processorAMD Athlon 64 X2 (Dual Core) Socket AM2ProcessorAMD has developed its dual core processors for the socket 939 motherboards. By having 2 processor cores on a single chip, your computer ill be able to take advantage of the e!tra speed hen multi"tasking, or running #threaded# tasks like $ideo"%diting. &he AM2 socket line has also added support for neer DD'2 memory.Intel Core 2 Duo (Conroe) CPUs(ntel)s latest generation of *+,s is here- &he *ore 2 Duo .alsoknon by it)s codename *onroe/ is a drastic departure from older (ntel designs. 'ather than focusing on pure speed, as the +entium0 and +entiumD lines had, the *ore 2 Duo is an efficiency poerhouse. (t outperforms both older (ntel modelsand many AMD processors, and also runs cooler than previous(ntel chips. 1or gaming, video editing, and most other high"end applications this is the ne performance leader.AMD 12 series AM2 +rocessors3ike the socket 939 before it, the 12 series is AMD)s flagship processor for their neest socket AM2. &he 12 series is not fully dual"core, meaning it has 2 *+, cores on this single chip, and has many high"performance features like unlocked multipliers for overclocking and the highest clock speed of theentire series. (f you ant AMD)s highest end gaming *+,, the 12 series is it.&hese processors are basically to *ore 2 Duo .*onroe/ *+,s combined into one. &hat means four total processing cores, hich provides incredible poerfor applications that are multi"threaded. (n particular, media editing applications and processor"intensive programs tend to benefit from this " hile gaming and office suites tend to see far less improvement.Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 1Intel Core 2 Quadro (Kents!eld)CPUsIntel Core 2 Duo (Conroe) "642# 2$%&'()4M(ntel4s5 *ore62 Duo processors feature (ntel5 *ore6 microarchitecture, a revolutionary blueprint that takes these (ntel5processors and products to e!traordinary levels of performance and poer efficiency. Intel Core 2 Quad (Kents!eld) Q66##2$4'()&he first 7uad"core *+,s are here- &he (ntel5 8uad"core 99:: and 9;:: offer nearly double the multi"tasking poer of the dual"core *onroes, hich means they can .and ill/ run circles around the dual"core chips at tasks like 3"D rendering and video editing.Processor*2 Cache Ma+Speed *ocat!on(ntel 02 ?B 1@B Motherboard(ntel +entium =>2 ?B 1@B Motherboard(ntel +entium +ro >:20 ?B *+, +rocessor die(ntel +entium 2 =>2 ?B >A2 *+, *ard +*B(ntel *eleron : ?B BA BA(ntel *eleron +ro >2< ?B *+, +rocessor diePen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 2(ntel 2eon 2:0< ?B *+, *ard +*BMOTHERBORDPen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 3&he ne!t generation of motherboard is here- &he M2B32"@3( uses the ne socked AM2, the replacement for the older socket 939 found on the A333MHI, but the +3= chipset on this model also has (ntel)s latest memory controller hich provides an additional boost to overall memory performance.

,Intel- Asus Str!ker "+tre0e&he @triker %!treme features n$idia)s 99 GB 'AM ma!imum leaves plenty of space for e!pansion, as does @3( support.,Dual Intel- SuperM!cro Dual Xeon %&&& A6X DD7II PCI1" " &he smallest dual 2eon board e carry, the @upermicro 2;DA3"% is perfect for lo"cost servers. Cd drivePen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 6Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 7CD-ROM- CD-ROM (Coma!" D#s!$ %ea&-on'(-memo%() #s an a&a"a"#on o* "he CD "ha" #s &es#gne& "o s"o%e !omu"e% &a"a #n "he *o%m o* "e+" an& g%ah#!s$ as ,e'' as h#-- s"e%eo soun&. .he o%#g#na' &a"a *o%ma" s"an&a%& ,as &e-ne& /( Ph#'#s an& 0on( #n "he 1913 2e''o, 3ook. O"he% s"an&a%&s a%e use& #n !on4un!"#on ,#"h #" "o &e-ne %e!"o%( an& -'e s"%u!"u%es$ #n!'ung 50O 9660$670 (6#e%a%!ha' 7#'e 0(s"em$ *o% Ma!#n"osh !omu"e%s)$ an& 6(/%#& 670-50O. 7o%ma" o* "he CD-ROM #s "he same as *o% auo CDs: a s"an&a%& CD #s 120 mm (4.75 #n!hes) #n ame"e% an& 1.2 mm (0.05 #n!hes) "h#!k an& #s !omose& o* a o'(!a%/ona"e 'as"#! su/s"%a"e (un&e%'a(e% - "h#s #s "he ma#n /o&( o* "he s!)$ one o% mo%e "h#n %e8e!"#9e me"a' (usua''( a'um#num) 'a(e%s$ an& a 'a!:ue% !oa"#ng. The Yellow Book specifications were so general that there was some fear in the industry that multiple incompatible and proprietary formats would be created. In order to prevent such an occurrence, representatives from industry leaders met at the High Sierra Hotel inake Tahoe to collaborate on a common standard. !icknamed the High Sierra Format, this version was later modified to become IS" #$$%. Today, &'()"*s are standardi+ed and will work in any standard &'()"* drive. &'()"* drives can also read audio compact discs for music, although &' players cannot read &'()"* discs. CD-ROM Da"a 0"o%age;'"hough "he s! mea an& "he &%#9es o* "he CD an& CD-ROM a%e$ #n %#n!#'e$ "he same$ "he%e #s a ust a few years and by the start of the newmillennium a typical desktop hard drive stored ,5=B across three 1.2in platters. Thankfully, as capacity has gone up prices have come down, improved areal density levels being the dominant reason for the reduction in price per megabyte. It9s not >ust the si+e of hard disks that has increased. The performance of fi6ed disk mediahas also evolved considerably. 7hen the Intel Triton chipset arrived, ?I'? 8I" mode 4 was born and hard disk performance soared to new heights, allowing users to e6perience high(performance and high(capacity data storage without having to pay a premium for a S&SI(based system.Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 10How Hard Disks are organizedet9s start by reviewing facts you9ve probably learned by working with *icrosoft 7indows. *ost operating systems, including *icrosoft 7indows #2 and 7indows #5, manage hard disk drives by dividing their storage space into units known as partitions. So that you can access a partition, 7indows #2 and 7indows #5 associate a drive letter .such as &- or '-/ with it. Before you can store data on a partition, you must format it. 3ormatting a partition organi+es the associated space into what is called a file system, which provides space for storing the names and attributes of files as well as the data they contain. *icrosoft 7indows supports several types of file systems, such as 3;T and 3;T10, a newer filesystem type thatprovides more efficient storage, launches programs faster, and supports very large hard disk drives.8artitions comprise the logical structure of a disk drive, the way humans and most computer programs understand the structure. However, disk drives have an underlying physical structure that more closely resembles the actual structure of the hardware. 