pba-info€¦ · web viewpredrag jakšić. general introduction. yugoslavia covers an area of...

Yugoslavia

Predrag Jakšić

General introductionYugoslavia covers an area of 102,173 km2 of which Serbia comprised 86% and Montenegro 14%. The main geographic units in Serbia are the Pannonian region in the north, the Peripannonian region in the centre, and the Mountain-and-basin region in the south. In Montenegro the main units are the Coastal and the Mountain-and-basin regions. The northern province of Vojvodina is strikingly flat, while the central part of the country is hilly and mountainous; Montenegro has a coastal area. A large proportion of the country is covered by forest, with areas of agricultural land. More than 60% of Yugoslavia is made up of hilly to mountainous landscapes above 500 m elevation. Montenegro has a c. 200 km long coastline along the Adriatic Sea.

Seventeen Prime Butterfly Areas have been identified, covering 94,877 ha (table 1, map 1).Table 1: Summary of Prime Butterfly Areas in Yugoslavia.Number Name Main vegetation

Number of target species

Area (ha)

YU-01 Crno Jezero Woodland 4 200YU-02 Pastrik - Gorozup Woodland 3 820

YU-03Sar-Planina - Brezovica Woodland, grassland 2 960

YU-04Majdanpek - Rudna Glava Woodland 1 885

YU-05 Stol Woodland 3 200YU-06 Bar Woodland and scrub 1 632YU-07 Igalo Woodland and scrub 1 480YU-08 Osljak Woodland and grassland 2 2200YU-09 Prokletije Woodland 1 2400YU-10 Kopaonik Woodland, grassland 1 11800YU-11 Stara Planina Woodland 2 14200YU-12 Budva Woodland and scrub 1 800YU-13 Fruska Gora Woodland 1 25300YU-14 Planina Tara Woodland, grassland 3 19200YU-15 Mokra Gora Woodland, grassland 2 6400YU-16 Gornje Podunavlje Woodland, grassland 2 4100YU-17 Rugovska Klisura Woodland 3 4300

Map 1: Location of Prime Butterfly Areas in Yugoslavia.

Importance for butterfliesThere are 207 native butterfly species in Yugoslavia, 19 of them considered threatened in Europe. The six target species are listed in table 2.

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Table 2: Present distribution and trend of the target species in Belarus. The percentage of the European population indicates the importance of the country for the conservation of the butterfly.

SpeciesPresent distribution

class TrendPercentage of European

populationNumber of PBAs

Euphydryas aurinia 5-15% unknown <1% 3Euphydryas maturna <1% unknown <1% 4Lopinga achine 1-5% unknown <1% 2Lycaena ottomana <1% unknown 1-5% 3Maculinea arion 1-5% unknown <1% 10Parnassius apollo 5-15% unknown <1% 11

Euphydryas maturna is restricted to a few woodland sites, scattered over the country. Lopinga achine is found locally in woodlands in the north and east, while Lycaena ottomana has a very limited distribution along the Adriatic coast of Montenegro. Maculinea arion and Parnassius apollo are widely distributed in the mountains of the country.

Land-use and threats All PBAs are partly used as a nature reserve, while other major land-uses are forestry, tourism and agriculture. Several areas are used for military purposes or have urban influence.

Table 3: Land-uses at Prime Butterfly Areas in Yugoslavia (n=17). One PBA can have several forms of land-use.

Land-useNumber of

PBAsnature conservation 17forestry 13tourism 12agriculture 8military 6urban 5industrial 2

Since the main vegetation of most PBAs is woodland, it is not surprising that a major threat is from the felling of woodland. Other serious threats are from the drainage of wetland habitats, tourist developments, afforestation and urbanisation. Isolation poses another major threat to populations of some target species, notably Lopinga achine.

Figure 1: Occurrence of threats at Prime Butterfly Areas in Yugoslavia.

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Information sourcesDistribution data are provided in Jakšić (1988) for the whole of former Yugoslavia. The maps were subsequently complemented by information from a network of collaborators, but the quality of distribution data is patchy. Numerous sub-species have been described (Jakšić, 1988), but there taxonomy needs to be revised.

