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TRANSCRIPT
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Apiency forInterniiunii [tvekpmen1 Library Roomt,'! A-I 8IT)
Washiing ton, D.C, 2(.523
jna frNn - ice TUioalrAL RESEArch
intia~oa!Service for National Agricu -ltui ral Research
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4
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Report of a Workshop
IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT:
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
8 to 12 September 1986 The Hague, The Netherlands
nenSrInternational Service for National Agricultural Researchi
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Table of Contents
SIIrdIIIc( 'Vm jk.,j
Page
Io
1lloipiloioo I-SNAR S1.1ll 6
ooiou~io~~ lA . \.,I t r( )S.Ioo
A001000.\o1oitooo~ill .o kc~o'.ol ( )o.tioiz;otiooo
7
1ItIlS\ .\ Rcoilo l' o loth\I J.(. Illiotlt
I .loiiio~loo1''I R( wm It h\ioo~o~lo1). \'(ollio
id imp m, Ib'ooooStoiwwdwooioaL N.RS, I\ i... lxii
A l)ma~ Baw~ [,r N\R.S. h, )I'.Pivl
17
24
26
28
u Intl Rw''i It x\ 11 ill,\. IvILK..Jit 301
00005i\ oildIlfi1loics :.: .A NIaotago'iail
I 116 ln1,0,34
lotlrosn .\ mm0oocooit mlo ti ( )?gaizaitiott mtid -Nmiooo,cooio ill IKootit. 1o)\W. \:oiookaila
I )rg ooti/aitit ;111o1StIitwilic( Aol.\.t:lill R ISm1il tllo( G.oolhio b\1 .. S. Soto-(osx
)htooo'otoot mid Sooitoo jcluti.Sti Lik. by S.O) IT ( ;1itiiss~i(iloti
37
42
46
Page
Agricultural Rt-ScalI(I ill Togo: \cIieveliciliii and 10
spcSJ(i ives. l)y.I". Aii ii 10 & Ngj viiV itoo 53
Ma.Iagvig I I )tllau~tiono S\sit-ills P1 toling ill Naitonatol Agriciultural Rosvt Ir -S\scnis. hy R.P. Kitng 55
I)(.\.]ul 59
Fao-aJ 61
ill NMidaiogsco., I)\
I Vltitrivo I63
V. Raoloariooos\ & (.P.
IPbttttitogaiti ltgrailttiling i S;.ooitoobdio Kaootoot
ItOndtoSia. hIA,
72
Evll~'otiwlo ool.\giooltozal b'cmsi-chi. by~M. I).gg 76
Itoiortatioo Syojivins botI-Ifitooo Mnaoogemtet, lo\ 11.Nloo
Resouorce's
80
Agricuoltural Reseitrci. boy1).Bointivl 82
Hitinat Rt's;ootocc laninttg anod lTailanid, boy"I. \'olotgsiti
Iitoaigottoot ill 84
HUMIoto RiSootiCo' IC\Vsoboolootoo
!RstachSt i'ttt ol'imoba~loo
illI
lo, I'I P
\gitltto N. (ligaoru 87
Sotumairy oftl Wi\orkshtop. by 1). Mch-lou 901
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Schedule of Workshop
IMPROVING A"",RICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
ISNAR
September 8 - 12, 1986
Monday, f September
Thi'ni': STRENGTHENING NA. S - AN EMERGING ISNAR STRATEGYC:hairman: H-.K..Jaill Izp rttl.': 1).Sivill
+ w:+-~i llu: A. Fhetchver
I'd:cn\'h\ 1: lilt it) IsN.\i A.vol dcS(0sle1!):),o-- Io: SN.\R I>,s.ch-NoiraioI-- lh . !h If.I.(.E'lliott
,:,- (, i'r akt Ih'in 1,7:t)- lIi: lla I: Ick aL' I .M.W oodii IIli , "+,r' t
I .:,)- I-, niit-mi,, nI i N. T.A.1.layl(r
SF'. -,n c , ,S,.1". lard c yr:-IL
:-(:li-v
-ak I ,: - ISt-y NR
Tuesday, 9 September
'I'lhv: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
(hitltinall:t:")- : Itl iiih i at) ijz . d M",.uc,.ill G.Hadrii Ralpportvti :
Co-'Ralpl"rt":u': S.IarasramBT.Mhok
15 Io: I.-) Slt tctiliroW~i - and O)rganiziati,,n in NARS I-I.K.,liii Io':l:'- lit- Io:.t-, (:
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Wednesday, 10 September
PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING: INFOR~MATION SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES
n.11al: G . icccjicicai [I
( S -I'.c~pc i~i~i (I . Juclcsoc
o8: I w.I Ma(.ccicccticcicc I'1cciim.1111 I czc lticcM lo lR.Icsu
Ii iilc clicti . Kingii~ 1w 1,7-l5j (:1 l k
I I Clipujcr li/ cicl (11[~llu.~tn. SIc~jijccc
( ;.Nlrt.1i
( ~~ ~ ~ )1- liiiniii,-,t\kicij t 171-(11~l1 0i sc: sm I'l ,'ccc ).NI.ill
il: 5ic: c i'.c llsii i I liiciuji ccrccllc'c C.
.ICoibl\ lcc:.lio5:ccucti lk. ma M ,
Thurday I I21SeptemberccccI)cccclccc il
12:15 i- i2:.; (A. i
I 2:45- Ic Iiiic Is:4cc il c I Iiiimci Rcscccitc c~ (~~11 Ilai nt.iccz Iaz~l i ncm C.T Ic o &
C~~dC). I cisii
1 1.7)Human Rr,,)m c)D ~ 1)m wil
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Friday, 12 September
l,4.11rc: (1h.61 Inall:
){ippt ' II: 1.)
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF WORKSHOP
l~ll~)"rlcr:
i B ) ic ,,)
R. Co),mt I.Mclcal
\ll
lip: I.-) -
I2:
I :
(;~ (:() I I i i I ( I , I I j p ,l)( vhtuIIs R .cl)IIs
I--1'2:'j() ( c'ldilc imt I nlc'k. I![):: }
I BusFIm)ll" 1) I )cha LXlpo
A. y-oi dcr ().sici
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PARTrIC[PA NTS Dr, Kenihil Ktjun ( hzsvilieral (a il
DrI. A li aI
M ilklilo (IIRonalIii
IDr )r.ri >iiii
I ) )I'I.\ II)I.\Pl~
BiUR INA FAS Ingr.OscariRiNicka u
Di~l-t(,IcIlC)UTNIALI.
MI)cl)is I'l li tiCi r m lo l d i
I I picicicicRlsuirllResearch hlitprlit
StJr icifi C'Ii c iil-ilo IR N ).I)vsiai'lTCIA y, )tsi-Ii!) '(C toog o
I c Ii c la(h
)i jc~iltI' MaliiL~-icii r. ClocsciM rain litaisi
F, I I.\N.I~rctuHcirlqi IDl dI VA PAN.(AAR
.II tiIr.Lll SI~t ((Oil IIIilC:p iiiiIntue \' j
i't;iiI
ohPri ic e
[N~Im)C)N ot~a dc1la Dnrt-l t Se~lritnP - E ginCr U A I NIVENEZUELA
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l'rcsidt-liti'
hnstittit(o Nat'io~nal \r(oF,niariadh'YoTdcll,,hoia ..
AR(;:lIN.
I)I,(:. h L Se'I Iko I )ilc' 'i Ci\ 1)11, .\i i(,iIIu l Rrs-arch litiut e
(:I''
D~r. RoHam .sikl A\ssistattlli h ,.\ruhe
htiNliistry (dI'ilul'l,1!1(ltlsti(s
I.I1 J I
M]. M. S uli-(:'sa\
:\- I)irlrlor iui.\rititi-v (Research),kiiatl
Dcl'll lm (d ItIIH .\I licol
'11i: (;\MIIIA
l)r. IEmili.a. 'llludh l'lhili
I fiI(l11
lii.ltitl d'I.l e'lier, hc'Zfol'thiliqiie (:.\.IIKR( 'N
;).MW rImll (I
l)irrt Rlr(i Il .\gitolh.t'ii
Nlistreti,' Id"l n(t le S'illiitiiitii)ue, SFNI (;.\I
I)r..\he:ij, \Ah,%lii I)ii i.((.iial(t.
I+6 -M'-rr( 1 .&: XC1,6i1
.linisiz ,.1\ti iultme & Livestock ( Ami.\RI( :.\
Di).\V. V. \\ap, kala I)i iitl I t'xi dl
iieidiNIinisitd AL.\ re & lives- ,ckDevclopment KI'NY.\
Deputy Director (GenetrA Deplartmntm{lAritlm(
T )'HAIIAN
PARTICIPATING ISNAR STAFF
A. vowl dlr ()ste'l,l Grvctrnelral
H. Elliott, Dvpcl)Nll-(.wtfr ('raR('svardh &
TrainingH.K.ain, l(putyN r'.t'r(c(rl olbrlo
Natinal Sssteriis
J. Casas, Sellii."Rv;arlch ( )l icr R. CrintatiI, Stnioy Re-se;li ()llilerR. chi Coslta, utlna-itAu-:(
M. I)agg, Senior Rem-asirh ( )lli'er R. l)evred, Senior R(e, i li ()lli'er A. letch.r, lulli'atiris (lftcl G.flariri. S.nio 'Rcse'arii ()llietr S.H. 1oibhs, ''raili.irg ()ltiier E.Javier,Senior RItse~atii fellow
I.,j]hnsoi, Special 'roli(ts ( )llicer CA. Kramiier, Am(ltiristlativ%()lli eer A.VJ.Matii, Elitor
M1).ilel-SiIsi, Resc nilar'Fllow B.T. Mook Sielior Risi'aii( I ()llieer 1).NIclixi;i, Sinioi Resw'ardh ()llicr
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WELCOME ADDRESS
A. von der Osten
A coldial %ic(hotc II) oid tottItI ISN.\R. I tigittret
I ii1ptoi, img .\gI it u i ,'.l(h ( )lstiod tali,%lioans an(d .l.llaT rll. I .1t s'It:Hplitim lotli c I lutnr".
itit
1h i ,lll tll'
.M\ Ii lttl1h.ot( lttitont i Iti lsill. , iWm l oIllIl l \oll'
lfIlls( .I1111,,'t1141p.164111. 'ill \,m Iss.i(,nl inlIw lllgulidallct 1'th'I III(11111c \',.ttthi l+d (ilzlImltill.i W c'1
'to,(hi, I. c %m .tio,".
