pengantar komunikasi data
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KOMUNIKASI DATA
Chapter 1Introduction
GBPPSAP
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What is data communication? Adalah bagian dari telekommunikasi yang
melingkupi transmission of data ke dan dari computers dan components sistem komputer.
More specifically data communication is transmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxial cables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagnetic waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light, microwaves, and satellites.
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History of Telecommunications Invention of telegraph Samuel Morse – 1837 Invention of telephone- Alexander Graham
Bell – 1876 Development of wireless By ??? – 1896 Concept of universal access and growth of
AT&T
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History of Telecommunications Continued…. Three main developments that led to the
growth of data communications systems: Large-scale integration of circuits reduced the
cost and size of terminals and comm equipment
Developments of software systems made establishment of communication networks easy
Competition among providers of transmission facilities reduced the cost of data circuits
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A Communications Model Source : generates data to be transmitted Transmitter : Converts data into
transmittable signals Transmission System : Carries data Receiver : Converts received signal into data Destination : Takes incoming data
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Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
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Key Communications Tasks Transmission System Utilization Interfacing Signal Generation Synchronization Exchange Management Error detection and correction Addressing and routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network Management
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Key Data Communication Concepts Session: communication dialog between network users or
applications Network: interconnected group of computers and
communication devices Node: a network-attached computer Link: connects adjacent nodes (see Figure 1-4) Path: end-to-end route within a network Circuit: the conduit over which data travels Packetizing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets
prior to transmission over a network’s communication media
Routing: determining a message’s path from sending to receiving nodes.
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Simplified Data Communications Model
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Networking
Point to point communication not usually practical Devices are too far apart Large set of devices would need impractical number of
connections Solution is a communications network
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Simplified Network Model
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Wide Area Networks Large geographical area Crossing public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits Alternative technologies
Circuit switching Packet switching Frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Circuit Switching
Dedicated communications path established for the duration of the conversation e.g. telephone network
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Packet Switching Data sent out of sequence Small chunks (packets) of data at a time Packets passed from node to node
between source and destination Used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications
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Frame Relay
Packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors
Modern systems are more reliable Errors can be caught in end system Most overhead for error control is stripped out
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Evolution of frame relay Little overhead for error control Fixed packet (called cell) length Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps Constant data rate using packet switching
technique
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Local Area Networks Smaller scope
Building or small campus Usually owned by same organization as
attached devices Data rates much higher Usually broadcast systems Now some switched systems and ATM are
being introduced
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Protocols Used for communications between entities
in a system Must speak the same language Entities
User applications, e-mail facilities, terminals Systems
Computer, Terminal. Remote sensor
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Key Elements of a Protocol Syntax
Data formats Signal levels
Semantics Control information Error handling
Timing Speed matching Sequencing
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Protocol Architecture Task of communication broken up into modules For example file transfer could use three
modules File transfer application Communication service module Network access module
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Simplified File Transfer Architecture
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A Three Layer Model Network Access Layer Transport Layer Application Layer
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Network Access Layer Exchange of data between the computer
and the network Sending computer provides address of
destination May invoke levels of service Dependent on type of network used (LAN,
packet switched etc.)
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Transport Layer
Reliable data exchange Independent of network being used Independent of application
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Application Layer Support for different user applications
e.g. e-mail, file transfer
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Addressing Requirements
Two levels of addressing required Each computer needs unique network address Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer
needs a unique address within the computer The service access point or SAP
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Protocol Architectures and Networks
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Protocols in Simplified Architecture
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Protocol Data Units (PDU) At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate Control information is added to user data at
each layer Transport layer may fragment user data Each fragment has a transport header added
Destination SAP Sequence number Error detection code
This gives a transport protocol data unit
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Network PDU
Adds network header network address for destination computer Facilities requests
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Operation of a Protocol Architecture
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TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Developed by the US Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched network (ARPANET)
Used by the global Internet Consist of :
Application layer Host to host or transport layer Internet layer Network access layer Physical layer
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Physical Layer Physical interface between data
transmission device (e.g. computer) and transmission medium or network
Characteristics of transmission medium Signal levels Data rates etc.
