natural resource solutions: SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd.

Multi Disciplinary Services

Objective opinions and solutions require an understanding of the underlying components, together with the experience and judgement to allocate relevant priority to these issues. SRKs experienced personnel and practical approach give you achievable options, opinions and solutions together with an understanding of the associated risks.

If you are planning a new mine, or investment, or seeking to optimise performance of an existing mine, you have the opportunity to employ a team of specialists from a single company for fully integrated feasibility studies, due diligence assessments, business and operation review, economic evaluations and risk assessments. SRK specialises in coordinating and integrating the input from discipline specialists to provide a thorough understanding of technical business issues within an appropriate business context. We will work with you to provide sustainable solutions to your issues.

Our comprehensive reports help you make informed business decisions.

1. Feasibility Studies

Approach

SRK can provide a complete range of disciplines required to produce a feasibility study for a mining project. Prior to undertaking the feasibility study, scoping and pre-feasibility studies will have defined the project scope and direction; SRK would typically then assist with the field work, testing and laboratory programs required to gather the base data. SRK has a pool of experienced staff available to work in the field gathering data for technical studies.

The feasibility study itself would be tackled by a group of in-house consultants from the UK office, managed by an experienced professional engineer. Where necessary, specialist sub consultants would be brought in to provide input on key parts of the study. Quality is maintained through regular in-house reviews by the project director. Client liaison is of paramount importance and regular progress reports and meetings are considered to be integral parts of the study.

In Russia and CIS it is sometimes necessary to produce separate feasibility studies to satisfy both local and international requirements. In this case, SRK typically works alongside local Design Institutes to share information with joint fieldwork, laboratory and technical design programs. The result is a feasibility study from SRK suitable for international financing and a local 'Projekt' style of feasiblity study for local permitting. This approach provides access to capital markets outside of Russia and CIS and reduces the duplication of technical work.

Services

SRK can provide the following services: Coverage of the full range of field activities required to prepare a Feasibility Study including supervision of drilling, geological and geotechnical core logging, site investigation work, hydrogeological testing and environmental sampling programs Design and supervision of laboratory test work programs for determining process plant recovery and design parameters Project management of the study process by highly experienced staff Technical design work on all the disciplines required for a feasibility study in accordance with internationally accepted norms for bankable level studies Detailed financial modelling and analysis Preparation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in accordance with IFC Performance Standards and World Bank Guidelines Risk assessment and implementation planning

Experience

SRKs recent projects include: Sindesar Khurd Mine, India.SRK carried out feasibility studies to expand this underground lead/ zinc mine from 300 ktpa to 2 Mtpa. Voskhod Chrome Project, Kazakhstan.SRK completed a bankable level Feasibility Study on this project for an underground chromite mine with associated process plant and infrastructure. The Voskhod Mine was the first mine in Kazakhstan to be accessed solely through a decline with no shaft access planned. Malanjkhand Copper Mine, India.SRK completed a Feasibility Study for the expansion of this open pit mine which included a detailed operational review of the current mining activities. Khetri Copper Complex.India. SRK carried out feasibility studies for the expansion of the existing Khetri and Kolihan mines belonging to Hindustan Copper. In addition, SRK designed the layout of the proposed Banwas Mine. Aguas Teidas, Spain.SRK undertook a bankable level Feasibility Study on this project for an underground base metal mine with associated process plant and infrastructure. The project utilised paste backfill to maximise orebody recovery and reduce the tailings footprint on surface.

2. Due Diligence

SRK Consulting (UK) is part of the international SRK Group which is wholly owned by SRK employees, ensuring its independence by holding no equity in any project.

This enables SRK to provide you with multi-disciplinary, conflict-free and objective recommendations on crucial judgement issues.

Markets and Product Lines

Our due diligence services to the natural resources mining sector provides a suite of bespoke product lines focused on the requirements of companies (both private and public), individuals and the structured debt and equity capital markets. Supporting the increasing trend for enhanced scrutiny and risk management, SRKs principal product lines include technical reports published for use in the: Debt Capital Markets: As the appointed Independent Engineer on behalf of the lead financial institution, representing the syndicate and the sponsor, SRK provides the following Project Finance related services:

- Pre-financing technical due diligence and Independent Engineers Reports - Environmental (biophysical and social) compliance assessments including Equator Principals, IFC Performance Standards and World Bank Guidelines - Term sheet development including assistance in defining conditions precedent and conditions subsequent and Ore Reserve tail ratios and other technical-economic performance criteria - Technical input to applications for Credit Committee approval - Pre and post-financial close monitoring through construction completion, commissioning, and production ramp-up to name-plate capacity - Technical certification for mechanical completion, production completion and cost completion - Quarterly assessment services throughout the period of the loan facility Equity Capital Markets: As the appointed Independent Competent Person on behalf of financial institutions and sponsors, to assist in the generation of regulatory documentation required by various international stock exchanges, SRK provides the following services:

- Competent Persons Reports for inclusion in Prospectuses, Offering Memoranda, Offering Circulars and Private Placement Memoranda - Technical Advisory in support of privatisation programmes, disposals and acquisitions including Information Memoranda and technical data room structuring and management - Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve compliance opinions for inclusion in press releases and annual reports - Mineral Asset Valuations for the entire suite of project development stages from exploration through feasibility study to operations

Approach

Our structured due diligence approach is directed towards ensuring appropriate investigations for the decisions at hand which provides for a multi-disciplinary team and approach to assess mineral assets at all stages of development. With over 100 technical staff located in the UK with direct experience for servicing the financial markets, our geographic reach is further enhanced by access to the wider SRK Groups consultant network located in 43 offices on 6 continents, who recognise and appreciate that the globally integrated market economy requires discretion and confidentiality.

Specialist input is also provided via our international associate network, who broaden our experience and global reach. We also undertake limited scope mandates where only specific disciplines are required to be covered by SRK or where we provide sub-contracted services to third parties.

Our technical teams provide for discipline focused assessments to address the key areas of: Geology Mineral resources and ore reserves Mining engineering Geotechnical engineering Hydrogeology/hydrology Mineral/metallurgical processing Tailings/slimes deposition Refining and smelting Infrastructure and capital projects Human resources Occupational health and safety Opearting and capital expenditures Engineering, procurement and construction management Environment (social and bio-physical) Mineral economics

Experience

Our recognition in the debt and equity capital market as a name brand independent consultant with experience is exemplified by mandates covering a wide geographic spread and representing the majority of spot traded and contract commodities. These mandates include: An extensive portfolio of Independent Engineers Reports prepared on behalf of syndicated project finance facilities in the debt capital markets specifically in respect of the European, Southern African, North American, Australasian and Asian financial centres Numerous technical reports published in support of: initial public offerings and secondary listings on the majority of international stock exchanges; as well as private placement memoranda and offering circulars for accredited investors and qualified institutional buyers Technical advisory services to facilitate privatisation programmes on behalf of national and local governments as well as international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation

We also have an established working relationship with: Private and public natural resource, commodity trading, downstream processing and vertically integrated companies operating in the mining and metals sectors Premier financial institutions, reporting accountants and legal advisors in the majority of international financial centres National and international development financial institutions and export credit agencies A due diligence process which encompasses the full range of mandates from initial high level desk-top reviews based on public domain information to on-site inspection, validation/verification of technical and contractual documentation normally associated with Feasibility Studies completed to bankable standards A thorough appreciation of reliance on technical information with respect to the financial decision making process for either debt or equity financing

3. Business Improvement ServicesMining operations must continually seek to improve the unit cost of operations to remain competitive in world markets. This challenge, often coupled with the need to replenish mineable reserves, requires regular evaluation of new technology and mining methods.

SRK has the multidisciplinary capability to carry our business and technical evaluations and to assist with the implementation of the findings.

