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atmosphere clean. In the late 40's 1 ransome large turbo-compound engines ofthis kind at Cornell as well as at Pratt& Whitney Aircraft and found sturpris-ingly low levels of carbon monoxide inthe exhauist during operation below 80percent of fuLll load at all speeds. Inthe early 50's, I witnessed the "TexacoCombuLstion Process" engine, whichseemed uinusuLLally indifferent to octanerating. The engine ran on almost any-thing. My recollection is that I wasn'tparticuLlarly impressed with the combUs-tion chamber design and privately pre-dicted nothing would come of it. Never-theless, I recall that the design permitteda form of air-fuel mixing that promoteddetonation resistance and might beworth another look from the standpointof lowering atmospheric contaminationfrom fuLel additives, but I doubt whetherthe CO level would be reduced. Thiskind of engine design might be anexample of the performance com-promise that Fay and Keck so correctlIxanticipate. I agree with them thatvirtuLally every method for redLtcingpollution woULld introduLce seriouLs per-formance penalties.

I do not think that the atutonmotivesteam engine (even if somehow runcondensing) woUld be especially attrac-tive either in terms of economy or theinstant response requlired of character-istic stop-and-go driving as well as ofsudden accelerations as in high speedpassing. Therefore I douLbt whetherthere is a truLly practical soltution to thepollution problem withouLt inordinatecosts to the car operator.

ISRA,Ei KATZN ortheeastern JUniiersilv,Bost.i, Alassachlusetts 02115

Cultura Italiana

Some of Nicola Di Ferrante's coIml-ments (Letters, 20 Sept.) on the Italianacademic situation bear some truth, butI ca;nnot help feeling that he suffersfrom "Italophobia." It is not uncom-nion among Italianis, especially thosewho emigrate to other lands to criticizeexcessively that very country and thoseinstitutions which prepared them, dur-ing the "green years," to attain successin life. Most remarkable, are not theshortcomings of the Italians, but theabilities of Italians to denounce theirown shortcomings, without ultimllatelVdoing anything to resolve them. It isnot unusual that they would even de-nouLnce themselves for sins which are

either nonexistent or common to theentire human race, as Barzini (1) hasinvoluntarily demonstrated by writinghis book.

Everybody agrees that the universityssystem in Italy needs complete over-hauling, but for Di Ferrante to say thatthe new generation learns precious littleand is well versed in the art of intrigueand academic politics goes beyond afair and constructive criticism andcreates the general impression thatItalian students are ignoranit lads whoseprimary pursuit is deception. Di Fer-rante reassures us that he did not in-tend it as an accusation against Italianstudents and graduates. but in themeantime, for all practical purposes, theaccusation has been made.

Regardless of how impractical theprograms and system of teaching inItalian universities may be, most Italianstudents who reach the university haveperhaps the highest general culturetraining among their couLnterparts in anycouLntry. The American ptublic, even inthe academic world, is not aware thatthe university in Italy, as in other coun-tries in Eturope, is in essence a grad-uiate school. Before entering the univer-sity, the Italian student goes through 3grUeling years of Licco, during whichihe practically "recapituLlates" 3000 yearsof knowledge of the western world. Hehais to digest an impressive number ofLatin and Greek authors in the originallanguage. including translation, inter-pretation, and comment. The same istrue for an endless list of Italian poetsand writers, Dante's entire DivineConmevy, the philosophical work ofGerman, English, or French authors,and works of art: painting, sculpture,aind architecture, from Phidias to FrankLloyd Wright.To this, one has to add the chronolog-

ical histories of each subject: historyof Greek literature, history of Latinliterature, history of Italian literature,history of philosophy, and so forth.

The hunianities represent the majorload. but the natural sciences are alsopart of the course of study. Division ofssubjects is conventional, with no frag-mentation into a variety of courses withdifferent exotic titles. A single word"L-atin" defines a subject which mnaycomprise everything that was written inRoman times.The value of such training has been

seldom pointed out or sufficiently em-

phasized. Rather, it has been minimizedby the Italians themselves, at a timewhen many in America are crying form(ore hulmalnistic training for scientists

SCIFNCE. VOL. 162

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and engineers -in order to producemore "complete, universal men." Uni-versity reform and elimination of obso-lete methods and practices is imperativein Italy, but international vilification ofthe Mater universitatis and her studentsand graduates is not.

GIORGIO SOLI41-885 Laumilo Street,Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795

Reference

1. L. Barzini, The Italians (Atheneum, NewYork, 1964).

Zond 5: Sketches and Guesses

While I generally agree with the usesof the Zond 5 class of (Soviet) space-craft proposed by Davies and Murray(11 Oct., p. 243), their description ofZond 5 as being comparable in designto the Soviet Mars and Venus probesis, I think, wide of the mark.The sketch in Dmitriyev's article

(Pravda, 25 Sept.) does show threesections for the spacecraft in its park-ing orbit. However, it is easily seenthat the section described by Daviesand Murray as containing a midcourserocket motor (that is, a rocket engine)is not that at all. It is, in fact, theupper stage of the booster rocket andits purpose is to inject the Zond 5 intoits translunar trajectory. That upperstage adds some 10,400 feet per second(3120 meters per second) to the Zond5 which at that point already has anEarth satellite velocity of perhaps 25,-400 feet per second. Midcourse enginesadd only corrections of the order ofhundreds of feet per second and oftenless AV. The stage was ignited 67 min-utes after the initial launching and dis-carded after burn-out, leaving only twocompartments. All this is described byDmitriyev and is shown in his sketches.He describes a sphere-the "descentvehicle"-and an instrument compart-ment as leaving the parking orbit.

Despite Dmitriyev's relatively de-tailed article, both Davies and Murrayand myself will have to await photo-graphs of the Zond 5 spacecraft com-parable to those of the Venus 4 releasedby the Soviet Union. The latter weresufficiently detailed so as to permitcounting of threads in the "plumbing,"whereas the crude sketches of Zond 5give rise to an extended guessing game,no less.

SAUNDERS B. KRAMER1241 Eureka Avenue,Los Altos, California 94022

13 DECEMBER 1968

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