1. adaptation inherited characteristic that increases anorganism's chance of survival

2. artificialselection

process of selection conducted underhuman direction

3. behavioraladaptation

an inherited behavior that helps anorganism survive

4. biodiversity the number of different species in a givenarea

5. carnivore organism that obtains energy by eatinganimals

6. chemosynthesis primary producers use energy stored in thebonds of hydrogen sulfide to convertcarbon dioxide and water into sugars(energy from chemicals on ocean floor)

7. climaxcommunity

The last or final stage of succession in acommunity which is in equilibrium with itsenvironment

8. coevolution two species evolve in response to changesin each other

9. commensalism symbiotic relationship in which onemember of the association benefits and theother is neither helped nor harmed

10. consumer an organism that obtains energy byfeeding on other organisms

11. decomposer organism that breaks down and obtainsenergy from dead organic matter

12. detritivores cycle the nutrients of nonliving organicmatter, including leaf litter, wasteproducts, and the dead bodies of othercommunity members

13. ecologicalsuccession

The gradual and orderly process of changein an ecosystem brought about by theprogressive replacement of one communityby another until a stable climax isestablished

14. endangeredspecies

a species whose numbers are so small thatthe species is at risk of extinction

15. energy pyramid diagram that shows the energy available toeach trophic level in an ecosystem; 10% ispassed on to upper levels, the rest is lost asheat

16. evolution generation-to-generation change in theproportion of different inherited genes in apopulation that account for all of thechanges that have transformed life over animmense time

17. extinct no longer in existence

18. extinct species a species that was once present on Earthbut has died out

19. extirpated species that have disappeared from an area, butstill exist elsewhere

20. fitness describes how reproductively successful anorganism is in its environment

21. food chain series of steps in an ecosystem in whichorganisms transfer energy by eating and beingeaten

22. food web consists of the many overlapping food chains inan ecosystem

23. gene a sequence of DNA that codes for a particulartrait

24. geneticdrift

biological evolution that occurs by chance

25. habitatloss

the process in which natural habitat is renderedfunctionally unable to support the speciespresent; leading cause of species decline

26. herbivore organism that obtains energy by eating onlyplants

27. instinct a complex behavior that is rigidly patternedthroughout a species and is unlearned(migration)

28. invasivespecies

a nonnative organism that spreads widely in acommunity

29. keystonespecies

a species with a strong or wide-reaching impacton a community

30. mimicry an adaptation that allows an animal to protectitself by looking like another kind of animal orlike a plant

31. mutualism symbiotic relationship in which both speciesbenefit from the relationship

32. naturalselection

process by which individuals that are bettersuited to their environment survive andreproduce most successfully

33. omnivore organism that obtains energy by eating bothplants and animals

34. parasitism symbiotic relationship in which one organismlives in or on another organism (the host) andconsequently harms it

35. pioneerspecies

first species to populate an area during primarysuccession

36. predator animal that hunts and eats other animals

37. prey animal hunted or caught for food

38. primarysuccession

an ecological succession that begins in a an areawhere no biotic community previously existed

39. producer an organism that makes its own food

Pearson: Evolution and Community Ecology--Chapter 5Study online at quizlet.com/_3qey2

40. reflex an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus, an automatic response that occurs very rapidly and withoutconscious control (playing dead)

41. resourcepartitioning

species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways

42. scavenger a detritivore that gets its energy by feeding on refuse and other decaying organic matter

43. secondaryconsumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

44. secondarysuccession

Sequence of community changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions

45. speciation process by which new species are generated

46. structuraladaptation

a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism

47. survival of thefittest

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

48. sustainability The concept of using the earth's resources in such they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishingability to provide for future generations

49. symbiosis relationship in which two species live closely together over a long period of time

50. tertiaryconsumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

51. threatenedspecies

a species that could become endangered in the near future

52. tolerance the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions

53. trophic level Steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance fromthe primary producers in a food web

NAME_____________________________DATE_____________PD________

Chapter 5-Evolution and Community Ecology: Power Point Notes

Lesson 5.1 EVOLUTION

1. Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were introduced accidentally

that means they are NON-_____________________.

2. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes systems and

connecting rivers out-competing native mussels. This means they

are ________________.

3. Scientists have identified and described over _________

MILLION species.

4. A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait is a

__________________.

5. A ___________ ___________ are all the genes present in a

population.

6. _______________________ ___________________ is a

change in a populations gene pool over time.

7. A ___________________ is an accidental

change in DNA that can give rise to variation

among individuals.

a. Example- albino

(albinism)

8. ____________ ___________ (aka

migration) is the sharing of DNA by individuals

moving into and out of a population.

a. Example-many different human races

mating a sharing genes

9. ____________ ____________ is evolution

that occurs by chance.

a. Example-most of a population being

caught in a fish net

2

10. _____________ ____________ process

by which traits useful for survival and reproduction

are passed on more frequently.

a. Keen eyesight, strong claws, camouflage

11. Conditions for __________________

___________________

a. Organisms produce MORE ____________ than can

____________.

b. ______________ vary in ___________________,

some of which are heritable.

c. _____________ vary in ________________, or

reproductive success.