Thirty-five species are included in the Red List of Butterflies in Serbia published in Jakšić (1998), but there is no Red List of Butterflies in Montenegro. Fifty-seven species are included in a National Red Data Book for Serbia, though this has not yet been published (Jakšić, 2001, manuscript).

There is no monitoring system of individual species and no active species protection programmes. However, many sites are covered by laws that protect their habitats. There are more than 500 registered and protected areas: ten national parks and World Natural heritage sites (NP+WNHS "Durmitor", NP+WNHS "Kotorsko-risanski zaliv", NP "Biogradska gora", NP "Lovcen", NP "Fruska Gora", NP "Djerdap", NP "Tara", NP "Kopaonik", NP "Skadarsko jezero" and NP "Sar-planina"). There are also many nature parks, many areas protected for their natural beauty, etc.

ReferencesGradojevic M. (1930-31) Leptirovi Srbije – Diurna. Glasnik jugoslovenskog entomoloskog drustva,

Sv. 1-2, 133-153.Jakšić, P. (1983) Bibliografija Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Jugoslavije sa katalogom vrsta, podvrsta i

sinonima. Acta entomologica Jugoslavica, 19, 53-115 (Supplementum).Jakšić, P. (1988). Provisional distribution maps of the butterflies of Yugoslavia (Lepidoptera,

Rhopalocera). Jugoslavensko entomolosko drustvo. Zagreb.Jakšić, P. (1993). The M. Rogulja collection of Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) from the former state of

Yugoslavia. Entomologist's Gazette 44, 85-99.Jakšić, P. (1998). Male genitalia of Butterflies of Balkan peninsula with a Check-list (Lepidoptera:

Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea). Frantisek Slamka ed., Bratislava.Jakšić, P. (1998). The Butterflies of the Sar-planina Mt. (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and

Papilionoidea). Zastita prirode 50, 229-252 [in serbocroat].Jakšić, P. (1999). The Butterflies of serbian part of Stara planina Mt. (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and

Papoilionoidea). Zastita prirode 51(2), 69-84 [in serbocroat].Jovanovic, B., Jovanovic, R. & Zupancic M. (Eds.) (1986) Natural Potential Vegetation of Jugoslavia,

with Map 1: 1.000.000. Scientific Council of Vegetation Map of Yugoslavia ed., Ljubljana.Matvejev, S. D. & Puncer, I.J. (1989) Map of Biomes Landscapes of Yugoslavia and their protection.

Natural History Museum in Belgrade., Special issue, Vol. 36, 1-76.Parker, R. & Jakšić, P. (1996) The butterflies of Stara planina (Serbia) with emphasis on M. jurtina

Linnaeus. British journal of entomology and natural history 9(2), 93-101.Sijaric, R., Lorkovic, Z., Carnelutti, J., Jakšić, P. (1984) Fauna Durmitora: Rhopalocera. Fauna

Durmitora 1, 95-184.Zecevic, M. & Radovanovic, S. (1974) Leptiri Timocke Krajine (Makrolepidoptera). Razvitak, Zajecar.

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Site accounts

Crno Jezero YugoslaviaAlternative names: Durmitor YU-01 Administrative region: Coordinates: 43°08'N-19°05'E Altitude: mArea: 200 ha General description Durmitor is a national park in northern Montenegro. It covers the river Tara canyon, the Durmitor plane and numerous mountain massifs. Not far from the town of Zabljak is Crno jezero (the Black Lake), which is of glacial (ice age) origin. The Veliki Medjed massif begins at its western shore. The base of the massif along the lake is designated as Celine, the PBA. Stratigraphically, it is made up of the Quarternery and Jurassic formations; with its geomorphology produced by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are European mostly coniferous forest of boreal type and biomes of high mountain rocks, pastures, snow-patches and avalanches of Alpine and High-Nordic type. Typical plant communities are Abieti-Fagetum, Fagetum subalpinum, Piceetum excelsae subalpinum, Pinetum mugi, Oxytropidon dinaricae, etc.

