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AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENRATORWITHOUT BREAK IN POWER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1

CHAPTER 1.

ABSTRACT


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ABSTRACT

The project is designed to provide uninterrupted AC mains

supply i.e., 230 volt to a single phase load. This is achieved by

automatic changeover of the load from the missing phase to the next

available phase in a 3 phase system.

It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system

is about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in

normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic power supply

system where 3 phase is available, it is advisable to have an automatic

changeover system for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the

event of missing phase.

In this system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays

interconnected in such a way that if one of the relay feeding to the

load remains energized always. Under the phase failure condition the

corresponding step down transformer secondary delivers zero voltage

which is duly rectified to DC and then fed to the logic gates

comprising of AND & OR to switch on the next relay that delivers the

power to the load. It also has a provision of connecting to an inverter

source which delivers uninterrupted power to the load incase all the 3 phases go missing. The project is supplied with three transformers

connected to the 3 phases supply.

Further the project can be enhanced by incorporating power

semiconductor devices such as thyristors/IGBTs for instantaneous

changeover to the next available phase.


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CHAPTER 2.

INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

In todays world there is a wide use of electricity for different

purposes such as industrial, residential, traction, commercial and

agriculture for development of the nation. As the demand of

electricity are expanding the more power to be required. Due to

continuous and excessive use of electricity the conventional sources

are reduces Also the problem of load sheding goes on rapidly

increasing. So as to overcome this problems we use both conventional

and non-c onventional sources in our project AUTO POWERSUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES

SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENERATOR WITHOUT

BREAK IN POWER. The outline of the project is selection of

supply from mains, generator, and inverter and solar automatically by

using microcontroller concept.

The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted

power supply to a load, by selecting the supply from any source out of

4 such as mains, generator, and inverter and solar automatically in the

absence of any of the source. The demand for electricity is increasing

every day and frequent power cuts is causing many problems

invarious areas like industries, hospitals and houses. An alternative

arrangement for power source is a must


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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Mains

LCD

Generator

Solar

PowerSupply

Load

Relay

M

I

CR

O

C

O

N

T

R

O

L

L

E

R

Relay Driver

Inverter

Op-amp

Op-amp

4 differentsources


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It works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction andelectromagnetic induction.

LCD:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic displaymodule and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD displayis very basic module and is very commonly used in various

devices and circuits. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animationsand so on.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51


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Power Supply :

Initial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply

system that provides required power to drive the whole system.The specification of power supply depends on the powerrequirement and this requirement is determined by its rating.


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Chapter 4.

Component

Description


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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply block consists of following units:

Step down transformer Bridge rectifier circuit Input filter Voltage regulators

Output filter Indicator unit

Step down transformer:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply

voltage of 230v ac from mains to lower values, as the various ICsused in this project require reduced voltages. The transformerconsists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step downthe voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number ofturns in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coilwhich is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v and 15v. Theconversion of these ac values to dc values to dc values is doneusing the full wave rectifier unit.

Rectifier Unit:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connectedin a bridge circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage ofany polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most commonapplication, for conversion of alternating current (A.C) input into


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direct current (D.C) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. Thediagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full waverectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. whenno transformer center tap is available. A bridge rectifier makes

use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full waverectification. This is a widely used configuration, both withindividual diodes wired as shown and with single componentbridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer,there is a forward path through the diode bridge. Both conduction

paths cause current to flow in the same direction through the loadresister, accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set ofdiodes is forward biased, the other set is reversing biased andeffectively eliminated from the circuit.

Input Filter: -

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dcvoltages are removed and pure dc voltage is obtained. Theprimary action performed by capacitor is charging anddischarging. It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage andit will discharge in negative half cycle. Therefore, it allows only acvoltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixedbefore the regulator. Capacitors used here are of the value 470uF

Regulator unit: -

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value.The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuationsin the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltagefluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to avoid thisregulators are used.


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Regulators can be classified as: - Positive regulator, which regulates the positive

voltage(7805,7812)

1. > input pin2. > ground pin3. > output pin

Regulators used in this application are : -

7805 that provides 5v dc

Output Filter: -

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any ofthe possibly found ripples in the output received finally.Capacitors used here are of value 10F.


