PEACE, DEVELOPMENT & CONFLICT

Command and General Staff CollegeArmed Forces of the Philippines

Class 59

2 June 2014

Mario Antonio G. LopezAssociate Professor

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

What you ladies and gentlemen

want to learn in today’s sessions?

ORIGINAL TOPICS

Understanding Peace & Development

Conflict Analysis & Resolution

Multi-Stakeholder Engagement

Time allocated is unrealistic.

Short enough for a quick tour, a “budget tour”, of a wide and deep area; settle for what we can cover.

We will shuffle topic flow.

HOW DO YOU DEFINE PEACE?

[Let us think a while…]

First…PEACE…

That most desired state of affairs we find ourselves defining differently…

• freedom from disturbance; quiet and tranquility."you can while away an hour or two in peace and seclusion“synonyms: Tranquility, Calm, Restfulness, Quiet

• freedom from or the cessation of war or violence.synonyms: Law & Order, lawfulness, harmony, non-violence

SOME DEFINITIONS

HARMONY

As popularly understood in Indonesia by the Javanese::

“The absence of conflict…”

As understood by the Japanese:

“The ability to work productively to achieve mutually desired results even in the presence of some conflict…”

“…mutually desired results…”

The aim or aims of an agreed upon plan were to achieve results almost everyone , if not everyone, desired

Why has peace (and development) eluded us

since 1946?

In your opinion…

DEVELOPMENT: Social Development

[Web definitions]

…an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or social relations. ...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Development

“Social development … a process that results in the transformation of social structures to improve the capacity of a society in order to fulfill its objectives. It aims specifically in developing power to elevate expansion of human activity.”http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-social-development

Why has not there been sustainable development

since 1946?

Again, in your opinion…

Gross Domestic Product, Usually Accepted Measure

Definition: GDP , the market value of all goods and services produced by a country during in a year.

Formula: GDP = consumption + investment + government spending + (exports - imports)

Strength(s): GDP, good at measuring amount of market-recognized economic activity that takes place in a country.

• GDP is silent on income, wealth distribution

• GDP does not account for black market nor recognizes non-monetary economy (e.g., housework, volunteering, etc.).

• GDP does not account for externalities - crime, separations, natural disasters; may even treat some as “gains” [deaths causes spending, which is measured as a positive]

GNP, Gross National Product, now called GNI[Gross National Product , Gross National Income]

Consumption + Government Expenditures + Investments + Exports + Foreign Production by Philippine Companies – Domestic Production by Foreign Companies

Currently very important to Philippines because of OFWs U$ 25 billions

contribution to economy…

Mas madaling maalala…

GNP = Gawa Dito sa Pilipinas

GDP = Gawa Ng Pilipino (saan man sa mundo)

“Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between its costs and return, and between the short and

long run goals for more growth should specify more growth

of what and for whom.”

Simon KuznetsNobel Prize in Economics, Creator of the GNP and GDP,

warned against treating either as a gauge of progress.

Why have we had a series of growth spurts

without jobs being generated

and poverty being alleviated?

CONFLICT

How would you define it?

“Conflicts are events that occur in situations where actors pursue goals that are fundamentally

incompatible.”

Conflict is unavoidable

• Complexity of relationships• Evolving interactions among

actors• Dependence of people on

people

Causes of conflict • Conflict of aims- different goals

• Conflict of ideas- different interpretations

• Conflict of attitudes - different opinions

• Conflict of behavior- different behaviors are unacceptable

Components of conflict

o Context or situationo Actorso Goals actors wish to pursueo Some incompatibility in goals or in preferred means of achieving goals

Actors

o Individualso Groups (informal, formal)o Organizationso Communities (physical, virtual)o Nations o Alliances of nations

Conflict Process Antecedent conditions

Perceived conflict Felt Conflict

Manifest behavior

Conflict Resolutionor Suppression

Resolution aftermath

Antecedent Conditions• Scarce/Limited Resources• Conflicting Frameworks, Attitudes• Ambiguous Jurisdictions• Communication Barriers• No consensus• Unresolved Prior Conflicts• Knowledge of the Situations, the

World• Knowledge of Self, Others

Methods to deal with conflicts

• Competition (win-lose situation)• Accommodation (win-win

situation)• Avoidance (lose-lose situation)• Compromise (lose-lose

situation)• Collaboration (win-win

situation)

Several ways of segmenting actors, stakeholders…

Universal Principles

Limited, Parochial Principles

Family,TribeClanLoyalties

Global,Loyalties

Positivist, Scientific Approach

Traditional Dogma Approach

Communi-tarian

Individualist

StrongPower

WeakPower

High Interest

Low Interest

Positively Disposed

Negatively Disposed

RURAL URBAN

LEAD

LAG