Butterflies Species Approximate number of

breeding areasPost 1990 data

availableTrend Key habitats

Euphydryas aurinia 2-10 yes stable 34, 37, 38, 41

Euphydryas maturna 2-10 yes stable 37, 38, 41, 43

Maculinea arion 2-10 yes stable

34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42

Parnassius apollo 2-10 yes stable 36, 38, 41, 61

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: CelineLand use: nature conservation, tourism.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, afforestation, recreation/tourism, natural events, isolation. RemarksOther important butterfly species present include: Lycaena candens, Aricia anteros, Polyommatus eros, Boloria pales and Erebia pandrose.

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Pastrik - Gorozup YugoslaviaYU-02

Administrative region: Kosovo and MetohijaCoordinates: 42°05'N-20°35'E Altitude: 410-1987 mArea: 820 ha General description Pastrik is a limestone mountain on the border between Kosovo & Metohija and Albania. Gorozup is situated on the southern slopes, along the Beli Drim river. Natural ecosystems are extremely well preserved here. The whole Pastrik Mt. is made up of sedimentary rocks dating from the Cretaceous and formed by the alpine orogeny. The PBA lies between Gorozup and the mountain top. Typical biomes are submediterranean broad-leaved woodlands and shrubs, and south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. Typical plant communities are Quercetum trojanae, Querceto frainetto-cerris, Abieti-Fagetum, Quercetum petraeae etc.




Euphydryas aurinia 2-10 yes stable 34, 37, 38, 41


34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: forestry, military, nature conservation.General threats (in order of importance): abandonment, afforestation, felling of woodland, burning of vegetation, isolation. RemarksOther important butterfly species present include: Leptidea reali, Polyommatus eroides, Erebia melas and Erebia oeme.

Sar-Planina - Brezovica YugoslaviaYU-03

Administrative region: Kosovo And Metohija: Sirinicka Zupa

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Coordinates: 42°14'N-21°01'E Altitude: 900-950 mArea: 960 ha General description The Sar-planina mountain national park is in south Yugoslavia, on the border with FYR Macedonia. The massif is over 80 km long. Brezovica is the well-known winter resort and a ski-centre is situated on the Urosevac-Strpce-Prizren road. The PBA is located on the northern slopes of the Piribeg massif and is made up of Cretaceous sediments and various igneous and metamorphic rocks. The area was formed by the alpine orogeny and the habitat itself is made up of flysch. Typical biomes are rocky ground, pastures and woods on stony ground of (Oro)Mediterranean mountains, and biomes of south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. Typical plant community are: Fagetum montanum, Abieti-Fagetum, Piceetum excelsae montanum, Pinetum peucis, Seslerion comosae, etc.





34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Durlov potokLand use: agriculture, forestry, military, nature conservation, tourism, urban, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, collecting, afforestation, felling of woodland, land-drainage. RemarksOther significant butterfly species present are: Pyrgus andromedae, Plebeius optilete, Erebia cassioides, Erebia pronoe and Erebia oeme.

Majdanpek - Rudna Glava YugoslaviaYU-04

Administrative region: Coordinates: 44°18'N-22°05'E Altitude: mArea: 885 ha

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General description Rudna glava is situated in the massif of the Kucaj mountains, at the southern foot of the Liskovac mountain on the Majdanpek - Negotin road. The area lies in the Saska river gorge, on the slopes of Liskovac. Stratigraphically, it dates back to early Palaeozoic, its formation being completed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands and typical plant communities are: Quercetum frainetto-cerris, Quercetum cerris moesiacum, Fagetum montanum, etc.

Butterflies Species Approximate number

of breeding areasPost 1990

data available Trend Key habitats

Lopinga achine 2-10 no decrease 41, 42, 43, 44

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, industrial, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): isolation, chemical pollution, burning of vegetation, felling of woodland, afforestation. Conservation issuesThe main problem with the protection of Lopinga achine here is that this population is very isolated. At present the population appears to be stable, but in the near future it could be threatened by global warming. This is also the case with population in the Stol site. The nearest populations are in Slavonia and in Bosnia (Lukavica), a distance of the several hundred kilometres. RemarksOther important butterfly species present are: Satyrium w-album, Scolitantides orion and Polyommatus damon.