3

12. ______________ Selection occurs under ___________

direction.

13. Throughout history, _____________ have chosen and bred

animals and plants with ________________ traits.

a.

b.

14. _________________ is the process by which new species

are _______________.

15. ___________________ speciation occurs when a single

population is geographically _____________________.

a. Long term isolation causes _________________.

b. When the populations come back together, they can no

longer _____________ and are now two separate

_____________.

4

16. _________________ is the disappearance of a species

from Earth.

a. Occurs gradually when environmental _____________

change more _______________ than the __________

can _______________.

b. There are ___________ known _________ extinction

events. Each wiped out a large proportion of Earth’s

species.

i. During the Triassic extinction __________ million

years ago, _________ of all land species and

_______ of all marine species went __________.

Lesson 5.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS

17. The ____________ mussels has completely displaced 20

_________ mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

18. The _______________ describes an organisms use of

_____________ and functional _________ in a community.

19. The niche is affected by the organism’s _______________

which is its ability to ______________ and

______________ under changing environmental conditions.

20. A species _____________ is restricted by

_____________.

5

21. __________________ occurs when organisms seek the

same limited resource.

a. In ___________ cases, one

species can entirely exclude another from using

resources.

b. To reduce _____________,

species often __________ resources, which can

lead to character displacement. This is called

_____________ _____________________.

22. ________________ describes a long-lasting relationship

between species, in which at least one species benefits.

a. _______________ is the process by which a predator

hunts, kills and consumes __________.

i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)

ii. Causes cycles in ______________ sizes

iii. Defensive traits, or adaptations, ____________ in

response to predator-prey interactions

iv. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of

___________________. The process by which

two species evolve in response to ____________ in

each other.

b. ______________ one organisms, the parasite, relies on

another (the __________) for nourishment or some

other benefit.

c. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)

6

d. Herbivory is an ___________ feeding on ___________.

i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)

e. __________ a relationship in which two or more species

benefit

i. One species benefits (+), one or more species

benefit (+)

f. _____________ a relationship in which one species

benefits while the other is unaffected.

i. One species benefits (+), one species is unaffected

(0)

Lesson 5.3-ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

23. The _________ provides the _____________ for almost

all of the ecological _________________ and

____________ interactions on Earth.

24. ______________ producers or ________________

capture energy from the sun and store it in the bonds of

sugars through the process of

__________________________ Examples-

a.

b.

c.

25. Some energy from chemicals can be captured through

_______________________________. Example-

a.

26. ______________ rely on other organisms for

_____________ and ___________. They must eat to live.

a. Herbivores ______________

b. Carnivores ________________

7

c. __________________ combination eaters

d. _____________ and ________________ eat nonliving

27. An organisms ____________ in a feeding hierarchy is its

______________ level

28. _______________ producers always occupy the first

trophic level of any community

29. Only about __________ % of the energy at a trophic level

is passed on to the next. __________ % is lost as heat.

30. A tropic levels ____________ is the amount of living tissue

it contains.

31. There are more _____________ and greater

___________ at lower trophic levels than at higher ones.

8

32. Linear series of feeding relationships is called a

_____________________________.

33. __________ web shows overlapping and interconnected

food chains in a community.

34. A _______________ species has a strong and/or wide

reaching effect on a community.

35. Removing a ____________ species can significantly alter

the structure of a community.

a. Sea otter

b. _______________And _____________trees

9

Lesson 5.4-COMMUNITY STABILITY

36. _____________ species cost the US $ _________

billion/year in environmental losses and damages.

37. A community in ____________________ is generally

stable and balanced, with most populations at or around

_________________________.

38. Disturbances in the environment can throw a community into

_________________.

39. Severe ______________ can cause ______________

changes to a ________________ and initiate a predictable

series of changes called ________________.

a. ________________ succession occurs when there are

no traces of the original community, including vegetation

and soil.

i. _____________ species are the first to colonize.

1.

ii. The _______ changes as new species move in

adding ____________ and generating

______________.

b. _________________ succession occurs when a

disturbance dramatically alters a community but does not

completely destroy it.

i.

ii.

iii.

c. Occurs significantly _____________ than

________________ succession.

10

d. Primary _________________ succession occurs when

area fills in with ___________ for the first time.

e. _____________ can lead to secondary _____________

succession.

40. ______________ once thought that ____________ leads

to stable ____________ communities.

41. Today, ecologist see communities as ________________,

ever-changing associations of species.

42. A nonnative organism that spread widely in a community is

called an ________________ species.

43. A lack of limiting factors such as ___________,

_____________, or ______________ enables their

population to grow exponentially.

44. Not all _______________ species are harmful.