3igure 0.1 shows the logical and physical structure of a disk drive.Figure 2.3: The structure of a hard diskPen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 11*echanically, a hard disk is constructed of platters that resemble the phonograph records found in a old(fashioned >uke bo6. ?ach platter is associated with a read@write head that works much like the read@write headon a A&), encoding data as a series of electromagnetic pulses. ;s the platter spins, the heads record data in concentric rings known as tracks, which are numbered beginning with +ero. ; hard disk may have hundreds or thousands of tracks. What is pen-drive ?USB ( Universal Serial Bus, is a 9standard9 developed by the computer industry to allow a vast number of different devices to be easily attached to one machine with the minimum re1 m#''#se!on&*%ames %a"he% "han "he 1 ms *%ames o* "he 1.1 se!#-!a"#on. @03 hu/s Just about any computer that you buy today comes with one ormore Universal Serial Bus connectors on the back. These USBconnectors let you attach everything from mice to printers to yourcomputer quickly and easily. The operating system supports USBas well, so the installation of the device drivers is quick and easy,too. ompared to other ways of connecting devices to yourcomputer !including parallel ports, serial ports and special cardsthat you install inside the computer"s case#, USB devices areincredibly simple$%n this article, we will look at USB ports from both a user and a technical standpoint. &ou will learn why the USB system is so fle'ible and how it is able to support so many devices so easily (( it"s truly an ama)ing system$ *hat is USB+,nyone who has been around computers for more than two or three years knows the problem that the Universal Serial Bus is trying to solve (( in the past, connecting devices to computers has been a real headache$ -rinters connected to parallel printer ports, and most computers only came with one. Things like .ip drives, which need a high(speed connection into the computer, would use the parallel port as well, often with limited success and not much speed. /odems used the serial port, but so did some printers and a variety of odd things like -alm -ilots and digital cameras. /ost computers have at most two serial ports, and they are very slow in most cases. 0evices that needed faster connections came with their own cards, which had to fit in a card slot inside the computer"s case. Unfortunately, the number of card slots is limited and you needed a -h.0. to install the software for some of the cards. The goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal Serial Bus gives you a single, standardi)ed, easy(to(use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer. Just about every peripheral made now comes in a USB version. , sample list of USB devices that you can buy today includes1 -rinters Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 13 Scanners /ice Joysticks 2light yokes 0igital cameras *ebcams Scientific data acquisition devices /odems Speakers Telephones 3ideo phones Storage devices such as .ip drives 4etwork connections onnecting a USB device to a computer is simple (( you find the USB connector on the back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it. Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 14The rectangular socket is a typical USB socket on the back of a PC. typical USB connector! called an "" connection%f it is a new device, the operating system auto(detects it and asks for the driver disk. %f the device has already been installed, the computer activates it and starts talking to it. USB devices can be connectedand disconnected at any time. /any USB devices come with their own built(in cable, and the cable has an 5,5 connection on it. %f not,then the device has a socket on it that accepts a USB 5B5 connector. Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 15 typical "B" connectionThe USB standard uses "" and "B" connectors to avoid confusion1 55 connectors head 5upstrea#5 toward the computer. 5B5 connectors head 5do$nstrea#5 and connect to individual devices. By using different connectors on the upstream and downstream end, it is impossible to ever get confused (( if you connect any USB cable"s 5B5 connector into a device, you know that it will work. Similarly, you can plug any 5,5 connector into any 5,5 socket and know that it will work. 6unning 7ut of -orts+/ost computers that you buy today come with one or two USB sockets. *ith so many USB devices onthe market today, you easily run out of sockets very quickly. 2or e'ample, on the computer that % am typing on right now, % have a USB printer, a USB scanner, a USB *ebcam and a USB network connection. /y computer has only one USB connector on it, so the obvious question is, 58ow do you hook up all the devices+5 The easy solution to the problem is to buy an ine'pensive USB hub. The USB standard supports up to9:; devices, and USB hubs are a part of the standard. Pen no : 090450112069Zeeshan m. kanuga. Page 16 typical USB four%port hub accepts & "" connections., hub typically has four new ports, but may have many more. &ou plug the hub into your computer, and then plug your devices !or other hubs# into the hub. By chaining hubs together, you can build up do)ens of available USB ports on a single computer. 8ubs can be po$ered or unpo$ered. ,s you will see on the ne't page, the USB standard allows for devices to draw their power from their USB connection. 7bviously, a high(power device like a printer orscanner will have its own power supply, but low(power devices like mice and digital cameras get their power from the bus in order to simplify them. The power !up to