L,('m iiind w Ili (1thii t post- ofthis \%,.I Il( i
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7-7:77777- -
AJ l r
,Oo,
mow
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IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT:
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
A. von der Osten
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AT ISNAR an ouistanding pancl with lots i fvisinin. It providcd
li k .\'Ili (fill tiL, hIt li:M ext.iil,l lI i 'I.\ . ' N,ml hik,i' of ISN.\R. t if Nc",. t I i( r. t, ot ] i' " ,
(;dA i.R
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li.t' ,r, Il't . I , "X\'l '!+'., 10,' (,1111,.il I/,t S ;v si ls iItIyOlgIiIltioni,' a,d I . I-', t IIrt, I.\\ it.ct/ d,' it
l'lki~lo %III-III%%o I llil'l It- A s l(ig'eol I pI Illv I)sN A Rcl hI( itI ) d i Iis t II+;'IJ
Ind pe de!,.11e. 'ttuli ulllclt ((t IlIhlltl'wi..c"~ tIti)t' l,I hstt.lt~q ( I'k I,I ,+'~ s~i tI, )ia , .)iti,ml.ti, W -lhwc I'~trmI sIhe , tl/11"+ IS ' stiil("t II spt.i
+I ( t .1 l01 N i Ir ,ti,' t , t I d '.\vaI o iIIIlic (11i:i , n I aII I( l 1N.\ s (. I p 1) 11 ttt*".t'lt,1)itlt~~ '+hh,~lil~ ~ t ~~iidcaoi . alItutt.,it ~~ ,ut, ~ ~ -.+h+io l"ilttlIl I+/s( .x1( rvtillis it, lottl
+t,rt.., y;swtills+.,
[Illi\ d ,1(hit I. (allidisi~I.II1)lilli
-
II .-I yi:iii. tI tI i.s, hltlII dc%clops (Ie kuiii t'bast lor SN.\R's m'iz.iI Iji'iix1i.11,ti ,tl luItl sufpplrts (I Ithtel
(x\i, Iutitilns.
Jio k Is'ils it\ I I(.N.\RS, \ihiuh IijliistStllsth. Ititl iitiisi.is, ,iiiiil miiakimii I m.steiiis iii)iitr ititlh tliii'lt lii liit lIxtII t ofs, lt thItt hIiA
1',(\'liiJ0t o Iii, if I d l})ic s\ 'til's (apita itli's in
dilt r I t'h I hk s ' '111dIj i t , .imizattiotll. 1lllltillli'tlt11. ,ih I atItIpit.,ilr", liqct,I fllilt'tioJ))sill
, '+\l l L\'S HI t sW 111,\>'~lJ ldh11,("lI"'zS.
ti , itimctdtat)liti II,IiLl+,,,It, maktIinglN.\I(6 ]l dt'ls
,ol lrlfthc ideas
trainters, toiilu l\i s i iii.g.dtilit elitit CitpaIcity
PROGRAM CONTENT - THREE AREAS OF CONCENTRATION
This bt'iltgS th '0I~tal("+'0()\flit{'to H I UMC llt of'otLl"
ir i
fiioucussi's oii fi(-c critical tors that (Ietirnmiue lhe
purogram: onu h ir('ts ifecitueuutrattion. Our progrimn fi
pirodctivity i usCa 'chsystlu :i'an\
- I't'Stiffdt'ic tht'I)ldit'yO(' \ , i.C'., ('Olt('xt ill which rt'scarch is 'oliduc'lt,,d
- ith'struitt' aild t.ranizaioiini oifthc rcse'arch system; - it 5it ifess'ntial iil~liit) on'iiu liici'sses.t
filc'tors illH])(antiHI.All tIllt. ;it'c The'y are'intt(,)+eidtll 1+.n; and thleycall ('1)st 1t1tl an~lt~ t'O is to fillot t c r)ain
oui'st s vst . I 1 i nliiii,they rifcl(Ct till, thr'te h.s Itstud ing ga
sst(,Ilu
basic ap)rimii ricultural retsearch
s: poilitical, strittur;d, and funictiona .
)r strig liw iugrain dt'v(wiolunict is guicd by three
consts i tra Iiiiis:
ass l't's, it t- iii ssmeitt f icprjcctcd dtelemald by NARS (iir ISN.\R svir-viis;
- t .issessuii t of'kcy Funci'tio;ii anird strucitural \vaklissis ill NARS:
- anlal~ssessmetnt oJ l('potenltial contrlibuttion|a smll
ihnstitutionlikeISN,.\R ciantmake to \'lerCOme these weaknuessis.
13
-
. .Ihahit llltlaw' [/;IeIll's,rtlit'L l t' s dl .e11' [)i t Iti . (ii) 1111"111(tioll bt llliona,, ml ,e.lp ,lliI .'p'ml.)
olls!'l IIi III,.ktILI\,, lch('1\ p . \". %Ri'..sc icl ph i A:tthc h ,I,ttic,ht I\(1 %Ic;ictvIv ,f h'. u polic\ fi %%Ish.~ h lll s..itlm l-thal l'l. . u I o['.llit ilib s( I'llls\ .i, k h'I I si'pIIII(\ilI t' Zll dwt It (IlC
xo\\lit,i ,,,\I, .im\i t \j,. . , h ctis a 111] ' . cI. ih t'- it d iaiithe ploi tc',, dlh , 1c '. i i I ,i rI(-IIIli .',lllIls cltoph(l . IISOtl'll"'"1 .,: \\itlilt'11 ,+ ohi,;t I,,t
t1' t"](I's II ' Illp +; , 1tI% , Jth Is tliI( \< thi Il, l(-h I t'I- l h,' I (It! lo:l. illw t livi lcit t is. 'llmill.
loco,t,s il "Iifitl , oll ;itI o Ildkie Ialdl,v od.us l ll Lc..,t lflilcll + t.ofthq .m uillcmad,aisliocc
ctII'IctI'- il N 11 tl - Ii INIc . Icl',I,s i ti". I'IIl. lt; itk II t h( Icv lt till . 1111 \ll'thli ;(,tilla tlCm (.thi l(IIl 1c),1,t i (. t bitld'l.11ltl-fI,'lr .n,.ttlI t"+t';tt1111Ir \ ,Il Che iol.,il'+iI lI r) t II w al; c ,sttIl t Iml.(1
ll,1,qI viAS t,'J s 1 I . (I i a c \s' ilk w i li m c I l l .( l -. l \ I Io p lc
fl lli till ' 'ltli 'll lvl I llt1lllr,I t(il~t ;t \\' flu +,( t'.vcII) I(\11l I 1 II%I (.ct c+t v~~~ tttItk (s'tl c 11 1,ltbI 'ti t ItSYtlt 's ill'im",.+\oot 1111 1 . +I d .1 1 t ,ol 1 Ils lltV l ll it, t ; o rll1I U 0 , W d 0 -t I Ill h S l ilII".tli , sscNiL
-
iliii it h i rcs fiil.
Iii1,I .11,i kill i t l . I fixxll cIji lull'?
