penatalaksanaan diabetes terkini penanganan awal bagi dokter umum
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seminar terkiniTRANSCRIPT
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KETUT ANDRIYASA
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Presentation Outline
Rationality of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 DM
What is Analogue Insulin?
How & strategy of Insulin treatment ?
Barrier of using insulin
Take Home Message
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InsulinInsulinResistanceResistance
Type 2 Type 2 DiabetesDiabetes
DeFronzo et al. Diabetes Care 1992;15:318-68DeFronzo et al. Diabetes Care 1992;15:318-68
Definition of Diabetes MellitusDefinition of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or bothinsulin action, or both
ββ-cell-cellDysfunctionDysfunction
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERGLYCEMIAPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERGLYCEMIATHE QUINTETOPATHY OF HYPERGLYCEMIATHE QUINTETOPATHY OF HYPERGLYCEMIA
Increased Increased LipolysisLipolysis
Increased HGPIncreased HGPDecreased Decreased
Glucose UptakeGlucose Uptake
Impaired Impaired insulin insulin
secretionsecretion
HYPERGLYCEMIHYPERGLYCEMIAA
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Normal
5
Impaired glucose
tolerance
Type 2 diabetes
Fasting plasma glucoseInsulin sensitivityInsulin secretion
Insulin sensitive
Normal insulin secretion
Normoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
β-cell exhaustion
Insulin resistance
Late type 2 diabetes
complications
Adapted from Bailey CJ et al. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:867–876. Groop LC. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999;1 (Suppl. 1):S1–S7.
Insulin resistance
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6
Obesity/genetic
Insulinresistance -cell
defect
Impairedglucose tolerance
Earlydiabetes
Latediabetes
Hyperinsulinaemia
Decreased insulinsecretion
-cell failure
Adapted from Saltiel AR. J Clin Invest 2000;106:163–164.
Normal
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Why does elevated glucose cause complications?
Blood glucose/ prolonged hyperglycaemia
Oxidative stress
Structural changesto vessels
Insulin resistanceand beta-cell failure
Impaired cardiovascular regulation
Brownlee M. Nature 2001;414:813–20 Del Prato S. Int J Obes Rel Metab Disord 2002;26 (Suppl 3):S1–9 Evans JL et al. Diabetes 2003;52:1–8; Haller H. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998;40 (Suppl):S43–9
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Komplikasi• Akut :• Ketoasidosis diabetik (KAD)
• Hiperosmolar hiperglikemia
• Hipoglikemia
• Kronis : • Komplikasi makrovaskular (penyakit
jantung koroner, stroke, penyakit vaskuler perifer)
• Komplikasi mikrovaskular (retinopati, nefropati, neuropati)
Cerebrovascular
disease
Eyes
(retinopathy)
Coronary
heart disease
Kidney
(nephropathy)
Peripheral
nervous system
(neuropathy)
Diabetic foot
Peripheral
Vascular disease
Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan DM tipe 2 di Indonesia, PERKENI, 2011
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Adapted from Mudaliar S et al. In: Adapted from Mudaliar S et al. In: Ellenberg and Rifkin’s Diabetes Mellitus,Ellenberg and Rifkin’s Diabetes Mellitus, 6th ed. New York, NY: Appleton and Lange; 6th ed. New York, NY: Appleton and Lange; 2003:531-557.2003:531-557.
Add insulin
Oral agent2 Oral agents
Inadequate nonpharmacologic therapy
3 Oral agents
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1. Turner RC et al. 1. Turner RC et al. JAMA. JAMA. 1999;281:2005-2012.1999;281:2005-2012.2. UKPDS 24. 2. UKPDS 24. Ann Intern Med. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:165-175.1998;128:165-175.
Oral Monotherapy Failure Is Inevitable
Failure rates for oral monotherapy in type 2 diabetes*1,2
StudyStudy 3 Years 6 Years 9 Years 3 Years 6 Years 9 Years
UKPDS 49 >45%UKPDS 49 >45% NS NS >75% >75%(N=4075)(N=4075)
UKPDS 24 UKPDS 24 NSNS 52% 52% NSNS(N=458)(N=458)
*Failure rates defined as A1C concentration >7% in UKPDS 49 and >8% in UKPDS 24.*Failure rates defined as A1C concentration >7% in UKPDS 49 and >8% in UKPDS 24.NS, not studied; UKPDS, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.NS, not studied; UKPDS, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.