Services

Our expertise includes: Business Vision and Strategy alignment Strategic Planning - Identification of new reserves - Optimisation of existing reserves - Mine re-design for reserve optimisation - Minimisation of future environmental cost via present day integrated action Mine economics and mine cost modelling Estimation of capital and operating costs Organisation Structure review Management Operating Process and Systems review Mine Planning, Layout and Scheduling review Business and Technical Process reviews Skills and capabilities studies Change Management

Approach

SRK would discuss and agree the detailed terms of reference for the assistance required on a case by case basis. A work programme would be developed based upon the identified key objectives and timing of the deliverables.

A typical scope could include: Phase 1 Diagnosis of key strategic or operational issues Phase 2 Analysis & Modelling -more detailed studies would be undertaken, analysed and new approaches modelled. Phase 3 Implementation the identified solutions would be implemented in conjunction with key staff Phase 4 Perpetuation Ongoing coaching and mentoring support would be provided to assist key staff in embedding the change in the organisation

Experience

SRK employs leading scientific, engineering, and business consultants. Its integrated services and global base has made the company a world leading practice in due diligence, feasibility studies and confidential reviews. It is a leading one stop consultancy offering specialist business and technical services to mining and exploration companies.

SRK numbers over 1500 clients amongst them most of the worlds major and medium sized metal and industrial mineral mining houses, exploration companies, banks, petroleum exploration companies, agribusiness companies, construction firms and government departments.

4. Coal Services

SRK has extensive consulting experience within the global coal industry, in both established producing countries and emerging markets. SRKs experience covers both underground and opencast coal mining, for both hard coal and brown coal/lignite. SRK has delivered a wide range of projects, from grassroots exploration, through project development, prefeasibility and feasibility studies, to implementation and operational support. SRKs global reach has delivered world class advice and support in all of the top ten coal producing countries of the world, notably Russia, Colombia, India, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China and South Africa. SRK also has many years of experience in and still actively consults to the UK coal business. SRKs key areas of expertise in the coal sector are: project valuation; technical auditing and due diligence; exploration targeting and exploration programme planning; regional and structural geological interpretation; geological modelling using various software packages and geostatistical studies; coal resource definition and classification; mining method selection and options studies for opencast versus underground; opencast and underground mine design, planning and scheduling; assessment of Coal Reserves to international standards and relating to the technical and economic assessment of the life of mine plan; equipment selection, optimisation studies and audits; coal processing technologies and product market assessments; infrastructure and logistics planning; environmental and social impact assessments; health and safety assessment; geotechnical assessments of open pits and underground stability, including Geotechnical Assessments in the UK for the Quarries Regulations 1999; hydrogeology and hydrology, including acid mine water remediation; tailings assessments; and operational assistance and productivity analysis.SRKs coal due diligence team has a world class portfolio of projects relating to audits for acquistions, sales, investments and listings on the main stock exchanges, having carried out Mineral Experts Reports, NI 43-101 reports with resource and reserve reporting under international codes such as JORC and SAMREC.

As a global consultant to the coal industry SRK has a large group of internationally recognised and experienced coal experts that are located around the globe. This network is supported by local assistance from the numerous SRK offices and from the wider SRK group expertise in all fields. We have the ability to mobilise a number of multidiscipline teams on a single project and to provide experts who have worked at all levels of operating coal companies for many years prior to working as consultants.

5. Exploration

SRKs exploration capabilities are handled by a specialist team within SRK Exploration Services Ltd. SRKES provides a wide range of exploration services and consultancy, covering the design and management of exploration programmes ranging from early grass-roots phases to feasibility studies.

SRKES provides skilled and experienced teams of professional geologists, geochemists and geophysicists who are able to work effectively in any given environment around the world, on a wide range of commodities and deposit styles. Our team is well-versed in the requirements of international reporting codes, so our exploration programmes will meet required specifications from start to finish, minimising costly delays and re-sampling when it comes to producing resource statements.

SRKES exploration programmes always follow a phased, results-driven approach with target ranking and risk assessment taking place at every stage. This provides regular milestones and key decision points, such that the programme has the greatest chance of identifying new mineral deposits, and remaining in budget.

SRK ES services include:

Exploration Target Generation

SRKES can provide specialist services for the generation and prioritisation of new exploration targets for all commodities in a wide variety of geological environments. Extensive desk studies to compile and analyse all available data; tectonic and metallogenic analysis to provide an indication of prospectivity at all scales; reconnaissance field work and mapping to provide vital data from the field; and acquisition, processing and interpretation of geophysical and remote sensing data to identify potential targets.

Exploration GIS

Good data management is essential for the success of an exploration project. Important decisions need to be based on well-managed and effectively used data. When data is not well-manged or used effectively, it may lead to poorly-informed decisions, creating mistakes further down the line in resource estimations, possibly requiring expensive re-acquisition of samples.

All SRK ES staff are well trained in the creation, use and management of exploration databases in which sample locations, assay results, geological maps and geophysical data can all be included. This enables the storage, integration, visualisation and modelling of a clients valuable data, and makes it quickly and easily accessible.

Exploration Management

The careful design and management of an exploration project is critical in ensuring that funding is both forthcoming and spent on effective exploration activities. Our experienced team is able to review a projects status, the clients objectives and to provide advice and services for ongoing and future project development. This can be via direct project management using fulltime expatriate SRK ES project and field geologists, or through periodical reviews based from our UK office with regular field visits.

Independent Assessments, Valuations and Competent Persons Reporting

Every exploration and mining company will need to take stock of its exploration programmes at some stage. The need for objectivity and impartiality means that it may be preferable for this process to be conducted by an independent third party. SRK ES has extensive experience in reviewing, auditing and evaluating exploration programmes at all stages of development. Much of this work is conducted to produce documents for worldwide stock exchanges (AIM, TSX, JSE), banks and private investors, due diligence studies and project audits, as well as for internal reviews. SRK ES has a solid core of experienced exploration managers and has the in-house capability to provide experienced geologists to review and audit exploration projects for all types of commodities. The company's corporate ownership policy ensures that we remain totally independent and all of our key personnel are members in good standing of appropriate professional institutions.

6. Mining Geology & Resource Estimation

SRK has considerable experience in managing exploration programmes, interpreting the structural setting of ore deposits and in drilling, sampling and assaying techniques. This enables us to help our clients find, delineate and estimate the size and quality of their mineral deposits effectively. Our team of resource geologists has a wealth of experience in the majority of commodities and mineral occurrences.

Data quality and sampling density are the cornerstones of this work and we provide specific services in this area. In addition, we use state of the art software to produce 3D models of the geometry of the mineralisation, as well as statistical and geostatistical methods to determine and model the distribution of the commodity of interest within these. This enables us to then report Mineral Resource Estimates in line with international reporting codes, and also provides a good basis for mine planning and subsequent project evaluation exercises.

Our overall approach is to tailor our input to our clients particular needs, whilst maintaining an independent role for reporting of resources and reserves in the public domain.

7. Structural Geology

Many ore deposits are formed within tectonically active areas, such as ancient basins and orogenic belts. It is no wonder then that the vast majority of mineral deposits are affected or controlled, to a greater or lesser extent, by geological structures.

From the perspective of mineral exploration and mining, the potential influence of both large- and small-scale structures on projects cannot be understated, with structures impacting most technical issues, including: grade control, resource estimation, targeting, rock mass engineering and hydrogeology.

Approach

Regardless of the structural issue, SRKs initial approach is unwavering: understand the problem, understand the economic implications, and focus on the fundamental issues.

Depending upon the nature of the commission, the study may combine: a brief review of salient data and reports, definition of key issues, focussed data collection (outcrop and drillcore), 3D geometrical and kinematic analysis using state-of-the-art software, and the integration of findings, resulting in a robust structural model.