I mi cIii Iilr dc~i I t ll alx
I, 'p[a b, 1, lilt 1,sti/i 1i/)(1xx (classt)\II
thxIx i . xx, I '.xxxhci xIo ixl.i xliliil[i swili Wiis\1~iiju
in ,N I.x/~ xi.' A. Iii i xx! i,, l mxi! ''xiI x ( Ifnx\iiii~iixIf.x rwa sx~i~i
ix.co '..l III 'i xxi Iit I l dxi I x~a c0ilil r liii 6 iii
.0,o komix x ljii IlxiI i i tihiiit sIili (i piii mu
iixxxxlilxiiii ilixxi lii i ilixsaieix xxixii lii l
3. t If Ilginw%\- t. Ma a em n ofid
i t "Iii ': liii lix ixi iiixI xiii i i t4xii
ii illi jlii11, it, xxii, I ii m l. e111.fi lisiuhWiiig
ii , ii olxxirxiho x iixxix1, lic" i' (lIxiiiili ta-d'iilifi 1
if, oll' 'llhplop
Co0iji II li ssi nvix iiijioii'xi ci s liihjii(, dial piiiiiiii
hutIIClii h It i [ ll l l(.sx1x. IIIs i ,II ) -I ~ v
iii. ills oi cs u l lmw
PRIORITIESl FOfill.il I"l otr~.i R muui~G a d
(diit( Ij i n'i si lii iji i nl i
xxiciil~iliiiiniiii
ltsla d fl .1(ili sIIIIv b s t
ccllft11l1p m l
t iliilIciiic' w111dn i'-c
*~ii~ixil m lii lm m th tianes ita lp tilhii iiiuhIwI Il
litoS \ill pS: s
iinunI 4ijiiii hilili, (h illIx sxva i ii t\ toIiiisi'm
1iMiiii~ iiI Ir c' arhiti. uiai iiaiv liucthi iiiiiiu
ai'5
-
ilSi t-AR'SNIAi imk(,tt itIEN' .ST Hit- R sumsccit nalsi sIIV ISd TItdiaiO vr )ill r.I i J1(Aji ) - theill
iAS lilijis.l iicaiiid piiio/ijciiiCONLUIN REi~aRKSllaio
kni'l Iii i .iii Ili,- SuIc kI . kcpa ias i Progra rii na e. c ;tic(iliii tSi i naot ihii itlid s t
lii is ilsciiici~scl tlls iiisitiliiiti iccthu - i isgri ltirt ciors i cIOiiii iitaiiititii %icci ai ona
ItN R' MANliii~lI ii GE ENtl STisURu 'cliiiiS c mlcciicihcsil tdi lScil tc icjIit. ~IiiI..iiiitui-t Ilic
cxi.,'iliiiaiiiiiii icuifi, lliciii iijli1ii ls.iiii' itilll Illtuiwt 'ge.\s lsij l t ti itic is ltuc ~ lhill(ithiic e
Illlui l .1 i tci.cl i ti ,icciics Ow m s it.e thii hlplt itiiLv po rii d55U55the iilladi ictlir Jtiigtatwe
o- it liciIt sli ii~ )iciciict t il cimScil [ltcqitlisto
,p-i~c~tli~llvNCONCUDIG REARK
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THE ISNAR RESEARCH PROGRAM
H.J. C. Elliott
'IIli- ISNA.\Ilai4 is III33 ((liili 11)1 [it- 3hdiqhipiuIII ofI
III cm(1l 'ol l~cfi (list 33,3(1 ill d(1311 ill th pa~.Oi l '(11t m\ tll Ilicel dr11 %\0 oli3ou33mp
3(i,3(( '.33l( ItIlw ll'' 3(3~')~1, 3(3(1I13 it II;s i illhc b3. d, t3 Iu Ipl ]I(IIAdc5331(
4, ,/ 1, 31/4, 3',3(V33Ul33/(333;'," ill1/1"'Ii, o ', 'm/I3-b, .,f'a i.Ill. and ph,,fl(
.11 31it, I II\, (H 33- Iisi~ tut ilicini( NA k, 13333 bru3 3 3333/ . I(3.o333543313(33 I! is 33533h3(033l 33,[I\1i3.
11(1,3 I.; l (31rr,34(3. l ii~' 13/'\3I3il \ ~~l il(l33r ckl\,I i d h..
Imll 1'.1, 311,((11, ', .3tmi. andiiit l 3S31 3 "ilil1 p t(I ili 1 u c (Ito11d I ."1.
pit(3 131 '' ,-'1 ((\ IIItI
I~. hs
Rt t(*'33 l w.(ia3I(, l.SN3..\1
(,Il cp3 3, K.\hW, ( 313'..
1,1, A1s.,
If43333l(13i (113(3.lowill
s 3133clopmew13 it I I /cI ,tlt3l,.3 it% ill .3(4 I 13I, 11a I rsca.333h3 poi
It Y-ks it ill am c 13 t.ttr31(If ki.(lvllohg( iu this I t*3h-3j3'l\ ou((333fir11 and3(III du%3 a (33 v33.l3(It'l om hial3it.\%o3k on3 %\hitIlo ( ha3,3 it3(]%(1v mi3( isist3e( v31
31331ildii s\3( 33rn-l333l(1iiL/ r3lot is
As 33(lt I'.3( ill 3135. 1331W3.. 333333eg\ Il pi itlitur 33jktljds 131(1333.J33311i113i 1(1t. p33lo333t33 333:
1of3 3e3.333151
* delC\Ipfinil ol'i knoN%IcIgc~baseiil NARS;
sharedit35 >..\S as \%cl 3., (qljoutuniiies for high I lij33t NARS:lst1333~3hcn3iI
* deve'3h33J3331t o(3 (i.3J(3((itti31 of (Illils (3 mc33hod3h.5
tools1 fill NA R6:
* mai l3333 ce ()Iu3p-to-date illful uat~n 3333oi 3hvolh33h(3333' ill 3I l l'.
p33(rolgt33335tratcg\. 'I t33( idei iiuIii~l issu k33le 3113 313331 333s33333g~l33I ISN AR'sIc cmI pih(3(t3333li, s3 th 331j33
31333333 113~3i ( \ .13133(13013/Iilabout3 (3~I3I333h
33)11\ i 1 3\'313,j333h an3331r,31\ cli t tool callhc(33
I( lll (i11', ld ctd o d l r appl3icat3ion il
s\1(stri3(1 ill33dc 33331(3J33 3(1 333331c 3 3w)~il to develo
aple ill NA*IRS to incivasc3 313(13chhl( tivcncs and1(
\lo3st k3333v1331g( ofI 33rictiltural3 n-scitich l ia13,gellivt3
(h(5(h,J)((O1 113333j33.\h0311gh 313353 may35VXJ3ril33e35 ofher some33isights fill- institt333(33-bu3iIhi3g strittlees fi~r NARS, direct extrapo3laition3 is imtpllssihlh and3( 33333V1) dantgerous. 'I'le poi y33cm33(333333(, ins53tiutional cont1ions3l, and3( r(5(33133c situations3 13 thcse research sy3stems were antd illre ch3333i33ivehv dhifferent h'ott ihiusc cliarl3ctcrizi33g NARS ill (Its h(3pitng eoulliris.
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TRAINING FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS
D. Wood
The ISNAR naillim! ploi.!Ialll is dvsit llcd to plolliole illiplox'-d ;Igli( IlItilial It-Scall1i Inallitt"clill-111 ill Ilati(mal
h\ dlmilli. tip.11 I.S'NAk s cIc\cn Illrilics Ilid lisiliq Ill( ill ill 1,(.(ifit llaillilll. It-ti%ili( v hchn \ I ihit lilt- ch-\ cii ificim-, it(- of kr\ inipm ian(v ill 11"Ii I( , !IwIll alld ow aIT(It111,111,lt ood
I , I Im I'l p I I I I Ill I I ill I )t I 11, 1 11 1i I!ill L I m L Ia III . 'I I I( St
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]'I %,hi, 11PSNAR I, I[\, k \%,,I kinq and \ licic it
I K , I I I I I III I t" I I I I
Develop training materials. ISIN \R dc\chps and illalt'l 1,11I'll ll.itllill (".I lll . N1.11cliAS ( ('111i. holl)
ill-holim-gi Ili I'llcil d''( IIIIII fits alld lrlwilS. alld 11''111 ill( c\p, Iit-114" old Ill.ticl I.d, of olllcl iIIIiIIIIi(,Ir;:
Develop appropriate traiiiiiig methodologies for particular client grotips. lf,,t mjw ISNA P ' tat i ci midi, Ill r, Ili It\ II ".. I\ 1 1.11dilh.] ('111'Ippi o'l( III-S'I!1-l1wil I'' -11'.. 1i\ , 1%1 , it ItIll( Ill. 'I c( lilliqlIcS ill( 111dr ollihilittli''li, ill I", I ill t " L Imlp l,1\ ill Slidc
Ili vscnimif onS. I t si ii(li( . Skill-buildim4 i xci I isc . mid p.ill, I di"t ( alld 'll-li%( I o'limill" 4 clll , DifIcluill Incl: llmllSlll ill ll ud ill (o'llse"
11141 I":( 'llilcivil,
Strengthen agricultural research managenictill training. Ili . \( i-tS, ISNAR \,)iks %%itli 11.1liftli'll. lci iwlal. m illn-111.11 ('11.11ills[ ill] liolls %6111 (114-pulpo'col Socill"dicilillu Ili( it (-%%I[aglicullulal Icst ill t It Ill'olt cIllcil( I ;+.Ihililivs. At Ilic salliv lillic. I'SNAP hrildils h"Ill Illcil I-XIIel li'l. alld Illawl iiIIS.
'I III-Sc )Ili(.( li vs .114.IIIIIIIIilk Ivill1oli, ilu and S% . 'I'll(- sit alc (14-p-nds upon mobilizing[Ic] LJsti( ISNAR's instinitionol mid Slall capab;iitivs ill imining
(Icsign. nictliodology, deliker%. ;Ili([ upon ISNAR's areas oh-oliccull.16oll.
()Ili vx1ictivni, I, ill NAWS indicitics that ISNAR must %\otk\%idi (fit(-(- distinct Lioup of'lvadcis:
P 1,11i.) m ( -tl I. I I is Iv I S, lvlj la It I s w Ill I; I I I( -n I
Scc n Iit I icS, (I v p I I I i II is c I S. a I I (I I 11111-1 11igh overlillien I
offil, iak
I)it I I 'I S Lcllvrill. (1cpIlly dilectors, d irv( tills of IL!l it ilh I I I I II -( I ( I[ -, of' rcsraI-cI I , ( I i1-ccl ors of, \ I,ti-I iI ;I I\ se I S
.1fidefir Dilcclols ol'It-scim 11Stations, national (.ollllllo(lil\ ploglilln ]citdc]" d"pill (Illoill Ill-ads, ploicc( Icadcls.