Stol YugoslaviaYU-05

Administrative region: Coordinates: 44°11'N-22°10'E Altitude: mArea: 200 ha General description Stol is a limestone mountain in eastern Serbia, north of the mining town of Bor. On a plateau below is the mountaineers' hut. In the vicinity of the hut there are various forest and field habitats of well preserved nature, including a small lake and an impassable canyon. The PBA location is in

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the very vicinity of the mountaineers'hut. Stratigraphically, it is early Palaeozoic, igneous and metamorphic rocks, morphologically the area was formed by alpine orogeny. Typical are biomes of south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. Typical plant community are: Syringo-Carpinetum orientalis, Fagetum montanum s. lat., Quercetum petraeae s. lat., etc.




Lopinga achine 2-10 no decrease 41, 42, 43, 44


34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: forestry, nature conservation, tourism, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, land-drainage, isolation, burning of vegetation, felling of woodland. Conservation issuesAs with the PBA at Rudna glava, the most serious conservation problem with Lopinga achine is that this population is very isolated and could be threatened by global warming. The nearest populations are in Slavonia and in Bosnia (Lukavica), a distance of the several hundred kilometres. RemarksOther important butterfly species present are: Pseudophilotes baton, Melitaea aurelia, Kirinia climene and Erebia melas.

Bar YugoslaviaYU-06

Administrative region: Crna Gora (=Montenegro)Coordinates: 42°06'N-19°09'E Altitude: 0-1594 mArea: 632 ha General description Bar is a big sea-port in south Montenegro in a typical Mediterranean region. The PBA is situated above the Stari Bar, on the western slopes of the Rumija mt. Stratigraphically, the rocks are Palaeogene and Cretaceous, the region was formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are

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Mediterranean evergreen woodlands and maquis, and typical plant communities are Orno-Quercetum ilicis, Quercetum trojanae, Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis, etc.




Lycaena ottomana 11-100 no decrease 15, 31, 41, 45

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: agriculture, nature conservation, tourism, urban, industrial.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, land-drainage, urbanisation, felling of woodland, agricultural intensification. Conservation issuesSince the Bar port has been built, a rapid industrialisation and urbanisation has started, which will endanger the PBA further in the future. RemarksOther butterfly species present are: Muschampia proto, Gegenes pumilio, Gegenes nostrodamus and Papilio alexanor.

Igalo YugoslaviaYU-07

Administrative region: Crna Gora (=Montenegro)Coordinates: 42°27'N-18°33'E Altitude: mArea: 480 ha General description Igalo is the well-known tourist resort furthest north on the Adriatic coast of Montenegro. It is situated in the Boka Kotorska bay, west of the town of Herceg-Novi. The PBA locality is the Igalo hinterland, on the southern slopes of the Orijen mt. Stratigraphically, it dates back from Palaeogene and Cretaceous, and geomorphologically is a step-like mountain foot. Typical biomes are Mediterranean evergreen woodlands and maquis, and typical plant communities are: Orno-Quercetum ilicis, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, Seslerio-Fagetum etc.




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Lycaena ottomana 11-100 no stable 15, 31, 41, 45

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, tourism, urban.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, land-drainage, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, collecting. RemarksOther butterfly species present include: Muschampia proto, Gegenes pumilio, Gegenes nostrodamus and Papilio alexanor.