Experience

SRKs structural geologists have a broad experience of the contrasting technical issues where structural geology impinges during the various stages of exploration and production.Using their experience coupled with their understanding of geological processes, SRKs structural experts have recently assisted in the identification of ore deposit controls for near-mine and regional exploration targeting; the characterisation and analysis of fractures to help mitigate mine stability and water in-flow problems in underground environments; 3D modelling of structurally complex deposits to assist with resource wireframing; and the definition of structural geometries in geotechnical studies of large open pit operations.Services Determination of structural controls on mineralisation for use in near-mine and regional exploration programmes. 3D geometrical modelling of complex ore bodies for mineral estimation Integration and interpretation of geological, geochemical and geophysical data Characterisation of fracture systems for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies On-site training in structural geology, tailored to the client's project site Practical advice on the acquisition of pertinent structural data

8. Mineralogy & Petrology

Evaluation of the mineralogy and petrology of ore minerals and associated gangue is an essential key to understanding the genesis and mineral associations of ore deposits. These studies are fundamental in the assessment of the potential methods for mineral processing and the differentiation of ore types to be considered in mine planning, mill campaigning and stockpiling/ blending strategy.

Services

SRK offers a wide range of specialised services which include but are not restricted to: Ore mineralogy to assist in the design or review of ore processing methods Supervising and undertaking sampling from underground mines, surface mine workings, drill core or superficial outcrops Orientation studies for collection of alluvial and heavy mineral concentrates Surveys for indicator minerals for diamond deposits Forensic mineralogy for precious metals Trace element finger printing by LAICPMS Diagnostic mineralogy and petrology for deposit genetic models

Approach

SRK, through a strong association with Cardiff University, has access to excellent analytical facilities such as optical and electron microscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction and, for ultra trace element analysis, laser ablation inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICP-MS). The latter technique is useful in quantifying precious metals in different mineral hosts and has been used to gain a unique insight into refractory precious metal ores.

Experience

SRK has developed in-house expertise in ore mineralogy and petrology which continues to grow through the execution and supervision of mineralogical studies integral to mining and ore processing studies. These studies are global in nature and cover a wide range of commodity types and geological environments.

SRK undertakes ore mineralogy and petrology studies in conjunction with specialists at Cardiff University, Mackay School of Mines, Nevada, the University of Cape Town and the University of British Columbia depending on the location of the deposit and the commodity.

9. Data Management

Effective, efficient and secure electronic storage of technical data is a fundamental aspect of good quality exploration, Mineral Resource estimation and mine planning. SRK provides services and solutions to capture, validate, analyse and manage your technical data helping communicate the results with precision and clarity.

Services Digitisation of historical paper-based plans capturing 3D vector formats Digital capture of historical paper-based sample information such as borehole logs Independent advice for third-party data storage solutions Validation of captured data to confirm transcription and digitising accuracy Managing of data relating to on-going exploration and mining sample collection

Approach

When capturing and validating electronic data, SRK takes into account the required formats for mining software or AutoCAD/GIS packages. Validation of the project data is performed by utilising multiple data entry to check for transcription errors or by undertaking spot checks. This, together with regular auditing of captured data, ensures a robust dataset is maintained throughout the project.

SRK has the expertise to efficiently manage a client's data through the construction of a tailor-made database. Our technical experts are capable of providing well-informed advice on security and back-up of data, formats for importing and exporting, and recommendations of third-party providers for web-hosting, data uploading, downloading and communication of results.

Our data management-services may be applied in remote field locations or in the head office or mine site environment.

Experience

SRK's consultants have undertaken numerous projects where historical work has been brought into an electronic format, integrated with ongoing work and incorporated into modern methods of project appraisal. We have extensive experience of digitising paper-based technical data, in particular for projects located in the Former Soviet Union and India. SRK is also experienced in providing independent confirmatory drilling programmes and capturing, validating and managing the associated data.

10. Sampling & Analysis

The collection of reliable samples from a mineral prospect or mine is an essential basis for the production of an accurate resource estimate. The strategy to be adopted must thus be carefully designed so that at each stage of the process, the chance of taking biased, unrepresentative or contaminated samples is minimised.

Approach

SRK has the capability to assess a client's existing sampling programmes in order to determine whether the strategy employed by the client is meeting set aims and objectives. SRK considers key factors in executing these evaluations, such as, whether the correct sample volume is being taken, whether a change could be introduced which would have significant impact and be cost effective and whether the drillhole or sample layout will provide the level of confidence sought for the subsequent resource estimate.

Expertise

SRK has the expertise to design, manage and audit sample collection and preparation procedures on behalf of clients in both the mineral exploration and mining industries. This expertise has been developed over 25 years during the supervision and auditing of drilling programmes undertaken as part of exploration projects and mine feasibility studies and also during the performance monitoring of operating mines. In addition, sampling programmes have been designed for base line environmental geochemical studies and for the assessment of contaminated mine sites.

SRK technical staff have the necessary statistical/geostatistical expertise and computer software to undertake in depth studies of the assay information obtained from sampling campaigns and to produce detailed conclusions and recommendations.

ServicesSampling and sample preparation protocols should be designed to produce the highest possible data quality given the nature of the target mineralisation and the ground conditions. Issues addressed in such protocols include the following: Optimum sample length, volume or weight and compositing strategy in relation to the physical characteristics of the mineralisation Optimum sampling methodology and collection procedure to minimise contamination, avoid loss of fines in the case of rotary percussion drilling, and to produce representative unbiased samples The establishment of on-site supervision and checking procedures for drilling and sampling programmes. Monitoring of sample recovery Sample homogenisation and splitting procedures Duplicate sampling at each stage in the reduction and splitting process to determine the magnitude of errors at each stage Quality control procedures to monitor sample preparation and analysis at the mine or commercial laboratory Replicate sampling and analysis to determine precision of sample grades Comparative studies between assay laboratories and determination of accuracy Compatibility of assay databases produced by different sampling campaigns.

11. Sampling & QAQC

Appropriate Sampling and Quality Assurance /Quality Control (QA/QC) is essential in all aspects of the mineral deposit evaluation process to ensure the best possible confidence in resultant mineral resource and reserve estimates are achieved; the quality of an estimate is dependent on the quality of the data used.

Approach

SRK have experienced personnel who can audit, review and advise on quality control procedures, in addition to performing data reviews during all project phases.

When reviewing QA/QC data, SRK typically considers two defined areas: review of the QA/QC procedures in place, and review of the QA/QC database.SRK's experienced consultants review existing sampling protocols and advise on the appropriate sampling strategy taking into account both theoretical and practical implications of sampling techniques.

Using a combination of analytical techniques and drawing upon their broad experience of best practice, SRK 's experts are capable of drawing pertinent conclusions and making recommendations to clients to ensure compliance with international reporting codes.

SRK understands the importance of a managed QA/QC programme for all projects, ensuring data quality which forms the basis for all resource estimates.

Experience

SRK's resource consultants have extensive experience in reviewing QA/QC data from all project stages, and have experience setting site and regional sampling protocols and associated QA/QC programmes. SRK has undertaken a number of projects managing electronic data capture, validation and management of QA/QC databases to ensure compliance with international reporting codes.

Services Independent reviewing and practical advice on sampling protocols to ensure compliance with international reporting codes Recommendations on QA/QC procedures from sampling through to assay and data management Independent review of QA/QC procedures and databases to ensure compliance with international reporting codes Chain of custody and, verification drilling programmes Review of sample preparation and laboratory facilities

12. Geological Modelling

Understanding the geological controls on grade distribution throughout a mineral deposit is key to the development of a robust assessment of mining potential. A 2D or 3D computerised model of geology and grade is fundamental to modern Mineral Resource estimation. Attention to geological interpretation and domaining yields the most robust estimate from a given sample set.

Services Wireframe modelling of any mineral deposit type utilising state of the art software packages Modelling of deposits at various stages: from drill targeting models for grass-roots exploration through to detailed models for feasibility studies 3D trend analysis using Leapfrog software, a semi-automated modelling package, utilising geological or quality constraints Re-modelling/domaining based upon additional detailed sample or geological/structural information or to overcome grade estimation problems 2D regularisation of data to enhance visible interpretation of patterns/trends

Approach

The geological interpretation process starts with first hand site inspection, meetings and discussions with site geologists and review of reports and previous models and estimates. This may involve some re-logging of core and sketching out ideas to ensure the most has been made of available information and thinking on site.

SRK utilises a wide variety of computerised modelling methodologies, selected to suit the deposit geometry, mineralisation controls, technical characteristics and downstream mine planning requirements.

