAI


4.3.1 PRIVATELY OWNED CERTIFIED NURSERIES

Privately owned nurseries certified from horticulture department or forest department which have at least three years of experience in having nurseries, can participate in providing Saplings/Seedlings to NGHM for plantation activity.

4.3.1.1 MODEL 1

Nurseries have got a crucial role to play in development of National Green Highways. They have got the sole responsibility of supplying approximately 1 crore quality saplings, every year for plantation activities to NGHM. The nurseries, from where saplings will be bought, must be certified by horticulture department and the quality of seedlings supplied must stand aptly on the criteria provided underneath. The saplings should be of particular height according to the requirements so that they can grow with minimal care and maintenance.

4.3.1.2 MODEL 2

Tree nurseries are in demand for transplantation purposes along highways. With these nurseries coming up, nursery owner can grow his/her business to a new level.


Table 4- Flow Chart Diagram representing Involvement of Nurseries with NGHM

4.3.2 CBOS/LSGS OWNED NURSERIES

According to the guidelines of NGHM, government is looking forward to engaging community based organizations and local self- groups in developing nurseries. They can open their own nurseries on their land and supply quality seedlings for plantation activity. Through this activity, NGHM is trying to generate employment and to inculcate a sense of ownership in the people residing in those areas, which will help in maintenance and preservation of plants/trees

4.3.2.1 MODEL 3

LSGs/CBOs of rural areas through which highways are passing, can come up with nurseries on their own farmlands to supply quality saplings to NGHM. Guidance from experts will be provided on request, from horticulture department or forest department of nearby area/district. It will help in generating sustainable livelihood for the LSG members and will also develop a sense of awareness towards importance of plantation and impact of grazing, among their relatives and neighbors.

An agreement/MoU between NGHM and LSG/CBO will be signed with only one LSG/CBO nursery for the entire stretch of 5 km area. 0.25 hectare of land will be required to develop a nursery with saplings, for plantation to be done on five kilometers stretch of national highways. The contract will be given to the nursery which is following the guidelines mentioned by NGHM to develop a nursery.

Number of Saplings required for a stretch of 1 km is approximately Rs. 2500 for avenue plantation along highways/medians, although the demand may vary as per the availability of land on both side of national highway. The approximate number of required saplings for that area will be provided while signing of agreement.

4.3.2.2 CALCULATION FOR DEMAND OF SAPLINGS


Row/Median Number of Saplings Required

1 333*2(for both side)



Median 333

Total 1665

150% of Total 2500

Table 5- Calculation for required saplings

4.3.2.3 FUNDS ALLOCATED PER SAPLING.

Height of the saplings in feet Fund allocated in Rupees.

3.5 30

5 70

7 120

Table 6- Funds Allocation

4.3.2.4 CRITERIA FOR QUALITY SEEDLINGS/SAPLINGS

Color of leaf, morphology of leaf should be in proper standard as per the horticulture department in accordance with variety and species.

The nursery Seedlings/Saplings should be free of diseases.

Seedlings/Saplings should be free from pests.

Seedlings/Saplings should have a vigorous growth.

They should have a robust and woody, mostly single stems without deformities.


They should survive without water for short periods.

They are accustomed to full sunlight.

Height of the sapling for different rows should be as per mentioned

4.3.2.5 GUIDELINES FOR NURSERIES:

The nursery must be situated near highways, so that it has access to the main road for easy transportation. There should be surplus of quality saplings demanded by NGHM with characteristics as described in the model. The tree saplings to be supplied should only be in accordance with species matrix of NGHM which will be provided at the signing of agreement. Careful observation of site conditions and an assessment of past and present climatic records will be necessary. There will be no compromise on the qualities of saplings.

4.3.2.6 THE NURSERY SITE SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:

It should be well drained.

Availability of adequate labor force in the vicinity of the nursery.

Materials used for making nursery should be preferably eco-friendly.

Round the year availability of good quality water.

Availability of good quality topsoil.

Free from any legal encumbrances.


Row Height of saplings in Feet

1 3.5

2 5

3 7

Not affected by human interventions and wild animals.

4.3.3 ROLES OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS

4.3.3.1 NURSERIES

As NGHM require approximately 1 crore of saplings per year, nurseries can play a crucial role in providing it.

Quality Saplings required by NGHM will be made available by nurseries.

Nurseries will assure the production of genetically improved quality plantation material.

Employment for technical, skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled labor will be created.

Tree banks developed by nurseries will play a crucial role in transplantation activities.