Osljak YugoslaviaYU-08

Administrative region: Kosovo And MetohijaCoordinates: 42°10'N-20°50'E to 42°08'N-20°55'E Altitude: mArea: 2200 ha General description The Osljak mountain massif is situated in southern Serbia, north of the Sar-planina Mountain. It lies on the Sar-planina Mt., but does not belong to it geologically. The Sar-planina Mt. is a silicate mountain, while Osljak is a limestone bedrock. The PBA is on the southern slopes, from the village of Sredska to the Osljak top. The massif is predominantly of Cretaceous origin, formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are rocky ground, pastures and woods on stony grounds of (Oro)Mediterranean mountain. Typical plant community are: Fagetum montanum, Luzulo albidae-Fagetum, Pinetum mugi, Pinetum heldreichii, etc.





34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: forestry, nature conservation, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): isolation, land-drainage, burning of vegetation, felling of woodland, abandonment.

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RemarksOther important butterfly species present are: Zerynthia polyxena, Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena, dispar and Boloria pales.

Prokletije YugoslaviaYU-09

Administrative region: Coordinates: 42°31'N-19°45'E to 42°29'N-19°49'E Altitude: mArea: 2400 ha General description The Prokletije is a mountain range between Serbia, Montenegro and Albania. Karanfili is a part of the massif in Montenegro, on the Albanian border, south-west of the Plav Lake and the village of Gusinje. The PBA is situtated in the Grbaja valley and on the western slopes of Karanfili. A mountain path leads to the latter, while at Grbaja there is a mountaineer's hut. Stratigraphically, it is late Paleozoic, the region being formed by the alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are European mostly coniferous forests of boreal type with elements of broad-leaved forests.Typical plant community are: Fagetum montanum, Pinetum peucis, Pinetum heldreichi etc.




Parnassius apollo >100 yes stable 36, 38, 41, 61

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Karanfili, Volusnica, GrbajaLand use: forestry, military, nature conservation, tourism, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, afforestation, abandonment, burning of vegetation, collecting. RemarksOther butterfly species present include: Erebia pandrose, Erebia pronoe, Erebia oeme and Coenonympha rhodopensis.

Kopaonik YugoslaviaYU-10

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Administrative region: Coordinates: 43°23'N-20°44'E to 43°11'N-20°56'E Altitude: 630-2017 mArea: 11800 ha General description Kopaonik is a national park in central Serbia with a toursit centre below the highest peak (Pancicev vrh, 2016 m), reached by a network of roads. The PBA is in the vicinity of the tourist centre, as well as in the Jaram village, along the old road to Brzeca. The National Park was bombed during the NATO air-strikes, including the use of depleted uranium. Stratigraphically, it is formed of igneous rocks, while geomorphologically the massif belongs to the ophiolitic transition girdle of the Dinarides. Typical biomes are high mountain rocks, pastures, snow-patches and avalanches of Alpine and High-Nordic type, European mostly coniferous forest of the boreal type, and south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. Typical plant community are Abieti-Fagetum s, Piceetum excelsae montanum, Piceetum excelsae subalpinum, etc.




Parnassius apollo 11-100 yes decrease 36, 38, 41, 61

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Jaram, Baciste, Suvo RudisteLand use: forestry, military, nature conservation, tourism, urban, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, isolation, urbanisation, land-drainage, felling of woodland. Conservation issuesThe main conservation problem arises from a settlement for the few thousand inhabitants that has been built in the central part of the Kopaonik region. This anthropogenic pressure will be more pronounced in the future. RemarksOther butterfly species present are: Pieris ergane, Colias caucasica balcanica, Erebia ottomana and Hipparchia volgensis.

Stara Planina YugoslaviaYU-11

Administrative region:

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Coordinates: 43°26'N-22°36'E to 43°10'N-23°00'E Altitude: 826-2169 mArea: 14200 ha General description The Stara planina Mt. is in eastern Serbia, on the Bulgarian border. This is the western-most part of the large Balkan Mt, forming the old Rodopi mass. The PBA is in the area between the village of Topli Dol (850 m) and the Midzor peak (2169 m), along the Temscica (Toplodolska) river. Stratigraphically it is dominated by early Paleozoic formations, including late Paleozoic and the igneous and metamorphic rocks. The area was formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are high mountain rocks, pastures, snow-patches and avalanches of Alpine and High-Nordic type, and south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. Typical plant communities are: Syringo-Carpinetum orientalis, Quercetum frainetto-cerris, Fagetum montanum, Luzulo albidae-Fagetum, Piceetum excelsae montanum, Pinetum mugi etc.




