pavement distress and evaluation
TRANSCRIPT
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Pavement Distress and Evaluation
Mike Mamlouk
Arizona State University
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Distresses in Asphalt Pavement
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Basic Distress Mechanisms Load-related
Temperature-related
Moisture-related
Age-related
Material-related
Construction-related
Combinations
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Wheel Load
Hot-mix asphalt
Base
Subbase
Natural soil
Distribution of Wheel Load
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Fatigue Cracking
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Advanced Stage of Fatigue Cracking
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Soil
Subbase
Base
HMA Surface
Wheel load
Permanent Deformation (Rutting)
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Rutting
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Rutting Confined to HMA Layer
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Unstable HMA
Poor Compaction During Construction
Poor Subgrade
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Thermal Cracking
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Thermal Cracks
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Wide Thermal Crack
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Block Cracking
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Fro
st
pen
etr
ati
on
HMA surface
Base
Subbase
Ice lenses
Frost Heave
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Water Bleeding & Pumping
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Depression due to Pumping
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Separation of asphalt from aggregate
Stripping
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Stripping
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Raveling
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Flushing / Bleeding
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Polished Aggregate
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Shoving
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Distresses in Concrete Pavement
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• Load-related
–Fatigue
–Faulting
• Temperature-related
–Low-temp. mid-slab cracking
–High-temp. joint / crack distress
• Moisture-related
–Pumping
–D - Cracking
Basic Distress Mechanisms
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Aggregate base/subbase
PCC Slab HMA shoulder
Location of maximum tensile stress
Natural soil
Fatigue
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Longitudinal Cracking
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Diagonal Cracking
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Faulting
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tension Night
cooler
warmer
Day tension
warmer
cooler
Thermal-Gradient Related
Stresses Temperature differential between the top
and bottom of the slab
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tension No Rain
drier
wetter
Rain tension
wetter
drier
Moisture-Gradient Related
Stresses Variations in moisture content between top
and bottom of slab
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Curling / Warping Crack
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Expansive forces
High-Temperature Joint / Crack Distress
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Joint Spalling
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Spalling
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Mid-Slab Cracking
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Pumping
Travel
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Pumping
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Pumping
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Alkali-Silica Reactivity (ASR) Damage
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D-Cracking
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Scaling
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PCC slab
HMA surface
Existing joint or crack
Asphalt / Concrete Composite Pavements
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Reflection Cracking
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Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff
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Pavement Evaluation Techniques
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Pavement Evaluation
1. Surface condition / distress
2. Serviceability / roughness
3. Structural capacity
4. Surface friction
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1. Condition (Distress) Survey
• Document existing condition
• Determine causes of deterioration
• Identify repair locations and
quantities
• Identify feasible maintenance
alternatives
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Distress Characterization
Type
Severity
Extent
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Distress Types for Asphalt Pavements
Fatigue cracking
Potholes
Thermal cracking
Rutting
Bleeding
Raveling
Shoving
Etc.
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Distress Types for Concrete Pavements
• Cracking
• Spalling
• Faulting
• Pumping
• Etc.
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Severity
• Low
• Moderate
• High
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Moderate
Low
High
Cracking Severity
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Extra High Severity Cracking
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Extent
• Low
• Moderate
• High
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Distress Identification Manual
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Fatigue - Low Severity
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Potholes - High Severity &
Extent
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Large Potholes-Signing ?
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Transverse Crack - Medium
Severity
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Transverse Crack - High
Severity
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Rutting - High Severity
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Flushing / Bleeding – High
Severity
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Raveling – High Severity
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Transverse Crack - Spalling
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Diagonal Cracking
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Pumping - High Severity
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Alkali-Silica Reactivity (ASR)
Damage
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Condition (Distress) Survey
• Types of condition survey
Manual
Mechanical (automated)
• Sampling versus complete coverage
• Network level versus project level
• Frequency of surveys
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Manual Distress Survey
More detailed than automated
Slower than automated
Types
Windshield survey
Walking
Combination
Photos
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Windshield Survey
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Walking Survey
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Knees and Elbows Survey
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Data Forms
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Hand-Held Computer
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Automated Distress Surveys
More consistent
Increased safety
No traffic disturbance
Predictable productivity
Objective output
Increased sample size
Cost saving (Long term)
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Profilometer for Measuring
Rutting and Roughness
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Pasco Equipment
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Pave Tech Equipment
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Pavement Evaluation
1. Surface condition / distress
2. Serviceability / roughness
3. Structural capacity
4. Surface friction
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2. Serviceability / Roughness
Roughness
Deviations in pavement surface that
affect ride quality
Caused by:
Built-in surface irregularities
Irregularities caused by traffic and
environment
Present Serviceability Index (PSI)
International Roughness Index (IRI)
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K.J. Law Profilometer
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Profilometer for Measuring
Rutting and Roughness
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Maysmeter
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Pavement Evaluation
1. Surface condition / distress
2. Serviceability / roughness
3. Structural capacity
4. Surface friction
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3. Structural Capacity
• Nondestructive testing (NDT)
Deflection measurement
Seismic technique
• Lab testing
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Productive - 200 to 400
measurements per day
Repeatable
Deflection measurements are used by
most states for project and some
network evaluations
NDT
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Subgrade Soil
Base/Subbase
Surface
d SUR
SUB
SUR
Axle Load
Pavement Responses Under
Load
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NDT Sensors NDT Load
Measurement of Surface
Deflection
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NDT Load
“Strong” Pavement “Weak”
Pavement
Strong vs. Weak Pavements
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• Project variability
• Subgrade soil support
• Void location
• Joint load transfer
• Critical periods
• In-situ material properties
• Structural adequacy
Potential Results From NDT
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Dynaflect
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Falling Weight Deflectormeter
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Factors that Influence Measured Deflections
• Load magnitude
• Pavement factors (distresses,
transverse location, etc.)
• Climatic factors (moisture,
Temperature, frost)
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• 100 to 500 ft intervals
• Typically outer lane only
• Both directions - staggered
• Flexible - outer wheel path
• Concrete - midslab, joint, corner
Testing Locations / Frequency
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Testing at Joints
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Interpretation of NDT Data
• Uniformity of project
Design sections for rehabilitation
Locations for sampling / testing
• Determining pavement layer moduli
Insitu characterization
“Backcalculation” process
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0 1000 2000 3000
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
Sensor No. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Distance Along Roadway (m)
De
fle
cti
on
(m
m)
Uniformity (Non-uniformity) of
Project
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Layer
Characteristics
Surface
Base/ Subbase
Natural Soil
E
E
E
D
D
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
NDT Load r
Typical Pavement Case
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Sensors
Hammer
Amplitude
Seismic Pavement Analyzer
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Pavement Evaluation
1. Surface condition / distress
2. Serviceability / roughness
3. Structural capacity
4. Surface friction
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4. Surface Friction Surveys
Surface friction
•Skid resistance
•Safety concerns
Hydroplaning
Wet weather accidents
•Influenced by
Microtexture
Macrotexture
Cross-slope
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Skid Resistance
• Interaction between tire and pavement
• Coefficient of friction:
• Wet condition is more critical
W
Ff
W
F
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Measurement Equipment
Locked wheel skid
Mu meter
British Pendulum Tester
Others
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Mu Meter
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AND THIS WHAT THEY WANT !