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MICROCONTROLLER

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of

RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two DataPointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-levelinterrupt, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clockcircuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic foroperation down to zero frequency and supports two softwareselectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPUwhile allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt

system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the


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RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chipfunctions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. TheDownloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and isaccessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active

forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allowsthe program memory to be written to or read from unless LockBit 2 has been activated.

Features

Compatible with MCS- 51Products

8K bytes of In-System Reprogrammable DownloadableFlash Memory

SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8 bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16 bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power Down Mode

Advantages

Less power consumption Low cost Less space required High speed


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ULN 2003(relay driver ):

Feature; Seven darlingtons per package output current 500ma per driver(600ma peak) output voltage 50v integrated suppression diodes for inductive

loads outputs can be paralleled for higher current

ttl/cmos/pmos/dtlcompatible inputs inputs pinned opposite outputs to Simplifylayout

DESCRIPTION

The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare

high voltage,high current darlington arrays each containing seven

open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel

rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving and the

inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout.

LM358

The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain,

internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which weredesigned specifically to operate from a single power supply over awide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also

possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of themagnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas includetransducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op ampcircuits that now can be more easily implemented in single powersupply systems. In the linear mode, the input common-mode voltage

range includes ground and the output voltage can swing to ground,even though operated from only a single power supply voltage.


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Advantage

The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated. The input bias current is also temperature compensated. Two internally compensated op amps Eliminates need for dual supplies Allows direct sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to

GND

Compatible with all forms of logic Power drain suitable for battery operation

Features

Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package

Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Wide power supply range:

o

Single supply: 3V to 32Vo or dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V

Very low supply current drain (500 A) essentially independent of supply voltage Low input offset voltage: 2 mV Input common-mode voltage range includes ground Differential input voltage range equal to the power


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LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display

module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display

is very basic module and is very commonly used in various

devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven

segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs

are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of

displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in sevensegments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line andthere are 2 such lines. In this LCD, each character is displayed in5x7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Commandand Data.

The command register stores the command instructionsgiven to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to doa predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting thecursor position, controlling display etc. The data register storesthe data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value ofthe character to be displayed on the LCD.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-displayhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-displayhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-displayhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-display


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RELAYS:

The relay is a device by means of which an electrical circuit

can be controlled (opened or closed) by sensing a change in thecircuit in which it is connected. The relays can be eitherelectromagnetic or electronic. In this circuit, the electromagneticrelay is used to connect or disconnect the supply to the applianceto be controlled. It works on the principle of electromagneticattraction and electromagnetic induction. These relays can beactuated by AC or DC quantities. In these relays, there are one or

more coils, movable elements, contact systems etc.


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CHAPTER 5.

WORKING


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WORKING

The outline of this project is selection of supply from main,generator, inverter and solar automatically by using microcontrollerconcept.

As it is not feasible to provide all 4 different sources of supplysource with op-amp LM358 provide to get the same function.

In this project, we are having op-amp connected with fourdifferent sources. When we select any one then op-amp output gethigh of respect input and apply to microcontroller. Here we are using8051 family microcontroller as a input signal is given to the UNL2003, this act as a relay driver. This can drive up to seven relays. Therelay, which are used here, are 12V relay the output can observe usinglamp which is getting uninterrupted power supply from other means ifmain supply is cut off.

The power supply consist of step down transformer 230/12Vwhich steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to beusing a bridge rectifier the ripple are removed using capacitive filter& it is then regulated 7805 which is required for the operation ofmicrocontroller and other component.


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Software used:

Express SCH

Express SCH software used for Circuit designing.

Steps for Designing:

1. Begin a new schematic by running ExpressSCH. You canlaunch ExpressSCH from your desktop by clicking on the icon.

2. Select New from the File menu. Then start designing aschematic diagram.

3. Take component from Components and Symbols manager as perrequired and it by using wire.

4. In this way we can make schematic diagram.


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PCB Artist

INTRODUCTION TO PCB ARTISTPrinted Circuit Boards Basics

PCBs are the backbone of any electronic device s, and thereforeknowledge of PCB layout tools can be a vital skill. Both analog anddigital circuits used in PCBs depending on the application, and withdifferent types of circuits, the designer must take into account certaindesign considerations. More Advance circuits like RF circuits orPower circuits take more thought in the layout and design because thecircuit is more sensitive to component placement and the lengths of

the connections between them.