Maculinea arion >100 yes decrease

34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42

Parnassius apollo >100 yes decrease 36, 38, 41, 61

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Midzor, Topli Dol, Ilijina RekaLand use: agriculture, forestry, military, nature conservation, tourism, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, land-drainage, recreation/tourism, isolation, burning of vegetation. Conservation issuesA serious future conservation problem here is the expected building of tourist developments at the biologically most important habitats on Stara planina. RemarksOther butterfly species present are: Brenthis ino, Clossiana titania, Erebia alberganus and Erebia ottomana.

Budva YugoslaviaYU-12

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Administrative region: MontenegroCoordinates: 42°20'N-18°46'E to 42°15'N-18°56'E Altitude: 0-876 mArea: 800 ha General description Budva is a well-known tourist resort on the Montenegrin coast, characterised by a mild Mediterranean climate, indented coastal relief and lush vegetation. The PBA is in the vicinity of the town, on the slopes of the Lovcen mountain. Stratigraphically, it is made up of Palaeogene and Cretaceous formation, and was formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are Mediterranean evergreen woodlands and maquis, and typical plant communities are Orno-Quercetum ilicis, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis etc.




Lycaena ottomana 11-100 yes decrease 15, 31, 41, 45

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Becici, Podostrog, MartinoviciLand use: nature conservation, tourism, urban.General threats (in order of importance): urbanisation, land-drainage, burning of vegetation, chemical pollution, recreation/tourism. RemarksOther butterfly species present are: Muschampia proto, Gegenes pumilio and Gegenes nostrodamus.

Fruska Gora YugoslaviaYU-13

Administrative region: VojvodinaCoordinates: 45°14'N-19°16'E to 45°08'N-20°00'E Altitude: 70-539 mArea: 25300 ha General description Fruska gora is a 60 km long hill in Vojvodina, sout-west of its administrative centre in Novi Sad. During the existence of the Panonian sea it was an island. The PBA covers the area from Sremska Kamenica to the Iriski Venac pass (451 m). The stratigraphy of the region is made up of Neogen, Cretaceous and igneous and metamorphic rocks. Geomorphologically it is a denudatio-tectonic relief. Typical biomes are

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south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands and typical plant communities are Quercetum frainetto-cerris, Fagetum montanum, Quercetum petraeae etc.





34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Crveni Cot, Iriski VenacLand use: forestry, military, nature conservation, tourism, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, afforestation, abandonment, land-drainage, recreation/tourism. RemarksOther important butterfly species present are: Heteropterus morpheus, Leptidea morsei and Nymphalis xanthomelas.

Planina Tara YugoslaviaYU-14

Administrative region: Coordinates: 44°00'N-19°14'E to 43°47'N-19°31'E Altitude: 600-1591 mArea: 19200 ha General description The national park of the Tara mountain is a mountainous region in western Serbia, along the river Drina. The PBA lies between the Mitrovac tourist resort and the Zaovine monastery. It consist of slightly hilly ground dissected by numerous tributaries of the river Beli Rzav. Stratigraphically the area is composed of Triassic, late Palaeozoic and igneous and metamorphic rocks. Geomorphologically it is dominated by alpine orogeny and ophiolitic masses of the Dinaride belt. Typical biomes are of European mostly coniferous forests of boreal type, rocky ground, pastures and woods on stony grounds of (Oro)Mediterranean mountains. Typical plant communities are Abieti-Fagetum, Fagetum subalpinum, Luzulo albidae-Fagetum, Piceetum omorikae etc.




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Maculinea arion >100 yes stable

34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Mitrocac, Zaovine, Kaludjerske Bare, MurtenicaLand use: agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, tourism, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, agricultural intensification, burning of vegetation, land-drainage, recreation/tourism. RemarksOther butterfly species present include: Satyrium w-album, Aricia anteros, Boloria titania and Melanargia larissa.