Em h Ill Iollps has difli-I ('1111(.1111it PSNARvillvills:
Illusl It-Spood Ili vach \%ith appi opi iatv Iliall-I ials, (11L4,11lizational ilpploacll c1mr, iold (filiation.
Pfpliiwwl , I, it I- Icm It(-([ pi inim ily thiough 1%oi kshops and poII( \ scillillill S IIcId ill il ;.Sociitlioll %%ilh oiller orgallizal lolls imokud ill (It(- poli(\ splicic. The ohjc( lit cs fill at ti\ ilics %%illl Illi's lall. ci alldiclice arc to build illwillal slippolt I It ai li( III(III-al Irscalch, st-Ilsilizc thrill it)the liceds illid w(plio-Invills and \dlill ill(-\ call wilsollabl" cxpcc1 liolli at. Ii, 1111[tral irscal-ch, assist thell) ill divil. lllldcrslalidill of llo\\ ai licllllllrill S(.[.\I.s ill(, mopost'd (Irvchipillum illid, csscolialk, ill bc MOIT ICC( pli r to and Silppo] :i.,(, of Scoim IIIaII;IqrIIWIlt (tll(. Nct-ond grollp). In parli( 111,11 oldiclicc Illust bc. Oil, Sensitized to ille lllllla cl ial illid ol-gallizatollal isslics Mid plobIcIlls that calillot bc Sol\ vd ;it lo%%(-[Ic\ vIS.
Selliln MatillAY1111,111 It\ ScIllillays \%hich ofh']alt. I-caclicd olldcl-slanding of ille 1-t-will-ch plocess alld villialu c illc capabilil\ to illialym. and dclille ok-clall lescal-ch
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25
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING NARS
T. A. Taylor
ISNAR's itlicj cid cal',civcs iil tic c iricti-iiial iiiii'it to ccuntry, scct natio al ciltcity with riicir' ic S I,cismcI ci i ii st / % haves icc n'ci d iici\-,ii icclr su 'cictccc,fillacc(icil csIiiics, anci iclcii cclicciiciio,cii, cc'ct sficigr lictic ( elniti'al ((tii)tciit tiicip iit chhi ticlec cnc.ihoc- i a di l iii hho.iitls N.\< ill hIIi- u,c.liijI iiiii.ii ,.l ostdckrhopi i icic ifi.i iciccict ocrgcititmc, acid st l uticns, 'ill imicilitis(1 1) -ii m iIiiiiic,11111cii is iw ii isck hic[(cxIii ilxxixs liti ccfiiitcc. 'Ilit- 4sic iiishiccct c ld iticilctn
acid Ii.c hi . iiicl. '(tii "Ii, tililiai t'sici( h is I c ijc(I Il'ihis ialmcit\ Iic I'qil's ic li iccal c'cm itiit and it %I\Ill, Ih 11ii 1 i!iJliit' .c liii t g til eCIi. itiitical tiascicii'tiizi 1)1si;il '. iiiitiiciis ir'sccii'IlcP litical \Lti , d tit.,I I , I hi li, i ticl'ii'icI iI' d i. I I it, iitiitIncii and iclicix ll riti tiiical txscaci( itixl- iiik r ( siipij I(ci
IhwIll, , I i.iii lc,c ' h ii, iii i[i11.i1 ciciici ll'tlliv(hcxc' i firi I i illiii i'sixi,clctillis ill \ i' tic'.t cti ill ,iii., iiixccixcii[(hiiccih .ci cciiciiiiciicc icscilai I't'ciiiih.II( 1, -1, 1'' , "'t t,l il , IIll-,' i (' politic's lc~ aniis.h,. , l miid j
.I,1 1 iti,sic. , hi 1',t ,+ ill cll i o-ci cccoil ,I Basic Processes of Research. N:\RS m st hcicih' to I,' , II, ,tild 1t (im. i ,tli 1lhcl
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poi( l'k' '. t i lit( pi I .PitI phai, ill (c( ii'dIog\
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27
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A DATA BASE FOR NARS
P. Pardey
I SNA I(sd3113(it bascactiticsir prcsomc mulSci-3f31111fix-c clataI,3I i33 NA RS, ISNAR wa r-nd3Iin~g0 sevra bcadl~lis i3s f13111315s: kcy liill'S. [II'S iclude:
2. Rat1ional,( I3 i Data, Ba~sc natiol1 sv\sl Ins. ldllll1s, and31 i3313'3'llli313l 13gvilc3's.
1I. .\A 13i3ll.\ h wI', II '.3(111 16'sca'lchInd31icator3s n-1 llImii li 'i! Ow3 Xm.-3lilfA3'S'1 14ff1 I3'13por:
A,-\i( N a iol 13.bc , xisliint t1,1, mlln v3sNc v''(Ifi a1llnll31 ill f1. fit\lS.Icil flS\.sil%Itll( l ill llg I'3311'' Ilnv tIl lfd ' 3113 ag ss,'l,c nI ps~3'.1I' Illa. flu ill I cN,1.5 )(il
It(111a lil b scllle '211l abi lli c a d I h li~ to 111 il c~v~ Iluld c il ll'Ivicm
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Ili'll 111,[, j!.j\'. I, , [I "ll"I.ilitial Shill i ill ill(. I'll,tOl ;Iliv .,I ilhill (,' I",). ,x tvql ox I I linw. old is I Illc 11111"i, I toll I lot ixIINI, I It !, iI,
[I.-' lW'j, mm h!"S (-Itim i;I Ic" t 1, 1, .11), 11 h( 't I 1 1114-111m(I1]]11
,v val ('11ill ill ill A 11o'll. it I, I ](.,It (11.11 (b., isiml, lAco clclda old %\ill ][,I\ v subsuolli'll
Ill illil"It t, LIIIIJI'll plodll( (i\ it\ ol,,it Ill( .(1411,
nationa I s ,swms. Rr( cm IFPR I pioict not is indiua Ic possible Ilet allilual jood (11-ficits, b dw Nval _'ooo, of' arot I I I dG) III i I Iioll f I IrI I it. to I Is lot. ow dc%clopi I I "Itill(FiCS ASk %% I lICS1' l)Ioj1'CIioIIS %NCIC161MCI] Oilholk'. till- assillill)(ioll 01 11IllrIc %milldhr itlually no sit tichlial il filcm, S\ s!cIlls (1111iIII4 Illis pcliod.
Illpi ,)\cIll' -nIs iI I agricull it I ;II Iusca 1(11Sys Ivills can pro\ idc llic c1ciliclits 11C((,S.Sll*\ to induct. ill(. structural rhaliqc that is rc(plil-cd to buliC IIICSV j)IOjCL'IiOI)S.
29
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STRUCTURE AND ORGAV'IZATION IN NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS
H. K. Jain
DEFINING NATIONAL
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS
III ('miside'z hll4 Ihv' o< ta liz Iti("I and(sil tlr ' oli.
I;.ili,,Ill aIII itLtilil l I ( ' hlI.. 5w ills. ( .NAIS), it is i l ll
IN hi ',,.
oL ,tllI Ll'I II i11 l iN.,lil Illim i,
thl, 5. IL, ,if,, S ,l,.dic, I 1 111ui(.,d u. it 11hu1r. iul ,,lhrl S(ic'lice fllillti's
o IO ll 1 1', 1 't.(, .11111ill tli Ilii\i'ttI s I ILI l' ilIl' l
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not Jim licillal k ctficivill it] 111c'lir (11,111vil II'milli I Vs. '.m cl S..I\ . arr NAR", v Ill, If illv 111,111agellivilt
vollhi , ofl idrl is fliLIllk I'llit il-lit - Ilw\ do [lot t,(, Irs, ill I I cs hut (11,.\ if, If,,( llcccssillll \cr
vIll., (I\
TYPI"S 0FN,,kRS ORGANIZATIONS
I)its dislilt, ll- Il hrlm ril I-IN, m clics, '111defficirlit \ is ,ollwllllll, %\Ili( If \ r 111.1\hild II-Itif I'll oliclationill 11111poscs. I -illd -it Iillc and sill[( fill(- ill NARS I, Ili,- If, wimmtl hmitr\ oi k and cmitics, III(] thc L!,o\t II1.tlI( , 11, h.t;i, lit" Alid d(" isioll-I'lilking
I I II'll To M ,I KI d- 1 -1 IlW A I If III \1 I 1 .11
I N \ R's h i I ;It- I cc.ot 11 1 If('\
Ill, 1-IcIll IA 1, .1 , At., If\ I If(-
ilt'litill6m .il if lilt, k\. )11, alld Ilic I.I( I lltll( r Im -challisills
111.1\ , 11 1!1.1 11, '1 1 )1 , \ id 1 11, 1 i", 111 .If\ II . '11111cill in %%Ili( h
impi.,\( I! wmt-4cm, fit tit hc itrd. I I, takc (lilt-I li'llom.11 I'l IIIt\1 fit. doirt ,lll
rI [cIll p 6 1 -1 1 1. Irl T111:1ilw. It cm (11Ili iol itic"Ind litil itit, c. I"Ill, c mc(li'llusillsdo [lot gi\ c
ml 1,-1o\cl it".1.Ill iiii ill.tilpm cI 't-Irt-noll i!(.tII1loIIIsvIlIc,;c
Hicili kilk \ cl Ill 4(I\ td\ .