SRK will compile geological and structural maps, detailed sample logs, laboratory assay data, mineralogical analyses, geophysics, mine working surveys etc. Once the data is imported and validated, SRK carefully considers the setting, genesis, distribution, remobilisation and man made influences on mineralisation, as well as the patterns of alteration, mineralogy, weathering and other physical attributes important for project evaluation to determine the most appropriate modelling and domaining criteria.

Experience

SRK has extensive international experience in computerised geological modelling and domaining of most deposit types and commodities. Our consultants understand the importance of geological controls during modelling, and the significance it has in subsequent statistical and geostatistical studies and robust tonnage and quality/grade estimation.

SRK has the capability to produce computerised geological models in any required software package to suit the needs of the client, including Datamine, Gemcom, Vulcan, Surpac, Minex, Micromine Leapfrog and Geomodeller and can write routines to interface between these and other specialist in-house software packages.

13. Statistics & Geostatistics

Statistical and geostatistical analyses are essential in understanding the grade distribution and continuity in any mineral deposit. SRK can apply knowledge and experience in this field to assist in optimising drilling and sampling strategies and grade estimation domaining and kriging parameters. Understanding geostatistics can assist in Mineral Resource classification and quantifying mining selectivity issues.

Services

Building from our extensive three dimensional geological modelling skills, SRK offers a wide range of statistical, geostatistical and grade interpolation skills. Statistical and geostatistical methodologies utilised by SRK geologists include: Composite length analysis Geological and statistical domaining Statistical analysis (uni-, bi-, or multi-variate) Spatial considerations (declustering) Multivariate correlations, interdependencies and regression analysis Variographic analyses which are suitable for your deposit (e.g. raw, pairwise, Gaussian transforms) 2 verses 3 dimensional environments for statistics and geostatistics Outlier and top-cut analysis

Approach

SRKs approach to statistical and geostatistical analyses combines our strengths in the understanding of geostatistical theory combined with our expertise in structural and ore deposit geology and 3D resource modelling. Fundamental to SRKs approach is to ensure that any statistical or geostatistical analysis is tailored to the deposit under scrutiny, and reflects the underlying geology.

Experience

SRK has considerable expertise in statistics and geostatistics applied to mineral resources. Our technical experts have benefitted from global exposure to a wide range of mineral deposit types and commodities and have conducted and supervised complex geostatistical evaluations.

SRK also has large base of Competent/Qualified persons as defined by the various internationally accepted resource reporting codes.

We continue to build long lasting relationships with both small and large clients and through continued involvement have seen many projects go from early grass roots exploration through to production.

14. Grade Modelling

Grade modelling is an essential step in understanding your deposit, your approach to mining and how best to maximise returns to your investors. SRK utilises the most appropriate techniques to model your deposit and has extensive experience across a wide range of commodities and deposit styles.

Services Statistical and geostatistical analysis Grade estimation into block models using kriging as part of a detailed analysis of variability at both the orebody and at selective mining scales. Optimising grade estimation using quantitative kriging neighbourhood analysis Dealing with difficult distributions using non linear techniques Managing folded or uneven domains using unfolding or dynamic search methods Assessment of recoverable resources using uniform conditioning

Approach

Our approach to grade modelling is primarily based on the geology and amount and type of sampling information available. Using our extensive experience in a variety of methods we tailor the grade estimation process to your individual deposit. We believe that getting the geological domaining right means that subsequent grade modelling can be kept as straight forward as possible.

We may produce basic estimates to test input assumptions for scoping studies, whilst a much more comprehensive estimate may be appropriate for bankable feasibility studies and operating mines taking account of the greater reliance placed on estimates required at later stages in a project.

SRK assesses grade continuity in a 3D software environment to allow the best possible understanding of domain geometry and grade distribution. These findings are used to optimise geological and grade domains, and search orientations; they also influence Mineral Resource estimation confidence which leads directly to classification and subsequent drilling and sampling strategy.

Experience

SRK has a large team of resource geologists all of whom are dedicated to producing high quality resource estimates. Grade modelling is a significant part of a resource estimation project especially where multiple variables and domains need to be considered. Our geologists are able to combine their skills and experience to quickly determine an optimum approach for the wide variety of situations we can be faced with.

We have a large skill base in the use of advanced statistical and geostatistical packages. In particular, SRK uses Isatis, an industry leading software package, interfaced with mining software such as Gemcom, Datamine, Vulcan and Surpac. This ensures a seamless transfer of the model to our mine planning colleagues.

15. Grade Control & Reconciliation

Understanding grade distribution, optimising mining selectivity and controlling mining dilution and losses through grade control are essential for achieving the mine plan. SRK has the expertise to implement, monitor, analyse and react to grade control data. This allows the results to be reconciled against planned production and actual plant data. Minimising the difference between planned and actual production will improve business performance.

Services On-site design, implementation and review of systems, protocols and processes Differentiation of ore types for mining and processing Reconciliation of resource models, grade control models and mining and plant feed records Optimisation of stockpiling and blending strategy Identifying problems and troubleshooting Training for data capture, analysis methods and regular production reporting

Approach

When designing or reviewing grade control strategy, SRK considers the detailed geological controls on grade distribution, optimal sample spacing, sample collection, preparation and analysis, and mining selectivity vs production rate.

When undertaking reconciliation studies, SRK considers resource models used for short and long-term mine planning, ore type demarcation, truck allocation records, pit and stockpile surveys, plant feed records and production results. Where differences are found between these stages, the reasons for these are assessed to understand whether an attempt should be made to change working practices and data capture methods. If appropriate we may incorporate historical factors in production forecasts to improve the accuracy of forecasting mill feed tonnage and grade estimates.

Experience

SRK employs a number of geologists with significant experience from international operations, where their duties included grade control, optimising the selective extraction of ore and routine reporting of the multiple components of reconciliation.

Our geologists possess a sound understanding of a wide variety of mining operations, coupled with geological modelling, sample theory and their practical application.

SRK has a large skill base in the use of advanced mining software packages, such as Datamine, GEMS, Vulcan and Surpac, Leapfrog and Minex, and has a good understanding of the estimation methods suited to grade control in many different commodities and styles of deposit.

16. Resource Classification

Natural variability, sample spacing and analytical imprecision influence the confidence we have in production plans derived from an orebody model. The quality of estimate should be considered alongside likely extraction methods in order to assess the reliability of production schedules and dependent business plans. SRK has a large team of Competent Persons experienced in judging such uncertainty and applying Mineral Resource classification in accordance with international reporting codes, such as JORC, SAMREC and CIM (NI 43-101).

Services Independent Estimation and classification of Mineral Resources Reclassification of existing estimates in line with International Reporting Codes Advising on sampling programmes to improve deposit confidence classification

Approach

Whilst there are several rules of thumb used in classification, each deposit needs to be considered on its own merits. The underlying data is assessed for sampling representativeness, quality control on sample preparation and laboratory accuracy and databasing errors.

The deposit model comprises geologically and statistically robust estimation domains whose geometrical continuity and internal grade distributions can be specifically investigated. Understanding sample spacing in relation to domain size geostatistical assessment of grade predictability and of scale mining selectivity is key to the reliability of resultant mine plans. All these influence the choice of an appropriate classification category. The potential for economical extraction is given consideration as part of the Mineral Resource classification process.

Experience

The international reporting codes require that classification of Mineral Resources is undertaken by Competent or Qualified Persons. SRK employs several appropriately experienced geologists full time.

SRK has classified Mineral Resource estimates in accordance with international reporting codes, for hundreds of deposits and our technical experts have presented to international workshops and conferences on Mineral Resource Classification.SRK has developed particular expertise in reviewing Soviet system estimates and re-classifying these in line with international reporting codes.

17. Mineral Resource & Ore Reserve ReportingInternationally Recognised Reporting Codes

Our product line covers authoring and reviewing mandates with specific focus on reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves for publication in technical studies and public domain documentation published in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. SRKs principal products include compliant technical reports in support of equity market filings for the majority of international stock exchanges and include: Competent Persons Reports; Mineral Experts Reports; National Instrument 43-101 Technical Reports; and Supplemental Information Forms. In addition, we prepare tailored input for inclusion in listed Companys ongoing reporting requirements such as annual report sections and technical supplements.

