pax's oxygen requirements airbus
TRANSCRIPT
1Passenger oxygen requirements
Method for route studies
Passenger oxygen requirementsPassenger oxygen requirements
Operational Liaison Meeting
2Passenger oxygen requirements
SummarySummary
Introduction Requirements Passenger oxygen system Method for route study Some routes in Latin America conclusion
3Passenger oxygen requirements
IntroductionIntroduction
In case of pressurization failure, the passengers must be provided with some oxygen as long as the cabin altitude is high.
The regulation defines the oxygen flow requirements according to cabin altitude.
According to these requirements and to the obstacle profile encountered on the route, we can define the required oxygen system needed for a route.
4Passenger oxygen requirements
IntroductionIntroduction
The aim of such a study is to define which quantity of oxygen is required for the route, according to the regulation.
The hypothesis used in the study are not to be considered as mandatory procedures (for instance: flying MMO/VMO).
5Passenger oxygen requirements
Requirements Requirements (JAR OPS or FAR 121)(JAR OPS or FAR 121)
FL 100
FL 140FL 150
Oxygen for 30% of the passengersOxygen for 10% of the the passengers for that part of flight exceeding 30 minutes
Oxygen for 100% of the passengers
No oxygen
6Passenger oxygen requirements
Flow requirementsFlow requirements
05000
1000015000
2000025000
3000035000
4000045000
0 1 2 3 4
O2 flow (liters per minutes)
Alt
itu
de
(fee
t)
7Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical oxygen generatorsChemical oxygen generators
When a mask is pulled, the chemical generator is fired.
It starts to produce oxygen for a determined period of time (about 15 or 22 minutes).
8Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical oxygen generatorsChemical oxygen generators
The oxygen flow delivered by the generator does not depend on the cabin altitude.
It depends only on time:
- It is maximum at the beginning,
- it decreases to zero within about 15 or 22 minutes.
So, the maximum authorized altitude also decreases (down to FL 100) in the same period of time.
9Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical oxygen generatorsChemical oxygen generators
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 1000 5 10 15 20 minutes
10Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical oxygen generatorsChemical oxygen generators
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 1000 5 10 15 20 minutes
FL 180
The
aircraft
must
remain below this
profile after the depressurization
15 minutes generator
11Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical oxygen generatorsChemical oxygen generators
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 1000 5 10 15 20 minutes
FL 250
FL 290
22 minutes generator
FL 180
15 minutes generator
Per operational regulation
FL 140
12Passenger oxygen requirements
Hypothesis for route studyHypothesis for route study
The regulation is not very precise regarding the hypothesis to be considered.
Taking into account the very low probability to have the failure at the critical point, we should not add too much conservatism to the regulation.
13Passenger oxygen requirements
Hypothesis for route studyHypothesis for route study
Obstacles are plotted on a topographic map, within a corridor of 10 NM on either side of the route center line.
Obstacles must be cleared by 2000 ft. In case of in-flight turn back, about 2.5 minutes
are lost for the turn. Flight after depressurization is performed at
MMO/VMO. Temperature is ISA. Winds are those given by the “Wind on world
air route document”.
14Passenger oxygen requirements
Obstacle profileObstacle profile
YARITAGUA
260 YAR
NO LEON116.1 NOL
117.7 PBL
PUERTO CABELLO
MAIQUITIA
114.8 MIQ
292 MIQ
KERON
W 5
7000
W 5
FL 90
A 550 - 55211000
90
GridMORA
103
15Passenger oxygen requirements
Obstacle profileObstacle profile
Jeppesen charts give a first indication of the more critical segments
However, using the MORA given on each segment or the grid MORA is quite penalizing.
This is why, in many cases, we use some topographic maps, to plot the obstacle.
16Passenger oxygen requirements
Obstacle profileObstacle profile
100 200
100
200
150
50
0
Distance (nm)
Alti
tude
(F
L)Obstacle
2000 ft clearance
17Passenger oxygen requirements
Chemical generators: distance profileChemical generators: distance profile
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 100 0 5 10 15
Minutes
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 100 0
NM10050
18Passenger oxygen requirements
In case of in-flight turn back:We consider that 2.5 minutes are lost during the turn.
FL 400
FL 300
FL 200
FL 100 0
NM10050
Chemical generators: distance profileChemical generators: distance profile
19Passenger oxygen requirements
Obstacle profileObstacle profile2000 ft clearance
Distance (nm)100 200
100
200
150
Alti
tud
e (
FL)
Non return point
250
300
20Passenger oxygen requirements
Obstacle profileObstacle profile
When the obstacle cannot be cleared, it is some times necessary to define a diversion route.
21Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Bogota-Lima (study made on an A340)
The critical segment is in the north of SALINAS, (between 6 and 11° south).
This route cannot be entirely covered with the 15 minute system,
but is entirely covered with the 22 minute system.
22Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Altitude (FL)
Obstacle2000ft clearance
100 200
100
200
150
50
0Distance (nm)
300
15 min. system
Salinas Tarapoto
FL140
23Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Bogota-Caracas (study made on an A340)
The critical segment is between Bogota and Cucuta (obstacle of 195 NM, max alt: 15000ft).
A NRP can be defined and the 15 min. system enables to clear the obstacle until Bogota or until Cucuta then Puerto Cabello. However, this system is quite marginal.
The 22 min. system gives comfortable margin on the same route.
24Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Altitude (FL)
Obstacle2000ft clearance
Bogota100 200
100
200
150
50
0Distance (nm)
300
15 min. system
Cucuta
PNR
25Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Bogota-Quito
With the 13 or 15 min. system, two non return points must be defined. Between them a diversion to Cali or Esmeralda must be performed.
With the 22 min. system, only one NRP has to be defined, and Quito or Bogota can be reached.
26Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Altitude (FL)Obstacle2000ft clearance
BogotaQuito 100 200
100
200
150
50
0Distance (nm)
Mercaderes 300 Girardot
27Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Altitude (FL)
Obstacle2000ft clearance
BogotaQuito 100 200
100
200
150
50
0Distance (nm)
Mercaderes 300 Girardot
PNR1 PNR2
diversion
13 or 15 min. system
28Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America
Altitude (FL)
Obstacle2000ft clearance
BogotaQuito 100 200
100
200
150
50
0Distance (nm)
300 Girardot
22 min. system
Mercaderes
PNR
29Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America 15 min. system
Lima
Quito
Caracas
Bogota
(1)
(1) not covered
(2)(2) marginal
(3)(3) OK with diversion
(4)(4) OK with diversion
(5)
(5) OK
30Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America 15 min. system
Lima
Quito
Caracas
Bogota
(1) not covered(2) marginal(3) OK with diversion
(4) OK with diversion
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)(5)
(5) OK
(6)
Guayaquil
Buenos Aires
(6) OK
31Passenger oxygen requirements
Some routes in Latin AmericaSome routes in Latin America 22 min. system
Lima
Quito
Caracas
BogotaIn most of the cases, this system permits to
avoid a diversion.
32Passenger oxygen requirements
ConclusionConclusion
All the studies we made showed that most of the routes in the Latin America can be covered with our 22 minute chemical system.
In many cases, it simplifies the procedure and avoid diversion.
However, many routes can also be covered by the15 (or 13) minute system, sometimes using diversions.