11,11111-lilt dillt I -III k lld, ''t illI it fill( it'll Illodcis wli"111, dir (w".11II/Alim ol NAWS 'll''Iltid till,
,\''fill. 111''tt 1),Illi, ld'o !\ ill( (h \, lopillt, pall of Ilic ,mld.' I 1wit I, t L t, .1i J, I] d \,111alioll, 1)11(it is possihic
to id, flilk I 111111d)(I .! Ill, Ill, wi oglli/ilif. ;I( Ili( fill, Ihjl :11(%it pi-t it( olik -1111, of (11cdonlill'till 1 1, li'til
T1-IE zkGRK'ULTU 1Z.,k1, RESEARCH CO UNCIL (A RIC)
I It., I olvx d Illr 1,11[ cf Aiall ( milln irs ill IvI ]its of, 1( ,1 it old of IlIvil ai_l if IIllkII;II I-( mt 11ill Ic, lit \ val, ll.t, krull to 'I'l 111)srilli-ilil, .11,till, it, x'i 1, lh of .11 1 , 1)1 , '1111( ils. FlIcsr
,fill, ils li.t\ c ill( i,-.t i.ikrii till wsponsibilitics ,. Im If (..If lirl lw loll rfl 11,lilt '11Jim Illw ill ukurc. Till haii I ,fit cpI foldri k ill.,, 111i'sit .111SICIof, ii-spollsibilil\ ll't, Invil to firc Illr li-woch scivit'. floill (hr (ml,,l ol I If,- Lit i"cl U.- 111114-111-\ VI hill VdI1(I.I(\ 'ilid 11i'm opri Ifiollal plot .(lilt (", dCiii lWd Ilm] I. lilt. buill-ill ( If(-( k,, itod I omitci -, lic( k, Ili Ilw list- of Lo\ (-Iimicni filwk and ph\.lllt it ,dr. I.1111"I thall IIkilu major iiiiiia(k c, oid mmic I i ks. 'I If,- if(,%%I (Ili( cpl has bccn to li;lIld o\cI mm if of Illv admillisti Ili%1. ;111(1 Inallagel ial lcsllolisihilll. 1'. Illr st if-loist , (111-11I.Sck I". Ic( ogilizing that n,1,1caich ic(Imic,, ;I dilh-j n( kind (if adminisn-alivi. I 1111111c. Al (Ill. smllr lillic. Ilic t4o., ! l nInvills havv illadv
still. through \ill ious dcX icus that dic councils ;it(. not indcliclidew I d, I hrill in wI ills (A'ac( olintakiliIX . The\ 11111stIcluaill fillk comillitit-d to Air -111111CIlls,
Illust plovide (cclillicill suppol ( lot Ilirse policirs. h is alliolloill', collikilled %illlIollullit'llcm.
\It impoltaill poillt %%Ilichmust hc lcm llizvd is Illat not ;Ili Ili(- ARCN him- iakro ilic same iouw Ili rvoking their structilre and orl allizanoll. It is alleady possibIt. to Iccogilim. ill Icast (hIcc 1\ lit's ofcoillicils ill wrins ohlivir Illandaics. I X%ill call dwill.
'I'l m i [list cri lif, (.1 Ili IIci Is.
cooidillaiin., councils,
NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES (NRI)
The in reol-gallizing t1wil. lcscari 11ScIvices by coosiderations %%hich %\cIv similal to those ohlit. Asiall coulill-ics. Their nex%k sc( till oational rt-scaich instim(cs arv 1,1111dinill Iltall\ not \cr\ dillvirlit 1rilli thr agricultural rescalch millicils of Asia, Pciliaps, ilic\ cnio) grvatcl, toltoll0IIIN, (Icccn('itlizatioll, jild if \kidrr I-csollicv hase. 1'nlikv Asiit, thr national n-scalch ilislittin's ill Latill Aincri(a colillol ;Ind lllitj),IL c all o1*111c public-Fullded ic,.caich infi-asnut till(, ill Ili(, (otInII.\. km k:IIds of' lixional ill.stitilics fall hc bloadk Iccogilizvd: scillialliollolm ills and iIIII01H 111(Ills. Till. svIIIi- allo'noillous national ins(ittlivs I.Nil olig (lit cctioll ill It-rillsol, dicit Inallagriurw alld n-scill ch policy 1'roilla boal-d of, go\ lit nor.N: div plesidclit (dilector uclit-l-al) iii'llic illstituic It-pol is III ill(. ho'lld. Thc Ininistcl. of'
lIo\\c\ cl., appoints (It(- board, and in Illis waY makcs sill-(- thm Ili,- inivirsts of'his winistry ;it-(sali-gualdcd, Thr foll\ .1i(olloillowi im!ituics havc no slich boald, and till- plesidclit 14,111c illstilutc reports
14)illc Illillistcl ol'agi iclillill.c.
M !NISTRY OF AGRICULTURE MODEL
Till, agricultural Iuscal-ch services in (In-cloping comill-irs havc tradiliollall fill locd all ilittigral part of' dw (1cpartillcill ol'agri( 111(tilt. ill (If(- ovc I'llmen 1,and ill it mit'jority of'countrics this position (ontintics. This l6rill oflesralch organization colitillucs to be predoillillillit ill [lic sillikilt-I Aft-icall. Latin Anicricall, and Asiall cololtrics, including Illc coluill-ics of'tll(- South Pacific.
31
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THE UNIVERSITY FACULTIES OF
AGRICULTURE
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T.blv I. Relative Poteiial oF NARS for Research Functions
h( R,' .rb'u
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS: A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE FOR AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
S. Huntington Hobbs
Tllv dhl'llc vlt'I, mdi lat cmsol agrituhurlal rt-icach %%ill iliIV i;tltr.I csran'h ulalr..have to, Ill. hrd h-, '11)lilc't (Ills., t alhct~c 11 ''I,4t icuhnorll n-c.ardh flillagc(l %%Jill , ,, . ,,. ( fill( di ltasks:h~t',
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IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN KENYA
W.W. Wapakala
AGRICULTUJRE AND 7~,'%THI-E K(ENYAN ct~~iaion he)!lt. 144)4m(''imc i'.is and1(cach'lt4.I'irvil.4tECONOM Y iIlllgciet~t 4tcIlilqt~s. .\I the'.. I(444'Ct'( 1114)21'
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l (111 .4 '1(' T~Ill'a ' 44''1 RAT' ONALIZATION 4K OF(14(14)'~~t! R4'.4%ia1)'Ic(( 4l,((1)4lENYAN)THE)1 ,(lit 4(4 rIlldill .111(4444 1,414it dc4)''. '1111Il 4'4l (4 Ili ARI CULTURiAL RESEARCH('41(4') SYS'44'1)41l~')l(''j.L''TEM4'' Hir4/4 1141144(4 ,(414)14- .1(1114 4 .41 4 ik'4ll ''.s.t i l) '.''1'' ) 4)4i1 ')X4t4l4g 4411. t e 4e4't'
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The Rodenhiser Report
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I Ill plr ( Ill iS Ilo( (..ilcd io Illcct thr Illaoilold i llilclil 'Itid Im-11 LW(I HC(IIS of
"Withill Ill, 11plolilmil. Silllc ploicuts ;I]'(, mIll (.it( (.i\(.(l old (-\I.( llwd, %\hill. ollirrs all. \ imialk
\'m Illics'. All I'm ('11.[1lilt-Ir isa %\,ISwIIlI (I I\ (.1 ilicm i m I 'I I ill (1111) 11( at ioll of (.I)( II-( %IIf I Ito tit]
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a,,sisiant c d(mors III([ ilit- Kcn\ it ( ;o%-crnmcjit, and ill(-[(, scemcd to )w [it) r1cal -( tit concept oldollors, role ill placc ill Krm a's dc%clopinclit plocvs :-
"Allillial 11110'alidl \ I csral I It barely (.Xists and is tim ooldill.ilt.d."
Allloll IIIr Iccolmill-lidatiolls by ill(, tvikill \%crv Ille
lolhmill :
h1plapu;Itioll ot n (.,Ij( 11 - (It(. wilill I crom Illendcd Ille
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h\ it dit( ( lot
R4 srilr( It pio l allis and lit lot ilics - ill(- waill je(ommundc(I Ili,. appoininictit of it Resciti-ch Policy
Comillittur to mlk I,(. Ow Illillisicl, (,It ITSC;lrull policY(14-cisiolls, 'illd ;IAc(lillit-;il Rcm-alch Comillittee oil
lit iol iti(.N:
- ( 'Itlihl V "I' I CWtil ( 11 Skill - IIIV Willll IT( 0111111VII(It'd selling till am It(Inc ol'scl\ it c ilimcd .11aillactill" and relailling (pliklifilvd and (.Xl)(-[ i(.Ii( cd S( icill istS.
Agricultural Research Advisory Council
it ii-sponsc to ()I(- Rodt-uhiscr Report. OwNlinistct fill. A Ii(tiltim. I.S(ablislit'd theAgli(lillural Rest-alch Advisol\ Cooll(il, ill lohil, loadvise Ow millism oil it \%idr rallge of ismics. illdlldilli. :
Itpriolilics: Invillods and ((.(hiliqlIcs of admillklel ing and cooldillatilig Icst-alch:
mlvqtlac mid lo(;Ili,)Il ofit-sc'm 11 Elcilitil's;
I(TH111111(111 (:f pcismillel ill,(] mwking
conditions w(plisitc to dwil IcIcillioll: c1li-clk vlouthods of diSscillill'Itillf, It-svillch lesults;
Ow de\clopilicill of',Lpploplimc itLI,lur-l-riatiollship itillon,, ITScillch, cx(clisioll, :md oilict ploglaills ol'(Il(II)illistl\.
