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7/27/2019 Pb Containing Gasoline

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What is Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon Monoxide (also known as CO) is a colourless, odourless poisonous gas and is a common yet

preventable cause of death from poisoning worldwide. CO poisoning is responsible for over 40deaths per year in Ireland. Many occur at home as a result of house-fires.

The incomplete combustion of organic fossil fuels such as oil, gas or coal is a commonenvironmental source of CO and is responsible for many cases of non-fatal unintentional CO

poisoning.

In normal conditions the combustion process (the addition of oxygen) will result in carbon in the

fossil fuel, combining with oxygen, in the air, to produce Carbon Dioxide (CO2), the same substancewe exhale when we breathe.

However, if there is a lack of air for the combustion process or the heating appliance is faulty,Carbon Monoxide can be produced.

When CO is inhaled into the body it combines with the blood, preventing it from absorbing oxygen.If a person is exposed to CO over a period, it can cause illness and even death.

Carbon Monoxide has no smell, taste or colour. This is why it is sometimes called the "Silent Killer".

Carbon Monoxide alarms can be used as a backup to provide a warning to householders in the eventof a dangerous build up of CO. Check that the Carbon Monoxide alarm complies with the EN 50291standard. Remember that Carbon Monoxide alarms are no substitute for regular inspection and

maintenance of appliances, vents, flues and chimneys.

Causes of CO Poisoning

You can be in danger of Carbon Monoxide poisoning at home if dangerous amounts of CarbonMonoxide accumulate in the home. This can happen as a result of any or a combination of thefollowing:

Faulty or damaged heating appliances Heating appliance not maintained or serviced

Rooms not properly ventilated

Blocked chimneys or flues

Indoor use of a barbecue grill or outdoor heater

Poor installation of heating appliances

Improper operation of heating appliances

Property alterations or home improvements, which reduce ventilation

Running engines such as vehicles or lawnmowers in garages

Using cooking appliances for heating purposes

Symptoms of CO Poisoning

Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide poisoning can be similar to those caused by other illnesses such as acold or flu. They include

Unexplained headaches, chest pains or muscular weakness

Sickness, diarrhoea or stomach pains

Sudden dizziness when standing up

General lethargy


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Physiological Effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Parts per Million Time of Exposure Response

50 Threshold limit, no apparent toxic symptoms

100 Several hours No symptoms for long periods

200 2-3 hours Possible headache

400 1-2 hours Frontal headache and nausea

800 45 minutes Headache, dizziness and nausea

800 2 hours Collapse and possible unconsciousness

1600 20 minutes Headache, dizziness and nausea

1600 2 hours Collapse, unconsciousness, possible death

3200 5-10 minutes Headache and dizziness

3200 10-15 minutes Unconsciousness and possible death

6400 1-2 minutes Headache and dizziness

6400 0-15 minutes Unconsciousness and possible death

12800 Immediate Unconsciousness

12800 1-3 minutes Danger of death

Lead (IPA: / l d/) is a chemical elementin theperiodic table that has the symbol Pb

(Latin:plumbum) and atomic number82. A soft, heavy,toxicand malleablepoor metal,

lead is bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Lead

is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries,bulletsand shot, and is part ofsolder,

pewter, and fusible alloys. Lead has the highestatomic numberof all stable elements -although the next element,bismuth, has a half life so long it can be considered stable.

Lead is apoisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young

children) and cause blood and brain disorders. Long term exposure to lead or its salts(especially soluble salts or the strong oxidant PbO2) can cause nephropathy, and colic-

like abdominal pains. The historical use oflead acetate (also known assugar of lead) by

the Roman Empire as a sweetener for wine is considered by some to be the cause of thedementia which affected many of the Roman Emperors. At one point in time, some lead

compounds, because of their sweetness, were used by candy makers. Although this has

been banned in industrialized nations, there was a 2004 scandal involving lead-laced

Mexican candy being eaten by children in California.[9]

The concern about lead's role in mental retardation in children has brought about

widespread reduction in its use (lead exposure has been linked to schizophrenia). Lead-

white paint has been withdrawn from sale in industralised countries. The yellow leadchromate is still in use; for example, Holland Colours Holcolan Yellow. Many older

houses may still contain substantial lead in their old paint; see alsolead paint: it is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stable_element&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holland_Colours&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stable_element&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holland_Colours&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet


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generally recommended that old paint should not be stripped by sanding, as this generates

inhalable dust.

Lead salts used in pottery glazes have on occasion caused poisoning, when acid drinks,such as fruit juices, have leached lead ions out of the glaze.[citation needed] It has been

suggested that what was known as "Devon colic" arose from the use of lead-lined pressesto extract apple juice in the manufacture ofcider. Lead is considered to be particularly

harmful for women's ability to reproduce. For that reason many universities do not handout lead-containing samples to women for instructional laboratory analyses.[citation needed]

Lead as a soil contaminant is a widespread issue, since lead may enter soil through

(leaded) gasoline leaks from underground storage tanks or through a wastestream of leadpaint or lead grindings from certain industrial operations.

There has been an e-mail circulating about the lead content of various consumer products,

such as shampoo and most notably lipstick, since 2003. Though there are trace amounts

of lead in some products, these levels are monitored by the FDA in the US and pose noreal danger to health.[10]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(fruit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_storage_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#_note-9%23_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(fruit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_storage_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#_note-9%23_note-9

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