Approach

The approach adopted for reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves at SRK follows the guiding principles of competency, transparency and materiality as adopted by all internationally recognised reporting codes (IRRC) which have been aligned with the Combined Reserves International Reporting Standards Committee (CRIRSCO) template: JORC Code (2004); CIM Definition Standards (2005); Chile Certification Code (2004); SAMREC Code (2007); SME Guide (2007); and PERC (2009). Where required we also align our reporting with specific requirements such as Industry Guide 7 adopted by the Securities Exchange Commission of the United States of America. IRRC compliance in respect of competency (Competent Persons/Qualified Persons) is assured through SRKs direct consultant and associate network all of whom are members of recognised overseas professional organisations (ROPO) with a defined Code of Ethics (CoE).

On a technical level we ensure that reporting is both balanced and accurate, which ensures that statements appropriately reflect the development stage of the mineral asset. Mineral Resource reporting combines the potentially economically mineable test as well as establishing a transparent foundation for Ore Reserves and identification of upside potential. All Ore Reserve declarations are supplemented by appropriate technical studies and completed on a multi-disciplinary basis to provide appropriate assurances in respect of technical feasibility and economic viability.

In facilitating the ongoing process of expanding applicable IRRCs, SRKs consultants are also directly involved in the various initiatives for alignment of state approved reserve classification systems, such as those currently practised in the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the CRIRSCO template.

Experience

Testimony to our experience in this regard is the association of our brand name with regulatory filings in support of numerous initial and secondary public offerings in the international equity markets, as well as the publication of feasibility studies completed to bankable standards. Historical mandates include the reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves: for the entire suite of bulk commodities, base metals, precious metals, gemstones, industrial minerals and the energy sectors; for mineral assets located in the majority of geographic regions; derived from translated state approved reserve classification systems without recourse to fundamental recalculation from source data; and on all major international exchanges: the Alternative Investment Market (AIM); the ALTx exchange; the Australian Stock Exchange; the Hong Kong Stock Exchange; the Johannesburg Stock Exchange; the London Stock Exchange; the New York Stock Exchange; the Toronto Stock Exchange; and the Toronto Ventures Exchange.

18. Stock Exchange Regulatory Documentation & Public Domain Disclosure

Todays equity transactions invariably require a flexible approach to address the complexities of multi-staged and multi-jurisdictional reporting requirements encompassing fully integrated companies with international multi-commodity operations. This combined with mineral assets at differing stages of development requires a unified approach combining a thorough understanding of the listing and technical disclosure requirements in each reporting jurisdiction. Our technical reports are tailored to balance detailed compliance with volume, whilst taking cognisance of the specific considerations of the transaction sponsor and advisor audience. Technical reports produced by SRK include: Mineral Experts Reports: CESR Recommendations for publication in European Prospectuses; Competent Persons Reports: Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange; Section 12 of the Listing Requirements of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange; and the ALTx; 43-101F1 Technical Report: National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects and regulated by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA); Independent Specialist Reports: published in support of Independent Experts Reports (Section 640 of the Corporations Act of Australia); and Supplemental Information Forms: Securities Exchange Commission of the United States of America.

The qualitative and quantitative data included in our technical reports ensure full compliance with the relevant internationally recognised reporting codes and declarations for Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Where appropriate SRK also includes mineral asset valuations which conform to the relevant valuation codes, specifically: the CIMVAL Code (2003); the SAMVAL Code (2008); and the VALMIN Code (2005).

For class transactions not requiring full technical reports SRK also provides tailored IRRC compliant opinion letters which focus only on the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve statements supported by the minimum quantitative and qualitative technical data required to ensure compliance with the obligations of Materiality, Transparency and Competency.

Approach

Our approach in undertaking such mandates combines consultation with the sponsor company and transactional advisors (financial, legal and accounting) to establish a full understanding of the key components. This includes: the mineral asset base, effective dates, structure and class, use of proceeds, timeline and jurisdiction(s), including the principal regulatory authority. This initial assessment combined with our collective multi-disciplinary technical expertise, consultative access to regulatory authorities on a no-name basis and understanding of the downstream advisor reliance (environmental liabilities, working capital and impairment tests) ensures that documentation strikes an appropriate balance between technical compliance, materiality, transparency and regulatory dispensation (e.g. prejudicial disclosure; proprietary technology; commercially sensitive contracts).

SRKs due diligence process provides for structured validation and verification which may include multi-disciplinary site visits to confirm technical data integrity and establish a foundation for our independent, clear and unambiguous technical opinion. Our technical reports, be they structured on an asset or discipline basis are specifically tailored to enable efficient correlation with the cross-referenced components of the host prospectus/offering memoranda (circular) as well as limiting the need for excessive reliance statements. Their publication is also supported by no material change statements and consent letters structured to meet the requirements of the appropriate regulatory authority.

Experience

Our market recognition as a name brand independent consultant with experience in such commissions is exemplified by a combination of: An extensive portfolio of technical reports in support of prospectuses, offering circulars, offering memoranda and private placement memoranda encompassing the entire suite of commodities. To date the combined value of these transactions exceed USD 50bn; a well established working relationship with transactional advisors (including sponsoring brokers, financial advisors, legal practices and reporting accountants) in the majority of international finance markets; a tailored approach which provides appropriate input to IPOs, GDRs, ADRs, 20-F, annual reports, qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors; access to a technical representative(s) of various regulatory authorities as exemplified by input to the generation/updating of the principal regulatory listing requirements in all principal jurisdictions; and nomination as technical readers on certain regulatory panels.

The SRK Groups technical consultants located in 38 offices on six different continents enables rapid identification and management of resources to meet the high demands normally associated with such mandates.

19. Mining EngineeringSuccessful mining projects require a combination of technical and managerial expertise. SRK provides a wide range of services across the mining sector and our experienced specialists have worked throughout the industry. This enables us to advise clients based on our extensive knowledge and also draw on the skills of colleagues from other SRK offices around the world.

The range of services offered covers every aspect of mining business. Key products are: Design studies for new mines and expansions to existing mines. SRK can provide the complete range of technical studies from conceptual to feasibility level. These documents provide the confidence to make key investment decisions and can be used to help raise both debt and equity finance on international markets.

Mine scheduling. SRKs engineers use state of the art software such as XPAC and Mine 2-4D to provide solutions that will optimise production and fleet planning in any type of operation. Use of such software allows multiple scenarios to be evaluated rapidly allowing the most cost effective solution to be determined.

Mine ventilation planning. SRKs specialists can optimise your ventilation circuit and help select the fan configuration and airway sizes to ensure that the working environment is safe and energy is used efficiently.

Business improvement initiatives. SRK combines detailed technical knowledge with operational experience to assist clients to make the most of their mining assets. This could mean technical improvement programs in areas such as grade control and planning, or operational improvements addressing workplace efficiency, training and management issues.

20. Underground Mine Design

ApproachSRK recommends a phased approach to the underground mine design, commencing with a Scoping Study to determine the key project parameters and an order of magnitude estimate of the potential economics. A more detailed investigation through a pre-feasibility study would develop the most suitable mining methods and design by considering reasonable alternatives to an accuracy of 30%. A feasibility study would lead to an engineered development and operational design, with a clear understanding of the project production and economics to a 15% accuracy.SRK typically uses Mine 2-4D integrated scheduling software but is conversant in all the major software packages for mine design.

SRK considers that it is important to maintain an inter-disciplinary approach because the impacts of geological structural controls and geotechnics are usually critical to the mine design, whilst the mining method, and ore controls are important to the treatment process.