Type 2 DMType 2 DM
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OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent; TZD, thiazolidinedione, troglitazone.OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent; TZD, thiazolidinedione, troglitazone.Yale JF et al. Yale JF et al. Ann Intern Med.Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:737-745. 2001;134:737-745.
Patients uncontrolled on sulphonylurea + metformin (N=178)
Add TZD Add placebo
Patients on sulphonylurea + metformin + TZD (n=92)
Patients on sulphonylurea + metformin + placebo (n=86)
48 weeks
85%Not controlled
15%Controlled
99%Not controlled
1%Controlled
Type 2 DMType 2 DM
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The typical clinical course of type 2 diabetes, including the progression of glycemia and the development of complications, and the usual sequence on interventions
Year
0 4 7 10 16 20 Diet and Oral agents Combination Insulin
exercise therapy with oral agents
Risk factors for CVD
IGT and Development Diagnosis Microvascular More advanced More advanced Death
IR of diabetes of diabetes complications microvascular disease and CVD
Usual sequenceof intervention
Typical clinicalcourse
Nathan, NEJM 347: 1342-11349, 2002
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Decrease inDecrease in A1CA1CFBG (mg/dL)FBG (mg/dL) (( from baseline) from baseline)
SulphonylureasSulphonylureas 40-6040-60 1.0-2.0%1.0-2.0%Repaglinide/nateglinideRepaglinide/nateglinide 30.330.3 1.1%1.1%MetforminMetformin 5353 1.4%1.4%Rosiglitazone (across dose range)Rosiglitazone (across dose range) 25-5525-55 0.1-0.7%0.1-0.7%PioglitazonePioglitazone 20-5520-55 0.3-0.9%0.3-0.9%-Glucosidase inhibitors-Glucosidase inhibitors 20-3020-30 0.5-1.0%0.5-1.0%
*FBG, fasting blood glucose.*FBG, fasting blood glucose.
Adapted from Feld S. Adapted from Feld S. Endocr Pract.Endocr Pract. 2002;8(suppl 1):41-82. 2002;8(suppl 1):41-82.
Type 2 DMType 2 DM
In contrast, insulin can be customized without dose limit to achieve target
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Early Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
InsulinInsulin(pmol/L)(pmol/L)
C-peptideC-peptide(pmol/L)(pmol/L)
GlucoseGlucose(mmol/L)(mmol/L)
Pre-CSII CSII Post-CSII
CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
Adapted from Ilkova H et al. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1353-1356.Adapted from Ilkova H et al. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1353-1356.
13 newly diagnosed diet- unresponsive T2DM patients CSII for 2 weeks diet alone 9 patients were adequate control 9-50 months 6 patients without medication 16- 59 monthsConclusions: Significant proportion of T2DM patients who fail to respond to dietary measures, short-term intensive treatment can effectively establish responsiveness, allowing long-term glycemic control without medication
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Short-term intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
before insulin therapy immediate after insulin therapy at 1-year follow-up
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Fig. Mean for serum glucose and insulin concentrations during OGTT, before insulin therapy, immediate after insulin therapy and at 1-year follow-up16 newly diagnosed T2DM patients had 2-3 week course of intensive insulin therapy – discontinued. Conclusions: a 2-3 week course of intensive insulin therapy can succesfully lay a foundation for prolonged good glycemic control. The ease with which normoglycemia is achieved on insulin may predict those patients who can latter succeed in controling glucose levels with attention to diet alone
Ryan et al. Diabetes Care 27: 1028-1032, 2004
Time (min)
Glu
cose
(m
mol/l)
Insu
lin (
pm
ol/l)
Time (min)
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Presentation Outline
Rationality of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 DM
What is Analogue Insulin?
How & strategy of Insulin treatment ?