The process for PCB design is to first create a list of parts youwill use in the circuit, and then take the footprint of the componentfrom libraries available. After taking footprint, you have to connectthat component by track. Then finally place all the components inthis manner and connect them physically how you want them to be

fabricated on the board.


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Keil uvision

The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management,make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, andcomplete simulation in one powerful environment. The Visiondevelopment platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly createembedded programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger areintegrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded

project development environment.


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CHAPTER 6.

SOLDERING


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SOLDERING

What is solder?

Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tinand 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about 200C. Coating asurface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content ofsolder. Lead is poisonous and you should always wash your handsafter using solder.

Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like thewires inside a mains flex. The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and itcleans the metal surfaces as the solder melts. This is why you mustmelt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip. Without fluxmost joints would fail because metals quickly oxidise and the solderitself will not flow properly onto a dirty, oxidised, metal surface.

The best size of solder for electronics is 22swg (swg =standard wire gauge).


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Chapter 7.

Advantages &Disadvantages


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ADVANTAGES

It gives continuous power supply. Problem of load shedding is reduced. Cheaper in cost.

DISADVANTAGES

More components are required.

Maintains cost is high.


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APPLICATION

Any domestic & small industries Hospital :In hospital during operation of any patient, if main

supply off then for these applicated condition we use it.

In bank work Auto intensity control In emmergency condition


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CHAPTER 8.

FUTURE SCOPE


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FUTURE SCOPE

Today, electricity is basic need of modern life all modernactivities are fully dependent on electrical power. However, it,

electricity has critical infrastructure. Approximately,70% household& industrial task access to electricity. In future, require more & more

power that causes get the uninterrupted power supply.

Keeping all this in mind this system provide continuous powerto the consumer to break in electricity .For more electricity requiredmore fuel required to solve this insufficiency of fuel this system used

both conventional & non-conventional sources& saves the fuel forfuture expansions.


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CHAPTER 9.

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

Electricity is most important need of modern life. No work done

without electricity for providing this need without breakage we need

more power. This is achieved by the system and we supply, control

the power without ensure the power breakage and overcomes the

problems of load shedding. Continuous supply of power gives the

comfort of any environment will revolutionize our way of living.

The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted

power supply to aload, by selecting the supply from any source out of

4 such as mains, generator, andinverter and solar automatically in the

absence of any of the source. The demand for electricity is increasing

every day and frequent power cuts is causing many problems

invarious areas like industries, hospitals and houses


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CHAPTER 10.REFERENCES


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REFERENCES

Name of references book

Sr.no Book name Auther name

1 Network analysis Van valken burg

2 Circuit theory Chakravarthy

3 Microprocesser B Ram

Sites of refference

1. http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/dtmf/dtmf.htm

2. http://electronics-diy.com/electronic_schematic.php?id=510

3. http://www.discovercircuits.com/D/dtmf.htm

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling

5. http://www.gaoresearch.com/products/telephony/other/dtmf.php

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_%28telecommunications

%29

7. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5459784.html

8. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5459784/description.html
http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/dtmf/dtmf.htmhttp://electronics-diy.com/electronic_schematic.php?id=510http://www.discovercircuits.com/D/dtmf.htmhttp://www.discovercircuits.com/D/dtmf.htmhttp://electronics-diy.com/electronic_schematic.php?id=510http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/dtmf/dtmf.htm


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CHAPTER 11.

LIST OFCOMPONENT


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Sr.no.

List of component Quantity Cost (Rs)

1 Microcontroller IC AT89S52 1 200*1=200

2 Relay 4 50*4=2003 LED 1 100*1=1004 LCD JHD-162A 1 300*1=3005 Bridge rectifier 1 50*1=506 Transformer 4 100*4=4007 Solar plate 1 3500*1=35008 Resister - 10*5=509 Op-amp LM358 1 50*1=50

10 Printed ckt board (270*280) 1 200*1=20011 Relay driver IC UJN280 4 25*4=10012 Crystal KDS11.65 1 100*1=10013 Lamp 1 10*1=1014 Capacitor 1 50*1=5015 PCB 1 500*1=50016 Regulator L78051C 1 80*1=8017 Zener diode 4 30*4=120

TOTAL 29 =6010


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CHAPTER 12. PROJECT PHOTO


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