pediatric orthopedics: ``to refer or not to refer`` · pediatric orthopedics: ``to refer or not to...
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Pediatric Orthopedics:
``To Refer or Not to Refer``
Thierry E. Benaroch, MD, FRCS(C)McGill University Health Centre
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• No conflict of interest to disclose
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Objectives
• Understand the difference between hip clicks, hip instability
and indications for hip ultrasound.
• Differentiate between physiological and pathological causes of
intoeing, bow legs, knock knees and flatfeet.
• Differentiate between adolescent anterior knee pain and other
knee pathologies.
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• Understand the difference between hip clicks,
hip instability and indications for hip
ultrasound.
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The Newborn Hip:
When to Refer
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History
• The 4 “F’s”
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History
• First born
• Female (13:1)
• Frank breech (hips flexed, knees extended)
• Family history
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Physical Exam
• Baby must be relaxed
• If crying, examine hip later
• Gentle exam
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Physical Exam
Barlow – dislocate reduced hip
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Physical Exam
Ortolani +ve – reduce a dislocated hip
Ortolani –ve – not able to reduce a dislocated
hip
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Physical Exam
Click:
•Benign
•Not a “clunk”
•No significance
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Physical Exam
Barlow, Ortolani up to 4 – 6 weeks of age
Click up to 4 – 6 months of age
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Physical Exam
If dislocated hip not picked up by 4 – 6 weeks of age then generally lose Barlow, Ortolani manoeuvre.
Late physical signs of dislocated hip appear,
but only by 4 – 5 months of age.
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Physical Exam - Late Signs
Decreased hip abduction
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Limitation of abduction
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Physical Exam - Late Signs
Apparent short leg - Galeazzi sign
*asymmetrical thigh folds*
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Bottom Line
Detect unstable hip (Barlow, Ortolani)
Refer to pediatric orthopedic surgeon
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Bottom Line
Hip click – stable exam
Re-examine at 6 weeks of age
+ve click -ve click
Hip u/s Fired
+ve -ve
Refer to Pediatric Fired
Orthopedic Surgeon
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Grey Area
6 weeks to 3 – 4 months
• Too late to detect reducibility (absent
Ortolani, Barlow)
• Too early to detect late physical signs
(decreased abduction, LLD)
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Bottom Line
Grey Area
• If exam does not “feel right”
• Breech or family history
Send for hip ultrasound at 6 -8 weeks
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No Need to Refer
• Hip click
• Extra skin crease/fold
↓
• Provided hip exam is normal
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• Differentiate between physiological and
pathological causes of intoeing, bow legs,
knock knees and flatfeet.
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Intoeing Objectives
• Anatomical
• Chonological
• Refer?
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Intoeing
(i) Hip/Femur - Femoral Anteversion
(ii) Tibia – Internal Tibial Torsion
(iii) Foot - Metatarsus Adductus
or combination
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H & P
• Birth history
• Gait• Symmetrical
• Toe walking
• Run
• Hop
• Hip exam
• Leg exam
• Foot exam
• Neuro
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Femoral Anteversion
• Hip internal rotation
• Hip external rotation
• Female
• Age: ~ 3 - 10
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Femoral Anteversion
• Most cases of femoral anteversion will
remodel by age 10 unless mom and
dad still have it
• Cosmetic concern only
• No functional implications in later life!!!
• Therefore, NO treatment
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Internal Tibial Torsion
Most common cause of intoeing < 3 yrs of age
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Internal Tibial Torsion
• Usually symmetric
• Most cases will remodel by age 4
• May be associated with femoral
anteversion
• Cosmetic concern
• No functional implications
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Metatarsus Adductus
• 0 – 18 months
• Forefoot pointing in
• Intrauterine fetal position
• Most respond to time, stretching, or casting
• Must differentiate from clubfoot (where hindfoot
is malpositioned and foot very stiff)
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Metatarsus Adductus
Refer:
• Not flexible
• Very curved lateral border
• Deep medial crease
• < 8 months of age
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Intoeing Summary
Refer:
• Very asymmetrical
• Abnormal physical examination– ↑ Tone
– Clonus
– Hyperreflexia
• Foot – Deep medial crease and rigid
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Angular Deformities in Children
Bowlegs = Genu Varum
Knock knees = Genu Valgum
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• Usually physiological, needs no treatment
• But… do not miss pathological causes
• How to differentiate physiological from
pathological angulation in children?