Barrier of using insulin
Take Home Message
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Sejarah insulin
Animal Insulin Preparations
Recombinant Human Insulin
Rapid-acting Insulin Analogs
Basal Insulin Analogs
New GenerationInsulin Analogs
Isolation of Insulin(Banting & Best)
Time1922 1977
BiphasicInsulin Analogs
1990s 2000s
Advance
men
ts
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Kelemahan Human Insulin (Actrapid/Mixtard)
Time (h)
Baseline
level
Human insulin
SC injection
Normal insulin secretionat mealtime
Ch
an
ge i
n s
eru
m i
nsu
lin
Period of unwanted hypoglycemia
Period of unwanted hyperglycemia
Human Insulin HARUS disuntikkan 30 menit
sebelum makan
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Kelemahan Human Insulin Insulatard (NPH)
tidak bekerja 24 jam
Memiliki puncak risiko nokturnal hipo sangat tinggi
Absorbsi insulin bervariasi, bahkandi pasien yang sama kendali gula darahtidak terprediksi
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20
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Struktur kimia Human Insulin
Thr
Glu
Lys
ValPhe
Asn
Glu
Leu
Gln
TyrLeu
SerCysIleSerCysCys
Gln
GluVal
Ile
GlyTyr
CysAsn
Lys
ThrTyr
Phe Phe ArgGlyGlu
GlyCys
Val
Leu
Tyr
Leu
Ala
Val
Leu
HisSer
GlyCys
Asn Gln LeuHisB1
A21
A1
B29
C14 fatty acid chain
(Myristic acid)
Thr
Pro
Asp
Levemir (Insulin Detemir)NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart)
Pro
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MakanMakanPagi Pagi
MakanMakanSiang Siang
MakanMakanMalam Malam
Sebelum tidur Sebelum tidur
Levemir Levemir
NovoRapidNovoRapid
Insulin endogenInsulin endogen
----------------
Profil Insulin Analog sangat mirip dengan Insulin Endogen
NovoMixNovoMix
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Efektivitas : Superior mengendalikan GD 2 jam pp Superior mengendalikan GD puasa Superior mengendalikan HbA1c
Keamanan Risiko Hipoglikemi lebih minimal Fleksibilitas Waktu penyuntikan lebih fleksibel (tidak menunggu 30
menit)
Profil farmakokinetik insulin analog yang lebih mirip insulin alami, sehingga menghasilkan : Efektivitas, Keamanan dan Flexibility lebih baik dibanding human Insulin
Insulin Analog vs Human Insulin
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Dose to Dose (1:1)
Sebelumnya Actrapid 6 unit 3x sehari NovoRapid 6 unit 3 x sehari
Mixtard 14 unit malam dan 16 unit siang NovoMix 14 unit malam dan 16 unit siang
Insulatard 14 unit malam Levemir 14 unit malam
Dose to Dose (1:1)
Sebelumnya Actrapid 6 unit 3x sehari NovoRapid 6 unit 3 x sehari
Mixtard 14 unit malam dan 16 unit siang NovoMix 14 unit malam dan 16 unit siang
Insulatard 14 unit malam Levemir 14 unit malam
Pasien sudah menggunakan Human Insulin? Bagaimana cara untuk merubah ke Insulin Analog?
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Presentation Outline
Rationality of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 DM
What is Analogue Insulin?
How & strategy of Insulin treatment ?
Barrier of using insulin
Take Home Message
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How to start Insulin Therapy ??How to start Insulin Therapy ??
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What is good glycemic control?
• Overall aim to achieve glucose levels as close to normal as possible
• Minimise development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications
FPG <130 mg/dL
HbA1c
< 7.0%PPG
<180 mg/dL
FPG <110 mg/dl
HbA1c
< 6.5%PPG
<145 mg/dL IDF2
ADA1
PERKENI3
1. American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care 2009;32 (Suppl 1):S1-S972. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. International Diabetes Federation 2005. 3. PERKENI 2011 Konsensus .
