PBIS4131- SOCIOLINGUISTICS

SELAMAT MEMBACA TEMAN-TEMAN

LANGUAGE AND ITS DEFINITION

A language is a set of words and rules of grammar for the use of those words.

Words are symbols that stand for ideas and objects that are important in a culture.

A word is merely a combination of sound and letters that have no meaning apart from that

which is assigned to it by the language.

Speech and Writting

Speech is transient (sementara waktu), rather than permanent. Because of physical constraints (ketidakleluasaan/paksaan) interlocurtors (teman bicara) may not speak at the same time, or else they cannot hear what the other say. They are bound by the non-reversible distribution of turns at talk.

Written language, by contrast, can be stored retrieved, and recollected, and responses can be delay. Because it cannot be immediately challenged as in oral communication, written language carrries more weight and hence (krn itu) more prestige (gengsi).

GROUPS

The difference between primary and secondary groups are primary group is a relatively small group whose member interact in a regular and intimate basis.  Examples include family, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups

Secondary group is a group or category that people use to evaluate themselves and their behavior.

BOUNDARIES

Groups are distinguishable (dapat dibedakan) from the social environment. They are cohesive (bersatu) units with their own boundaries. The boundaries of a group can be defined by recurring patterns of interaction, by formal membership reguirements, by culturally meaningful symbols such as uniforms and badges, and by conflict with other group.

SIZE

The number of members in a group is an important structural characteristic that

influence the behavior of a group’s members in a variety of ways (Simmel).

Large groups are always secondary groups and have the characteristics of secondary groups. Small group can be either primary groups or secondary groups, but even those that are

secondary groups often have some traits (sifat) of primary groups, such as face-to-face interaction.

• primary group• It is typically a small social group whose

members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together.

• group• A number of things or persons being in

some relation to one another.

Secondary groups

They are large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal-oriented.

Examples of secondary groups include vendor-to-client relationships, a doctor-to-patient relationship, a mechanic, an accountant

can be students taking sociology course in the present semester. They might be together only for thesemester and may never see each other. 

Co-workers at a place of work,  members of a political party

Social Positioning

The use of social deictic like pronous, forms of addres, or names, is one way speakers align themselve to the cultural context as they understand it.

We have seen how chages in intonation and pronunciation can also indicate chages in our perception of our role as a participant in an interaction, and in our alignment to other, a positioning footing.

i.e. The stance we take up to ourselves and to the other present as expressed in the wau we manage ther production or reception of utterance. A change in footing is usually marked by a change in register, tone of voice or bodily orientation.

PROTECTING FACE

The ultimate aim of negotiating frames and footings in conversation is to protect one’s own and other participant’s face at all times.

They also need to be reinforced in their view of themselves as polite, considerate, respectful members of their culture (positive face).

CONVERSATION STYLE

Different contexts of situation and different contxts of culture call for different conversation

style