People and Ideas on the Move, 2000 B.C.-250 B.C.

Chapter 3 Section 1

Chapter 3: Section 1 Vocabulary• Indo-Europeans: People who migrated from southern Russia to

India, Europe and Southwest Asia, around 1500 BC• Steppes: Dry grass-covered plains• Migration: To move from one place to another• Hittites: Indo-Europeans who settled in Anatolia around 2000 BC• Anatolia: Southwestern Asian peninsula (Turkey) aka, Asia Minor• Aryans: Indo-Europeans who migrated to Indian subcontinent• Vedas: Four sacred writings by the Aryans • Brahmin: Priest in Aryan society• Caste: Aryan social class system; ridged, (Priests, warriors,

peasants/traders and non-Aryan workers)• Mahabharata: Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the

Aryan migration south to India

Indo-Europeans Migrate

• Indo-Europeans: Nomadic people from the “Steppes” or dry grass lands that stretch north of the Caucus Mts.

• Herders: Sheep, Cattle, Goats

• Indo-Europeans Language: Basis of other Major Languages (PG 61)

• Unexplained Migration?

• Indo-Europeans migrated between 1700-1200 B.C.

Caucasus Mts.

The Hittite Empire• 200 B.C. Hittites controlled

the land called Anatolia• 450 year rule• Anatolia is “Turkey”

surrounded by the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

• Geography: high, rocky plateau, rich in timber and agriculture. Mts full of natural minerals (resources)

• Controlled Mesopotamia

• Cultural Diffusion: • Hittites adopted the Babylonian

Language for trading.• Borrowed ideas about

literature, arts, politics,

• Chariots and Iron Technology• Superior Chariot Technology• Iron Weapons. Iron stronger

than Bronze• Decline of Hittite Empire

• 1190 B.C. due to tribes from the North and South attacking.

HITTITE EMPIRE MAP

Aryans Migrate to Indus River Valley

Aryans Transform India

• Aryans: Homeland between the Caspian and Aral Seas

• Map: Next Slide• Migrated to the Indus

River Valley• Almost no

archaeological Record

• Vedas: 4 Collections of prayers, Magical Spells, Instructions for performing Rituals

• Rig Veda (MVP) contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan Gods

• Vedas past on by story telling

Asia: Caspian and Aral Seas

A Caste System Develops

• Aryan Nobles called Native Indians “Dasas” or Dark

• Differences between Aryans and Indians– Aryans were…– Taller– Lighter skin– Spoke a different Languages– No Writing System– Counted wealth in cows– “Dasas” lived in

towns/communities protected by walls

• The Aryan Caste System Pg 64– Brahmins (Mouth): Priests– Kshatriyas (Arms): Rulers

and Warriors– Vaishyas (Legs): Peasants

and traders)– Shudras (Feet): Laborers– “Untouchables: Butchers,

gravediggers, garbage collectors “Physical Labor”

• Hundreds of subdivisions

Caste System

Aryan Kingdom Arise

• Moved deeper into India: Ganges and Yamuna River Valleys

• Kingdom of Magadha• Unified (took over) all of

India• Mahabharata: Reflects

the struggles that took place in India as the Aryans moved south

• Cultural Diffusions:– Krishna: Semi-divine

hero of the Mahabharata is described as being dark faced. (Dasa Influence)

Main Idea Questions: Separate Piece of Paper

• What were some of the technological achievements of the Hittites?

• What were some of the borrowings of Hittites?

• Where did the Aryan come from when they arrived in India?

Chapter 3:2

Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

Chapter Vocabulary• Reincarnation: (rebirth) an individual soul or spirit is born again and

again until “Moksha” is met• Karma: good or bad deeds that follow from one reincarnation to

another. Influences certain things in life (what caste one is born into, ones state of health, wealth, or poverty, etc.)

• Jainism: Founded by Mahavira. Believes that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore nothing should be harmed (nonviolent)

• Siddhartha Gautama: Founder of Buddhism (The Buddha)• Enlightenment: In Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one

understands basic truths about the universe• Nirvana: In Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved

after enlightenment

India

Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries

• Collection of Religious beliefs• Cannot be traced back to a “single” founder with a

single set of ideas

• Upanishads: Books that show Hindu teachings– Moksha: A state of perfect understanding of all things – Atman: the individual soul of living being– Brahman: the World soul that unites all “Atmans”

Hinduism

• When a person reaches “Moksha” a person is released from life in this world. (multiple lifetimes to happen)

• Reincarnation

• Karma effects what caste you are born into

Hinduism Changes and Develops Hinduism and Society

• Hinduism: 3 Main Gods– Brahma: The

Creator– Vishnu: The

Protector– Shiva: The Destroyer

• Hindus are free to choose the deity they worship or none at all

Karma and Reincarnation strengthened “Caste System”

Bad Deeds: “Born as a women, or untouchable”

Caste determines what a person can or cannot eat

Hinduism

Jainism Buddhism

• Founded by Mahavira: 599 B.C.- 527 B.C.