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Network Access Layer
Exchange of data between end system and network
Destination address provision Invoking services like priority
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Internet Layer (IP)
Systems may be attached to different networks Routing functions across multiple networks Implemented in end systems and routers
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Transport Layer (TCP)
Reliable delivery of data Ordering of delivery
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Application Layer Support for user applications
e.g. http, SMPT
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TCP/IPProtocol Architecture Model
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OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) Seven layers A theoretical system delivered too late! TCP/IP is the de facto standard
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OSI Layers
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
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OSI v TCP/IP
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Standards Required to allow for interoperability
between equipment Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and software
Allows products from different vendors to communicate
Disadvantages Freeze technology May be multiple standards for the same thing
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Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 - 44
Types of Standards
Formal standards Developed by an industry or government
standards-making body De-facto standards
Emerge in the marketplace and widely used Lack official backing by a standards-making
body
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Zulhelman 1 - 45
Standardization Processes Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed
Identification of choices Identifying solutions to the problems and
choose the “optimum” solution Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
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Zulhelman 1 - 46
Major Standards Bodies ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) Technical recommendations for data communication
interfaces Composed of each country’s national standards orgs. Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)
ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph
and data communications interfaces Composed of representatives from each country in UN Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
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1 - 47
Major Standards Bodies (Cont.) ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)
www.ansi.org IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers) Professional society; also develops mostly LAN
standards standards.ieee.org
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Develops Internet standards No official membership (anyone welcome) www.ietf.org
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1 - 48
Some Data Comm. StandardsLayer Common Standards
5. Application layerHTTP, HTML (Web)MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)IMAP, POP (e-mail)
4. Transport layer TCP (Internet)SPX (Novell LANs)
3. Network layer IP (Internet)IPX (Novell LANs)
2. Data link layerEthernet (LAN)Frame Relay (WAN)PPP (dial-up via modem for MAN)1. Physical layerRS-232c cable (LAN)Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)V.92 (56 kbps modem)
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Zulhelman 1 - 49
Emerging Trends in Networking
Pervasive Networking Integration of Voice, Video and Data Information Services
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Zulhelman 1 - 50
Pervasive Networking Means “Networks will be everywhere” Exponential growth of Network use Many new types of devices will have
network capability Exponential growth of data rates for all
kinds of networking Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)
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Zulhelman 1 - 51
Integration of Voice, Video & Data
Also called “Convergence” Networks that were previously transmitted using
separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future First step largely complete
Integration of voice and data Next step
Video merging with voice and data Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required
for video
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Zulhelman 1 - 52
Information Services World Wide Web based
Many new types of information services becoming available Services that help ensure quality of information
received over www Application Service Providers (ASPs)
Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own
Information Utilities (Future of ASPs) Providing a wide range of info services (email, web,
payroll, etc.)
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Zulhelman 1 - 53
Implications for Management Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of
networks toward improving your organization Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime Information accessed by customers and competitors globally
Use a set of industry standard technologies Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies Smaller cost by using a few well known standards
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Network Applications The network applications environment
consists of several important components: Application programs Operating systems Data communication systems Database management systems
The application environment is illustrated in Figure 1-10
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Online System Requirements Response Time Throughput Consistency Flexibility Availability Reliability
Mean time between failure (MTBF) Mean time to repair (MTTR) Fault Tolerance
Recovery Security
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Business Data Communication Applications Major data communication applications
include: E-mail Groupware Knowledge management systems E-commerce and e-business applications Wireless applications
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Groupware Applications Group calendar
systems Electronic filing
cabinets Project
management software
Group support systems
Electronic meeting and videoconferencing systems
Document management systems (image processing systems)
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Other Data Communication Applications Batch applications Data entry
applications Distributed
applications Inquiry/response
applications
Interactive applications
Sensor-based applications
Combined applications
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Application Service Providers Many businesses have turned to third-
party services for some or all of their business and data communications applications
Application service providers (ASPs) are third-party organizations that manage and distribute software and services to other companies over the Web
Many ASPs specialize in integrated e-commerce and e-business applications
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Business Data Communications IssuesMajor data communications issues
include: Cost-effectiveness The Internet Bandwidth Evolving technologies Convergence Standards Privacy and security
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Business Data Communication CareersThere are numerous job opportunities and
career paths for individuals interested in data communications and networking
Table 1-6 includes examples of data communication job titles
Table 1-7 summarizes some of the major professional certifications for networking and data communications specialists
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Further ReadingStallings, W. Data and Computer Communications
(6th edition), Prentice Hall 1999 chapter 1Web site for Stallings book
www.shore.net/~ws/DCC6e.htmlWeb sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISOInternet Requests for Comment (RFCs)Usenet News groups
comp.dcom.* comp.protocols.tcp-ip