4.3.3.2 NGHM

Huge market will be created for nurseries as NGHM will require 1 crore of sapling per year.

For any further funding for LSG nurseries, NGHM can serve as a ‘linkage’ in between the funding agency and nurseries to carry out CSR activities which will in help in providing livelihood to villagers.

4.3.3.3 LSG/CBO

LSGs/CBOs will open their own nurseries on their farmlands to supply quality seedlings to NGHM.

Locals involved in nurturing the nurseries will help the other locals to develop a sense of ownership and responsibility towards plantation activity.

4.3.4 BENEFITS


4.3.4.1 TO NURSERIES

Nurseries will act as a market to source quality seedling and saplings at nominal rates.

They will avail high profits with increased demand for saplings.

Increase in number of buyers for LSGs Nurseries if it is located on the farmland near highways as it will be easily accessible to commuters and will get a proper buyer and audience for showcase of flowery species and various other species.

4.3.4.2 TO LOCALS

LSGs/CBOs will get full time employment opportunities by opening their own nurseries.

Locals can enjoy the usufructs of fruit trees or so in return of taking care of trees.

4.3.4.3 TO NGHM

NGHM will be able to get quality seedlings as per the guidelines for their plantation activity.

It will be involved in livelihood generation for LSGs, Locals and Landless labors which is one of the objectives of NGHM.

4.3.5 CONVERGENCE WITH MGNREGA

MGNREGA can be converged with NGHM. Payment for labors involved in developing nursery can be done through MGNREGA after successful convergence.


4.3.5.1 GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING NURSERY UNDER MGNREGA

4.3.5.1.1 MONTHLY ACTIVITIES


Figure IV- Schedule of activities for nursery preparation

Source- (Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, 2014)

4.3.5.1.2 MANDAYS REQUIRED

Framework for Peoples’ Participation in Roadside Plantation Page 32Figure V- Labour Component

Figure VI- Material Component



5. MODEL TESTING

To test the ground applicability of the model, model testing was to be conducted. Due to time constraint only one model was to be selected for testing. The model selected was farmers’ participation model as it involved farmers- the key stakeholders in the project and to whom this project is going to benefit directly.

5.1 SITE SELECTION

The site selected for the field testing was Pelak village in Palwal tehsil of Faridabad district in Haryana. It lies along the proposed Eastern Peripheral Expressway (EPE), a part of Delhi Peripheral Expressway (DPE). Many farmers have lost parts of their lands during the acquisition process for the construction of expressway. The site was selected due to its proximity to Delhi and the scope of implementation of project given that the EPE is under construction.

5.2 AIM OF THE FIELD VISIT

The field visit aimed at getting an insiders’ perspective on the model developed during the internship. The motive was to know the issues faced by farmers if the project is implemented and address those issues so as to make the model more convenient for farmers.

5.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

The visit involved Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with those farmers whose lands were adjacent to the EPE. Around 15 farmers participated in the discussion. Model prepared was explained to them and then they were asked to share their views or doubts about the model. They threw light on many issues faced by them and also suggested some ways through which a balance can be struck between the goals of government and needs of farmers. The suggestions will then be made to make the model farmer oriented.

5.4 OBSERVATIONS

Some of the observations made during the visit were-

Plantation related

1. Farmers wanted that the selection of species should be such that it will start yielding benefits after second year of plantation.


2. As the payment to the farmers is to be made in phases and that too after completion of work assigned in a particular phase, the farmers were skeptical about the initial investment which is to be made for planting the trees.

3. Saplings’ protection from nilgai is another problem raised during FGD. The attack of nilgai on plantations will destroy the saplings planted.

4. They were also doubtful about the benefits of agroforestry and believed that planting trees along with agriculture do not let sun rays reach their crops and thus their crop yield decreases.

EPE related

5. The farmers who have lost a patch of their land in acquisition for EPE, and now have two parcels of land on both sides of EPE face difficulty in accessing both the parcels. The distance between two underpasses constructed by NHAI for providing accessibility to locals is way too much for the farmers to access both of their patches of land.

6. Their crops also suffer due to the sand and suspended particles that get settled on the crops due to construction of EPE. The debris when transferred from one place to another, without water sprinkled on it, also adds to the problem. These sand particles increase the pollution in the area.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS GIVEN BY FARMERS

Some suggestions given by them for increasing participation were-

1. Distribution of pamphlets describing all about the scheme in brief for creating awareness.

2. Meeting of all the sarpanchs at block level called by District collector regarding roadside plantation will be impactful and will give a strong backing to the cause.