At dw illailgillill IlIcctim'. ill srptellilwl lo6i. dw comwil disclisst-d illid Illc 1-ccollillit-Ildilliolls ol'II)c Rt-donhisur Rcport. Aniong ill(- wcom 1114-11da (iol)s Illade Mill(* mccling %%rrc:
- Thr millistl sholild !)II(Igct lilt. rescill-ch expenses, Ibc "llidim, principle Iwilig Illc allociltioll oh-csoulcrs ill n-liltiol Ito I ('scaIc I I p iol it it-s:
Socio-ccollollli( stildit-S Should bv gkcli high pliolil\ , ;111(1OW IllilliSM SbOUId bUild illtO dW CSI;IbIiSIIIHVIIt biollictrics illid agl icultutill cligillecrilig disciplilics:
'I'lle millisil .\ Should formillall. it collsviolls and ilm-grill ploducts I)oli(.N for tit(- devulopilicill (it' agricillim.c. (This %\ould I)io%idr tit(- Iramework lilt- Ow maill outfilles ol'a (-ooldillawd alid balancl-d lescal ch plogralli);
A libcommille( of ill( coillicil caIm. Ill) \%ilh wims of' service NNIllch illclilded the cleatioll of,1111. post I&
Dirt-clol-of'Rusu'll( It (ill pLICc ol'ChicHtescill-ch
( )Ili( rr).
Apart I'mill Ilic inatigillill Iliccling, ille council licv(.1.
Im-callic opt-ratiollill. and ille agricultill-ill rescatull sysivill collfilliled tit exist Intich ill(. salm. its b0ol.c.
The Science and Technology Act
St-VVI-ill (IVVC!OP MCI) Is dt'6119 OW IiIIC 197(is COMI)d INI dw gov(.1-11111vill to cri(ically review Ow Illitlia ellient of
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piroiferatior i frsearch stations, sub ccnters,'and testing site,%(1w totaln 43) Without a pioper dclinition of thle mandate and responsibility ofeach. fhi task for-cc agreed with tile ISINAR obseration that tiere is anied~vto
.
rationahliz the existing nctworkL While ISNA R -rccoinnicndcd 13 nation1al anld 7regional research oceniters, the( task Cotc louncl it neccessary to revise! these to,
17- national aid 13 regional research centers. [huee in plans to set npl)iiiothiernitioii l research center to be
resoc narid n cr) arid lands of northern Kenya. A national research center will bhe(t- e principal entity forgenerating and testing iniprotd tchnologies inaconmodit, limited range of COInniocituts or Ifactornfpz oduction A regional
centet,, on thr,researchother hand will he te principal rsarch tiiy for ideintificlion of productioll problems ,technologies at ilaaim ll, and intei g
with extension aid Farmers in the testing ofimproved technologies. Te ask force endorses the ISNAR -reconirnenldion that ihievwill be no distinction in sifatus beween national and regional centers; the only
wdifferencewill be one of'focus.
MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT,
TRAINING, AND RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENT
I le task force endorses the ISNAR observatin that inadequately trained an;]xperienced manpower at the levvls of research scientists, technical officers/ : technicians, and administr i esupport staff isone ofthe Major constraints ii the Kenyan agricultural research syst e m . '[le riaing progr!im proposed by the task force was endorsed by the pre-appraissal missiontl iIou any. . modification, 'le proposed trainitng program wi.as estimated to cost, over te first five years, about USS10
" million for M.Sc and Plh.D. training, and aboUt USS2 million for in-service and sthort courses. Alongside the
.
training p rogramn, the task force proposed terms and. conditions ofservicc that will attract and retain
I manpoier. :e .
DONOR COORDINATION
Although the Governimenit of Kenya iscommitted to.
supporting agricultural research, it is unlikely that it will
g:".:r'..... ,"... . . ....
have adequate resources to fund tile proposed Nattional.~-. Agricultural Research Projet Donor assistance will,therefoie" be iired o the medium, long-temind sustaind bases While KenyhaMs bencmitted from W'm:2u externally aided projects sincc independence, it has be shown that to atlarge extecnt donor projects haive been uncoordinated, and most ofthem havle had little imipact because of thc short-lenin natuic ofihe pIcjccts, Another major problem has been tbhat anumrpb~ of them hiave not ~ ad dc pioy problems ofagricutuial research wit
rIul iafudsavc bccn spreaid over toii many prnoiams, In thie ratiOn ihZCd and reorganized research.. sstcm donor-funlded projects will i reculed to fit, ito vi>
ra a long-terim national iescanch prog m in which research priorities are well-defined and cstiblished.
ALLOCATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
FUNDS
ll the current rescarch systeim, allcca.ioii ofies'mcrcl funds has little bearing oil tle iesearch prorities and programs oftihi resea ch statioins . his is large]), attributed to the lack ofa national system for plminiing
research and establishing piorities Fluctuations in ill funding ofrescanch suitions is i .utcause for coicern Another cause for concern is that funds for research havej
"been itheleast effcctivelyanaged resource at the iesearch stations. Thi.'.6 largely due to lick uf management skills among research managers,',aid to somexic tit to limited freedom tomanage funds allocated becauseoffinancial instructions ,elating to the< utiliZatioill offiunds. '
These deficiencies have been recognised by theii govCrnment and thie remedil meast es include :
development ofa national sy'ucm for planning research, estalislung priorities and programs, aiiid allocating resources according to priorities.
seeking assistance to increase resources foragricultural research;
- training center directors, project coordinators, and research administrators in techniques ofresdurce'I allocatioti and mangement.
.. ...... . . .........
; , ' , ],- , ; " i , " " ' ; . ; . " .7. ! - . - .. - , . '',
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ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE GAMBIA
M.S. Sompo-Ceesay
Il ll~tizc(il)an l tic bash~i+ ( i~ fh - 1 i,cm'cp t 11 11l (')(il
)iod\\I)h 1 .1 'li s), a. 11t'0 % I (li I +iiitii ,)\illI4 th, ((io m 'it,i lt in-11il )ofthw
m i m~-v'x )II I I yl I,,) Iill N.N , )atlli'l111, '11l
lPC'I Jiit.Ilk t-dIvs (-Ill,)
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I *1-l~l( I )o is lI ',il \It11i -pr'i'l(hl -,i,iv( I I~t csc m'iI
Is AitII(.( Im bh\m)dik idli'll d1'),r ip 11.II illvillh is
)IS a])I)I '|IIS iIt' %'.''ti(I SIw -c JoI)('! i(vc\(s oJlI; I iIWll i hIi,- cc
illdi% some]t(idu~al prore)i,.. of \%hit'i tm rI",)ln-t -'ilt o bc)),
"illlpvtilit( % ilh ca 1 l l c['.
ItII')li a cllirlsIh 1lilt 11h l;iI 'll1 1 \ ,Icl .'1 oIIl l s'S llsIlia
Iresl)llsitbilil\ tli[i m Iv ii( al ildl Illaitionl.\idilit (1, the pal I ,) dh'v l(. ( IN. 'IlhisIv~ li1 h".I\ i i)d ,i11i11cilIliq %\INV.11itl\llll-J\ll It)t[I(ililclitsdc( isio)lls aind II I I d lim cl'd, (.11\\ itihill (Ihi' It.f\A,iitlikllir.c'\ I h), ill lliil
\%iihitI haid1111"lii,i~- I mI I .I'I Ncall1h1p I loll ,WV ithtlhl-~.
IIii('N.11iiIh 11ill, Lt, Ihlc i(lllil I ).it 11 ' I ilil ai~l i l c i
h'sl ic Ih,'i li ii i o l1- I l :(iillu~illmlt ii'mL ,1 ' 1I d ol 111ll11s.