The design work would be tackled by a group of in-house consultants from the UK office managed by an experienced professional engineer.All of SRKs design staff possess mining engineering degrees and have at least five years experience in underground mining operations.If required, specialist sub consultants can be brought in to provide input on specialist areas such as refrigeration, heating and backfill.Quality is maintained through regular in-house reviews by the project director.ServicesThe services that SRK can provide are as follows:Reserve Estimation.SRK is fully conversant with all international reporting codes including JORC, CIM and Russian codes and can tailor the estimation process to the needs of the client and jurisdiction.Production Capacity Analysis.SRK can provide detailed technical advice on what an orebody can potentially produce and also undertake option studies looking at different access and development scenarios.

Mining Method.SRKs experienced industry specialists examine the issues related to orebody geometry, geotechnics, economics, selectivity, backfill, safety, available skills and culture in order to recommend the optimum mining method for any orebody.

Mine Design.SRKs mine planning team can apply its experience to designing all aspects of mine architecture including stope layouts, access development, shafts/hoisting, haulages, x-cuts, inclined development, ground stress, stope and development support, infrastructure, ground handling, drill and blast, mining cycles, shift times, efficiencies, utilisations and estimating equipment requirements.

Mine Transport.Movement of ore and waste in a mine is a critical activity which requires careful consideration and planning.SRK can provide solutions to all transport issues specific to every operation.

Ventilation.Mines require a ventilation system that provides adequate airflow in a cost effective manner and also adhere to local regulations.SRKs planning team can provide these solutions using its experienced engineering team.

Mine Services.As part of the design process SRKs planners can plan and estimate the requirements and reticulation necessary for water, electricity and compressed air supply as well as the design of surface infrastructure, dewatering systems and maintenance procedures.

Manpower.Input to technical studies from SRKs planning team typically consists of complements for development and operation, supervisory and managerial structures and requirements, labour and skills availability, selection, recruitment and training, salary levels, bonuses and conditions of employment;

Capital Costs and Operating Costs.Mine technical studies require estimates of capital and operating costs appropriate to that operation.SRK uses software tools developed in-house to generate operating costs from first principles benchmarked against other similar operations.Capital costs are normally based on quotations for equipment or built up from detailed development schedules and

Economic Modelling.Life-of-Mine plans generated by SRK for technical studies involve financial modelling to bring together capital costs, operating costs, production profiles, process recoveries, commodity prices, royalties, taxes and depreciation to generate the project NPV and IRR for subsequent analysis.

ExperienceSRK has a proven track record of completing mine design studies.Recent projects include:Sindesar Khurd Mine, India.SRK completed a feasibility level mine design for the expansion of this underground mine from 0.3Mtpa to 2Mtpa.The assignment included justification for a new decline, production shaft and process facility including a paste backfill plant.

Khetri Copper Complex, India.SRK carried out a detailed design for a replacement orepass system at the Khetri mine due to a failure with the existing facility.At the Kolihan Mine, SRK designed layouts for three new extraction horizons.

Bibiani Gold Mine, Ghana.SRK undertook a life of mine planning exercise on this mine which included design of new ramps and levels, stope design, infrastructure planning, ventilation, production scheduling and costing.

Aguas Teidas, Spain.SRK undertook a detailed underground mine design as part of a Feasibility Study on this project.The project utilised paste backfill to maximise orebody recovery and reduce the tailings footprint on surface.

Voskhod Chrome Project, Kazakhstan.SRK completed a a detailed underground mine design as part bankable level Feasibility Study on this project.The Voskhod Mine was the first mine in Kazakhstan to be accessed solely through a decline with no production shaft planned.One of the challenges of this project was to provide heating for the mine in the winter with ambient temperatures of -30C.

21. Open Pit Mining

The bulk of the worlds mineral production comes from open pit mines which depend on moving large volumes of broken rock to keep unit production costs low.In a business where profit margins depend on cyclical metal prices, it is vital to run an efficient operation based on an optimal mine design and schedule.ApproachSRKs team of mine planners all have extensive industry experience gained at world class operations around the globe.This experience allows a rigorous mine planning methodology to be applied to a resource in order to develop a comprehensive life of mine plan and economic model for every type of orebody.The SRK approach, using pit optimisation software, focuses on the determination of optimal pit depth, production rate and cut-off policy.SRK uses industry standard software such as Datamine, Whittle, Minemax, GEMS and Vulcan to carry out technical assignments.

SRK can apply its technical skills to not just new operations, but also expansions and extensions of existing mines.A common assignment is for SRK to review an existing mine and suggest ways to extend its life through cut-backs and optimisation of design, taking account of changes in metal prices or revised geotechnical parameters.SRK mining engineers work very closely with their geotechnical colleagues to find the optimal approach to slope design and management.Often this includes implementation of a slope monitoring system or training of local staff in appropriate logging procedures to expand and improve their knowledge of the orebody.The SRK team is also experienced in assisting operations with improving their productivity through a variety of improvement initiatives that can be applied.These vary from managing operational aspects such as maintenance and cycle times to technical issues like blast design and mining sequence.ExperienceSRK has a proven track record of optimising and designing open pits in various locations around the world.Recent projects include:Malanjkhand Copper Mine, India.10 Mtpa Copper Mine, India.SRK completed an operational review of the mine and recommended improvements which led to a 20% increase in run of mine production.This work was followed by a Whittle pit optimisation and detailed design which extended the life of mine by a further 15 years.A key feature of this study was that SRK managed to persuade the state body in charge of permitting slope designs to adopt a more aggressive international approach which significantly reduced the amount of waste stripping required.Damang Extension Project, Ghana.300,000 oz/yr Gold Project, Ghana.When SRK started the assignment this gold mine had one year of production left before closure.A review of the drilling database resulted in the definition of targets for a drilling program which resulted in a further cutback and an extension of the mine life of an additional five years.Skouries Project, Greece.Large Porphyry Copper Mine, Greece.SRK undertook a feasibility study on this project for a large copper porphyry deposit.The assignment included the determination of the optimal boundary between the open pit and underground operations.ServicesSRK understands that a project must be brought on-line in time and within budget.The SRK team can provide a number of services to mining companies to assist in achieving this.This range of services include: Scoping, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies. Reviews of mining methods and technical audits. Reviews and re-optimisations of reserves. Audits and development of mine designs and schedules. Operational Audits and assistance/guidance for implementing improvements. Due diligence. Competent person reports. Project reviews. Stock market listing reports.SRK engineers understand that the current or established methods may not always be the most suitable and are on the lookout for new and innovative methods and equipment that may help mining companies lower their costs or increase their efficiencies, both resulting in higher profits.

22. Geotechnical EngineeringSRKs Geotechnical Engineering group works in diverse environments, from permafrost to equatorial latitudes. We have experience of varied geotechnical environments and undertake design of open pits in weathered near surface rocks to deep underground mines in high stress environments. Our group has broad experience in most mineral commodities, base and precious metals, coal, iron ore and bauxite, diamonds and industrial minerals.

With our breadth and depth of experience, we can provide expert geotechnical advice and guidance through every step of the mine development process with continued support into operations. We tailor each of our investigations, analysis and design programmes to suit the site conditions and needs of the project. We have the capability and flexibility to undertake project reviews, individual small scale studies, provide operational support and carry out detailed and complex feasibility studies for open pit and underground deposits.

23. Mining Geotechnical Investigations & Rock Mass Characterisation

A geotechnical study completed efficiently and cost-effectively is an integral component for any proposed mined esign. The geotechnical investigation programme should enable rock mass characterisation to determine the mine design criteria for both surface and underground operations whilst providing the framework for more detailed engineering design.

Services Design and management of geotechnical investigation programmes; Site supervision and training in geotechnical data collection and interpretation; Core logging, geotechnical mapping and 3D photogrammetric mapping (Sirovision); Geotechnical data management and database compilation; Rock mass classification using systems, MRMR, Q, etc Structural analysis of rock masses; Statistical analysis of rock mass strength parameters; Formulation of mine design parameters; 3 D block modelling; Preparation of design sections and plans; Data analyses and report preparation.

Approach

For a green field site, SRK will undertake a geotechnical drilling programme to characterise the site geotechnical conditions. For existing operations, SRK will supplement the drilling programme by mapping existing pit faces. This work will enable the rock mass to be characterised and the structural and hydrogeological conditions which influence the design and stability of a proposed mine to be identified.

