peer-to-peer and ipv6 christian huitema architect, windows networking microsoft corporation
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Peer-to-Peer and IPv6Peer-to-Peer and IPv6
Christian HuitemaChristian HuitemaArchitect, Windows NetworkingArchitect, Windows NetworkingMicrosoft CorporationMicrosoft Corporation
The Internet: a great tool to The Internet: a great tool to promote mainframes?promote mainframes?
Hubert Curien, French Minister of Research, 1993:
Having a TCP-IP research network is great. Instead of funding a computer center in each university, we will only need a single large one in Paris.
This is not exactly the Internet we had in mind back then…
Enter NAPSTER, and peer-Enter NAPSTER, and peer-to-peer file sharingto-peer file sharing Export the files in an appropriate folderExport the files in an appropriate folder Announce the file in the central serverAnnounce the file in the central server Search for interesting targetSearch for interesting target Retrieve the file in a peer-to-peer mannerRetrieve the file in a peer-to-peer manner
Client
Folder
Client
1 export
2 announce NAPSTER
4 download
3 search
Peer-to-peer is the basic Peer-to-peer is the basic design of the Internetdesign of the Internet
Recommended reading:Recommended reading:End-to-End Arguments in System End-to-End Arguments in System Design.Design. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark.and David D. Clark.
But this seems to have But this seems to have been lost in the web…been lost in the web…
End-to-end vs. OptimizationEnd-to-end vs. Optimization Short term problemShort term problem
Connect many computers,Connect many computers, IP address are expensiveIP address are expensive
Short term optimizationShort term optimization Use a NAT box, Use a NAT box, Hide many computers behind one Hide many computers behind one
addressaddress Works well for web clients…Works well for web clients…
Today’s optimizations are Today’s optimizations are tomorrow’s roadblocks !tomorrow’s roadblocks !
Making NAPSTER work: Making NAPSTER work: global addressesglobal addresses
AliceAlice BobBob CarrollCarroll
ServerServer
Making NAPSTER work with Making NAPSTER work with some firewalls and NAT.some firewalls and NAT.
AliceAlice BobBob CarrollCarroll
ServerServer
In a world of NAT, In a world of NAT, NAPSTER cannot work!NAPSTER cannot work!
AliceAlice BobBob CarrollCarroll
ServerServer
Short term: hack the NAT…Short term: hack the NAT…
Most NATs support some configuration Most NATs support some configuration procedure: “DMZ”, “service host”procedure: “DMZ”, “service host”
We can automate this through UPnPWe can automate this through UPnP Discover the NATDiscover the NAT Reserve “port=xxxx” to “host=x.y.z.t”Reserve “port=xxxx” to “host=x.y.z.t”
Consequence for applications:Consequence for applications: Use “parameterized” portUse “parameterized” port Read “port on this system” from a Read “port on this system” from a
configuration fileconfiguration file Use “global address” in exchanges with Use “global address” in exchanges with
peers.peers.
In the medium term, we In the medium term, we cannot program all NATscannot program all NATs
InternetNAT
PC
API
?
By 2002, we will see ISP using layers of NAT.
In fact, they do that in China now…We need IPv6 before that!
homeISP
NAT
Address Shortage is Real!Address Shortage is Real!
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Extrapolating the number of DNS registered addresses shows total exhaustion in 2009. But in practice, the “H-ratio” of log10(addresses)/bits reaches 0.26 in 2002.
2002: the end of P2P?2002: the end of P2P?
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As addresses get scarce, ISP can’t get enough allocation, more and more NATs get deployed, and peer-to-peer applications start to break!
We need IPv6, to change We need IPv6, to change the Internetthe Internet
Addresses are the keyAddresses are the key Scarcity: the user is a “client”Scarcity: the user is a “client” Plethora: the user is a “peer”Plethora: the user is a “peer”
IPv6 provide enough addressingIPv6 provide enough addressing 64+64 format: 1.8E+19 networks, units64+64 format: 1.8E+19 networks, units assuming IPv4 efficiency: 1E+16 assuming IPv4 efficiency: 1E+16
networks, 1 million networks per humannetworks, 1 million networks per human 2 networks per sqft of Earth (20 per m2 networks per sqft of Earth (20 per m22))
This enables peer-to-peer!This enables peer-to-peer!
We can deploy IPv6 !We can deploy IPv6 !
Applications update?Applications update? Use IPv6 for the new Use IPv6 for the new
applicationsapplications
Stack upgrade?Stack upgrade? Available in W2K, Available in W2K,
Whistler (developers)Whistler (developers)
ISP waiting for Cisco?ISP waiting for Cisco? ““6to4” allows automatic 6to4” allows automatic
deployment over v4deployment over v4 Supported by ICS Supported by ICS
(Whistler)(Whistler) Natural evolution of NAT.Natural evolution of NAT.
PC-1ICS
PC-2
PC-3
PC-4
Single v4 IP
Advertise v6 prefix
When can we get IPv6? When can we get IPv6?
20002000 20012001 20022002
Tech. Preview (W2K)Tech. Preview (W2K)
Developers (Whistler)Developers (Whistler)
DeploymentDeployment
More Information on IPv6More Information on IPv6
Microsoft IPv6 white paperMicrosoft IPv6 white paper http://www.microsoft.com/technet/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/
network/ipvers6.aspnetwork/ipvers6.asp http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.microsoft.com/
windows2000/library/howitworks/windows2000/library/howitworks/communications/networkbasics/communications/networkbasics/IPv6.aspIPv6.asp
Microsoft IPv6 Tech Preview NewsMicrosoft IPv6 Tech Preview News http://www.microsoft.com/PressPass/http://www.microsoft.com/PressPass/
press/2000/Mar00/IPv6PR.asppress/2000/Mar00/IPv6PR.asp Microsoft IPv6 Tech Preview KitMicrosoft IPv6 Tech Preview Kit
http://msdn.microsoft.com/downloads/http://msdn.microsoft.com/downloads/sdks/platform/tpipv6.aspsdks/platform/tpipv6.asp