i lII I ),.I),i ,' I Il *, 1lt-ih lial ( tilill . i' ll( .i
IC.""ll ch d1i\ d1 Ib"' 1ili.l)i ( ' \ ,llI i op prs'lllll ll((o s
d i (ass);W l esiolillI. la v t ldcs 1c ii i
c(''i llo. ): F)li rli
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lilI ( i i (il iil
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I .ii1 t 11lil v p kl h(.Iih f i (, l l~cl ) lll li l I()., I q l f ll ind l),ll
Illi..l 11 lI' lif (it(. ( h v (, i tic(llilyas isti(l'lI i I
Ilion ' S I)t asiiili i t illill)lipi ii i c c hl(il if
l ilion~d\:' II( c ali I ) .l an ,p, v l.Ii s \ i (t ckr's'lc(} Iio r lii ih'o 111 lill~l li l'(l il ii( l ( I' . \thici(.11'si s %;iN
o h))(' '1.i.lc(Io I- y, f I p loi %%;11o o ;I. Ilr(i c as to )11( )l h
ilm lilliola %h(l llcsll'l 11d I csvh 1 1ll
i ('li ti (llI!Illli) o\l'il cil, s(vili()- \i'\'il
ca1 cs l S\ swl'ill,I Illl 1)"
i.-ll( ll d( A)li il( il ; i%l al \ l i (- ('i lli i a
g vi'ii~itII-'ll ,%1 i if mp11I i ll(' Illc ' I o w (;.)ili tliu (iIll llIld I o I la t p - lI n
lb illl.i i'p I o)lllnilil l ( alhi)ri('Ililllillsc 'lil.Tlhe' \iicarIy ioll ofi llc Illoje.ct M iiia (llil (ilil( llim illec(I
.I12
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0,ria ,* 11 rvref% '1 T.1 %%f1kii -,'I wip itI ic nli-c i lin e Ilai ll lics I f'ill( iiiiit (I willibe t: ll i ii ill iR ( AICI~Ir%I~innll nllIltJi'llt Al\I 11iii1
SNSrI \IkN I -S 'tII ( I,PpI (Ist ui Ifn llI Ifnt vlnl InIs advflisefi di Illnnnfil -NCIln'.jiiinn ilV fif ll giCnimnnmll-iiI I~ P'g lus,Ailhi(ti liiidw ; nii it l i (iliiii)llll'lt 1] 11 CMi ['liig. Il111 nniCCinII
1csc1Ii 11 It(lt I f ilrf r Il1; Ii( ;mIIIIIIIII(i I it;I aI iilgaliz ir l aliii ext ii ll oilIini mi l-ni ill
I'N ffI, il i t, -i %ffII, 1 I,l i 1'w, iij nn-sciliii li~Ild1S f'' Il ;
(1plil,()t llc ii ll iliiiimij Irsnanrn fili6- 111atlifii rniriii : ni wsifrri pio' ii g irrl Jlli licy anid lim l ullc- fi i fi I l li ii %%fiurkinig v IfIIi). prlioiiesif it) sijlip I inina l (Iif'il i lilil
Itfhr f%,l 1 "I-11 f1 If ki flics ()%(.I Jwi fir six
d :ili.. I [! I ]i itf lii i l ifli tls %%liiil r n rs,)idiri . lih m limi ldicinfVlii s i) ighfiId 'ifii ,f~;11li ti f d~ il \fn,I rit %~riiiiijjii priorlity ls (ilclhnl a ll aifnll i l-c fil rsi ilcill
Siff11c.rll d p I ii illi Iiiii ird pal fisfA fl;itikldr sisiil prg.m (Idflnifijfi iiiiiiiin iiiir is iirrto)fIrls im t\ \.iift, iiif ii hi-1-fuuik(iiu-u i\ injiini lak ii oiiisall raru m gnji~(Iinnl~ln iiiini i fiillSIf-jir ilii1 l
if~~~~~~~111a1111111*1il. litfir~fnin A 11 fflf~li
N jithAIICI~1lIii)I\ lj (1.11IP imI\Di~ll(, irrfn nrlanciiilliiiiiiii %% i li~ili iiingl Iliring In r
R %_O IME A IN OF TH-E bas15 is(iutilriiiri fiiigis iuf'prigramns, and(fior WORKING GR U P IN RELATION TO Illioigid(alaiililwclc efnIll(c ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF Ilrdlv11c i isilwnlto~ild il eclcTHE NATIONAL RESEARICH SYSTEM toit- lcaflc fiifliiilifir,nliabnlii t ands nr iriiril
iCSinini fiiniiiig Midndisilliinirflic i rniinlln-s; ii fi u~I fllI uuiitiiii iiiiimipii lfiijiir wcfi liesscsiii
flult i ll i S\ fl (Iii, liiiw f i ii imnirii .a Ilipric lrifDvlit l Ifufllij Inll m-il nins-ninprin finn:11,1 jnlnngrll ni IffIi I fIcail~lilil\ it liii rid llm liliiwel
for nxeniltilg iditirnn piirrmf rsicircn plrogramis.[I,, clictIt i ff hffliffi I Xir, 11it sirrilig f11if lll Thnis apipmi,,inrrilirih tralining arid i scifiirn oi
Ir nr i ii oli I iig11 i II jund iaiflr ilig sirvice whffirii nllfliolii and lifilli systul1 Iic~ciirii lm iiI llls: clml rllin ifilillrialilv raiticri rIiirr srcililily anrmmi.
- iii)(.ifit. I t(ii,- %\I f iii minia it lim fiiiirfrrS 's I'lni' %%orkingglifij bififi s liis(-no ib:e fill iium 'Iifd bli l nilliiffi-: aconls iteills515ifilifpro icianns Io, lir currn t
S~liuaionl fill( toi bci innail flruil if plifLfl aiiill \ is piuir 11 f~nn 1-ileiturg
ic iliffr s , lutfiffiiu~ a iiii ill fillifif 'Ilne iifil-rnii slitr ictrcn11(1d if iiiumniiln oiit n tiiiiai agricultralri rifimirui s55c comnirpatil withliinr
Ii lii (f di itfiu i- findirif , (ire feiikilig gimurfi mumc lnatinli55ris tc iiio l riirfna imili grtnric fiwilillt or
ill(. miffm Ifng Itfll'" . iflli li tft i lillli d iii r'i hir illurii cncr iii -(-s archilisystcmr'll worin uSip ' -1 dIi -li r ' ri-f ain:l1 s r 1 ilili l fn('1(l (hrl l HWii (;m1-Itt S11lijitli'o if, t llhl
cliciiIIai'i. ifimiellu ii'ifl,f ill lighir of irs finidingsu and1I . .stfiilii a Nilliiil .\L1ifr i liliil Rtimiriii Boiird IVll unirmnmijitiw, ir fllgi.sls thit Illc fIfrilcari fyiill bei
N.\lIiB, i llilfiusif fllini of seirrii lisi-i ohlfimil-ifi stlfulrlr-idifi 11111oliii lii 1 ( i1111tii i~loiii
fifflill fitii~ lwii 1flfrm~l'ill), fla\ iiifufl 11111(1 flliritic fifluir 11. lii11 liuiin shudin hui iriin - crrmnl i scmiliinlinfiiii \gi riiltral Re(searchi
aiJehililn flfil nijil iTsl Sit vice (AiRs):
,i3
-
noARS. boi NAR,11. FS. mid Ic
suliville okntli Itlial w; i, r:
, icaw NAR It. 'I S, ok, I PC. Iit it no agi ico It itrit I scill. II I c0sv:%i v:
p( ilillodn'.6oll ofplil lalo bild."I'ling. a I I p, IN,, -I I;\ 'I I( I , m I( I pc I I Ia p, ( \I( -1Id i I I q I it( - I Id I.
ol'ARAB 1, ill, ludr ohl-I (1( Jim llllcll( .
a wmi-awwwmwo J,,nullupalReseank 'ARA
At illc alwx it llli 'clk I( v \\ ill bc Illc National
A I i(.II I( II I .I I R (-,va I ( I I II, ,II( I. I vs p II S i I if r IiI I :
Id, killt l1w llllliktrl m all Illalt"I S ( (illcul oilig the -11 Alld 1111I)ICHil Maklioll of H-SCM(Al ill
lk c"l-
'11111 tl%
AqI I, 1111111t., k 1m)(Im liwi, lowsm , lishrlirs, ti lil-llldll
IoIIIllIljti!lL lialion'll al licllllll[A ],.,( it( Itpolic\ and I,,[ ilw I"'uppm I dc\vloplill-111 obje( 6%vs.
m!'. i, Ilic I "!IIllc filiam ial. Illiollumvi ph\ si al Ic'mll kvs Ir(loil cd lo ( it I\ (1111;lit
.1ppi rd Icm-.11 ch III oQ1 mll (.Ili( icillk 'Ind vll .( (i\ ck
I(*("iIllIlCIIdiIl Alm 11imi of Ir,-Ill t v, it, lli ll-pj lot it\ Ili .,I, Im I .,cm , 11, 'llid II.\ lc illc Ivval ( It fit ogi till d( \ ch.p.d ol I ( , [hr,( III lot it\ tlidrlillc,. 1,11"I r Iv, mlllllclldillt appi m 'd lot ililpIcillcmalioll.
Ail, %rlilll to IIt,- 1),,11d IIll mli_ I) 111cpri 111.11will M,(Ic(m
ill hc a (lit c( [m%% , I Irscm (11,\\ ho \\ ill (lit cct Ilic Ic'scill ( 11
wl %i , . I It,- rI \ I(.,. v,ill hr .I','aIli/c', ONd lit 1)11too Lm It of IIt(. Irscai 111I'l ()Ljalw \%ill bc llc.olcd b\. a
plo lalo lrmi .I, Mlo %%ill hc it-spm; ildc lot plovidiol. Icadviship to Ill" LIollp, ,I ( irolkt, ill ilicil I'loqlaills,
and rllsljlilu 0),it III,- pl."'I.tills ;lIc vxcculrd %%ilhill Ihe
Thr (fit"( lot d w vmcll %%i!l bc
as i l,.d b\ I jm. J.Illl .111\km %(''Illillilluc !I'M I ''Illp"Si-d d illum. lr.ldcls.
'I It(. plm lalll 1(1\ iy.ix ((wilililIcc %ill 1111.dilt-clof ill illc lot 111111,11ioll 11lordillill IIhIvc-\cII ) lcm-an 11plalls Im llbllli"iwl l" Ilp Ip'.11d lhloll ll IIIv let hilical m1k ism \ ( ''lloilim.c. WhIlu ()\ clall (lit 1-clion of,1111. 11-wol IIt 1.1%I( ( \%ill bu Ilic if-Spol Jbilil\ ol'tll(. (lit(.( loll illc pi m ranl fcadvi s %\illhr vXpc( lcd to shall. both
,IdIIIiIlk;I;I(iv 'llid :r( hilk A lcadcldiip of Illcsv Ili "gI '1111 . 'I hv\ \%ol Ild hr rx prcl cd to itSs ii 11,la 11'1iIlle ;it Id! I il)l II(.,I I I w (.\(.( II I i"I 10* 1lic itppi ovcd II[oijaills.