Mokra Gora YugoslaviaYU-15

Administrative region: Kosovo And MetohijaCoordinates: 42°51'N-20°16'E to 42°40'N-20°37'E Altitude: 450-2154 mArea: 6400 ha General description Mokra Gora is a mountain in the western part of Kosovo and Metohija, whose southern slopes run down to the Metohija plane. The mountain is about 30 km long, and is one of the most beautiful mountains in Yugoslavia. It has been insufficiently explored because no roads have been built. The PBA is the area from the town of Istok (450 m) towards the Novi vrh peak (1806 m). Stratigraphically, it is made up of Triassic formations, formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are European mostly coniferous forests of boreal type, rocky ground, and pastures and woods on stony grounds of (Oro)Mediterranean mountains.Typical plant communities are: Fagetum montanum, Abieti-Fagetum, Quercetum petraeae, Fagetum subalpinum, Piceetum excelsae subalpinum, Pinetum heldreichii etc.




Maculinea arion >100 yes stable

34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42


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Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownProtected areas within PBA: Babin ZubLand use: agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): felling of woodland, afforestation, agricultural intensification, isolation, land-drainage. RemarksOther butterfly species present include: Pieris ergane, Cupido minimus, Plebejus argyrognomon and Erebia pronoe.

Gornje Podunavlje YugoslaviaYU-16

Administrative region: VojvodinaCoordinates: 45°54'N-18°40'E to 45°41'N-18°58'E Altitude: 83-87 mArea: 4100 ha General description The region of the Gornje Podunavlje (Upper Danube Basin) stretches along the left Danube bank, from the Yugoslavia-Hungary border up to Bogojevo, and comprises a complex of lowland and marshy forest. The stratigraphy of the region is made up of Holocene; geomorphologically it is an inundation plane. Typical biomes are south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands. According to the CORINE list, several types of habitats are to be found in this region, grouped into 4 categories. Firstly, forest habitats with the Pannonian subendemic species Crataegus nigra, and secondly, the marsh-pond habitats. The region also contains damp meadows and fragments of saline habitats, characterized by saline soil species.




Euphydryas aurinia 11-100 yes decrease 34, 37, 38, 41

Euphydryas maturna 11-100 yes decrease 37, 38, 41, 43

Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, tourism.General threats (in order of importance): chemical pollution, isolation, natural events, land-drainage, felling of woodland.

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Conservation issuesThe main cause of the destruction of the entomofauna in the area is the regular spraying of anti-mosquito powder. RemarksThe other important butterfly species in this region are Lycaena dispar, Apatura metis, Minois dryas and Coenonympha glycerion.

Rugovska Klisura YugoslaviaYU-17

Administrative region: Kosovo And MetohijaCoordinates: 42°42'N-20°07'E to 42°40'N-20°16'E Altitude: 500-1850 mArea: 4300 ha General description The Rugovska klisura gorge is an attractive wild canyon over the Pecka Bistrica rivulet. It is situated between the town of Pec (500 m) to the east and the Cakor pass (1850 m) in the west. The Cakor pass is the border between Serbia and Montenegro. The most interesting PBA locations are at the exit of the canyon near Pec, along the Milisevac stream, as well as in the Cakor pass. Stratigraphically, the area is made up of late Palaeozoic rocks, formed by alpine orogeny. Typical biomes are south-European mostly broad-leaved woodlands, and the ecotone with vicarious landscapes. Typical plant communities are Fagetum montanum, Quercetum petraeae, Piceetum excelsae subalpinum, Pinetum peucis etc.






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Protection and threatsProtection status: unknownLand use: nature conservation, pasture.General threats (in order of importance): recreation/tourism, natural events, chemical pollution, isolation, felling of woodland. RemarksOther butterfly species present include: Carterocephalus palaemon, Neptis

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sappho, Erebia melas and Erebia manto.

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pba-info€¦ · web viewpredrag jakšić. general introduction. yugoslavia covers an area of...

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