• “Everything in the Universe has a soul and so should not be harmed.”

• Wears masks over face to no breath in insects

• Jobs that will not harm anyone: merchants/traders

• Siddhartha Gautama• Prophecy: A Great man

– Stay home: World Ruler– Leave Home: Spiritual Ruler

• Age 29 left the palace 4 times– Old man– Sick man– Dead man– Religious Man (At Peace)

New Religions Arise in India

Buddhism• After “Trip” outside the city Siddhartha G.

decided to spend his life looking for a religious/spiritual meaning to life (Only refuge from suffering!!)

• Wandered 6 years Seeking Enlightenment• Ate only 6 grains of rice a day• Meditated 49 days under a fig tree– Eventually achieved Enlightenment: Discovered the

cause of suffering in the world

Buddhism: Origins and Beliefs “The First Sermon” The Four Noble TruthsFirst Noble Truth Life is filled with suffering and sorrow

Second Noble Truth The cause of all suffering is peoples selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world

Third Noble Truth The way to end all suffering is to end all desires

Fourth Noble Truth The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the “Middle Way” between desires and self-denial

Buddhism: Origins and Beliefs

• Eightfold Path: A guided for ones behavior

• Those seeking enlightenment, you must master one step at a time!

• By following the Eightfold Path anyone can reach: Nirvana

• Nirvana: The release from selfishness and pain

Buddhism: Origins and Beliefs

• Belief in Reincarnation• The Cycle of the World: The World is created and

destroyed Multiple Times. • Rejected the many gods of Hinduism• Rejected the Caste System

• Goals For Hinduism/Buddhism: “Moksha” and “Nirvana”• Achieve a PERFECT state of understanding and a break

from the chain of reincarnations

Religious Community Buddhism and Society

• Religious followers of Buddhism are called the Sangha

• Three Jewels of Buddhism– Buddha– Dharma– Sangha

• Rejected Caste: Many followers were lower class

• Monks/Nuns: Life of poverty, nonviolent, never marry

• Missionaries: Depend on the kindness of people to survive

Buddhism

Buddhism in India Trade and the Spread of Buddhism

• Missionaries spread along trade routes– Sri Lanka– China

• Never took a strong foothold in India where it was born!!!

• Buddhist make pilgrimages to India

• Sri Lanka• Burma• Thailand• Island of Sumatra (Island in

Indonesia)• China• Korea• Japan

Buddhism

Hinduism and Buddhism

Did you learn anything???

• What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

• How has Hinduism influence the social structure in India?

• How did Buddhism Spread?

• How are the Vedas and the Upanishads similar?

Seafaring TradersChapter 3:3

Vocabulary Terms

1. Minoans: A seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of Crete from about 2,000 to 1400 B.C.

2. Aegean Sea: The sea that separates modern day Turkey and Greece

3. Knossos: Minoan capital City4. King Minos: King of the the Minoans, city of Knossos

(Crete) Owned a Minotaur. 5. Phoenicians: A seafaring people of Southwest Asia,

who around 1100 B.C. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region

Mr. Erickson or a Minotaur

Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean

• Minoans lived in the eastern portion of the Mediterranean from about 2,000-1400 B.C.

• Cultural Diffusion: Traded pottery, swords, precious metals, Architecture, burial customs and religious customs

• Major influence on Greece• Island of Crete was a “stepping stone”

Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization

• Wall Paintings, pottery, etc. show that the Minoans were a graceful, athletic people who loved nature and beautiful objects.

• Sports: Boxing, Wrestling, and Bull Jumping

• Knossos: Minoan Capital City on the Island of Crete

• Peaceful because it had no fortifications

• King Minos: Pet Minotaur: Labyrinth (maze)

Minoan Civilization

• Women had role in religious ceremonies

• Women had a “Higher Rank” that in other societies

• Sacrificed bulls, animals and humans to please the gods.