FPG<100 mg/dl
HbA1c
< 7%PPG
<140 mg/dl
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Insulin can be initiated at any time
• Traditionally, insulin has been reserved as the last line of therapy…
• …However, considering the benefits of normal glycemic status, Insulin can be initiated earlier and as soon as possible
Inadequate Lifestyle
+ 1 OAD + 2 OAD + 3 OAD
INITIATE INSULININITIATE INSULIN
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Oral agent 2 Oral agents
3 Oral agents
Add Insulin Earlier in the Algorithm
Severe symptomsSevere
hyperglycaemiaKetosisPregnancy
Inadequate non-pharmacologic therapy
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Strategy of insulin treatmentStrategy of insulin treatment
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Jika gula darah puasa meningkatJika gula darah puasa meningkat
• Gunakan insulin basal
• Gunakan insulin basal
Jika gula darah sesudah makan meningkatJika gula darah sesudah makan meningkat
• Gunakan insulin bolus
• Gunakan insulin bolus
Jika gula darah puasa dan sesudah makan meningkat
Jika gula darah puasa dan sesudah makan meningkat
• Gunakan insulin premix
• Atau tambahkan insulin basal pada terapi OAD
• Atau mulai terapi basal bolus
• Gunakan insulin premix
• Atau tambahkan insulin basal pada terapi OAD
• Atau mulai terapi basal bolus
Perkeni, Petunjuk praktis terapi insulin pada pasien diabetes, 2011
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Konsep Basal - Prandial
PrandialPrandial
Insulin PrandialInsulin Prandial
BasalBasal
Insulin BasalInsulin Basal
Hyperglycemia
Perbaiki gula darah puasa dahulu•Lanjutkan OAD•SMBG penting
Untuk memudahkan terapi gunakan insulin premix (30% insulin prandial & 70% insulin
basal)
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RECOMENDATION
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8.5-9.27.4-8.4 9.3-10.2 >10,3< 7.3
HbA1c
30%
70%50%
50%55%
45%40%
60%
30%
70%
Kontribusi kadar glukosa puasa
Kontribusi kadar glukosa prandial
Kon
trib
usi
te
rhad
ap
Hb
A1c
Monnier L et al. Diabetes Care 2003
Kontribusi kadar glukosa puasa dan glukosa prandial terhadap HbA1cKontribusi kadar glukosa puasa dan glukosa prandial terhadap HbA1c
34
“FIX THE FASTING FIRST”START WITH BASAL INSULIN
“FIX THE FASTING FIRST”START WITH BASAL INSULIN
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New position statement of the ADA and EASD on management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes
Inzucci SE, et al. Diabetologia. 2012
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Start Levemir
ONCE daily
10 U pada makan malam atau sebelum tidur
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Time of day (hours)
400
300
200
100
006.00 06.0010.00 14.00 18.00 22.00 02.00
Pla
sma g
lucose
(m
g/d
l)
NormalMea
lMeal Meal
20
15
10
5
0
Pla
sma g
lucose
(mm
ol/l)
Suntikkan 10 iu Levemir sekali sebelum tidur. Atur dosisnya (+3 atau -3) setiap 3 hari sampai GDP mencapai target :< 100 mg/dL (Perkeni 2011)
Hyperglycaemia due to an increase in fasting glucose
T2DM
Fix the Fasting First
Profile T2DMGDP, mencapai targetGDP, mencapai target
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Levemir® Dose Titration Guidelines: 3-0-3 Algorithm
Dose Adjustment for Each Arm
Patients who experienced hypoglycemia reduced their daily dose by 3 units
FPG target range70-90 mg/dL
FPG <70 mg/dL (3.8 mmol/L)
FPG>90 mg/dl (5.0 mm/L)
Mean 3-day FPG (mg/dL)
0 maintaindose
3 units
3 units
increase dose
decrease dose
FPG target range80-110 mg/dL
FPG <80 mg/dL (4.4 mmol/L)
FPG>110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L)
Blonde L et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009; 11(6):623-631.
Start with Levemir 10 U or 0,1-0,2 U per Kg BB
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Korelasi Hba1C dengan Gula Darah
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Cek PPG, if high goes to Basal – Bolus or switch to Premix
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MakanMakanPagi Pagi
MakanMakanSiang Siang
MakanMakanMalam Malam
Sebelum tidur Sebelum tidur
Levemir Levemir
NovoRapidNovoRapid
Insulin endogenInsulin endogen
----------------
REGIMEN BASAL-BOLUS
Kelebihan :
1. Sangat ideal, dapat menghasilkan terapi yang menyerupai profil insulin endogen
2. Sangat mudah mengatur dosis insulin basal maupun bolusnya
Kelemahannya :
1. Pasien tidak menyukainya karena 4 x suntik
2. Pasien harus menggunakan 2 jenis insulin (berisiko pasien salah suntik) dan biaya terapi lebih mahal
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Time of day (hours)
400
300
200
100
0
06.00 06.0010.00 14.00 18.00 22.00 02.00
Pla
sma g
lucose
(m
g/d
l)
NormalMeal Meal Meal
20
15
10
5
0
Pla
sma g
lucose
(mm
ol/l)
Suntikkan 10 iu Levemir sekali sebelum tidur. Atur dosisnya (+3 atau -3) setiap 3 hari sampai dgn GDP mencapai target GDP < 110 mg/dL (Perkeni 2011)
Hyperglycaemia due to an increase in fasting glucose
T2DM
Tambahkan Injeksi NovoRapid di setiap makan (2-6 iu) untuk mengendalikan Gula darah 2 jam PP mencapai target < 140 mg/dL (Perkeni 2011)
Basal – Bolus Concept dengan Levemir - NovoRapid
Profile T2DM
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MakanMakanPagi Pagi
MakanMakanSiang Siang
MakanMakanMalam Malam
Sebelum tidur Sebelum tidur
Insulin endogenInsulin endogen --------
Regimen Premix
NovoMix 2 x sehari (mulai 3 iu)NovoMix 2 x sehari (mulai 3 iu)
NovoMix 1 x sehari (mulai 12 iu)NovoMix 1 x sehari (mulai 12 iu)
NovoMix 3 x sehari (mulai 3 iu)NovoMix 3 x sehari (mulai 3 iu)
Kelebihan :
• Sangat disukai pasien karena cukup menggunakan 1 jenis insulin dan 1 jenis pen (Data Diabcare 2008, pada 1829 pasien Indonesia menunjukkan premix paling banyak digunakan)
Kelemahannya :
• Pengaturan dosis kurang fleksibel
![Page 44: Penatalaksanaan Diabetes Terkini Penanganan Awal Bagi Dokter Umum](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051316/55cf9066550346703ba5969d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Presentation Outline
Rationality of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 DM
What is Analogue Insulin?