3. They suggested forming a committee of farmers for each gram panchayat which will report to Plantation Manager and will provide with the insider’s view about any issue faced by NGHM.

4. They suggested recruitment of skilled youths from the local community who will act as a bridge between NGHM and local community.


6. CONCLUSION

Three broad objectives were decided in the beginning of the internship. An attempt was made to achieve these objectives in the duration of 10 weeks.

As per the first objective, a database for various stakeholders was prepared after their identification. The various stakeholders identified were farmers, Corporates, NGOs, national and international foundations, embassies in India. A database having address, contact person’s details, contact details, budget allocated by them for environment and livelihood sector and related past activities was created.

Another objective was preparation of participation models for different stakeholders. The models prepared were for farmers, corporates and nurseries. These models explained various ways in which these stakeholders can participate and contribute in roadside plantation.

The farmers’ model was then tested on field in an attempt to achieve the last objective. Due to time constraint only one model was tested to check if it is implementable. Various suggestions were received and various observations were made during the field visit. Following are the some suggestions which can address the issues raised by the farmers during the field visit.

6.1 SUGGESTIONS

1. The farmers were skeptical about the initial investment they will have to make for undertaking plantation activity. This can be addressed by providing them with plantation material and reducing the cost of planting material from the payment to be made in the first phase and making rest of the payments as was decided earlier.

2. Since the farmers were doubtful about planting trees along with agricultural crops, a documentation of agro-climatic specific best practices of traditional agro-forestry systems can be done. A matrix can be prepared having tree species which complement the agricultural crops grown in different agro-climatic zones.

3. The issue of loose sand in the air due to construction of EPE can be discussed with authorities in NHAI, but this issue will be reduced to a large extent once the green buffer is created in the area. The green buffer will also not let soot from the vehicles destroy the crops in agricultural lands adjacent to the expressway.

These suggestions, if incorporated, are hoped to create a win-win situation for farmers as well as the government and thus to the larger good.


7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Annorbah-Sarpei, A. J., Dube, N., Rugumayo , E., Schearer, S. B., & Tomlinson, J. (1993). The Importance of Participatory Approaches For Dry Land Management and Anti-desertification Programs. New York.

California Urban Forest Council. (n.d.). Trees—an Innovative Solution to Air Pollution. Retrieved from www.caufc.org: https://www.caufc.org/documents/Trees%20and%20Air%20Quality%20w%20resources.pdf

Denhardt, V. J., & Denhardt, B. R. (2007). The New Service: Service Not Steering. M E Sharpe.

indiacsr. (2015, 6 5). Corporate. Retrieved 5 12, 2016, from India CSR: http://www.indiacsr.in/en/panasonic-india-ties-with-the-tree-man-for-greener-tomorrow/

Indian Road Congress. (1992, 7). Planning Roadside Plantation. Indian Highways, 20(7), 23.

Ministry of Rural Development, GoI. (2012). Proto-type on Roadside Plantation under NREGA based on Muzzafarpur.

Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. (2014). A Plan of Action for Roadside Tree Plantation under MGNREGA.

Nguyen, T. C. (2014, 3 8). Retrieved from SMITHSONIAN.COM : http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/this-tower-pulls-drinking-water-out-of-thin-air-180950399/?no-ist

Nshimbi, M., & Vinya, R. (2014). Impacts of Public-Private Partnership on Local Livelihoods and Natural Resource Dynamics: Perceptions from Eastern Zambia. www.mdpi.com.

Pandey, D. N. (2007). Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India . Current Science, 459.

PennDot. (2003). Roadside Planting Guidebook.

Sathyanarayanan, R., Muthamizh, S., Giriramprasath, C., & Gopinath, K. T. (2011). Highway windmill. Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), (pp. 343-347).

Shaheen, H. F., & Khan, R. S. (2008). Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Forestry: Implementing Strategy.


Singh, T. (2016, 4 7). Retrieved from thebetterindia.com: http://www.thebetterindia.com/51136/anil-rajvanshi-solar-energy-for-tree-seeds-maharashtra-drought/

UNEP. (2016, May 05). Promoting Low-carbon Transport. Retrieved from unep.org: http://www.unep.org/transport/lowcarbon/PDFs/LowcarbonFactsheet.pdf


ANNEXURE-1

Farmers’ Model (Hindi)