• Mysterious End: Ended in 1200 B.C. • No idea• Natural

Disaster or invasions

Minoan Decline

Possible Causes Example

Natural Disaster •Possible Earthquake 1700 BC•Earthquake 1470 BC•Volcanic Eruption on neighboring island 1470BC•Tidal wave 1470 BC

Overpopulation Non given

Overrun by invaders From Greece, about 1200 BC

Phoenicians: Spread Ideas

Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization

• Mediterranean Traders located on the Far Eastern end of the Sea (Lebanon)

• Never a Country: City States• 3 Major Cities: Byblos, Tyre,

Sidon• Excellent Ship Builders and

Seafarers• Possible sailed to Britain

2,000 yrs before everyone else

• Traded: Wine, weapons, precious metals, ivory

• Phoenicians were: great superb craftsman “Wood, metal glass and ivory”

• 60,000 Snails needed for a pound of Dye

Murex Dye

Phoenician’s Greatest Gift: The Alphabet

• Greatest Legacy: The Alphabet

• Needed a way to “quickly” record transitions

• Used symbols to represent sounds

• One sign was used for one sound

• Cultural Diffusion: Writings spread all throughout their trading routes

• Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and changed the from of some of the letters

Main Idea Questions: PG 76

1.What did the excavations at Knossos reveal about Minoan culture?

2.Where did the Phoenicians settle and trade?

3.Why did the Phoenicians develop a writing system?

The Origins of Judaism

Chapter 3:4

Chapter Vocabulary: 3:4

• Palestine: Eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea

• Canaan: Ancient homeland of the Hebrews (Jews)

• Torah: The First Five books of the Hebrew Bible which states Hebrew Traditions and stories. Christians consider this the “Old Testament”

• Abraham: “Father of the Jews”

• Monotheism: A belief in a single god

• Covenant: The promise between God and the founder of the Hebrew People. (Promise)

• Moses: The man who lead the Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt

• Israel: The new name of the Kingdom of the Jews after Saul, David and Solomon united the Jews

• Judah: Name of the “Southern” portion of the Jewish Kingdom

• Tribute: Peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger power

Search for a Promised Land

• Palestine and Canaan• Hebrews settled in

Canaan• Located at a Crossroads• Egypt to the West • Assyria and Babylonia

to the East

Birth of Judaism

• Torah: First five books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

• Abraham: Lived in Ur – God chose Abraham to

be the “Father of the Jews”

– Covenant: Promise between Abraham/Descendants and God

• Monotheistic: Believe in One Ultimate God

• God = Yahweh• “God watches over the

Jews bc. of Abrahams promise

Moses and the Exodus

• Jews migrated to Egypt to escape a drought

• 1st Egyptians were nice• Later Egyptians felt

threatened and “enslaved them”

• Moses lead the Jews out of Egypt

• The Ten Commandments

• New Covenant• God spoke to Moses in

Sinai Desert• Rules for new society

of Jews

Moses Wonders the Desert

• Moses and the Hebrews/Jews wonder for 40 years

• Returned to “Canaan”• Shifted from Nomads to

City Dwellers • 12 Tribes of Jews– United for battle– Different rulers “Judges”

The Kingdom of Israel

• Saul, David, Solomon Establish a Kingdom

• Israel: Named after one of the 12 tribes

• 100 years of Great Power

• 200 years total• Traders: Located close

to the Med. Sea

• Solomon's Temple– Bronze Pillars– Stone walls (outside)– Gold walls (Inside)

• Held the Ark of the Covenant

• High Taxes to pay for build• Caused divide in Northern

Israel – Tribe of Judah Broke off – Where is the Ark

Video: Jerusalem

The Babylonian Captivity • Declined• Tributes: Paid to Assyria (Both Judah and Israel)• Diaspora of Jews• Assyrians eventually took over Israel• Judah taken over by Babylonians 150 later• Persian King Cyrus conquered Babylonians and

allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem• Taken over by: Persians, Greeks, Romans etc.

Diaspora of Jews

Discussion Questions

• Where did Abraham and his Family originally come from?

• What were some of the achievements of Solomon?

• What was the Babylonian Captivity?

Three Major ReligionsHinduism Buddhism Judaism

Number of Gods

Many Gods; Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

Originally, no Gods One God: Yahweh

Holy Books Vedas: Upanishads, Mahabharata, others

Books based on the teachings of Buddha Tripataka

The Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible

Moral Law Karma Eightfold Path/Karma Ten Commandments

Leaders Brahmins Monks Priests, Judges, Kings and Prophets

Final Goal Moksha Enlightenment, Nirvana

A moral life through obedience to God’s Law