Name: Alexander D. Acayen BSE PE A32PMSubject: AthleticsProf: Dr. Corina ReyesTopic: Classification of Injuries (Stiff Neck, Cramps, Bruise)

Stiff Neck Is typically characterized by soreness and difficulty moving the neck, especially when trying

to turn the head to the side. Stiff neck may be accompanied by headache, shoulder pain, or arm pain and cause the

individual to turn the entire body as opposed to the neck to try to look to the side.

Cause of stiff neck Too much time in an awkward position, such as hunched over a steering wheel while

driving, hunched over a steering wheel while driving, hunched forward to view a computer monitor, or cradling a phone in the crook of the neck.

Spleeping in a position that strains the neck, such a swith a pillow that is too high or too firm.

Carrying a heavy suitcase or other object on one side of the body. Any form trauma that impacts the neck, such as from whiplash in a car accident, or from a

fail in which one lands on the top of the head.

Prevention Make sure you have posture when sitting and standing, reading more about how to sit

correctly How to use laptop safety, and common ;p;osture mistakes and fixes take regular breaks

from your desk Driving or any activity where your neck is held in the same position for a long period of time

if you often feel stressed Try to relaxation techniques to help ease any tension in your neck avoid sleeping on your

front, and make sure your head is in line with your body (not tilted to the side) if you sleep on your side only use enough pillows (usually only one) to keep your head level with your body make sure your mattress is relatively firm a soft mattress could mean your neck is bent while you sleep.

Apply R.I.C.E

R-estI-ceC-ompressE-levate

Bruise

A bruise (layman’s term), also called a contusion (medical term), is a typeof hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.

A bruise is a comon skin injury that results in a discoloration of the skin. Blood from damagedblood cells deep beneath the skin collects near the surface of the skin, resulting in what we think of as a black and blue mark.

Cause of a Bruise

People typically get bruises when they bump into something or when something bumps into them.

Bruises can occur in some people who exercise vigorously, such as athletes and weight lifters. These bruises result from microscopic tears in blood vessels under the skin.

Unexplained bruises that occur easily or for no apparent reason may indicate a bleeding disorder, especially if the bruising is accompanied by frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums.

Often, what are thought to be unexplained bruises on the shin or the thigh, for example, actually result from bumps into a bedpost or the other object and failing to recall the injury.

Bruises in elderly people frequently occur because of their skin has become thinner with age. The tissues that support the underlying blood vessels have become more fragile.

Bruises are also more common in those taking medicine to thin the blood.

Symptoms

Initially, a fresh bruise many actually be reddish. It will then turn blue or dark purple within a few hours, then yellow or green after a few days as it heals.

A bruise is commonly tender and sometimes even painful for the first few days, but the pain usually goes away as the color fades.

Because the skin is not broken in a bruise,there is no risk of infection.

Types of Bruises

Depending on the location, bruises are classified into:1. Subcutaneous bruises2. Intradermal bruises3. Deep bruises or contusions

Aging of Bruises/Color ChangesThere are due to degradation products of blood.

Color Approximate Time CauseRed Fresh Hemoglabin Blue 24 hours Deoxygenated

HemoglabinBluish Black 2-4 days HemosiderinGreenish 5-7 days BiliverdinYellow 7-10 days Bilirubin

Disappears 2-3 weeks

Prevention Wear protective gear (like shin guards) while playing contact sports such a soccer. Place furniture away from doorways and common walking paths within your home. Keep phone and electrical cords away from open areas where you may trip and fall. Be sure floors are kept dry and that rugs are slip resistant. Keep floors free of clutter. Plug in a small night light or use a flashlight if you need to walk to the bathroom during the

night. If you doctor has prescribed blood-thining drugs, be sure to have regular monitoring and

adjust medications as necessary.

Treatment Call the doctor if the bruise is accompanied by swelling and extreme pain, especially if you

take a blood-thining medication for a medical condition. Call the doctor if bruising occurs easily or for no apparent reason. Call the doctor if the bruise is painful and under a toenail of fingernail. Call the doctor if a bruise does not im;prove within two weaks or fails to completely clear

after three or four weeks. Go to an emergency room if you think you have a broken bone along with the bruise. Some bruises (sometimes called a “goose egg”) occurs on the head, but the person did not

black out and is able to remember the accident, it is unlikely that serious head injury has resulted. On the other hand, if the person cannot remember what happened and you suspect the person may have a concussion, he or she should be taken to the nearest emergency room.

If a bruise occurs just above the eye, you can expect the bruise to travel to the area just under the eye, possibly causing a black eye, because of the effects of gravity. As long as you are able to move the affected eye in all directions and do not have changes in your vision, it is unlikely to be a serious injury that requires a visit to the hospital.

If you doctor has prescribed blood-thining drugs, be sure to have regular monitoring and adjust medications as necessary.

Cramps

A painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle, typically caused by fatigue or strain. A muscle cramp is an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. Almost everyone experiences a muscle cramp at some in their life. There are a variety of types and causes of muscle cramps. Numerous medicines can cause muscle cramps. Most muscle cramps can be stopped if the muscle can be stretched. Must cramps can often be prevented by measures such as adequate nutrition and

hydration, attention to safety when exercising, and attention to ergonomic factors.

Types of Muscle Cramps

Smooth muscle cramps – Smooth muscle contractions may be symtomantic of endometriosis or other health problems. Menstrual cramps may aslo occur both before and during a menstual cycle.

Skeletal muscle cramps - Skeletal muscles can be voluntarily controlled, under normal circumstances. Skeletal muscle that cramp the most often are the claves, thighs, and arches of the foot, and are sometimes calles a “charley horse” or a “corkie”. Such cramping is associated with strenuous physical activity and can be intensely painful; however, they can even occur while inactive/relaxed. Around 40% of people who experience skeletal cramps are likely to endure extreme muscle pain, and may be unable to use the entire limb that contains the “locked-up” muscle group. It may take up to seven days for the muscle to return to a pain-free state.

Noctural leg cramps - Noctural leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or (less commonly) while resting.

The duration of noctural leg cramps is variable with cramps lasting anywhere from few seconds to several minutes. Muscle soreness may remain after the cramp itself ends. These cramps are common in older people. They happen quite frequently in teenagers and in some people while exercising at night. The precise cause of these cramps is unclear. Potential contributing factors include dehydration, low levels of certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium), and reduced bloodflow through muscle attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down. Nocturnal leg cramps (almost exclusively calf cramps) are considered normal during the late stages of pregnancy. They can, however, vary in intensity fromn mild toi extremely painful.

Treatment

Stretching, massage and drinking plenty of fluid, such as water, may be helpful in treatting simple muscle cramps.

With exertional heat cramps due to electrolytr abnormalities (primarily sodium loss and not calcium, magnesium, and potassium) appropriate fluids and sufficient salt improves symptoms.

Quinine is likely to be effective, however, due ro side effects its use should only be considered if other treatments have failed.

Prevention

Adequate conditioning, stretching, mental preparation, and adequate fluid/electrolyte balance are likely helpful in preventing muscle cramps.