भारत सरकार के सड़क, राजमार्ग� एवम् परिरवाहन मंत्रालय द्वारा राजमार्ग� के दोनो ओर वृक्ष लर्गाने एवम् उस से ग्रामीण हेतू सतत् आमदनी का जरिरया बनाने हेतू हरिरत राजमार्ग� जन भार्गीदारी की योजना बनाई जा रही है। इस योजना के अन्तर्ग�त र्गामीन के्षत्रौं से होके रु्गजरने वाले राजमार्ग. के दोनो ओर किकसान अपनी भूमिम पर कृक्षिक्षवाकिनकी माडल के आधार पर वृक्षारोपण कर सकते हैं। वृक्षारोपण हेतू किवक्षिभन्न किवक्षि6य सहायता राष्ट्रीय हरिरत राजमार्ग� मिमशन द्वारा प्रादान की जाएर्गी। इचु्छक किकसान अपनी पसंद के फलदार अथवा अन्य लाभदायक वृक्षों का चन

कर राजमार्ग. से लर्गी 50 मी. भूमी पर पौधारोपण कर सकते हैं। किकसान द्वारा पौधारोपण, रखरखाव हेतू

प्रकित पौधा रु 1100/- पाँच चरणो में प्रादान की जाएर्गी। किकसानों को वृक्षों के संवहनीय दोहन से मिमलने वाली आमदनी पर मालीकाना हक दिदया जाएर्गा। मिमशन द्वारा किकसानों के किहत सुकिनष्चिFचत करन े के लिलये

कृक्षिक्षवाकिनकी संस्थाओं में फसल क्रय हेतू करानामा करवाने में भी मदद करेंरे्ग। किकसान अपनी इच्छानुसार वृक्ष लर्गाने हेतू आवेदन दे सकते हैं।


ANNEXURE-2

Species list site visit to Pelak village

Scientific name Local name Yield RateAcacia nilotica India gum/babul 8.6 kg bark/tree Rs. 200/kgAchrus sapota Sapota 157 kg fruits/treeAegle marmelos Bel tree 300-400 fruits/tree Rs. 20/kg

Albizia lebbeck

Siris treeFuel wood- 5 m3 ha/year and edible dry matter- 100-120 kg/year

Anogeissus latifolia Dhaura

2 Ib. of gum each a year (Mature trees) Rs. 30/kg

Anona squamosa Custard Apple/Shareefa 17.5 kg/tree/year

Anthocephalus chinensis

Kadam

A tree of height of 10m and a girth of 100cm will give 11 Cu Ft of wood Rs. 250/cu ft

Artocarpus heterophylus Jack fruit/Kathal 25-100 fruits/plant

Azadirachta indicaNeem Tree

2670 kg oil/hectare and 30–50 kg fruit/tree (10 years old)

Bauhinia variegata Kachnar

Butea monosperma

Palash/tesu

400-500 gm lac per tree

Rs 1000/tree/year (Rs. 20/kg of flower)

Cordia dichotomaLasoda 32.4 kg fruits per tree

(8 year old)

Dalbergia sisooSheesham

0.16 cu ft timber / tree and 4.4 cu ft of fuelwood/tree

Dandrocalamus strictus Lanthi Bans3,000 culms per hectare after 3 years Rs. 25/culm

Madhuca longifolia Mahua 9000 kg seeds/tree Rs. 22/kg

Magnifera indicaMango/Aam

10-20 fruits (3-4years old) & 50-75 fruits afterwards Rs. 7/kg

Mallotus philippensis Kamala tree


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Moringa oleiferaDrumstick tree/Senjana 600-1600 fruits /tree

(3years old) Rs. 15-20/kg

Morus albaShehtoot

8-12 tonnes/ha/year (fruit) & 15-20 tonnes/ha/year (leaf)

Rs. 15000/ha (silk)

Pongamia pinnata Karanj Rs. 20/kgProsopis cineraria KhejriSyzygium cumini Jamun 40-50 kg/tree Rs. 150/kgT. chebula Harar/Harade 10 kg fruits / tree Rs. 20/kgTamarindus indica Imli 63 kg of pods/tree Rs. 22/kgTerminilia bellerica Bahera 20-25 kg fruits/treeZizyphus mauritiana Ber 50-80 kg/tree/year


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Application form for farmers interested in roadside plantation


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Name of the applicant

Name of the nominee

Relation with nominee

District name

Tehsil name

Village name

Permanent address

Correspondence address

Nearest National Highway

Plot number

Plot area (in hectares)

Number of rows applied for

Number of saplings required

Species Required

Kilometer covered

Bank details:

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* Please enclose relevant documents and bring along originals for verification.

** Copy of documents should be self-attested.


people's participation model - with national green...

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