How & strategy of Insulin treatment ?
Barrier of using insulin
Take Home Message
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Kendala dalam terapi Insulin
Drug Drug addiction ?addiction ?
Expensive !Expensive !It hurts !It hurts !
I don’t want it.!I don’t want it.!
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Kendala dalam terapi Insulin
1. “Sekali mulai terapi insulin, tidak bisa di stop lagi ”
(Persepsi yang salah, seperti “kecanduan” obat )
– Berikan insulin dengan “percobaan” jangka pendek :
“Cobalah suntik insulin selama 1 bulan saja, lalu kita evaluasi lagi”
2. “Suntik insulin sangat merepotkan”
( Pasien merasa tidak sanggup suntik sendiri)
• Demonstrasikan kepada pasien betapa simple nya suntikan insulin
• Berikan insulin 1x/hari untuk mengurangi ketidaknyamanan
Polonsky WH, Jackson RA. Clinical Diabetes 2004;22:147-50.
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3. “Kegagalan terapi adalah kesalahan saya” (suntikan insulin sebagai hukuman karena kegagalan pribadi)
Jelaskan bahwa insulin diperlukan karena perjalanan penyakit DM yg progresif, bukan karena kegagalan pasien mengelola penyakitnya
4. “Famili saya disuntik insulin sebelum diamputasi kakinya” (Insulin diberikan bila Diabetes sudah berat)
Jelaskan bahwa suatu saat insulin diperlukan karena perjalanan alamiah penyakit DM yg progresif
5. “ Saya tidak berani suntik insulin sendiri, karena nyeri..! ” (Anxietas terhadap suntik insulin)
Show patient that insulin injection is less painful than BG monitoring with a glucose meter
Polonsky WH, Jackson RA. Clinical Diabetes 2004;22:147-50.
Kendala dalam terapi Insulin
![Page 48: Penatalaksanaan Diabetes Terkini Penanganan Awal Bagi Dokter Umum](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051316/55cf9066550346703ba5969d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Presentation Outline
Rationality of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 DM
What is Analogue Insulin?
How & strategy of Insulin treatment ?
Barrier of using insulin
Take Home Message
![Page 49: Penatalaksanaan Diabetes Terkini Penanganan Awal Bagi Dokter Umum](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051316/55cf9066550346703ba5969d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Take Home Messages
1. DM tipe 2 adalah penyakit kronik yang progresif
2. Memulai inisiasi dengan insulin analog basal, akan bisa mencapai optimal FPG
3. Kendali glikemik yang baik sangat penting untuk mencegah komplikasi
4. Titrasi dosis insulin dilakukan sesuai algoritma 3-0-3 (perlu SMBG) sehingga risiko hipoglikemia dapat ditekan
5. Edukasi sangat penting sebelum & selama terapi insulin
6. Mulailah dengan mengendalikan gula darah puasa
7. Setelah GDP mencapai target (80-110 mg/dL) selama 3 bulan namun HbA1c masih tinggi, segeralah menambahkan penyuntikkan bolus (terapi basal-bolus) atau mengganti terapi dengan premix insulin (untuk pertimbangan yang lebih simpel untuk pasien)
8. Setelah 3 bulan menggunakan premix 2 x sehari tidak juga mencapai target HbA1c segeralah meningkatkan premix menjadi 3 x sehari atau menggunakan terapi Basal-Bolus
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THANK YOU