The geotechnical investigation is often a phased study. The first phase should identify the main issues and opportunities and define the follow up site work. A phased approach ensures that the work is carried out efficiently and economically and allows the engineer to review the options and redefine the objectives of the investigations as required.

SRK uses specialist contractors for drilling, in situ testing, geophysics and laboratory testing. SRK can take responsibility for the entire project, from design through site work to reporting, including the drilling and testing.

Experience

SRK has significant worldwide experience in design, implementation, supervision and interpretation of geotechnical investigations for many types of mining and civil engineering geotechnical projects from scoping level studies, through pre-feasibility study to feasibility study level, including: Open pit, quarry and underground mine design. Soil, rock and waste dump slope stability. Tailings and ash disposal sites. Foundation investigations. Contaminated land investigation.

24. Underground Mine Geotechnics

The derivation of geotechnical mine design criteria is a fundamental aspect of the development and operation of underground mining projects. The successful development and operation of an underground mine requires the design and installation underground support systems appropriate to the rock conditions and the excavation geometries. This allows ore extraction to be maximised and reduces waste dilution. Support of large capital development excavations is required so that these facilities operate for their design life and support of temporary extractive and haulage development can be required in areas of high mining induced stresses.

Services Design and management of geotechnical investigation, drilling and laboratory testing programmes. Core logging, geological and geotechnical mapping and rock mass characterisation Structural interpretation and analysis. Mining method selection and mine excavation sequencing. Underground excavation stability analysis and stress modelling. Development of geotechnical mine design criteria and underground support design. Development of underground monitoring systems.

Approach

An appropriate mining method is selected based on the orebody geometry and the rock mass characterisation of the orebody, footwall and hangingwall rock masses. For the selected mining method, detailed mine design parameters such as excavation spans, and pillar size, stope support, excavation sequencing together with caveability, fragmentation and dilution estimates are developed using a variety of empirical and analytical techniques, including: A thorough assessment of geotechnical conditions in the vicinity of the excavation to be supported by geotechnical mapping of adjacent underground development or geotechnical logging of exploration or geotechnical borehole core. Rock mass classification studies would be carried out using Barton's Q system, Bieniawski's RMR system or Laubscher's mining rock mass rating system as appropriate. Rock loading and potential instability mechanisms would be determined from rock block kinematic evaluations, from numerical stress analyses, and from dynamic considerations. Rock/support interaction, including both rock reinforcement and concrete/shotcrete linings, would be analysed using numerical stress analysis techniques.

Deliverables Definition of the expected ground and stress conditions and regional and local support types. Specification of the most appropriate support which will maintain stability for the expected life of the underground opening under all anticipated loading conditions. Improved underground safety, and elimination of extra support work, resulting in reduced costs. Underground monitoring systems, such as cave monitoring, stress monitors, closure meters, seismic monitoring. Fragmentation prediction.

Experience

SRK has world class expertise in geotechnical data gathering and the evaluation of a wide range of mineral deposits. Its engineers are recognised experts in rock mass classification. They are skilled in the interpretation of geotechnical conditions, in the evaluation of potential rock loading, and in the analysis of underground excavation stability.

SRKs expertise is backed up by significant worldwide project and operational experience in the whole range of mining environments.

25. Pit and Dump Slope Stability, Slope Design OptimisationPit Slope Stability - SRK Mining ConsultantsSlope stability and slope angle optimisation is critical in the design and operation of open pit mines having significant impacts on safety and on the economics of an open pit project.

Services Design and management of geotechnical investigation, drilling and laboratory testing programmes. Core logging, geological and geotechnical mapping using scanline and window mapping systems as well as 3D photogrammetric mapping (Sirovision). Geotechnical databasing, rock mass characterisation and domain modelling. Structural interpretation and analysis. Integration with the pit hydrogeological model. Deterministic and risk based slope stability analysis using 2D and 3D numerical models. Development of slope monitoring and management procedures. Training of site personnel in geotechnical data collection and interpretation.

Approach

The raw data for slope stability analysis and design comes from a geotechnical investigation programme which is best combined with the exploration drilling programme. For a green field site SRK will undertake a geotechnical drilling programme to characterise the site geotechnical conditions. For an existing operation SRK will undertake mapping of existing pit faces. From the results of this work it will be possible to define the major rock mass, structural and hydrogeological conditions that will influence the design and stability of an open pit slope. SRK will use this information to construct sectional or 3D geotechnical models. These will then be input into one of a number of slope stability analysis software within which sensitivity and parametric analyses will be undertaken to establish appropriate pit design configurations that satisfy prescribed factor of safety or failure probability criteria.

SRK use of a variety of geotechnical software for undertaking slope analyses, including: Deterministic limit equilibrium programs for rock mass stability analysis, such as SLIDE and SLOPE-W; DIPS and SWEDGE for kinematic analysis of discontinuity bound wedge stability; and finite difference software, FLAC and FLAC3D, and finite element software,PHASE2, for complex slope stability analysis including fully coupled mechanical/groundwater analysis.

Deliverables

From the results of this work appropriate and cost effective detailed slope designs and/or remedial measures will be developed.

SRK will also recommend appropriate monitoring systems and develop pit slope management procedures to assist the operator to optimise slope design and manage the risks associated with potential pit slope instability in order to minimise production loss.

Experience

SRK geotechnical engineers are international experts in the investigation of the stability of man-made slopes. SRKs engineers have gained considerable operating experience at some of the worlds largest open pit mines and are recognised world authorities in slope studies for mining operations worldwide.26. Mining Geotechnical Operational Review and Monitoring

Operational reviews allow for improved design, efficiency and safety for a mine. Monitoring the behaviour of excavations, dumps and dams and identifying changes in behaviour and performance is important to identify problems and opportunities and manage the risk to personnel, equipment and infrastructure. SRK is responsible for the long-term monitoring of many rock slopes, earth embankments, mine dumps, tailings dams and water dams. In addition to reviews of operating mines, SRK undertakes inspections of abandoned underground mines, pit slopes and spoil dumps and in-situ monitoring using remote sensing devices.

Services Review of operational performance data. update of rock mass characterisation/interpretation. update/improvement of mine design/operational criteria. recommendation of appropriate monitoring systems and mitigate operational and safety risks.

Approach

Operational geotechnical parameters are reviewed as appropriate to specific criteria and mine design parameters or aspects of the mining operation that can be improved are identified and developed.

In terms of specific elements, such as underground openings or pit slopes, inspections of affected areas would be carried out to characterise the situation. Recommendations for improvement measures and/or monitoring systems would then be given and installed if required. SRK would then undertake parametric and probabilistic analyses to determine the level of risk and consequences to the operations.

Experience

SRK has world class expertise in operational reviews and the evaluation over the entire range of mineral deposits and mine types. SRK is able to offer clients state of the art technical expertise in the development of appropriate geotechnical mine design criteria for a given mining method. SRKs expertise is backed up by significant worldwide project and operational experience in a variety of mining environments.27. Mineral & Metallurgical ProcessingThe metallurgy and processing aspects of an orebody have to be considered at all stages of a mining project, during initial exploration and project evaluations, through to operations and plant enhancements or expansions.

SRK has a core group of full time metallurgists and processing engineers with experience in the development and evaluation of metallurgical testwork programs, technical studies, flowsheet and plant design, process audits, plant debottlenecking and troubleshooting, and operations.

We work closely with our clients together with SRK specialists in geology mineralogy, geochemistry and mining to provide the best process solution tailored to the specific requirements of the project. Where necessary, SRK have access to a wide range of other processing specialists through our network of Subconsultants.Process Testwork & Flowsheet Development Studies

Approach

Almost all deposits are different and have specific metallurgical challenges that need to be resolved in order to be able to develop them. Metallurgical testwork is always required to be able to develop robust and metallurgically efficient process flowsheets. SRK has the experienced staff to manage the testwork program and to investigate, evaluate and solve the processing issues.