\111olliz Ihc ild\ ;1111al ci, (d (1)is Iil)(ion ;IIv:
plopit ll 161-111111alioliall(I d"velopluclit would be ricillfilted:
dc\vI opmet It and IcI cI It iol Ioh (.Sl.;I Ic IIs I itlFcould bv accoI I I p Iis I Icd I I I ost It -it(Ii I , cs], iilll il'a n-scalch sclivillf. ofsr-lvicr %%hichil.walded oulpill rallit.l. thall sviliorily was adoplcd;
agricultural I vscal 111 )(Ild havv a dcal. sill lv lilic of
folicling;
16111 Icadviship rather Illiol judiol; ing ille driving fincv in Ille S\ sicill. call bo adol cd.
A possibli. disadvmItal4c ol'this option is that the 1.1-scal."ll s ACM ITM\ lost- lollch %\ith Ilic dccloplocilt agclicies it is supposod to S(-I\t-. This (.;it] hv it\ (lidcd 1), creating it lechilicill a(kkol.\ Iollullim-c (composcd of (leparillicill din-clots collt-cilled %\idl;Iqlicilhill-al dc vlopillvill alld Oil- n-scarch (lit ccIm as all ex-ollicio Illcilibvi.) to ill(-NARB.
'I'lle Tvchilicill Ad%isor\ ( :oJillilitice CFAC) \\ ill )it. [A-Spoll'sibli. fi)l plo\ idilu lit-cvssal y informillioll and ad\ icc to (hr bo;1I (1,to assist it in al Iixing ;it pI iol :!ivs lin Iescal ch, iold I ill I-cm-arch p] ogi-mils 1wilig Submit wd bNIllc n-scio IItscl vicc lot consisivilc\ wilh Slaird lit imilics.
I'lic \\oi king gi oup, lia\ ing Ivviv%%cd Ili(- manpower availablv and likcl \ to bc ;t\ (o thc national systrin in dw lical filtill c, proposes thal Illc national Ivscarch ellill-I shoold bc lilcum-d oil sm-cli priol"M pl-ogi-ioll ill-cas:
- upland cerrills illiplokcinvill: - rice: - graill lc ulllcs and oil.secds improvvillt'lit; - itl. Iollollly and rtinling S Slcllls; - 161-ages and livrllock: - holticullill-c:
.- I-cm -ardI support.
Whill. slilfk\ ill be assigiled it) programs ill which dicy will be profi-ssiollally 1lost conciii-licd, it is exprutt-d that it cel-likill llcxibility mill opurim, to clisure thal staff call providu illpills into other plograllis m-t-ding their st-l-viccs. It %\ill bc dir loll. ohlic PM : ill vilsille t1lis.
Oldiwt ): CirateX. IRB, TY. andPC. but ne). IRS
11111)is option, IIt(- Nit (ionit IAgricu IIit[-itI Rrscal ch TVCIIIIiCtI S TlCtilliilt, iold Pl'"!41,1111 "Mililitti-Cs
will I)v (-I-(i.wd, but no Agricultural Rescarch Servicc.
-
lrwmcIu'lhj(,II I i ttil lotsetII- c ill iLttjqstattl-c .ttl c 0 v ll %%utvc ul sti l ii , vgti11tt1x
ih' itqii(~t ti .titiws01iu\ oithl of ilo iti liit .ipitoa i h tlllupoiiti S tn tttitr n . d iit'sitillitic ( sllII dit iLh-w ( itittl irtjj its I (Itet (il(. 1ijt-ci-tt sLI liup dctipriit irdl t tos( uihuitioh al~~~~~~li If iiiinlo d Ni Nilii; .t[)iitii heiila to n%%its i'tt. il-a.ri tllr l e -lc
(C/ain.l~N I.(ii til\. C. haan hih /titnalh llvl S\\lcllttid\\t titho tIi ttgtiisOw 11t1
Ti ; 1I liI jlllt\kw al " I .O w I l \ol I 'o 5o i e i a rd ap i o ch th i n s h em4 v
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ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE IN SRI LANKA
S. D. I. E. Gunawardena
INTRODUCTION
A l1 it ll tl i it ill S'ri I.itka dates batck ti 11122
\'.l 1ib l lis+hi (.d diwt lH (cls\ clt ah+td w tallicil (a
drtitli. (Iill, tiish t'dlal ciiir it %%astislcd iI the
illn thio e , ititlitl., and oticof t't. rIlib i'i.
plittali lt . Ru"ca, k. these ciop's Ii d 11y'i 1l tiititi % t
it i di l tUlRtt \ ilDr ill
lPil I, XL t11 ial i', is, it hri-q nc' dIc llIlJlAill1,"l s
.lillili i-siii (' ill i t) l ci('ll)R)Nliitlhll t%idsL uidu. b\ I]+ till' l ial I +~ d \ li'lll'alpr~i 11td bN,
theMi istsut,'i l iti ( lc ) 1 tiNitist1%diilf +Nfi ,lii i V h Hhis I%-!, ,+,tlNliisi,, (ti l tlie .,
,rtis 1.1t1i A'tit p ill IIIs,, le
ic'+ lH.ihi]lics o,I hl I 11i'H,+tI , and+t lwha it"+Ill inllary 11,111an.la+is ft,,f ,IIys.
STRUCTURE OF THE AGRICULTURAL RE SEARCH COMPLEX
A.I lid I'i t, iltti t ril u itr i e s,i I t irid l il il iast
1-1s r'ir c It
-
0
.,I Id 1111,, . p,,.t h, , k,. I, A. , ,, p( la t,o N II ,. ;II'.tI,
tlmto) l ,,I 1- 11. ( otn %pc\ a.lui t Ir, ]t.t. hlou kNu
.,- hI, . Itait_, ,HI 1), 1.,iffi kpct'. t, aillli nt ' (toh il
ollio+li... tfillp[ I]1 . l' nto r.Itck. i lil tII-1111c : .Id,.
- ict. ln a tt tdi semi t i.\n it tl ill l l ' na[+'SonJl of,'
itl lfln'lliotl form s tl he' +Icijo slI h com ph'x.al ( oft : l rt'iu
Thlc+ t Itt l[,l', -,.I adapt~i,, v'It'sv n 11units, ooc(Ill ,a ' dtlictt, lotI oll-LoIl'll w slill(t]L l it-%%+,. 'iUtolh .tc p
Fl" I'Itm(iIhII Ira:-,t., 1 pI i olls,.1, (o'nstolid+tcd hulld . t is hl I ficr,,111u1,)11 IIhIhW., , I I N \ )R.,t(t ' t \ f 1A It tilt' N,'ll.lhist I, f I'iIlancc Ii]I' lla iuth It A\I I aItion i; a re Inladc
ol'm l ivsl+'sit(d11 is It"+scalc h, c cl'X and( cthlu atillllsionl
a I l I it i i 1 .
DEPARTMENT OF MINOR EXPORT
CROPS (DMEC)
1This (]) ttt 'lt\\aIs stil 'l in 1972 andl is rC-Sllo sibh* lil t 1,11 ngo i llailfl\ liln-loodl cro'ps \%vhih hav'et h. t ,d'11
local andil powt ntial
-
AGRARIAN RESEARCH AND
TRAIN ING INSTITUTE (ARTI)
'IIli- 111111 (1h all;l(t of,P.1111,1111,111,111d I, Iit,d lt%,i It'.11d Ilomili'llcd h\ dIc
I"pliwill'Ind krscmt If, .,it fill- hiald . Ho'lld
111(whrls.114 IIIr -(Il IcpIcw IIltti%" If,IIIIII, It'll, .."fill, millisil I(" L illds .111il Lmlil IfHl %chipliwill. killal IIitIit III'll I)( il Itoplill III, I I I(it 11Ill !sIlippillu. I i1i'llitc .'Ild Mmilm ,! P it I; IIItI " IIi ! I)( \ , 1.If)torn I. H 'illl lIIt.11 I Ili Itl III, IIt i h, I I ,I,1, 111.If
III,;]I I l . Ihc I I )Il 11,till (II fit L [ IIf1 .1) 11111- ], n. I IIn i, Iw l l It-IIII! Ii" A l I I I i.1 II
:,ol%, I I''I'lo, Ill, ild Ilic I )m l I..I It kili'd
I Ill. 111, 'ith, I Iw fill" 1, m c [lit I)IIc, lot of
I" " 't ill, I I I Iill IIIQ III'li I it It 't
I I%t , I ( :,II:I I] B.m k, It I Iif I III'tII\ r ..1 Ilit I I, tj I1 1 111 1 11 If I'II I,IclII\ I. III(I:1 V, 11,11!111
IIf, t IIIII I il w mI If,- I .ItI(1.111(1 r11(1111111
, tI 1 .1 1 1111. ,11,it, , I'A( ) If,-I111Ill I IIfI" II..II, 11 0. , I, \ R I l*, 11I.til(I'll,to
-Ik I( , II I! ,ifIIiti,s,it I, -c, , 'Illd
i1i'llill lit11.11 w II, Ill1, fill, . A k I I I hc (mk
111,11( 11,IllI11)1, 1.111 1 1it1,1.1 it 1, 11 't alid Il't, Ilit LlIg( I
tiI, 1]1) 'iI( , .-, ,,.11(I'l, Iitlit -111 IIIt, IIIIII\ , II I, ,-1 1
l''llI I, "I, It11\I-1,'[1, \ , I1,1111111J P 1.1Illlijl a