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Approach to a Child with Angular
Deformity
• Family history
• History of present condition
–Progression
• Physical examination:
–General (features of skeletal dysplasia)
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Clinical Evaluation
No evidence of pathological bone disorder
Age of the child
Genu Varum = 1 – 3 years
Genu Valgum = 3 – 7 years
Therefore, it is physiological – you do not need to refer the patient
Follow-up appointment
Clinical photographs
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18 months
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4½ years old
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Deformities falling
outside the age for
physiological genu
varum and valgum
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Unilateral
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Asymetrical
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Severe
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Progressive
18 months 4 years old
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Any suspicion of pathological disorder
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When should you refer a child with angular
deformities?
• Deformities falling outside the age for physiological
genu varum and valgum
• Unilateral
• Asymetrical
• Severe
• Progressive
• Any suspicion of pathological disorder
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Flatfeet
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Flatfeet
• Most always asymptomatic
• No correlation to back pain
• Major source of concern to parents
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Flatfeet
• Rigid vs flexible
• Painful
• Reforms arch with NWB
• ST joint mobility
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Different Dx of Painful Rigid Flatfeet
• Tarsal coalition – unilateral or bilateral
–8 – 14 years of age
–Mechanical/no history of trauma
• JRA - bilateral
• Infection - unilateral
• Trauma - unilateral
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Refer:
• Painful → flexible or rigid
Do not refer:
• Not painful, even if rigid
• Arch supports
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Toe Walking
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History
• > 3 years of age
• Perinatal history/develpment
• Family history
• Timing
• % of time on toes
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Physical Exam
• Calf hypertrophy
• Gower sign
• Clonus, hyperreflexia
• Spine
• Squat test
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• Ankle DF to be assessed with knee in EXT.
DF= 0°
DF= -20°
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• DDx:– Cerebral palsy
– Muscular dystrophies
– Tethered cord syndrome
– Diastematomyelia
– Other neuromuscular diseases
– Autism
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TREATMENT:
Any ANOMALY on exam REFER
• If left untreated, will persist or worsen
• Modalities:– Physio: Stretching
– Night braces
– Serial casts and Botox
– Surgery
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• Differentiate between adolescent anterior knee
pain and other knee pathologies.
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ADOLESCENT KNEE PAIN
Any red flags?
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Knee pain in skeletally immature patient = referredhip pain until proven otherwise
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Anterior Knee Pain
HISTORY:
• ♀ 10 – 15 years of age
• Poorly localised
• Usually bilateral
• Grab sign
• associated with prolonged sitting, stairs, + theater sign
• Pseudolocking
• No history of trauma
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Anterior Knee Pain
PHYSICAL EXAM:
• Tight hamstrings
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Anterior Knee Pain
• X-rays: 4 Views
A/P Lat
Tunnel
Skyline
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Anterior Knee Pain
TREATMENT:
• Physio: hamstring stretching
• Knee brace?
• Reassurance
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Anterior Knee Pain
• Osgood-Schlatter
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Anterior Knee Pain
• Sinding-Larsen-Johansson
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Red Flags
• History of trauma
• Unilateral
• Swelling
• Real locking
• Giving way
• Night pain → fever
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Red Flags
PHYSICAL EXAM:
• Limping
• Quadricep atrophy
• Swelling
• Pain along joint line
• Abnormal hip examination
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Red Flags
Osteochondritis Dissecans: Femoral Condyle
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Moral Of The Story
• Unilateral knee pain should be taken
seriously
• Do not be fooled by initial trauma in
tumor cases
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Thank you!
Website
Shrinershospitalforchildren.org/Canada
Facebook.com/ShrinersHospitalforChildrenCanada
Twitter.com/ShrinersCanada