SRK metallurgists, working closely with in-house geologists, mineralogists and mining engineers, will select representative samples from across the orebody and develop tailor made test work programs to investigate all aspects of the mineralogy, metallurgy and associated treatment processes. SRK is familiar with defining and supervising test work programs from laboratory scale through to pilot plant operation. SRK will take responsibility for defining, managing, evaluating and reporting all stages of the test work program, working closely with the clients representative.

Once the extractive methods have been identified and the processing parameters established, SRK will take these conceptual factors and develop proven and cost effective process flowsheets that can be used as part of the ongoing development of a project.

Services Experienced metallurgists and mineral processing engineers familiar with defining and supervising test work programs from laboratory scale through to pilot plant operation. In-house process mineralogy and metallurgical expertise covering: crushing and materials handling; grinding Conventional rod and ball milling, AG and SAG mills, HPGR, vertical mill; minerals processing such as ore sorting, classification, flotation, DMS, filtration; hydrometallurgy including heap leaching, atmospheric and pressure leaching, adsorption and desorbtion, precipitation, bio-oxidation, SXEW; and Pyrometallurgy using Associate metallurgists.Access to specialists through a network of known Associates from around the world.Close association with Cardiff University providing laboratory test facilities and analytical services.Flowsheet development for conceptual through to full feasibility studies.

Experience

SRKs engineers are experienced in all facets of metallurgical testwork sample selection, testwork development and management, and flowsheet design based on testwork results.

Recent project examples include: Russian Cu-Au-Fe concentrator metallurgical study including comminution circuit testwork and design, a review of flotation and magnetic separation testwork and development of a flowsheet (laboratory and pilot plant). Liberian gold project flowsheet design for conceptual study, testwork program design for Pre-Feasibility Study. Venezuelan gold project testwork program design for a Feasibility Study. Diamond Project in North West Russia testwork definition, supervision and interpretation.

28. Process Plant Design and Engineering Services

Approach

The basis of all good process design is a sound interpretation of comprehensive testwork performed on representative samples taken from across the ore body. SRK metallurgists and process engineers are experienced in both the definition and interpretation of testwork and in the development of robust flow sheets that are flexible to treat the range of ores that are likely to be fed to the metallurgical process plant. As part of this work, a detailed equipment list clearly identifying each process item required would be prepared.

Once testwork is complete and the flowsheet established, SRK process engineers will prepare comprehensive design basis which will define the parameters to be used for the metallurgical plant design. This will include all process and metallurgical design parameters, operating times and realistic design margins and operating ranges for individual items of equipment and sections of the plant. All reagent and consumable requirements are clearly identified and used for estimation of operating costs.

Using these parameters, SRK will prepare a mass/metallurgical balance for the plant which will identify the range of tonnages and material flow rates around the circuit. This information is then used to size and specify the individual items of equipment required. These process specifications are used to obtain equipment details, operating cost data and budget quotations from recognised equipment suppliers.

Once this information is available, SRK prepares a list of the electrical loads based on the equipment selected, the duties specified and the operating times for each item of equipment. The electrical supply requirements are then calculated for the plant and the electrical operating cost for the process is estimated.

The flow sheets are further developed into piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), using the mass balance to size the piping and valve requirements.

Based on clients requirements, local conditions and industry norms, a control philosophy for the plant would be established and SRK would prepare instrumentation process data sheets.

Other engineering aspects of the plant, such as the plant layout, the structural steel requirements, civil and concrete works, electrical, instrumentation and control on systems can be developed depending upon the clients requirements. SRK works closely with recognised engineering companies to develop the appropriate level of engineering detail.

Capital costs can be generated to varying levels of accuracy the higher the accuracy, the greater the amount of engineering that has to be performed.

Services

Fully independent engineers and metallurgists; definition of realistic plant design parameters based on sound interpretation of testwork; development of flexible flow sheets suitable for the range of feed parameters and operating conditions; equipment selection and sizing; development of detailed plant information; estimation of plant operating costs; estimation of plant capital costs; established working relationship with equipment suppliers.; and experienced in working with engineering contractors.

Experience

Lead - zinc concentrator Ireland. Full process design as part of a turnkey mine development.

Metallurgical study for a concentrator producing gravity gold, copper sulphide flotation concentrate and iron rich magnetic separation concentrate. Services included mass and metallurgical balances for a range of ores, flow sheeting, equipment selection and sizing and estimation of capital and operating costs.

Process design package for an effluent treatment plant as part of a chemical complex in Taiwan. Services included mass and metallurgical balances, flow sheeting, equipment specification, definition of P&IDs and preparation of instrument process data sheets, outline plant layouts.

Process design for a major gold plant development in Australia. Plant incorporated Primary Crushing, SAG and ball milling, gravity concentration of gold and intensive cyanidation, flash flotation and conventional flotation of sulphides, two-stage concentrate regrinding, CIL and carbon desorption, gold electrowinning and smelting and cyanide detoxification of tailings using hydrogen peroxide.

29. Independent Engineer - Due Diligence & EPCM Monitoring

ApproachSRK is an independent mining consultancy, privately owned by its employees. It is not owned by nor has any interest in any financial institutions or mining companiess, as such SRK is able to act totally impartially.

This independence allows SRK to act on behalf of its clients in the role of a multidiscipline engineer to monitor and report on all aspects of a mining project during the project life cycle including processing and metallurgy. This includes technical audits of feasibility studies, review and progress monitoring during project implementation, performance testing as part of the project handover and operational monitoring and reporting through start-up, ramp-up and in to steady production.

SRK is able to provide specific specialists to match the specific needs of both the project and the client.

Services Fully independent technical audits of all aspects of metallurgy and processing; independent assessment and interpretation of metallurgical testwork; audit of feasibility study work; monitoring and progress reporting of metallurgical aspects during project implementation; capital cost and cost control monitoring over project life cycle; monitoring and evaluation of process and metallurgical performance tests; and operational assessments and reporting.

Experience Independent Engineer for the Talvivaara Nickel Project. This role has included the preparation of the Technical Audit Report on the project as part of a USD 300 million loan facility followed by monitoring and reporting on the project including the metallurgical aspects of the new bio-heap leach process and the extensive metals recovery plant. Independent Engineer acting on behalf of financing syndicate for a refractory gold project in Romania. The role has involved a review of the projects Feasibility Study and an ongoing role in monitoring progress through detailed engineering to construction and initial production. Review of a novel process to treat a low grade tin ore developed by a cconfidential client in Kazakhstan. This involved an independent review and reporting of the testwork and process design as part of the ongoing commercialisation of the process. The report including a review of available testwork, the process chemistry, the proposed flow sheet and equipment selection, clients capital and operating costs together with SRK recommendations for further work. Independent Engineer acting on behalf of financial institution for a gold project in Burkina Faso nearing commissioning. The role commenced with a review of the Feasibility Study and has continued on an ongoing basis reviewing progress through detailed engineering and construction. Independent Engineer acting on behalf of a funding syndicate for a copper-gold project in Kazakhstan. The role has involved a review of progress through construction and commissioning, and an ongoing role monitoring production ramp-up and optimisation. Independent Engineer acting on behalf of a financial institution for a mineral sands project in Mozambique. The role involved a review of the projects Feasibility Study, followed by an ongoing review of detailed engineering, construction, commissioning and production ramp-up and optimisation.

30. Process-Metals Accounting Audits

Metal accounting audits can be required for a number of reasons. For example, it could be necessary as part of an assessment and improvement of plant metallurgical performance, or as a check on security issues around the plant or as part of a mine-wide metallurgical accounting exercise. As part of these exercises it is necessary to audit the historical operating data, the actual physical plant and equipment, and plant inventory details.

SRK would always visit the plant/operation in order to: collect current and historical operating data including feed, products and waste stream information; review and assess the different measurement methods used in the normal plant accounting process (e.g. conveyor weightometer accuracy, slurry mass flow instrumentation, sampling metods, analytical methods and reliability, etc); undertake an inventory audit including items of equipment as well as the overall operation in order to identify specific metal inventory issues within the circuit and where necessary to instigate a full circuit inventory exercise (e.g. stockpiles,